CELL CYCLE, MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS NOTES

DNA - Genetic information is stored in the DNA strand in the form of genes. DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid

Genes – located on the DNA strand

2 Types of DNA strands

Chromatin – Normal DNA, found during INTERPHASE (everyday life of the cell)

Thin thread like coils, not visible by microscope

Chromosomes – Packaged DNA, found during MITOSIS (cell division)

Thick condensed super coiled DNA

Chromatid – 1 part of a chromosome

Sister Chromatid –a copy of the original chromatid

Centromere – point where two chromatids attach

Chromosome Number – each species has its own chromosome number

Homologous chromosomes – A pair of chromosomes having the same gene sequence, each derived from one
parent

Mom

Dad

Eventually each homologous chromosome

will form a sister chromatid before mitosis

Diploid (2N) – two sets of DNA

one from each parent
Haploid (N) – one set of DNA
Found in sex cells (egg, sperm)
CELL CYCLE – the sequence of events that occurs in a cell from mitosis to mitosis
5 events
-3 phases of Interphase, G1, S, G2
-Mitosis
-Cytokinesis (which is really a part of mitosis)

INTERPHASE – the everyday life of the cell

Divided into 3 phases
G1 phase – cell growth, cell doubles in size, protein production
S phase – DNA replication (copies itself)
G2 phase – rapid cell growth, prep for cell division

DNA is in the form of Chromatin

long thin strands of DNA
tangled up in the nucleaus
MITOSIS – division of the nucleus
Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus in which the chromosomes in the parent cell divide into two identical sets of
cells with the same chromosome number as the parent. Evolutionary Significance is to maintain the chromosome
number. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells (body cells or non sex cells). Cell size causes the cell to divide. When the volume
of the cell becomes larger than the surface area, mitosis occurs.

Mitosis occurs in 4 phases – Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

PROPHASE

Early Prophase Chromatin coils and condenses into chromosomes

Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappears
Centrioles move to opposite ends or poles of the cell

Middle Prophase Spindle fibers form across the cell from centriole to centriole and attach to Kinetochore fibers.
Kinetochore fibers extend from the centromere to the centrioles and help control movement
of chromosomes

Late Prophase Asters form

Spindle Fibers

Aster
s
METAPHASE Kinetochore fibers move the chromosomes to the center of the cell
Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell (cell equator)

ANAPHASE Centromere of each pair of chromatids divides

Chromosomes separate
Chromatids move to opposide poles of the cell
TELOPHASE Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) occurs
Identical sets of chromatids at opposite poles
Centrioles and spindle fibers disappear
Chromatids unwind and elongate back into chromatin
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform

Cell Plate Cleavage Furrow

CYTOKINESIS division of the cytoplasm, this is really a part of Telophase

In animal cells – cell pinches inward forming a cleavage furrow to form two new
daughter cells
In plant cells – cell forms a cell plate which develops into a cell wall separating the two
daughter cells

MITOSIS RESULTS – 2 DIPLOID IDENTICLE DAUGHTER CELLS

 MEIOSIS – reduction division, produces gametes (sex cells, egg and sperm)

Meiosis I

Results : 4 haploid gametes

Meiosis II

Process of reduction division that produces gametes in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half
(haploid) through the separation of homologous chromosomes.

Homologous Chromosomes – chromosomes that have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite sex parent.
Diploid – (2N) A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes is diploid, which means “two sets”
Haploid – (N) A cell that contains only one set of chromosomes is haploid.
CELL CYCLE
-3 phases of Interphase, G1, S, G2
-Meiosis I and Meiosis II
-Cytokinesis

INTERPHASE – Just like interphase before mitosis

G1 phase – cell growth, cell doubles in size, protein production
S phase – DNA replication (copies itself)
G2 phase – rapid cell growth, prep for cell division

MEIOSIS I
PROPHASE I
Chromatin coils into chromatids and the homologous pairs of each come together to form a tetrad

Tetrad - A four-part structure that forms during prophase I of meiosis I and

consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister
chromatids.

Crossing over - The exchange of genetic material between two paired

chromosomes (Tetrad).

Crossing over is important because it is a way to recombine the genetic material

so that each person (except for identical twins) is genetically unique.

METAPHASE I
Tetrads line up at the equator of the cell

ANAPHASE I
Homologous Chromosomes separate and are pulled to the poles of the cell (the centromeres do NOT
split)

TELOPHASE I
Chromosomes uncoil, spindle breaks down, the nuclear membrane and nucleoli reform
Cytokinesis occurs ( division of the Cytoplasm) to form two cell

NOTE: THERE IS NO INTERPHASE BETWEEN MEIOSIS 1 AND MEIOSIS II

MEIOSIS II – just like Mitosis except that there is only half the number of chromosomes
PROPHASE II - METAPHASE II - ANAPHASE II - TELOPHASE II - CYTOKINESIS

MEIOSIS RESULTS – 4 HALPLOID (N) GAMETES

Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis

MEIOSIS RESULTS – 4 HALPLOID (N) GAMETES MITOSIS RESULTS – 2 DIPLOID

IDENTICLE DAUGHTER CELLS
MITOSIS

11. What moves the chromatids during mitosis? _________________________________________

12. What anchors the spindle? ___________________________________________

13. What are the four phases of mitosis? ________________________________________________________________

14. How many daughter cells are created from mitosis and cytokinesis? _________________________________

15. During what phase does cytokinesis begin? ____________________________________________

16. If a human cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell? ___________

17. If a dog cell has 72 chromosomes, how many daughter cells will be created during a single cell cycle?__________
Each of these daughter cells will have how many chromosomes? _____________

18. The nuclear membrane dissolves during what phase of cell division? ____________________________________

19. In the cell pictured above how many chromosomes are present during prophase? ________________________

20. What structure holds the individual chromatids together? _______________________________________

Phases of Meiosis
Name of Phase Description

1. Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad

2. Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides

3. Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed

4. Chromosomes line up along equator, not in homologous pairs

5. Crossing-over occurs

6. Chromatids separate

7. Homologs line up alone equator

8. Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed

1. _________________ is a kind of cell division that produces haploid cells with ½ the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
a. mitosis
b. meiosis

2. Cells undergo meiosis to _____________________

a. grow bigger
b. repair injuries
c. replace worn out cells
d. make gametes

3. A group of 4 chromatids that forms during synapsis is called a _________________

a. biad
b. triad
c. tetrad
d. quadrad

4. The exchange of genetic material between arms of homologous chromosomes is called ________________________
a. synapsis
b. independent assortment
c. asexual reproduction
d. crossing over

5. During meiosis, crossing over happens in ______________________

a. prophase I
b. metaphase I
c. prophase II
d. interphase II

6. During meiosis a 2n parent cell divides to produce __________________________

a. four identical 2n cells
b. two identical 2n cells
c. two identical 1n cells
d. four different 1n cells

7. DNA located in the cell during Interphase is in the form of ____________________________

a. Chromatin
b. Chromosomes

8. Division of the cytoplasm is called _______________________________

a. mitosis
b. cytokinesis
c. replication
d. diploid

9. Reduction division is used to describe what type of cell division?

a. mitosis
b. meiosis

What is the end result of Mitosis? ____________________________________________________________________________

What is the end result of Meiosis? ____________________________________________________________________________