CELL

DIVISION:
MITOSIS
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students
can:
Differentiate the different stages of
Mitosis through a class discussion.
Value the knowledge about Mitosis.
Identify the importance of mitosis in
the life of a human being through a
graded recitation.
CELL DIVISION
It is the process by
which a parent cell
divides into two or
more daughter cells.
Cell division usually
occurs as part of a
larger cell cycle.
CELL DIVISION
In cell division, the cell
that is dividing is called
“parent” cell. The parent
cell divides into two
“daughter” cells and the
process then repeats in
what is called the CELL
CYCLE.
 FUNCTIONS OF CELL
DIVISION
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT

REPAIR
TISSUES

REPRODUCTION
TWO PROCESSES IN
CELL DIVISION

MITOSIS

MEIOSIS
 MITOSIS
A step in the cell cycle where
the newly formed DNA is
separated and two new cells
are formed with the same
number and kind of
chromosomes as the parent
nucleus.
 MITOSIS
It is a process of asexual
reproduction observed in unicellular
organisms and essential for the
growth of the cells and the
replacement of worn-out cells.
Abnormalities during mitosis may
alter the DNA, resulting in genetic
disorders.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Asexual reproduction is
a mode of reproduction
where offspring are
produced by a single
parent without the need
for fertilization or the
exchange of
genetic make-up.
 MITOSIS
The great majority of the cell
divisions that happen in your body
involve mitosis. During development
and growth, mitosis populates an
organisms’s body with cells, and
throughout an organism’s life, it
replaces old, worn-out cells with new
ones.
 MITOSIS
For single-celled eukaryotes like
yeast, mitotic divisions are actually a
form of reproduction, adding new
individuals to the population.
Therefore, the goal of mitosis is to
make sure that each daughter cell
gets perfect, full set of chromosomes.
 FEATURES OF
MITOSIS
The cell is also
In each cycle of known as
cell division, equational cell
division because
two daughter
the chromosome
cells are formed number in the
from the parent parent cell and
cell. daughter cell is the
same.
 FEATURES OF
MITOSIS
In plants, Segregation
mitosis leads to and
the growth of
combination
vegetative parts
of the plant like do not occur
root tip, stem in this
tip, etc. process.
STAGES
OF
MITOSIS
 Right before prophase, the cell
spends most of its life in the
interphase, where preparations
are made before the beginning of
mitosis (the DNA is copied).
However, since the actual process
involves the division of the
nucleus, the prophase is
technically the first stage of this
process.
 INTERPHASE
G1 S PHASE: G2 PHASE:
PHASE: This is the This is the
phase phase
This is the between the
during
period end of the
which DNA DNA synthesis
before the synthesis and the
synthesis takes beginning of
of DNA place. the prophase.
The following are the four
basic phases of mitosis.
These phases occur in
strict sequential order,
and cytokinesis (the
process of dividing the
cell contents to make two
new cells) starts in
anaphase or telephase.
MNEMONICS
PEE – PROPHASE

M – METAPHASE

A – ANAPHASE

T - TELEPHASE
 EARLY
PROPHASE
The cell starts to
break down some
structures and
build others up,
setting the stage
from division of the
chromosomes.
 EARLY
PROPHASE
The chromosomes start to
condense (making them easier to
pull apart later on).
Mitotic Spindle starts to form which
is made up of microtubules. Its job
is to organize the chromosomes as
they move around. It grows
between the centrosomes.
 EARLY
PROPHASE
The nucleolus, a
part of the nucleus
where ribosomes
are made,
disappears. This is a
sign that the nucleus
is getting ready to
break down.
 LATE
PROPHASE
In here, the
mitotic spindle
begins to
capture and
organize the
chromosomes.
 LATE
PROPHASE
The chromosomes become even more
condensed, so they are very compact.

The nuclear envelope breaks down,

releasing the chromosomes.
The mitotic spindle grows more, and
some of the microbules start to capture
chromosomes.
METAPHASE
In this phase, the
spindle has
captured all the
chromosomes and
lined them up at the
middle of the cell,
ready to divide.
 METAPHASE
All the chromosomes align at the
metaphase plate (not a physical
structure, just a term for the plane
where the chromosomes line up).
At this stage, the two kinetochores of
each chromosome should be attached
to microtubules from opposite spindle
poles.
 SPINDLE CHECKPOINT – helps
ensure that all chromosomes are at the
metaphase plate with their kinetochores
correctly attached to microtubules.
ANAPHASE
In here, the sister
chromatids
separate from
each other and
are pulled towards
opposite ends of
the cell.
 ANAPHASE
The protein “glue” that holds the sister chromatids
together is broken down, allowing them to
separate. Each is now its own chromosome. The
chromosomes of each pair are pulled towards
opposite ends of the cell.

Microtubules not attached to

chromosomes elongate and push apart,
separating the poles and making the
cell longer.
 All of these
processes are driven
by motor proteins,
molecular machines
that can walk along
microtubule tracks
and carry a cargo. In
mitosis, motor
proteins carry
chromosomes or
other microtubules
as they walk.
TELOPHASE
The cell is nearly
done dividing, and
it starts to re-
establish its
normal structures
as cytokinesis
(division of the
cell contents)
takes place.
 TELOPHASE
The mitotic spindle is broken down into
its building blocks.
Two nuclei form, one for each set of
chromosomes. Nuclear membranes
and nucleoli reappear.
The chromosomes begin to
decondense and return to their stringy
form.
 In your own words,
what do you think is
the importance of
mitosis in your life as
human being? Cite a
scenario.
 ASSIGNMENT
M – MANIFEST (Always manifest that all your goals in life will
come true.)
I - INSPIRE (Be an inspiration to all the people you are
meeting.)
T - THANKFUL (Be thankful to HIM for all the things you
have right now.)
O – OPTIMISM (Always wear a positive outlook on life and the
future.)
S - SMART (Being smart in every thing you do is the path to
success.)
I - INTEGRITY (Remember your integrity before you do
something.)
S – SMILE (Smile and the world will smile at you.)
 CELL
DIVISION:
MEIOSIS
 MEIOSIS
It is a type of cell division in sexually
reproducing organisms that reduces
the number of chromosomes in
gametes (the sex cells, or egg and
sperm). In humans, body (or somatic)
cells are diploid, containing two sets
of chromosomes (one from each
parent).
 MEIOSIS
The act of fertilization includes two cells
fusing together to become a new
zygote. If the number of alleles of each
gene is not reduced to 1 in the gametes
that produce the zygote, there will be 4
copies of each gene in the offspring. In
many animals, this would lead to many
developmental defects.
 MEIOSIS
In other organisms, polyploidy is
common and they can exist with many
copies of the same gene. However, if
the organism cannot survive if they are
polyploidy, meiosis must occur before
reproduction. Meiosis occurs in two
distinct divisions, with different phases
in each.
 PHASES
OF
MEIOSIS I
 PROPHASE 1
Chromosomes
pair up and
exchange
genetic
material,
creating more
variation
 METAPHASE 1

Chromosomes
line up in the
middle of the
cell.
 ANAPHASE 1
The chromosomes with
two sister chromatids
are separated, and they
begin to migrate to the
opposite poles. This
separation is achieved
because of the
contraction of the
spindle fibers attached
to each chromosome’s
centromere.
 TELOPHASE 1

Forms two
new cells with
a haploid
number of
chromosomes.
 At the end of
cytokinesis I, two
different daughter cells
are formed, each with
half the number of
chromosomes as the
parent cell (having 23
chromosomes having
23 pairs of
chromatids). Meiosis is
thus also called the
reduction division.
 PHASES
OF
MEIOSIS II
 PROPHASE 2
Chromosomes do
not replicate any
further in this
phase of meiosis
and begin
migration towards
the center of the
cell.
 METAPHASE 2
Centromere
divides, producing
two sister
chromatids, now
known as daughter
chromosomes, with
the spindle fibers
attached to each
chromosome.
 ANAPHASE 2
The daughter
chromosomes are
pulled towards the
opposite poles of the
cells with the help of
the spindle fibers. At
the end of anaphase
II, each end of the cell
contains a complete
set of chromosomes.
 TELOPHASE 2
The nuclear
membrane forms
around each
chromosome with the
disappearance of the
spindle fibers.
Nucleolus reappears
as the cell prepares
for the second round
of cytoplasmic
division.
 This step is identical to
cytokinesis I, involving the
second cytoplasm
division, resulting in the
formation of two individual
daughter cells. Thus at
the end of meiosis II, four
non-identical, haploid
daughter cells are formed,
each having half
chromosome number as
the original parent cell.
 In meiosis I, a pair of homologous
chromosomes separate to produce
two diploid daughter cells, each
having half the number of
chromosomes as the parent cell. In
contrast, during meiosis II, sister
chromatids separate to produce four
haploid daughter cells. Also, unlike
meiosis I, no genetic recombination
by crossing over occurs in meiosis
II.
PURPOSE OF MEIOSIS
Maintaining
chromosome numbers
in an organism.

Repairs
Create genetic genetic
diversity
defects.