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QOD
1. Draw and label a nucleotide.
2. What are the 4 bases and how do they pair?
3. Draw and label a strand of DNA.
Matching
Matching:
a. Sequence of three bases on transfer RNA
b. A purine in DNA that pairs only with thymine
c. Process of making messenger RNA
D 1. mutagen d. Examples: ultraviolet light and x-rays
N 2. thymine e. A pyrimidine in RNA that pairs only with adenine
A 3. anticodon f. Subunit of a DNA molecule, made of a base, a
B 4. adenine sugar, and a phosphate group
K 5. cytosine g. A purine in DNA that pairs only with cytosine
G 6. guanine h. A structure in the cytoplasm where proteins are
I 7. genetic code synthesized
M 8. replication i. Manner in which cells store the information that
F 9. nucleotide they pass from one generation to the next.
E 10. uracil j. Process of converting genetic code in RNA into
C 11. transcription the amino acid sequence that makes up a
L 12. double helix protein
J 13. translation k. A pyrimidine in DNA that pairs only with guanine
H 14. ribosome l. The structure of DNA molecule
m. Process of making copies of DNA
n. A pyrimidine in DNA that pairs only with adenine
Nucleotide: basic unit of nucleic acid
Nitrogen Base
Phosphate
Sugar
Types of Bases:
Purine Pyrimidine
This is called:
complimentary base
pairs
1
3
Sugar Phosphate
Covalent
Bond
Backbone
Hydrogen Bond
Covalent Bond: between the phosphate and sugar,
stronger bond
Hydrogen Bond: between nitrogen bases, weaker
13.1 – THE GENETIC MATERIAL
Finding the molecule…..the material must be…
Frederick Griffith
attempted to find a
vaccine against
pneumococcus
Conclusions:
• DNA from S strain bacteria causes R strain to
be transformed
• Enzymes that degrade proteins will not stop
the transformation
• Enzymes that degrade DNA does stop the
transformation
Transformation Animation Activity
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
Experiments
Bacteriophages – viruses that infect bacteria
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/bio21.swf
Figure 13.2a
Figure 13.2b
Figure 13.3a
Secret of life
- Start at 38
Wilkins
cChargaff
Examine the data below. Do you notice
a pattern?
So did Erwin Chargaff...
-noticed that all a species had similar
ratios of A, T, G, C
Chargaff’s Rule
4'
1'
3' 2'
2' 3'
1' 4'
5'
Two identical
strands of
identical DNA
are formed.
Replication fork: There are multiple replication forks all down the strand.
Figure 13.9a
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/bio23.swf
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/bio23.swf
Figure 13Ac
Animations and Videos of DNA REPLICATION
1. Ribose
2. Uracil
3. Single Strand
DNA
RNA
Amino Acid
(Protein)
Figure 14.5
Every 3 bases on
mRNA (messenger
RNA) is called a
CODON
Each CODON
specifies one AMINO
ACID
gene
RNA
molecules
DNA
Transcription Questions
4. DNA mRNA
A-
1. Where does transcription occur?
T-
2. What is the main idea of transcription? T-
3. What is the name of the enzyme that C-
catalyzes transcription? C-
4. What would the complimentary mRNA A-
bases for the DNA (to the right) molecule T -
be?
A-
C-
G-
T-
A-
Transcription Questions 4.
DNA mRNA
1. Where does transcription occur? A- U
In the nucleus. T- A
2. What is the main idea of transcription? T - A
DNA is copied onto a complementary C - G
strand of mRNA.
C- G
3. What is the name of the enzyme that
A- U
catalyzes transcription?
T- A
RNA polymerase.
A- U
4. What would the complimentary mRNA
bases for the DNA (to the right) C- G
molecule be? G- C
T- A
A- U
Transcription Animations
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ynmxwqiv7j8
Transcription: Stolaf.edu
Transcription: Concord.org
Levels of Protein Structure –
Each 3 bases
on mRNA
codes for a
single amino
acid.
3 bases on mRNA
= a codon
Matching 3 bases
on tRNA
= anticodon
CAG GUC
AUG
It attaches to
anticodon UAC
and the amino
acid methionine
Translation
The process:
1. Initiation- mRNA attaches to a
ribosome- tRNA attaches to the
start codon
2. Elongation-A tRNA with an amino
acid joins with mRNA according
to complementary base pairing
(codons to anticodons)
-The amino acid joins the peptide
chain by forming a peptide bond.
Elongation (cont.)- The tRNA is
released into the cytoplasm
-The next tRNA is positioned, the
polypeptide chain grows.
3. Termination- the process ends
when a stop codon is reached
(4). Disassembly- the ribosome falls
apart and the protein is released.
2. Elongation-A tRNA with an amino acid joins with mRNA according
to complementary base pairing (codons to anticodons)
-The amino acid joins the peptide chain by forming a peptide
bond.
Elongation (cont.)- The tRNA is released into the cytoplasm
-The next tRNA is positioned, the polypeptide chain grows.
Figure 14.12
Figure 14.13
3. Termination- the
process ends
when a stop
codon is
reached
(4). Disassembly-
the ribosome
falls
apart and the
protein is
released.
http://highered.mheducation.com/olc/dl/120077/micro06.swf
The Big Picture (aka The Central Dogma)
DNA èRNA èProtein
Figure 14.4
Animations of Translation
Translation: Stolaf.edu
Translation: Concord.org
Introns: “noncoding” lie between exons, are cut out before the
gene is translated
Complete mRNA contains:
Exons: “coding mRNA” the parts of the gene that will represent
the codons for creating the protein “exit the nucleus”
poly(A) tail: protects the mRNA molecule from enzymatic
degradation in the cytoplasm and aids in transcription
termination
Start and stop codons
RNA
Transcript:
In between step
of RNA that
include introns
and exons
Aka
pre-mRNA
Exon - RNA sequences in the primary transcript that are found in the mRNA
Intron - RNA sequences between exons that are removed by splicing, not in final mRNA
AUG
CAG
GGC
Translation in Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
DNA in cytoplasm DNA in nucleus
circular chromosome linear chromosomes
naked DNA DNA wound on histone
proteins
no introns introns vs. exons
eukaryotic
DNA