Science 8

Science – Grade 8
Quarter 4 – Module 9: Mendelian Genetics. Problems on Dihybrid Cross
First Edition, 2020

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 Science 8
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 9
Mendelian Genetics: Problems
on Dihybrid Cross
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module on Mendelian Genetics:

Problems on Dihybrid Cross!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module on Mendelian Genetics:

Problems on Dihybrid Cross!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This module is made for you to solve problems involving Mendelian

Genetics. This will lead you to predict phenotypic expressions of traits
following simple patterns of inheritance.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe dihybrid cross;
2. identify the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring using
dihybrid cross;
3. solve problems on Mendelian Genetics about dihybrid cross; and
4. show appreciation for Mendel’s contribution in genetics.

PRETEST
Read each sentence carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Dihybrid inheritance pertains to the inheritance of two traits at a time.
Which of the following is used to show how allelic pair of genes for a specific
trait separates and recombines independently?
A. Backcross C. Monohybrid cross
B. Dihybrid cross D. Testcross

2. In a dihybrid cross, there are nine (9) different kinds of genotypes in the F2
offspring. how many different kinds of phenotypes will be observed?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

3. Suppose you have two lines of flies, which are homozygous for two different
traits. However, you don’t know the mode of inheritance for the genes you
are testing. What will be your first clue?
A. The genotypes of the parents.
B. The phenotypes of the parents.
C. The genotypes of the dihybrids.
D. The phenotypes of the dihybrids.

4. Imagine that a couple is planning to have children. The male is

heterozygous for tongue rolling and homozygous dominant for unattached
earlobes. The female is homozygous recessive for tongue rolling and
heterozygous for unattached earlobes. The couple is curious about the
possibility and probability of their offspring inheriting these traits. The
 ability to roll one’s tongue is dominant (R) over the “non-rolling” condition
(r.) Unattached earlobes (U) are dominant over attached earlobes (u)
Complete a Punnett square for this cross and record the probabilities for
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring as ratios. Which of the following
is correct about the possible genotypes of the children?
A. 9 RrUU, 3 RrUu, 3 rrUU, and 1 rrUu
B. 8 RrUU, 3 RrUu, 3 rrUU, and 2 rrUu
C. 6 RrUU, 4 RrUu, 3 rrUU, and 3 rrUu
D. 4 RrUU, 4 RrUu, 4 rrUU, and 4 rrUu

5. The dominance relationship between alleles for each trait was already
known to Mendel when he made this cross. What is the purpose of Dihybrid
cross?
A. To determine the dominance relationship between two alleles.
B. To determine if any relationship existed between different allelic pairs.
C. To determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular
genotype.
D. To determine the genotype of an unknown plant and to produce “true-
breeding” offspring.

RECAP

Last meeting you’ve learned that monohybrid cross is used to determine

the dominance relationship between two alleles. You have also learned that a
Punnett square is a graphical representation used to determine the
probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype. Using a Punnett
square, show a monohybrid cross, then answer the given questions below.
Get your assignment, then check it honestly.

Assignment/Problem: In human, the allele for normal dominant is A, while the

allele for albino is a. A homozygous dominant man married an albino woman.
1. What are the genotypes of the parents?
2. Draw a Punnett square to represent this cross.
3. What are the possible genotypes and the phenotypes of their kids?
4. What percentage of their kids is likely to be albino?
 LESSON
Today, organisms that are “true-breeding” for a certain gene are referred
to as homozygotes. This refers to how the alleles used to form the zygote were
the same. On the other hand, heterozygotes used two different alleles to form
the zygote. A dihybrid cross is the mating of two individuals which are both
heterozygous for two different genes being observed. Most sexually
reproducing organisms carry two copies of each gene, allowing them to carry
two different alleles. Thus, the name “dihybrid cross” comes from the
historical act of observing the future generations after two “pure lines” are
crossed.
The classic model of a dihybrid cross is based on Mendelian genetics.
So, in the given example below, traits of Mendel’s peas are used. The
illustration on figure 1 describes a dihybrid cross between two pea plants,
looking at the traits of stem length and flower color. The stems can be tall or
short, which is determined by the “T” gene. The “T” allele is dominant, and
will cause the stem of the plant to be tall in any plant where it is present. The
“t” allele is recessive, and a genotype of “tt” will cause short stems. For the
color of the flower, there are also two alleles present for the gene. The “P” allele
is dominant and causes purple flowers, whereas two “p” alleles cause a flower
to be white. The characters these alleles represent can be seen at the top of
the Punnett square.
A dihybrid cross is used to show how allelic pair of genes for a specific
trait separates and recombines independently. In doing Two-Factor Crosses
(Di-hybrid) correctly, you need to follow steps 1-6.
Step 1: Determine what kind of problem you are trying to solve.
Suppose a homozygous tall purple flowered pea plant (TTPP)
is crossed with a short white flowered pea plant (ttpp).

Step 2: Determine letters you will use to specify traits.

T = tall; t = short; P = purple; and p = white

Step 3: Determine parent’s genotypes.

T T P P t t p p
x

a b c d e f g h
Step 4: Determine possible gametes by using the FOIL method.
(♂) TP TP TP TP x (♀) tp tp tp tp
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
Step 5: Make your Punnett square and determine possible offspring.
♂
♀ TP TP TP TP

tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp

tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp

tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp

tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp

Figure 1: A Dihybrid Cross

Step 6: Determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

•Offspring phenotypic ratio: 100 % Tall and purple-flowered pea plant.
•Offspring genotypic ratio: 100% TtPp

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Filling up the Punnett Square for a Dihybrid Cross

Objectives:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to:
1. describe dihybrid cross; and
2. familiarize steps and use a Punnett square when solving for
dihybrid cross.
Problem to be solved:
In peas, round seed shape (R) is dominant to wrinkled seed shape
(r) and yellow seed color (Y) is dominant to green seed color (y). A pea
plant which is homozygous round seed and has green seed color is
crossed with a pea plant that is heterozygous round seed shape and
heterozygous yellow seed color.
Directions:
Follow the given steps in the discussion, do the cross using the
Punnett square, then answer the given questions correctly.
Step 1: Read and analyze the given problem.
Step 2: RR or Rr =________; rr =________; YY or Yy =_______; yy =______
Step 3: Parent’s genotypes: ♂ = RRyy x ♀ = RrYy
Step 4: Possible gametes: Ry Ry Ry Ry x RY Ry rY ry
 Step 5: Fill up the Punnett square correctly.

♂
♀

Step 6: Determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

•Phenotypic ratio: _____________________ ______________________
•Genotypic ratio: ____% RRYy;_____% RrYy; _____% RRyy; _____% Rryy

Guide Questions:
1. What are the chances of the offspring being heterozygous for both seed
shape and seed color? _______
2. What kind of cross is used to show how allelic pair of genes for a specific
trait separates and recombines independently? _____________________

Activity 2: Problem Solving in Genetics Using Dihybrid Cross

Objectives: At the end of this activity, you should be able to:
1. identify the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring using
dihybrid cross; and
2. solve genetic problems using dihybrid cross.

Directions: Fill in each blank with a correct answer, then answer the guide
questions correctly.

1.Problem In man, assume that spotted skin (S) is dominant over

non-spotted skin (s) and that wooly hair (W) is
dominant over non-wooly hair (w). Cross a marriage
between a heterozygous spotted, non-wooly man with
a non-spotted woman, heterozygous wooly-haired.
Give genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring.
2.Letter S = spotted skin; s = n0n-spotted skin
Representations W = ___________; w = _________________
3.Parents’
genotypes Ssww x ssWw
4.Possible Gametes
♂ = ____ ____ ____ ____ x ♀ = ____ ____ ____ ____
 5. Punnett Square
(Dihybrid cross) ♂
♀ Sw Sw sw sw

sW

sw

sW

sw

6. Phenotypic Ratio 4:4:4:4

______% spotted skin and wooly-haired
______% spotted skin and non-wooly-haired
______% non-spotted skin and wooly-haired
______% non-spotted skin and non-wooly-haired
7.Genotypic Ratio _____________ _____________ ____________ ____________

Guide Questions:
1. What is the probability of producing a wooly-haired offspring? _________%
2. What is the probability of producing a non-spotted skin offspring? _____%
3. What are the different kinds of genotypes produced?
____________ _____________ ____________ _____________

WRAP-UP

To summarize the content of the lesson for today, fill in each blank with
a correct answer.
1. Mendel also studied the inheritance of two pairs of factors in an individual.
A ______________ is used to show how allelic pair of genes for a specific trait
separates and recombines independently. It is a cross between two
individuals that are both heterozygous for two different traits.
2. The purpose of Dihybrid cross is to determine if any of the relationship
existed between different allelic pairs. Most sexually reproducing organisms
carry two copies of each gene, allowing them to carry two different
_____________.
3. In doing dihybrid crosses correctly, you need to follow the following steps.
 Fill in each blank with numbers 1-6.
______a) Determine parent’s genotypes.
______b) Determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
______c) Determine letters you will use to specify traits.
______d) Complete cross and determine possible offspring.
______e) Determine possible gametes using the FOIL method.
______f) Determine what kind of problem you are trying to solve.

VALUING

Activity 3: Dihybrids on Mendelian Genetics

Objectives:
At the end of the activity, you should be able to:
1. solve problems involving dihybrid cross; and
2. show appreciation for Mendel’s contribution in genetics.
Introduction:
The classic model of a dihybrid cross is based on Mendelian genetics.
Mendel’s work enabled people see that characteristics can be passed on from
the parents to their offspring. Gregor Johann Mendel was able to establish
principles and laws that explain the patterns of inheritance in organisms. His
works were justified by the way he counted the offspring and analyzed them
through test crosses.

Direction:
Illustrate a dihybrid cross to solve the given situation below.

Situation:
Someone has claimed Arnold as the offspring of the mailman! To uphold
his mother’s nobility, he will use a hypothetical test cross. The mailman is
blood type AB with a wooly hair structure (WW or Ww). His mother is blood
type O (OO) with non-wooly hair (ww). Arnold has blood type O with wooly
hair. Which of the following arguments will set the record straight?
Mailman ABWW ABWw
Arnold’s mother OOww OOww
Arnold (offspring) OOWW OOWw
Parents ABWW x OOww ABWw x OOww
Possible Gametes (♂) AW AW BW BW (♂) AW Aw BW Bw
(♀) Ow Ow Ow Ow (♀) Ow Ow Ow Ow
Test Cross
(Dihybrid crosses)

Phenotypes ___ Blood Type A, wooly __Blood Type A, wooly haired

haired __ Blood type A, non-wooly
___ Blood type B, wooly haired
haired __ Blood type B, wooly-haired
__Blood type B, non-wooly
haired
Genotypes ___ AOWw ___AOWw ____BOWw
___ BOWw ___AOww ___ BOww
Number of OOWW
/ OOWw

Guide questions:
1. What is the possibility of producing a blood type O child with wooly hair?
A. 0% B. 25% C. 50 % D. 75%
2. Is there a possibility that the mailman could be Arnold’s father? Yes or no,
why?__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

The mailman has two alleles, A and B. Arnold’s mother has only one
allele to give, O. If Arnold was the mailman’s offspring, he would have received
at least one A or B. However, Arnold’s blood type is O, or OO. If the mailman
were blood type A (AO), then he could have passed to Arnold an O. But he
isn’t.
In agriculture, test cross is used to determine the genotype of an
unknown plant, and can produce “true-breeding” offspring. In this case,
Mendel’s goal of understanding plant genetics and the farmer’s goal of
producing a steady, consistent crop were aligned.

POSTTEST

Read and analyze each question. Write the letter of your correct answer.
1. What method in genetics is used to cross between two individuals that are
both heterozygous for two different traits?
A. Backcross C. Monohybrid cross
B. Dihybrid cross D. Testcross
2. In doing dihybrid crosses correctly, you need to follow six (6) steps shown
in the discussion. Which of the following steps wherein a Punnett square
is used to predict the possible combinations of genes in a cross?
A. Step 2 B. Step 3 C. Step 4 D. Step 5

3. In crossing a homozygous round seed with inflated pod shape pea plant
(RRII) and a wrinkled seed with constricted pod pea plant (rrii), the
phenotype of the offspring is 100% round seed with inflated pod shape pea
plant. What is the genotype of the cross?

A. 100% RRII B. 100%RrII C. 100%RrIi D. 100% Rrii

4. In rabbits, gray coat (G) is dominant over white (g), and black eyes (B) is
dominant over red (b) eyes. Suppose a male rabbit with homozygous gray
hair and red eyes is bred to a female rabbit with white hair and
heterozygous for black eyes. What will be the genotypic ratio of the probable
offspring?
A. 50% GgBb; 50% Ggbb
B. 50% GGBb; 50% Ggbb
C. 25% GGBb; 50% GgBb; 25% Ggbb
D. 25% GGBb; 25% GGBb; 25% GgBb; 25% Ggbb

5. Mendel’s goal of understanding plant genetics and the farmer’s goal of

producing consistent crops are aligned. Which of the following is the most
significant statement of Mendel’s crosses in agriculture?
A. Mendel introduced a quantitative approach in the study of heredity.
B. Biodegradable wastes in composting can be a good source of fertilizer.
C. Mendel’s work enabled people to see that characteristics can be passed
on from the parents to their offspring.
D. Test crosses are used to determine the genotype of an unknown plant,
and can produce “true-breeding” offspring.
Activity 1 Activity 2
Step 2: R = Round, r = wrinkled 2. W = wooly hair, w = non-wooly hair
Y = Yellow, y = green 4. ♂ = Sw Sw sw sw
♀ = sW sw sW sw
Ry Ry Ry Ry
RY RRYy RRYy RRYy RRYy Sw Sw sw sw
Ry RRyy RRyy RRyy RRyy sW SsWw SsWw ssWw ssWw
rY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy sw Ssww Ssww ssww ssww
ry Rryy Rryy Rryy Rryy sW SsWw SsWw ssWw ssWw
sw Ssww Ssww ssww ssww
PR: 50% round and yellow seed
50% round and green seed 6. PR:
GR: 25%RRYy; 25%RrYy; 25% spotted skin and wooly hair
25%RRyy; 25%Rryy 25% spotted skin and non-wooly
Guide questions: hair
1. 25% 2. Dihybrid 25% non-spotted skin and wooly
hair
Activity 3: (just ask your Science 25% non-spotted skin and
Teacher about the Punnett squares) non-wooly hair
Guide questions: GR: 25%SsWw; 25%Ssww;
1. A 25%ssWw; 25%ssww
2. No, because the mailman is blood 7. 4:4:4:4
type AB, he has two alleles A and B. 25% SsWw 25% ssWw
Arnold’s mother has only one allele to 25% Ssww 25% ssww
give, O. If Arnold was the mailman’s Guide Questions:
offspring, he would have received at 1. 50% 2. 50%
least one A or B. 3. SsWw, Ssww, ssWw, ssww
PRETEST RECAP WRAP UP POSTTEST
1. B 1. AA x aa 1. Dihybrid cross 1. B
2. B 2. 2. Alleles 2. D
3. C A A 3. C
4. D a Aa Aa 4. A
5. B a Aa Aa 5. D
3. Genotypes: 100% Aa 3. a) 3 d) 5
Phenotypes: b) 6 e) 4
100% Heterozygous Dominant c) 2 f) 1
4. 0%
KEY TO CORRECTION
 References
▪ Books
1. E. Madriaga et. al. (Revised Edition 2017). Patterns of Mendelian Inheritance.
Science Links 8. Rex Book Store Science and Technology Series. 856 Nicanor
Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila. Pages 359-361

2. P. Campo et. al. (Reprint Edition 2016). Mendelian Genetics. Science Learner’s
Module. DepEd-BLR. Meralco Avenue, Pasig City. Pages 341-343

▪ Online Sources
1. https://www.showme.com/sh/?h=qfae0LA

2. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/436145545144511015/

3. https://biologydictionary.net/test-cross/
4. https://www.pdffiller.com/394226821-Dihybrid_Cross_Worksheet_KEYpdf-
Dihybrid-Cross-Worksheet-KEYdocx-

5. https://biologydictionary.net/dihybrid-
cross/#:~:text=A%20dihybrid%20cross%20is%20an,alleles%20at%20those%20g
ene%20loci/&text=A%20dihybrid%20cross%2C%20therefore%2C%20is