MITOSIS

REPORTING
 OUR TEAM

MEMBER MEMBER

DAVID JANSEN ABIGAIL

 WHAT IS MITOSIS?

Cell division is the driving process of reproduction at the

cellular level. Most eukaryotic cells divide in a manner where
the ploidy or the number of chromosomes remains the same,
except in the case of germ cells where the number of
chromosomes is halved.

Mitosis is the phase of the cell cycle where the nucleus of a

cell is divided into two nuclei with an equal amount of genetic
material in both the daughter nuclei. It succeeds the G2
phase and is succeeded by cytoplasmic division after the
separation of the nucleus.

Your Text Mitosis is essential for the growth of the cells and the
replacement of worn-out cells. Abnormalities during mitosis
may alter the DNA, resulting in genetic disorders.
 Mitosis Definition
“Mitosis is that step in the cell
cycle where the newly formed DNA
“
is separated and two new cells are
Add your text here
formed with the same number and
kind of chromosomes as the parent
nucleus.
MITOSIS
 Stages of Mitosis
Right before prophase, the cell spends most of its life in the
interphase, where preparations are made before the beginning of
mitosis (the DNA is copied). However, since the actual process
involves the division of the nucleus, the prophase is technically the
first stage of this process.

The different stages of mitosis occurring during cell division are

given as follows-

Interphase
Before entering mitosis, a cell spends a period of its growth under
interphase. It undergoes the following phases when in interphase:

G1 Phase: This is the period before the synthesis of DNA.

S Phase: This is the phase during which DNA synthesis takes
place.
G2 Phase: This is the phase between the end of DNA synthesis and
the beginning of the prophase.
 Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
Prophase immediately follows the S and G2 phases of the cycle
and is marked by condensation of the genetic material to form
compact mitotic chromosomes composed of two chromatids
attached at the centromere.

The completion of the prophase is characterised by the initiation of

the assembly of the mitotic spindle, the microtubules and the
proteinaceous components of the cytoplasm that help in the
process.

The nuclear envelope starts disintegrating

Prometaphase
In the prometaphase, the nuclear envelop disintegrates. Now the
microtubules are allowed to extend from the centromere to the
chromosome. The microtubules attach to the kinetochores which
allow the cell to move the chromosome around.
 Stages of Mitosis
Metaphase
At this stage, the microtubules start pulling the chromosomes with
equal force and the chromosome ends up in the middle of the cell.
This region is known as the metaphase plate. Thus, each cell gets
an entire functioning genome.

Telophase
The chromosomes that cluster at the two poles start coalescing into
an undifferentiated mass, as the nuclear envelope starts forming
around it. The nucleolus, Golgi bodies and ER complex, which had
disappeared after prophase start to reappear.

Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, which denotes the division

of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. Thus, it marks the
completion of cell division.
 Functions of Mitosis

“Following are the two important functions of mitosis:

1.Mitosis helps in the development of an organism. In single-celled organisms, mitosis is

the process of asexual reproduction.
2.Mitosis helps in the replacement of damaged tissues. The cells near the damaged
cells begin mitosis when they do not sense the neighbouring cells. The dividing cells
reach each other and cover the damaged cells.

MITOSIS
 USES OF MALTOSE

“
Both maltose and cellobiose are disaccharide sugars which are made up
of two molecules of glucose, and both are linked together between C1 of
one sugar and C4 of the other sugar. But the first glucose unit in maltose
is the alpha anomer, while the first glucose unit in cellobiose is the beta
anomer of glucose.

Difference Between Maltose And Cellobiose

Fig: (1) structure of maltose. (2) structure of cellobiose

Both maltose and cellobiose are disaccharides, but the main differences
are given below.

Maltose is an intermediate sugar formed by the action of amylase-

catalyzed hydrolysis of starch. Maltose is composed of two units of D-
glucose linked together through an alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond.
Cellobiose is an intermediate sugar formed by the hydrolysis of cellulose
by the enzyme cellulase. Cellobiose is composed of two units of D-
glucose linked together through a beta-1,4 glycosidic bond.
 Features of Mitosis

In each cycle of cell The cell is also known In plants, mitosis Segregation
division, two as equational cell leads to the growth
division because the
and
daughter cells are of vegetative parts
formed from the chromosome of the plant like root
combination
parent cell.
number in the parent
tip, stem tip, etc. do not occur
cell and daughter cell
is the same.
in this process
 Significance of Mitosis
1.Mitosis is responsible for the development of the zygote
into an adult.
2.Equal distribution of chromosomes to each daughter cell.
3.It is responsible for the growth and development of an
individual.
4.It maintains the constant number of chromosomes in all
body cells of an organism.
5.Mitosis is required for asexual reproduction, vegetative
propagation in plants and is also responsible for the repair
and regeneration of damaged tissues.
6.Mitosis helps in maintaining the purity of the genome as
no recombination or crossing over takes place.
7.It is responsible for the repair and regeneration of old and
damaged cells in animals e.g. gut epithelium, blood cells,
etc.