Name _Bocalan Ana Maria Bethinna C.

_ Score: _____/ 40_________

Course/Sec. BSP 2-6___ Date Submitted /Time: 5/31/21 7:10pm__

Task #8 - DNA Replication Worksheet

1. Why does DNA need to replicate?

DNA replication needs to occur because existing cells divide to produce new cells. Each cell
needs a full instruction manual to operate properly. So the DNA needs to be copied before
cell division so that each new cell receives a full set of instructions

2. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a
nitrogenous base

3. The pyrimidine bases are? The purine bases are?

purines (Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)), and pyrimidine (Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)). These
nitrogenous bases are attached to C1' of deoxyribose through a glycosidic bond. Deoxyribose
attached to a nitrogenous base is called a nucleoside.

4. Is DNA replication described as conservative or semi-conservative? What does that mean?

DNA replication is semi-conservative because each helix that is created contains one strand
from the helix from which it was copied. ... It is semi- conservative because half of each
parent helix is conserved in each daughter helix.

5. Is DNA replication a catabolic or anabolic process?

DNA replication is an anabolic process.

6. In relation to the pictures below: Explain three main steps in the process of DNA replication.
Name the enzymes that go with each step.
Initiation
Replication begins at a location on the double helix known as “oriC” to which certain initiator
proteins bind and trigger unwinding. Enzymes known as helicases unwind the double helix by
breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs, while other proteins keep
the single strands from rejoining.

Elongation
With the primer as the starting point for the leading strand, a new DNA strand grows one base
at a time. The existing strand is a template for the new strand. The enzyme DNA polymerase
controls elongation, which can occur only in the leading direction. The lagging strand unwinds
in small sections that DNA polymerase replicates in the leading direction
 Termination
After elongation is complete, two new double helices have replaced the original helix. During
termination, the last primer sequence must be removed from the end of the lagging strand.
This last portion of the lagging strand is the telomere section, containing a repeating non-
coding sequence of bases. Enzymes snip off a telomere at the end of each replication, leading
to shorter strands after each cycle. Finally, enzymes called nucleases “proofread” the new
double helix structures and remove mispaired bases. DNA polymerase then fills in the gaps
created by the excised bases.

a. What is the starting point in replication called?

DNA replication initiates at specific points, called origins, where the DNA double helix
is unwound. A short segment of RNA, called a primer, is then synthesized and acts as
a starting point for new DNA synthesis.

b. Which strand is synthesized towards the replication fork?

At a replication fork, both strands are synthesized in a 5′ → 3′ direction. The leading strand is
synthesized continuously, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized in short pieces termed
Okazaki fragments.

c. What type of bond does helicase break? What is at the 5’ end of DNA? What about the 3’
end?
The process of breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide base pairs in double-
stranded DNA requires energy. To break the bonds, helicases use the energy stored in a
molecule called ATP, which serves as the energy currency of cells.

The 5' end of the DNA is the one with the terminal phosphate group on the 5' carbon of
the deoxyribose; the 3' end is the one with a terminal hydroxyl (OH) group on the deoxyribose
of the 3' carbon of the deoxyribose (see Fig. 1). The two strands are antiparallel, that is they
run in opposite directions.

7. List the enzymes used in DNA Replication? Function?

1. Helicase (unwinds the DNA double helix)
2. Gyrase (relieves the buildup of torque during unwinding)
3. Primase (lays down RNA primers)
4. DNA polymerase III (main DNA synthesis enzyme)
5. DNA polymerase I (replaces RNA primers with DNA)
6. Ligase (fills in the gaps)
8. Which of the base pairs would be harder to split? Why?
A – T or G - C
G-C pairs are harder to break than A-T pairs. DNA containing more G (and C) than A (and T) are
more stable, that is, they denature at higher temperatures.
9. Which of the strands (leading or lagging) would use more RNA primer? Why?
One new strand, which runs 5' to 3' towards the replication fork, is the easy one. This strand is
made continuously, because the DNA polymerase is moving in the same direction as the
replication fork. This continuously synthesized strand is called the leading strand.

10. In which direction are new nucleotides added during replication?

DNA is always synthesized in the 5'-to-3' direction, meaning that nucleotides are added only to
the 3' end of the growing strand.

11. What is the difference between and leading and lagging strand?
A leading strand is the strand which is synthesized in the 5'-3'direction while a lagging
strand is the strand which is synthesized in the 3'-5' direction. ... The leading strand is
synthesized continuously while a lagging strand is synthesized in fragments which are called
Okazaki fragments.

12. Which enzyme is responsible for facilitating the hydrogen bonding between nucleotides in a
new DNA molecule?
Polymerase

13. Which enzyme is responsible for creating the covalent bonds (specifically phosphodiester
bonds) that connect the sugar-phosphate backbone of the new DNA molecules?
Ligase (polymerase)

14. Describe the origin of each strand of the new double helices created after DNA replication.
Each strand will be mixed wirh the nucleutides

15. Why do you think DNA replication important to the growth and development of a multi-
cellular organism?
DNA replication is important to the growth and development of a multi-cellular
organism because it passes on the genetic information. When DNA replicates itself, it
produces a new copy of an organism’s genetic information.

16. What do you think would happen if the process occurred incorrectly?
lt will be complicated, for them

17. Below are DNA strands. Make the complementary DNA strand:
Original Strand: A T G C A A A T T G C T C A C C G G G G A T C A G C A C C G G
Complementary Strand: U A C G U U U A A C G A G U G G C C C C U A G U C G U G G C C
Original Strand: A G G G G A T C A G C A C C G G A T T T C A T G A G C C C T A
Complementary Strand: U C C C C U A G U C G U G G C C U A A A G U A C U C G G G A U
Original Strand: A A G T A C G A T C G A T G C A C A T G C A T G G C T A C G C
Complementary Strand: U U C A U G C U A G C U A C G U G U A C G U A C C G A U G C G