Mitosis

Equal division. The daughter cells are identical to

one another and to the original parent cell.
 01
What is Cell
Division?
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 Cell Division
Cell division is the process by which a
parent cell divides into two daughter
cells. Cell division usually occurs as part
of a larger cell cycle in which the cell
grows and replicates its chromosomes
before dividing
 Basic differences mitosis - meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis
Type of reproduction Asexual Sexual

Count of daughter cells 2 daughters 4 daughters

Altered number of chromosomes Same Halved

Count of cell division cycles 1 division 2 divisions

 01
What is Mitosis?
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Who coined the term “Mitosis” ?

The term mitosis was coined by

Walther Flemming in
1882 when he discovered that
the chromosomes during cell
division split longitudinally to
distribute themselves equally
between two daughter cells.
 Mitosis
A process of cell division which
The end result of
result in the production of two
mitosis is growth
daughter cell from a single
of the eukaryotic
parent cells. The daughter cell organism and
are identical to one another and replacement of
to the original parent cell. some eukaryotic
Mitosis occurs in Somatic cells. cells.
 Mitosis
We can think about mitosis like making a copy of an instruction manual. Copy each
page, then give one copy to each of two people. In mitosis, a cell copies each chromosome,
then gives one copy to each of two daughter cells. With our instruction manual example, it is
really important that each person gets one copy of every page. We don't want to accidentally
give one person two copies of page four and one person zero copies of page four. And the
copies need to be perfect. No misspellings, no deletions. Otherwise, we might not be able to
follow the instructions and things could go wrong. This is also true with mitosis. We need each
of our cells to receive exactly one copy of each chromosome, and each copy needs to be
perfect, no mistakes, or the cells may have trouble following the genetic instructions.
Fortunately, our cells have amazing systems to copy chromosomes almost perfectly and to
make sure that one copy goes to each daughter cell. Still, very rarely mistakes in copying or
dividing chromosomes are made, and these mistakes can have negative consequences for
cells and for people.In simple words, Mitisos it is the process by which a single parent cell
divides to make two new daughter cells.
 Mitosis
Therefore, mitosis is also
known as EQUATIONAL
DIVISION, because the
chromosome number in each
daughter cell is equal to that in
the parent cell
 Importance of Mitosis

It is responsible for the growth and development of

multicellular organisms. It helps in repairing
damaged tissues. It helps the cell to maintain
proper size. It allows the Multicellular organism
to maintain its tissues, skin cells, and blood is
an example.
03
Stages of Mitosis
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Mitosis
 2 phases of Cell Cycle
 Interphase – The resting stage of the cell. The time when cells do some
activities such as cellular respiration, protein synthesis and growth. This
stage undergoes the genetic material to replicate
The 3 phase of interphase:
 G1 phase(gap1 phase) begin immidietly after completion of cell division and start
the growth of newly divided cell.
 S phase(synthesis phase) is the stage of DNA duplication and replication
 G2 phase(gap2 phase) it the onset or M phase, the cell is ready to divide

 M phase – Prophase to Telophase

 Importance of the M phase
Phase Description
Prophase Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the
mitotic spindle forms

Prometaphase The chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and begin to move towards the center of the cell

Metaphase The chromosomes align at the equator of the cell, forming the metaphase plate

Anaphase The sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell

Telophase The chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the
chromosomes begin to decondense

Cytokinesis The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells with identical genetic material
 Interphase

Interphase – the process through

which a cell must go before
mitosis, meosis, and cytokinesis.
The nucleolus and the nuclear
envelop are distinct and the
chromosomes are in the form of
threadlike chromatin.
 Prophase
Mitosis begins with prophase, during which
chromosomes recruit condensing and begin to undergo
a condensation process that will continue
until metaphase. In most species, cohesin is largely
removed from the arms of the sister chromatids during
prophase, allowing the individual sister chromatids to
be resolved. Cohesin is retained, however, at the most
constricted part of the chromosome,
the centromere.During prophase, the spindle also
begins to form as the two pairs of centrioles move to
opposite poles and microtubules begin to polymerize
from the duplicated centrosomes.
Prometaphase
Prometaphase begins with the abrupt
fragmentation of the nuclear envelope into
many small vesicles that will eventually
be divided between the future daughter
cells. The breakdown of the nuclear
membrane is an essential step for spindle
assembly. Because the centrosomes are
located outside the nucleus in animal
cells, the microtubules of the developing
spindle do not have access to the
chromosomes until the nuclear membrane
breaks apart.
 Metaphase
Next, chromosomes assume their most compacted
state during metaphase, when the centromeres of all
the cell's chromosomes line up at the equator of the
spindle. Metaphase is particularly useful
in cytogenetics, because chromosomes can be most
easily visualized at this stage. Furthermore, cells can
be experimentally arrested at metaphase with mitotic
poisons such as colchicine. Video microscopy shows
that chromosomes temporarily stop moving during
metaphase. A complex checkpoint mechanism
determines whether the spindle is properly assembled,
and for the most part, only cells with correctly
assembled spindles enter anaphase.
 Anaphase
The progression of cells from metaphase into anaphase is marked
by the abrupt separation of sister chromatids. A major reason for
chromatid separation is the precipitous degradation of the cohesin
molecules joining the sister chromatids by the
protease separase .Two separate classes of movements occur
during anaphase. During the first part of anaphase,
the kinetochore microtubules shorten, and the chromosomes move
toward the spindle poles. During the second part of anaphase, the
spindle poles separate as the non-kinetochore microtubules move
past each other. These latter movements are currently thought to
be catalyzed by motor proteins that connect microtubules with
opposite polarity and then "walk" toward the end of the
microtubules.
 Telophase and Cytokinesis
Mitosis ends with telophase, or the stage
at which the chromosomes reach the
poles. The nuclear membrane then
reforms, and the chromosomes begin to
decondense into their interphase
conformations. Telophase is followed by
cytokinesis, or the division of
the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. The
daughter cells that result from this process
have identical genetic compositions.
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