CELL FUNCTIONS

CELL CYCLE AND

CELL DIVISION
Biotechnology 8
Aurora National Science High School
 REVIEW
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF TRANSPORT MECHANISM IN
CELLS?

HOW ARE THESE TWO DIFFERENT?

WHY ARE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IMPORTANT IN CELLS?

 AS A BUSY ANSCI
STUDENT, WHAT ARE THE
TASKS THAT YOU DO ON A
TYPICAL SCHOOL DAY?

SHARE TO THE CLASS

YOUR 24HR ROUTINE ON A
SCHOOL DAY.
DID YOU KNOW THAT, LIKE
US, CELLS ALSO FOLLOW A
CERTAIN ROUTINE OR
“CYCLE” IN THEIR LIFE?

THIS CYCLE ALLOWS THEM

TO FULLY ACCOMPLISH
THEIR ROLE AND SURVIVE.
LET US WATCH A
SHORT VIDEO
ABOUT THE CELL
CYCLE
 GUIDE QUESTIONS
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT STAGES
OF THE CELL CYCLE?

HOW IS THE CELL CYCLE DIFFERENT

FROM CELL DIVISION?
WHY DO CELLS NEED TO
DIVIDE?
 WHY DO CELLS NEED TO DIVIDE?
1.LIVING THINGS GROW BY PRODUCING MORE CELLS, NOT BECAUSE
EACH CELL INCREASES IN SIZE

2.REPAIR OF DAMAGED TISSUE

3.IF CELL GETS TOO BIG, IT CANNOT GET ENOUGH NUTRIENTS INTO
THE CELL AND WASTES OUT OF THE CELL
 VOCABULARY
CHROMATIN
Unwound DNA and proteins
that make up the
chromosome

CHROMOSOME
long DNA molecule with part or
all of the genetic material of an
organism (condensed form)

CHROMATID
each of a pair of identical DNA
molecules after DNA replication;
they are joined at the centromere
CELL CYCLE
It is a series of events cells go
through as they grow and divide

Cell grows, prepares for division,

then divides to form 2 daughter
cells – each of which then begins
the cycle again
INTERPHASE:
This includes
the G1, S, and
G2 phase.
This is the
longest cell
cycle stage
(last 15 hrs -
months)
G1 Phase:
cell grow and perform
normal functions
S Phase:
Cell duplicates its
chromosome (DNA)
G2 Phase:
preparation for
division; cell checks
errors and make
repairs
 It is the division of the nucleus
into 2 nuclei, each with the

MITOSIS same number of

chromosomes
Mitosis occurs in all the
somatic (body) cells
WHY DOES MITOSIS
OCCUR? So each new
daughter cell has nucleus with
a complete set of
chromosomes
4 PHASES OF NUCLEAR DIVISION (MITOSIS),
DIRECTED BY THE CELL’S DNA (PMAT)

PROPHASE ANAPHASE

METAPHASE TELOPHASE
 VOCABULARY
CENTRIOLES
function in the formation of the
spindle apparatus during cell
division

MICROTUBLES
found in centrosomes;
they make up the spindle
fibers

SPINDLE FIBER
fibers that attach to chromosomes
and move the chromosomes by
pulling them opposite directions and
pushing the poles apart
 VOCABULARY

CENTROMERE
area where sister chromatids
are held together

KINETOCHORE
specialized structure on the
centromere to which the microtubular
spindle fibers attach during mitosis
and meiosis.
PROPHASE
Chromosomes start to coil and
become visible.
Pairs of centrioles start to
separate.
The nuclear membrane
disappears
Spindle fibers start to form
between the centriole pairs.
Chromosomes move more evenly
throughout the nucleus.
METAPHASE
Centriole pairs move to
opposite ends of the cell.
Spindle fibers are still
attached to the centriole
pairs.
Chromosomes line up along
the midline of the cell and are
attached to the spindle fibers.
ANAPHASE
The pair of chromatids split at the
centromere and move to
opposite ends of the spindle.
Now there are twice the number
of chromosomes within the cell
membrane.
Movement of the chromosomes
towards the opposite ends of the
cell membrane is aided by the
spindle fibers.
TELOPHASE
Nuclear membranes form around
the two new sets of
chromosomes.
The spindle fiber disappears.
Chromosomes start to uncoil
chromatin ) and become less
visible.
Cell starts to make a groove
(furrow) in the middle t
eventually split into two identical
cells.
 CYTOKINESIS
The division of material outside of the nucleus.
Occurs after telophase.
Divides the organelles and other substances in the cytoplasm into roughly two
equal halves.
Animal cells furrow while plant cells form a cell plate
 CYTOKINESIS
Animal cells furrow while plant cells form a cell plate

IN ANIMAL CELLS THE CYTOPLASM

PINCHES IN

IN PLANT CELLS A CELL PLATE FORMS

AT THE END OF CYTOKINESIS...
NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES IN DAUGHTER
CELL = THE NUMBER CHROMOSOMES
IN PARENT CELL.

DAUGHTER CELLS ARE GENETICALLY

IDENTICAL TO PARENT.
 WHAT WILL
HAPPEN IF THERE
IS A PROBLEM IN
THE CELL CYCLE?
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
DON'T HESITATE TO ASK ANY QUESTIONS!