Review of cellular division

INTRODUCTION:

 Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more

daughter cells.
 Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle.
 In cell biology, Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle, in which,
replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
 Whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by
half to produce haploid gametes meiosis.

THE CELL CYCLE:

 The cycle of cell consists of two components, i.e

 Interphase
 Cell division
DEFINITION OF CELL DIVISION:

 The cell cycle or cell division cycle series of events that takes place in a cell
leading to its division and duplication of its DNA to produce two daughter
cells.
 Cell division is a process of one cell diving into two identical daughter cells.

FUNCTION OF CELLS:

 Basic structural and functional unit of life

 Important to maintain proper concentration of calcium ions within the
various components of cells
 Energy transduction through respiration
 Responsible for Thermogenesis
 Breakdown of the food particles into nutrient
  Transport materials
 O2 to cells
 Co2 away from cells
 Work together to build tissues
 Organs to organ system to organism

HOW CELLS DIVIDE?

 Mitosis
 Miosis

MITOSIS:

 In mitosis the cell nucleus is replicated and divided into two identical nuclei
containing genetically material.
 This type of cell division occurs in all the cells in the body except the sex
cells.

MITOSIS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO FOUR STAGES:

 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase

Prophase:

 This is the initial stage of mitosis. In this stage chromatids condense to a

visible form.
 Each chromosomes seems to be made up of two thin strands called
chromatids.
Metaphase:

 This is the phase when the chromosomes are lined up along the metaphase or
equatorial plate.
 The chromosomes are moved here with the help of the spindle fibers and the
centrioles , which attach to poles of the cells.

Anaphase:

 During this phase, two sister chromatids separate, creating two daughter
chromosomes.
 The separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cells.

Telophase:

 This is the end stage of cell cycle when new nuclei begins to form around
the new sets of chromosomes.
 At the same time , cytokinesis begins, and all the cell is “converted” into two
new cells.

Cytokinesis:

 The cell’s cytoplasm divides into two, making two new cells called daughter
cells.

MEIOSIS

 Meiosis is the formation of gametes, occurs in reproductive cells only. This

results in a reduction of the chromosome number forming haploid cells(n).

MEIOSIS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO FOUR STAGES:

 Prophase
  Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase

Prophase:

 The chromosomes thicken and are visible under a microscope.

 The homologus pairs of chromosomes are united together and begin to move
towards the equatorial plate

Metaphase:

 The homologus pairs are lined up next to each other along the equatorial
plate.
 It begins when the nuclear membrane disappears

Anaphase:

 The homologus pairs are now separated due to the spindle fibers pulling
them apart from the Centromere.
 Each chromosomes still has two sister Chromatids.

Telophase:

 The nuclear membrane may or may not reform, depending on the species,
but Cytokinesis does occur, resulting in two new cells, each with the haploid
number of chromosomes.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS:

MITOSIS MEIOSIS
 Mitosis occurs continuously in the  Meiosis occurs in the germ cells
body or somatic cells during the process of gametogenesis
 Single step process  Second step of meiosis

 Occurs for two days  Occur for days or weeks

 Nuclei appear in the daughter nuclei  No nuclei appear at the end

 Parent cells are haploid  Parent cells are diploid

 Occurs in the vegetative cell division  Occurs in the production of gametes

or asexual reproduction during sexual reproduction

 Interphase occurs prior to this  No Interphase occurs prior to this

 Two daughter cells are formed  Four daughter cells are formed

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 A text book of Genetics for Nursing written by DR.S.N Chugh (2015)

published by Arya publications in the page 7-11.
 A text book of pathologic basis of disease written by Robbins and Cotran
(2014) published by Reed Elseiver India Private Limited in the page of 25-
26.
 A text book of Human Genetics written by SD Gangane , Fourth edition
(2014) published by Elseiver in the page of 12-19.

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