CELL DIVISION

CELL DIVISION
 Is a process by which a parent cell divides
into two or more daughter cells
 Is a division into two daughter cells with
the same genetic make up
 the process by which cells multiply
involving both nuclear and cytoplasmic
division
KINDS OF CELL DIVISION
1. MITOSIS
2. MEIOSIS
MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
Mitosis is the type of cell division by
which a single cell divides in such a
way as to produce two genetically
identical "daughter cells". This is the
method by which the body produces
new cells for both growth and repair
of aging or damaged tissues
throughout the body.
MEIOSIS
Meiosis, which is also referred to as
"reduction division", is the form of
cell division in which a cell divides
into four "daughter cells" each of
which has half** of the number of
chromosomes of the original cell.
Meiosis occurs prior to the formation
of sperm (in males) and ova (in
females). That is - meiosis only
occurs in the "gametes".
**
 MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS
MITOSIS MEIOSIS

NUCLEAR REQUIRES ONE NUCLEAR REQUIRES TWO NUCLEAR

DIVISION DIVISIONS DIVISION
SYNAPSE CHROMOSOMES DO NOT CHROMOSOMES SYNAPSE
SYNAPSE NOR CROSS OVER AND CROSS OVER

CENTROMERE CENTROMERE DISSOLVES IN CENTROMERE SURVIVE

MITOTIC PHASE IN ANAPHASE 1

NO. OF PRESERVES CHROMOSOMES HALVES OF THE

CHROMOSOMES NUMBER CHROMOSOMES NUMBER

DAUGHTER CELLS PRODUCES 2 DAUGHTER PRODUCES 4 DAUGHTER

CELLS CELLS
KIND OF USED FOR ASEXUAL USED FOR SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH REPRODUCTION
WHAT IS THIS STRUCTURE?
TERMS…TERMS..TERMS..
 CHROMATID - each of the two threadlike
strands into which a chromosome divides
longitudinally during cell division. Each contains
a double helix of DNA.
 CENTROMERE - is the part of a chromosome
that links sister chromatids or a dyad; where
microtubules are attached.
 CHROMOSOME -the microscopic threadlike
part of the cell that carries hereditary information
in the form of genes.
 Long and short arms
CELL CYCLE
Refers to the series of events
that takes place in a cell
leading to its division and
duplication of DNA to produce
daughter cells.
CELL CYCLE
The cell cycle includes three main
stages:
Interphase
 Mitosis
 Cytokinesis
PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE
 Interphase
 G1 - primary growth
 S - genome replicated
 G2 - secondary growth

 M - mitosis
 C - cytokinesis
INTERPHASE
 During this stage the DNA exists as CHROMATIN
rather CHROMOSOMES.

 CHROMATIN
 - consist of HISTONES (special protein), DNA and
RNA
 FUNCTION :

 -to efficiently package DNA into a small volume to fit

into the nucleus of a cell
 to protect the DNA structure and sequence.

 to prevent chromosome breakage and controls gene

expression and DNA replication.
CONFUSED?
ARRANGE THE UNIT ACCDG TO THE
DECREASING SIZE STRUCTURE

DNA NUCLEUS

CHROMOSOMES
WHAT ARE HISTONES?
 Histones are alkaline (basic pH) proteins.
 They are found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

 Their function is to package DNA into structural units

called nucleosomes.
 Histones are the main proteins in chromatin.

 FYI :
 Because DNA wraps around histones,
they also play a role in gene regulation.
 Unpackaged DNA (double helix
structure)

DNA wrapped around histones to

form Nucleosomes

Nucleosomes are compacted into a

chromatin fiber
SO WHAT IS A CHROMATIN?



DNA + =
HISTONES

 CHROMATIN
 The DNA double helix in the cell nucleus
is packaged by special proteins termed
HISTONES.
 The formed protein/DNA complex is
called CHROMATIN.

 Thebasic structural unit of chromatin is

the NUCLEOSOME.
INTERPHASE
 During the activities of interphase, the cell monitors its
environment and prepares itself for the next division.
 . Interphase activity is further broken down into three
stages:
 G1, S and G2.

 Cells spend most of their lifespan in the interphase

stages.
 LONGEST part in the CELL CYCLE.
INTERPHASE
 G1 - Cells undergo majority of growth
 S - Each chromosome replicates (Synthesizes) to
produce sister chromatids
Attached at centromere
Contains attachment site (kinetochore)
 G - Chromosomes condense - Assemble
2

machinery for division such as centrioles

G1 PHASE
 Is the “decision making step”
 Cell decides if it will start the cell cycle or rest
or permanently exit the cell cycle to become
differentiated cell (G0 phase)
 Ifthe cell decides then,
 Cell commits to undergo the S phase and finish
the remainder of the cell cyle
LETS HAVE AN ANALOGY……………

How will you compare the G1

stage to your status as a
SENIOR HIGH student going
to the next LEVEL –
COLLEGE LEVEL ?
S PHASE
 DNA replication occurs where the nucleus becomes
larger with twice the amount of DNA

 DNA REPLICATION
 Is a process by which double stranded DNA molecule is
copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
 SEMI CONSERVATIVE
G2 STAGE
Is where further growth and
final preparation for mitosis
happen
MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS
Mitosis and cytokinesis represent the
stages when duplicated contents
physically separate into two separate
cells.
MITOSIS
 Mitosisis the type of cell division by
which a single cell divides in such a
way as to produce two genetically
identical "daughter cells". This is the
method by which the body produces
new cells for both growth and repair of
aging or damaged tissues throughout
the body.
 CYTOKINESIS
Refersto the division of
cytoplasm
CELL CYCLE
CHECK POINTS
 A critical control point in the cell cycle where STOP and
GO AHEAD signals can regulate the cell cycle.
 THREE MAJOR CHECKPOINTS:

 G1 checkpoint

 G2 checkpoint

 M phase checkpoint
G1 CHECKPOINT – THE RESTRICTION
POINT

Ensures that the cell is large

enough to divide and that
enough nutrients ara available
to support the resulting daughter
cells
G2 CHECKPOINT
 Ensures DNA replication has been successfully
completed

 KINASE – protein that activates or deactivates another

protein by phosphorylating them, Kinase give the go
ahead signals for G1 and G2 checkpoints.
M PHASE CHECKPOINT

To ensure the start of

mitotic division
MITOSIS
Is a nuclear division; a process by
which nucleus divides to produce two
new nuclei.
It results into two new daughter cells
that are genetically identical to each
other and to the parental cell from
which they came.
EXAMPLE OF ONION CELLS
UNDERGOING CELL DIVISION
NUCLEAR DIVISION IN
EUKARYOTES
Cell division usually follows
nuclear division.
Mitosis usually results in the
production of two progeny cells
(daughter cells) that are
genetically identical to the parent
cell.
ADDITIONAL CELL PARTS – CELL
DIVISION
 ASTER– is a cell structure shaped like a
star;
 Formed around each centrosome during
mitosis in animal cell
 CENTROSOME – are structures found inside
of the cells;
 Each centrosome contains CENTRIOLES

 CENTRIOLES – microtubules rings

 Each centriole has an array of 9 microtubules.

 Centrosome’s function :
 To organize microtubules

 To provide structure for the cell

 To produce spindle fiber

 Work to pull chromatids apart during cell division

 SPINDLE FIBER – form a protein structure that

divides the genetic material in a cell.
 Is used to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental
cell into two daughters cells during cell division.
 CENTROMERE – region on the chromosome that links
two sister chromatids together.
 Contains DNA and KINETOCHORE

 KINETOCHORE – is a large protein that forms

centromeric DNA.
 Is essential for attaching to the spindle fibers that
originate from the centrosomes.
  The chromosomes that were
duplicated during the S phase are so
INTERPHASE extended that they cannot be seen
individually.
 Outside of the nucleus of animal
cells are two centrosomes, each
containing a pair of centrioles.
 The two centrosomes are produced
by the duplication of a single
centrosome early in interphase.
 Centrosomes serve as microtubule
organizing centers
 Microtubules extend from the
centrosomes radially to form an
aster.
PROPHASE
 Chromosomes become
visible,
 the nucleolus
disappears,
 the mitotic spindle
forms, and the nuclear
envelope disappears.
 Centrioles begin to
move toward the
opposite side of the
poles.
METAPHASE
 The chromosomes
become arranged on the
metaphase plate and are
attached to the now
fully formed spindle.
ANAPHASE
 Sister chromatids
separate, and the now-
daughter chromosomes
move to opposite poles
of the cell.
TELOPHASE  Chromosome sets assemble
at opposite poles, a nuclear
envelope reforms around
each set, and cytokinesis
(division of the cytoplasm)
usually follows.
 Formation of cleavage
furrow
CYTOKINESIS  A cell divides its cytoplasm
to produce two daughter cells.
As the final step in cell
division after mitosis ,
cytokinesis is a carefully
orchestrated process that
signals the start of a new
cellular generation.
What if the cells do not divide
normally?

Unregulated Cell division

produces – Cancer cells
 CANCER CELLS
 Cancer cells are cells that grow and divide at
an unregulated, quickened pace. Although
cancer cells can be quite common in a person
they are only malignant when the other cells
(particularly natural killer cells) fail to
recognize and/or destroy them.In the past a
common belief was that cancer cells failed to
be recognized and destroyed because of a
weakness in the immune system. However,
more recent research has shown that the
failure to recognize cancer cells is caused by
the lack of particular co-stimulated
molecules that aid in the way antigens react
with lymphocytes.
 To keep growing, these tumors start to create
their own blood vessels to supply them with the
extra oxygen, glucose and hormones they need
to survive and keep getting bigger. That process
of developing a blood supply system is called
angiogenesis (the growth of new blood vessels).
 Once a tumor does this, it can start to invade the
surrounding tissue. This is called an invasive
cancer, and you can see what that looks like
below:
HOW TO PREVENT CANCER
 1. Avoid Smoking and Exposure to Smoke
 2. Practice Sun Safety and Recognize When Skin Changes
Occur
 3. Eat Your Fruits and Veggies
 4. Limit Red Meat and Animal Fat
 5. Limit Your Alcohol Intake
 6. Exercise for Cancer Prevention
 8. Know What You're Being Exposed to in Your Work
Environment
 9. Get Screened for Cancer Regularly
 Read the Article about the HeLa Cells and use the 6
thinking hats to report the issue/information