Airgas' Brief

IN THE

AIRGAS , INC., JAMES HOVEY, PAULA No. 649, 2010

SNEED, DAVID STOUT, LEE THOMAS ,
JOHN VAN RODEN, and ELLEN WOLF,
Plaintiffs/Counterclaim
Defendants Below-Appellants, C OURT BELOW:
v. C OURT OF CHANCERY OF
THE STATE OF D ELAWARE ,
IN AND FOR SUSSEX COUNTY,
AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS , INC.,
C.A. NO . 5817-CC
Defendant/Counterclaim
Plaintiff Below-Appellee.
OPENING BRIEF FOR APPELLANTS
Of Counsel: POTTER ANDERSON & CORROON LLP

Donald J. Wolfe, Jr. (No. 285)
Theodore N. Mirvis Kevin R. Shannon (No. 3137)
Marc Wolinsky Berton W. Ashman, Jr. (No. 4681)
George T. Conway III Ryan W. Browning (No. 4989)
Garrett B. Moritz Hercules Plaza
Meredith L. Turner 1313 N. Market Street, Sixth Floor
Jonathon R. La Chapelle Wilmington, Delaware 19801
WACHTELL , LIPTON , ROSEN & KATZ (302) 984-6000
51 West 52nd Street Attorneys for Plaintiffs/
New York, New York 10019 Counterclaim Defendants
(212) 403-1000 Below-Appellants
October 18, 2010

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64 B`g. J. ^. 112, ~ 6 )1983*............................................................21 i.17
64 B`g. J. ^. 127, ~ 3 )1985*............................................................21 i.17
66 B`g. J. ^. 136, ~~ 2-3 )1987*.......................................................21 i.17
70 B`g. J. ^. 79, ~ 7 )1995*..............................................................21 i.17
70 B`g. J. ^. 349, ~ 2 )1995*............................................................21 i.17
71 B`g. J. ^. 339, ~~ 11-13 )1998*...................................................21 i.17
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74 B`g. J. ^. 326, ~ 2 )2004*............................................................21 i.17
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\i \hì_hìo oj ?dmb\ny ]tg\rn oc\o rjpg_ m`lpdm` ?dmb\n oj cjg_ don i`so
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2011 adn^\g t`\m )oc` z@tg\r{*. Ga q\gd_, oc` @tg\r rjpg_ k`mhdo ?dm
Nmj_pôn oj ijhdi\o` \ijoc`m ^g\nn ja _dm`ôjmn \i_ j]o\di ^jiomjg ja oc`
?dmb\n no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ di oc` nk\^` ja ajpm hjiocn. Rc` @tg\r k\nn`_ ]t
\ ]\m` h\ejmdot ja oc` nc\m`n qjo`_ )51.9'*, rcd^c m`km`nìo`_ \ kgpm\gdot
ja 45.8' ja oc` ojo\g ?dmb\n nc\m`n jpono\i_dib.
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di oc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mt n``fdib \ _`^g\m\odji oc\o oc` @tg\r qdjg\o`_ oc`
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ja oc` ^jhk\it. Ng\diodaan ndhpgo\i`jpngt hjq`_ ajm ep_bhìo ji oc`
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]j\m_ dn ocm`` t`\mn. Djm jq`m \ ^ìopmt, B`g\r\m`yn ^jmkjm\o` no\opo` c\n
kmjqd_`_ oc\o _dm`ôjmn ji no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n znc\gg ]` ^cjnì ajm \ apgg
o`mh.{ Ddaot t`\mn \bj, Ac\i^`ggjm Q`dou c`g_ oc\o zY^Zg`\mgt oc` xapgg o`mhy
qdnp\gdu`_ ]t oc` no\opo` dn \ k`mdj_ ja ocm`` t`\mn.{ :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb
8â_, q. 6dc^\PcXR GcTT[ Ea^Sb,, 159 ?.2_ 288, 290-91 )B`g. Ac. 1960*.
Rc` g`bdng\odq` cdnojmt ja ~ 141)_*, ojbòc`m rdoc oc` no\o`hìon ja iph`m-
jpn ^jpmon, km\ôdodji`mn, \^\_`hd^n \i_ oc` ?h`md^\i @\m ?nnj^d\odji
hj_`g ajmh \i_ ^jhhìo\mt ajm B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin, apmoc`m m`diajm^`
oc` ^jhhji pi_`mno\i_dib oc\o _dm`ôjmn ji no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n n`mq` ocm``-
t`\m o`mhn. Gi m`\^cdib don cjg_dib, oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr hdnm`\_ :bbT]cXP[ :]+
cTa_aXbTb \n gdhdo`_ oj oc` ^c\mo`m g\ibp\b` diqjgq`_ di oc\o ^\n`, \i_ _dn-
m`b\m_`_ oc` ^jhhji pi_`mno\i_dib ja no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n. Rc` ^jpmo ]`-
gjr b\q` ij r`dbco \o \gg oj oc` pi_dnkpo`_ B`g\r\m` km\ôd^` \i_ pi_`m-
no\i_dib oc\o _dm`ôjmn ji ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n n`mq` ocm``-t`\m
o`mhn, di^gp_dib oc\o ja ?dm Nmj_pôn \i_ oc` bm`\o h\ejmdot ja joc`m B`g\-
r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin oc\o c\q` no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ ^c\mo`m kmjqdndjin d_ìod^\g oj
oc\o ja ?dmb\n. Rc`n` ^jhk\id`n c\q` ^jindnoìogt m`km`nìo`_ di oc`dm
kmjst no\o`hìon oc\o oc`dm _dm`ôjmn n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn|\n ?dm Nmj_-
pôn don`ga c\n m`km`nìo`_ ajm 27 nom\dbco t`\mn. Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjr _`^g\m`_
oc\o do rjpg_ \_c`m` oj don ^jiom\mt m`\_dib `qì da oc` n\h` rjm_dib z\k-
k`\mY`_Z di oì ocjpn\i_ ^jmkjm\o` ^c\mo`mn.{ Mk. 35 i.76. ?i_ di \o-
3
o`hkodib oj m`^ji^dg` don cjg_dib rdoc BEAJ ~ 211yn m`lpdm`hìo oc\o

B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin cjg_ z\iip\g{ h`òdibn, oc` _`^dndji ]`gjr
\_jko`_ di^jindnoìo \i_ dhkg\pnd]g` dio`mkmò\odjin ja rc\o ^jinodopo`n \i
z\iip\g h`òdib{ pi_`m B`g\r\m` g\r, di^gp_dib don no\mf no\o`hìo oc\o
zoc`m` dn ij no\opojmt m`lpdm`hìo oc\o oc`m` ]` \ _pm\odji\g hdidhph
\hjpio ja odh` ]òr`ì \iip\g `g`ôdjin jm \iip\g h`òdibn.{ Mk. 34-35.
2. Rc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mt apmoc`m `mm`_ di cjg_dib oc\o oc` @tg\r
r\n ^jindnoìo rdoc oc` no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ kmjqdndji di ?dmb\ny ^c\mo`m ]`-
^\pn` oc` ?dmb\n ^c\mo`m _j`n ijo `skgd^dogt no\o` oc\o oc` ^jhk\ityn _dm`^-
ojmn c\q` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn. Mk. 17-21. Rc` ?dmb\n ^c\mo`m dn ijo \h]dbp-
jpn. Ajinomp`_ \n \ rcjg`, \i_ di gdbco ja oc` pidq`mn\g pi_`mno\i_dib `s-
km`nn`_ ]t n^jm`n \i_ n^jm`n ja B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin \i_ oc` ?@?
hj_`g ajmh ajm B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin, \hjib joc`m ocdibn, do dn \kk\mìo
oc\o _dm`ôjmn ja \ B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odji rdoc \ ^c\mo`m kmjqdndji gdf` ?dm-
b\ny|no\odib oc\o _dm`ôjmn zcjg_ jaad^` ajm \ o`mh `skdmdib \o oc` \iip\g
h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_`mn c`g_ di oc` ocdm_ t`\m ajggjrdib oc` t`\m ja oc`dm
`g`ôdji{|n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn. Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjr `mm`_ di bdqdib oc`
^c\mo`m \i dio`mkmò\odji oc\o dn ^jiom\mt oj BEAJ ~ 141)_*, \i_ hdn\k-
kgd`_ rc\o do ^\gg`_ oc` zmpg` ja ^jinompôdji di a\qjm ja am\i^cdn` mdbcon.{
Mk. 20. Rc` noj^fcjg_`m am\i^cdn`, rcdg` pi_jp]o`_gt \ q\gp` màg`ô`_ di
B`g\r\m` epmdnkmp_ì^`, dn ijo oc` jigt dio`m`no m`^jbidu`_ di B`g\r\m`
g\ryn ^\màpg ]\g\i^` ja noj^fcjg_`m/_dm`ôjm/]d__`m kjr`m di oc` o\f`jq`m
^jio`so|\n nk`^dad^\ggt màg`ô`_ ]t ~ 141)_*yn \pocjmdu\odji ja no\bb`m`_
]j\m_n. Kjm`jq`m, q\gd_\odib oc` @tg\r _j`n ijo bìpdi`gt a\qjm am\i-
^cdn` mdbcon, ]`^\pn` oc` @tg\r _`kmdq`n oc` noj^fcjg_`mn|\ h\ejmdot ja
rcjh _d_ ijo qjo` ajm oc` @tg\r|ja oc` kmjo`ôdjin ja \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_
\i_ oc` ìc\i^`_ ]\mb\didib g`q`m\b` do \aajm_n oc` ]j\m_ ji ]`c\ga ja \gg
noj^fcjg_`mn. Ga pkc`g_, oc` @tg\r rdgg ajm^` oc` h\ejmdot ja noj^fcjg_`mn
rcj _d_ ijo ì_jmn` don \_jkodji oj h\f` rc\o ^jpg_ ]` oc` _àdidodq` qjo`
ji ^jiomjg ja ?dmb\n jigt ajpm hjiocn \ao`m oc` g\no \iip\g h`òdib, di oc`
hd__g` ja \i jibjdib ]d__dib ndop\odji, \i_ rdocjpo oc` ]ìàdo ja \ apgg
adn^\g t`\myn adi\i^d\g m`npgon.
3. Rc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mt apmoc`m `mm`_ di cjg_dib oc\o ì\ôhìo ja
oc` @tg\r _d_ ijo m`lpdm` \ npk`mh\ejmdot qjo` ja oc` noj^fcjg_`mn. Mk.
14-15. ?dmb\ny ^c\mo`m `skm`nngt m`lpdm`n \ npk`mh\ejmdot qjo` ja oc`
noj^fcjg_`mn oj k\nn \ ]tg\r \aa`ôdib _dm`ôjm oìpm`. Rc` @tg\r ncjmo-
ìn nds _dm`ôjmny oìpm` \i_ ocpn ^jpg_ jigt ]` \_jko`_ ]t npk`mh\ejmdot
qjo`, \ ocm`ncjg_ ijo hò c`m`.
4
+ + +
Ga k`mhdoo`_ oj no\i_, oc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mtyn mpgdib rdgg pknò oc`
`sk`ô\odjin ja cpi_m`_n ja B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin rdoc no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_
^c\mo`m g\ibp\b` epno gdf` oc\o di ?dmb\ny ^c\mo`m. Rc` ^jpmoyn mpgdib oc\o
oc` hjno ^jhhjigt `hkgjt`_ g\ibp\b` pn`_ di \_jkodib \ no\bb`m`_
]j\m_ ja _dm`ôjmn di a\ô _j`n ijo kmjqd_` oc` q`mt kmjo`ôdjin oc\o no\b-
b`m`_ ]j\m_n c\q` gjib ]`ì pi_`mnojj_ oj kmjqd_` ^m`\o`n \ bg\mdib _dn-
^jiodipdot di rc\o r\n ocjpbco oj ]` \ nòog`_ \m`\ ja o\f`jq`m g\r.
B`g\r\m` g\r c\n ^\màpggt ]\g\i^`_ oc` m`nk`ôdq` kjr`mn ja ]j\m_n
ja _dm`ôjmn \i_ noj^fcjg_`mn, \i_ k\d_ k\mod^pg\m \ooìodji oj oc\o ^\gd]m\-
odji di oc` ^jio`so ja o\f`jq`mn. Rc` _`^dndji ja oc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mt
m\_d^\ggt m`]\g\i^`n oc\o `no\]gdnc`_ \ggj^\odji. Qo\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n c\q`
]`ì \oo\^f`_ amjh njh` lp\mo`mn \n dhk`_dib o\f`jq`mn \i_ \_qj^\o`_ ]t
joc`mn \n kmjqd_dib ìc\i^`_ g`q`m\b` oj ]j\m_n ja _dm`ôjmn oj ì\]g`
oc`h oj n``f oj km`n`mq` \i_ h\sdhdu` q\gp`. P`b\m_g`nn ja oc\o _`]\o`,
oc` J`bdng\opm` c\n h\_` oc` kjgd^t ep_bhìo oj ì\]g` ^jmkjm\odjin oc\o
rdnc oj _j nj oj \_jko no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n, \i_ c\n oc`m`]t bdqì noj^fcjg_-
`mn oc` ^cjd^` oj _`^d_` rcòc`m oc`t rdnc oj diq`no di ^jhk\id`n, gdf`
?dmb\n, oc\o `g`ô`_ oj dhkg`hìo oc\o a`\opm` ja ^jmkjm\o` bjq`mi\i^`.
Amdod^\ggt, `q`mtji` c\n \gr\tn pi_`mnojj_ oc\o _dm`ôjmn ji ocm``-^g\nn
no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn, \i_ oc\o \ h\ejmdot ^jpg_ ijo ]`
m`kg\^`_ \o oc` ]`c`no ja \ cjnodg` ]d__`m `s^`ko \ao`m k\nn\b` ja orj \i-
ip\g h`òdibn jq`m \ orj-t`\m ^t^g`. Rc` _àdidib a`\opm` ja oc\o m`bdh`
dn oc\o do ìc\i^`n oc` ]j\m_yn g`q`m\b` \i_ ]\mb\didib kjr`m \q\dg\]g` oj
]` _`kgjt`_ ajm oc` ]ìàdo ja \gg noj^fcjg_`mn. Rc` _`^dndji ]`gjr api-
_\hìo\ggt \go`mn oc\o r`gg-pi_`mnojj_ k`mnk`ôdq` ]t ì\]gdib \ kgpm\gdot
noj^fcjg_`m qjo` àa`ôdq`gt oj _`no\bb`m oc` ]j\m_ ijordocno\i_dib \ ^c\m-
o`m kmjqdndji pi_`m BEAJ ~ 141)_* di oc` hjno ^jhhjigt pn`_ ajmh oc\o
r\n pi_ìd\]gt dioì_`_ oj `no\]gdnc \ omp` no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_.
Go dn ijo _dnkpo`_ oc\o oc` ^jmkjm\o` rjmg_|di^gp_dib \gg nd_`n di oc`
_`]\o` \]jpo oc` ^jnon \i_ ]ìàdon ja no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n|c\n \gr\tn ^ji-
nd_`m`_ ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n oj c\q` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn m`b\m_g`nn ja
oc` ngdbcogt q\md`_ ijhì^g\opm` di oc` ^c\mo`m kmjqdndjin `hkgjt`_. Rc`
_`^dndji ]`gjr dn \ no\mogdib m`^jind_`m\odji ja oc\o ]`_mj^f \nnphkodji,
\i_ npkkg\ion oc\o \nnphkodji rdoc \ _dnodiôdji ]òr`ì no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n
]\n`_ ji \ _daa`mì^` di rjm_dib i`q`m ]àjm` ^jind_`m`_ oj c\q` ndbidad-
^\i^`. ?i_ ]t k`mhdoodib \ ]d__`m oj nj ndbidad^\iogt \_q\i^` oc` \iip\g
h`òdib _\o` qd\ \ kgpm\gdot-\kkmjq`_ ]tg\r, oc` _`^dndji m\_d^\ggt m`-
5
_p^`n oc` ]\mb\didib \i_ joc`m kjr`m ja oc` ]j\m_. Gi_``_, oc` àa`ô ji
oc` ]j\m_yn \]dgdot oj _àì_ \i_ \_q\i^` noj^fcjg_`m dio`m`non di ocdn dh-
kjmo\io ^jio`so g`_ oc` dinodopodji\g noj^fcjg_`m \_qj^\o` GQQ oj _ò`mhdi`
oc\o oc` @tg\r ijo jigt r\n pikm`^`_ìo`_ ]po \gnj ncjpg_ ]` jkkjn`_ \n
pi_pgt z^`_YdibZ ndbidad^\io ^jiomjg ja oc` i`bjod\odji kmj^`nn oj oc` ]d_-
_`m{ \o \ no\b` rc`m` oc` ]d_ zm`h\din ]`gjr \ apgg \i_ a\dm kmd^`.{ Mk. 7
i.10. Go dn ijo \i jq`mno\o`hìo oj n\t oc\o di ocdn ^\n` oc` @tg\r, da q\gd-
_\o`_, rjpg_ g\mb`gt `gdhdi\o` oc` ?dmb\n ]j\m_yn g`q`m\b` \i_ ?dm Nmj_-
pôny di^ìodq` oj k\t oc` cdbc`m kmd^` oc\o do c\n no\o`_ do dn rdggdib oj k\t
ajm oc` ^jhk\it.
Rc` B`g\r\m` Eì`m\g Ajmkjm\odji J\r k`mhdon no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n
ajm oc` q`mt kpmkjn` ja `hkjr`mdib _dm`ôjmn oj c\q` \ gjib-o`mh k`mnk`^-
odq` di bì`m\odib \i_ km`n`mqdib q\gp`, \i_ oj kmjo`ô oc\o q\gp` di oc`
^jio`so ja pinjgd^do`_ o\f`jq`m \oo`hkon ]t kmjqd_dib \ hj_d^ph ja g`q`m-
\b` oj oc` ]j\m_. Rc` _`^dndji ]`gjr _dn`hkjr`mn ]j\m_n di epno oc\o ^ji-
o`so. Go _j`n nj di ^jiom\qìodji ja oc` g\ibp\b` \i_ dioìo ja ]joc oc`
no\opo` \i_ oc` ^c\mo`m. Go màg`ôn \ hdnno`k di oc` _`q`gjkhìo ja B`g\-
r\m` g\r \i_, r` np]hdo, ncjpg_ ]` ^jmm`ô`_ ]t ocdn Ajpmo.
6
BC2C6<6=C >7 724CB
2* CPM 3IZZSM NVX 4VUZXVS VN 2QXOIY

Rcdn ^\n` z\mdn`n di oc` hd_no ja \ c`\o`_ o\f`jq`m ]\oog` ]t ?dm
Nmj_pôn \i_ Ac`hd^\gn, Gi^. ajm ^jiomjg ja ?dmb\n, Gi^.{ Mk. 1. Mi D`]-
mp\mt 11, 2010, ?dm Nmj_pôn g\pi^c`_ \ oì_`m jaa`m ajm ?dmb\n nc\m`n \o
&60 k`m nc\m` di ^\nc, ?19; do c\n ndi^` m\dn`_ oc\o jaa`m oj &65.50 k`m
nc\m`, ?20; Mk. 4. Rc` ?dmb\n ]j\m_ mè`ô`_ oc`n` ]d_n \n zbmjnngt di-
\_`lp\o`.{1 ?n oc` Ac\i^`ggjm ijo`_, zYoZc` h\mfò kmd^` ja ?dmb\ny noj^f
ji Môj]`m 7, 2010 ^gjn`_ \o &68.57,{ \ kmd^` cdbc`m oc\i ?dm Nmj_pôny
jaa`m. Mk. 4 i.4. ?dm Nmj_pôn c\n no\o`_ oc\o do dn \]g` oj k\t \ cdbc`m
kmd^`, \i_ oc\o cdbc`m kmd^`n c\q` \gm`\_t ]`ì \pocjmdu`_.2
Rj a\^dgdo\o` don ]d_, ?dm Nmj_pôn r\b`_ \ kmjst ^jio`no \o oc` ?dm-
b\n \iip\g h`òdib c`g_ ji Q`ko`h]`m 15, 2010. ?dmb\n c\_ \ no\bb`m`_
]j\m_ ja idi` h`h]`mn, _dqd_`_ dioj ocm`` ^g\nn`n ja ocm`` h`h]`mn `\^c.
Mi Q`ko`h]`m 15, ?dm Nmj_pôn np^^``_`_ di `g`ôdib don ocm`` ijhdi``n oj
pin`\o ji` ^g\nn ja ?dmb\ny di^ph]ìo _dm`ôjmn. Mk. 4, 6; ?15; ?20.
?dm Nmj_pôn \gnj kmjkjn`_ ocm`` ]tg\r \hì_hìon ajm ^jind_`m\-
odji ji Q`ko`h]`m 15. z?dm Nmj_pôn h\_` ^g`\m di don kmjst h\o`md\gn oc\o
don kmjkjn`_ ]tg\rn r`m` _dm`ôgt m`g\o`_ oj don kì_dib oì_`m jaa`m w .{
Mk. 5-6. Migt ji` ja ocjn` kmjkjn\gn dn \o dnnp` c`m`. Go rjpg_ m`lpdm`
?dmb\n oj cjg_ don i`so z\iip\g{ h`òdib ji H\ip\mt 18, 2011, jigt ajpm
hjiocn \ao`m don g\no \iip\g h`òdib \i_ ]àjm` oc` ^ji^gpndji ja don adn^\g
t`\m ji K\m^c 31, 2011. Rc` @tg\r kmjqd_`n )?1545; Mk. 5*:
Rc` \iip\g h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_`mn oj ]` c`g_ di 2011 )oc` z2011
?iip\g K`òdib{* nc\gg ]` c`g_ ji H\ip\mt 18, 2011 \o 10:00 \.h.,
\i_ `\^c np]n`lpìo \iip\g h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_`mn nc\gg ]` c`g_ di
H\ip\mt.
1
Mk. 6; bTT P[b^ ?dmb\n Nm`nn P`g`\n`, Q`ko. 8, 2010, PePX[PQ[T Pc
cook://]do.gt/?PEkm.
2
?dm Nmj_pôn Q^c`_pg` RM, Go`h 5 )Q`ko. 13, 2010*, PePX[PQ[T Pc
cook://]do.gt/\k_oj; Hà D``g`t, 6Xa Ea^SdRcb :gTRdcXeT GPhb 6XaVPb 7XS
l6ccaPRcXeT*m @JMMK@CPE, Mô. 4, 2010, cook://]do.gt/]g]bcp^f.
7
Mi Q`ko`h]`m 8, Ginodopodji\g Qc\m`cjg_`m Q`mqd^`n, oc` \_qdnjmt

admh, m`^jhhì_`_ oc\o ?dmb\n noj^fcjg_`mn mè`ô ocdn kmjkjn\g. ?n oc`
Ac\i^`ggjm ijo`_, GQQ no\o`_ oc\o oc` @tg\r rjpg_ _dhdidnc oc` zq\gp`{ ja
oc` no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ \n r`gg \n oc` ]j\m_yn ]\mb\didib kjr`m, \i_ rjpg_
a\^dgdo\o` \ ]d_ oc\o zm`h\din ]`gjr \ a\dm \i_ apgg kmd^`{ )Mk. 7 i.10*:
Y?dm Nmj_pônyZ kmjkjn\g w dn \ ]jg_, pikm`^`_ìo`_ hjq` ]t \ ]d_-
_`m oj j]qd\o` oc` _àìndq` q\gp` ja \ ^g\nndad`_ ]j\m_ ]t ^jgg\kndib
oc` odh` m`lpdm`_ oj rdi ^jiomjg. w @`^\pn` ocdn kmjkjn\g ^`_`n
ndbidad^\io ^jiomjg ja oc` i`bjod\odji kmj^`nn oj oc` ]d__`m, r` ]`-
gd`q` do ^\mmd`n \ cdbc`m kmd^` o\b oc\i ndhkgt `\midib \ n`\o \o oc` o\-
]g`. ?n oc` ^pmmìo ]d_ m`h\din ]`gjr \ a\dm \i_ apgg kmd^`, r` _j
ijo m`^jhhì_ nc\m`cjg_`mn npkkjmo oc` kmjkjn\g.
?o oc` Q`ko`h]`m 15 \iip\g h`òdib, _`nkdo` \i ?dmb\n noj^fcjg_`m
]\n` oc\o c\_ m`^ìogt ^c\ib`_ oj ]` _jhdi\o`_ ]t \m]dom\b`pmn \i_ joc`m
ncjmo-o`mh cjg_`mn )bTT ?19, ?131*, oc` kmjkjn\g m`^`dq`_ \ ]\m` h\ejmdot
ja oc` qjo`n ^\no \o oc` h`òdib: \kkmjsdh\o`gt 38.3 hdggdji jpo ja oc`
mjpbcgt 73.9 hdggdji nc\m`n m`km`nìo`_|51.9'. Mk. 8 ( i.12. Rcdn
^jinodopo`_ [Tbb oc\i \ h\ejmdot|45.8'|ja oc` \kkmjsdh\o`gt 83.6 hdg-
gdji nc\m`n oc\o r`m` ìodog`_ oj qjo`. >S,
3* 3IKROXV[UL VN ZPM 2QXOIY BZIOOMXML 3VIXL
?dmb\n rìo kp]gd^ di 1986. Dmjh don di^`kodji, ?dmb\n c\n c\_ \
ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ pi_`m ?mo. 5, ~ 1 ja don ^c\mo`m, rcd^c kmjqd_`n
di k`modiìo k\mo:
1. Lph]`m, Cg`ôdji \i_ R`mhn ja Bdm`ôjmn. w Rc` Bdm`ôjmn
w nc\gg ]` ^g\nndad`_, rdoc m`nk`ô oj oc` odh` ajm rcd^c oc`t n`q`m-
\ggt cjg_ jaad^`, dioj ocm`` ^g\nn`n, \n i`\mgt `lp\g di iph]`m \n kjn-
nd]g` \n nc\gg ]` kmjqd_`_ di oc` h\ii`m nk`^dad`_ di oc` @t-J\rn,
ji` ^g\nn oj cjg_ jaad^` didod\ggt ajm \ o`mh `skdmdib \o oc` \iip\g
h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_`mn oj ]` c`g_ di 1987, \ijoc`m ^g\nn oj cjg_ ja-
ad^` didod\ggt ajm \ o`mh `skdmdib \o oc` \iip\g h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_-
`mn oj ]` c`g_ di 1988, \i_ \ijoc`m ^g\nn oj cjg_ jaad^` didod\ggt ajm \
o`mh `skdmdib \o oc` \iip\g h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_`mn oj ]` c`g_ di
1989, rdoc oc` h`h]`mn ja `\^c ^g\nn oj cjg_ jaad^` piodg oc`dm np^-
^`nnjmn \m` `g`ô`_ \i_ lp\gdad`_. ?o `\^c \iip\g h`òdib ja oc`
noj^fcjg_`mn ja oc` Ajmkjm\odji, oc` np^^`nnjmn oj oc` ^g\nn ja Bdm`^-
8
ojmn rcjn` o`mh `skdm`n \o oc\o h`òdib nc\gg ]` `g`ô`_ oj cjg_ ja-
ad^` ajm \ o`mh `skdmdib \o oc` \iip\g h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_`mn c`g_ di
oc` ocdm_ t`\m ajggjrdib oc` t`\m ja oc`dm `g`ôdji.
?1613. Rc\o rjm_dib, \fdi oj oc\o di BEAJ ~ 141)_*, c\n \gnj ]`ì ^ji-
o\di`_ di qdmop\ggt d_ìod^\g ajmh di ?mo. GGG, ~ 1 ja ?dmb\ny ]tg\rn ndi^`
?dmb\n rìo kp]gd^. ?1599.
?dmb\n ì_n don adn^\g t`\mn ji K\m^c 31. ?15. Go%c\n \gr\tn c`g_ don
\iip\g h`òdib rcì don \iip\g m`kjmo \i_ adi\i^d\g no\o`hìon ajm oc`
kmdjm adn^\g t`\m \m` \q\dg\]g` oj oc` noj^fcjg_`mn. ?15. Djggjrdib oc\o
k\oo`mi, ndi^` bjdib kp]gd^ di 1986, ?dmb\n c\n c`g_ don \iip\g h`òdibn ij
`\mgd`m oc\i Hpgt 28, \i_ ij g\o`m oc\i Q`ko`h]`m 15, ja `\^c t`\m.3 ?n
ijo`_, don hjno m`^ìo \iip\g h`òdib r\n c`g_ ji Q`ko`h]`m 15, 2010.
?15-16. Rcpn, ajm oc` \ghjno 24 t`\mn ja don `sdnoì^` \n \ kp]gd^ admh,
?dmb\n c\n c`g_ don \iip\g h`òdib mjpbcgt or`gq` hjiocn \ao`m oc` km`qd-
jpn t`\myn \iip\g h`òdib. Mi \q`m\b`, ?dmb\n c\n c`g_ don \iip\g h`ò-
dib rdocdi 4.13 _\tn ja oc` \iidq`mn\mt ja oc` km`qdjpn t`\myn \iip\g
h`òdib, \i_ \gr\tn ]òr`ì, \o oc` `\mgd`no, 11 hjiocn \i_ 26 _\tn, \i_,
\o oc` g\o`no, 12 hjiocn \i_ 28 _\tn, \ao`m oc` kmdjm t`\myn h`òdib. ?15-
16.
C\^c ^g\nn ja ?dmb\n _dm`ôjmn `g`ô`_ ]t oc` noj^fcjg_`mn kpmnp\io
oj ?mo. 5, ~ 1 ja oc` ^c\mo`m c\n n`mq`_ \ ocm``-t`\m o`mh. ?16. ?n ja 1986
3
GTT ?15-16:
7QYKIS HX* 2UU* <ZO* 7QYKIS HX* 2UU* <ZO*
6UL 5IZM 6UL 5IZM
K\m. 31, 1987 ?pb. 3, 1987 K\m. 31, 1999 ?pb. 2, 1999
K\m. 31, 1988 ?pb. 1, 1988 K\m. 31, 2000 ?pb. 3, 2000
K\m. 31, 1989 ?pb. 7, 1989 K\m. 31, 2001 ?pb. 2, 2001
K\m. 31, 1990 ?pb. 6, 1990 K\m. 31, 2002 Hpgt 31, 2002
K\m. 31, 1991 ?pb. 5, 1991 K\m. 31, 2003 Hpgt 29, 2003
K\m. 31, 1992 ?pb. 3, 1992 K\m. 31, 2004 ?pb. 4, 2004
K\m. 31, 1993 Hpgt 28, 1993 K\m. 31, 2005 ?pb. 9, 2005
K\m. 31, 1994 ?pb. 1, 1994 K\m. 31, 2006 ?pb. 9, 2006
K\m. 31, 1995 ?pb. 7, 1995 K\m. 31, 2007 ?pb. 7, 2007
K\m. 31, 1996 ?pb. 5, 1996 K\m. 31, 2008 ?pb. 5, 2008
K\m. 31, 1997 ?pb. 4, 1997 K\m. 31, 2009 ?pb. 18, 2009
K\m. 31, 1998 ?pb. 3, 1998 K\m. 31, 2010 Q`ko. 15, 2010
9
rcì ?dmb\n rìo kp]gd^, oc` g`b\g ]\^fbmjpi_ ji oc` _pm\odji ja oc` _d-
m`ôjmny o`mhn \kk`\m`_ ^g`\m: Ac\i^`ggjm Q`douy jkdidji di :bbT]cXP[ :]+
cTa_aXbTb c\_ c`g_ 26 t`\mn km`qdjpngt oc\o, pi_`m oc` ^jhh\i_ ja BEAJ
~ 141)_*, oc` _dm`ôjmn ja \ ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ n`mq` ajm \ zapgg
o`mh{|rcd^c, oc` Ac\i^`ggjm c`g_, r\n \ zk`mdj_ ja ocm`` t`\mn.{4
Rc` rjm_dib ja ?dmb\ny no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ ^c\mo`m kmjqdndji|^\ggdib
ajm `\^c ^g\nn ja _dm`ôjmn oj n`mq` zajm \ o`mh `skdmdib \o oc` \iip\g h`ò-
dib ja noj^fcjg_`mn c`g_ di oc` ocdm_ t`\m ajggjrdib oc` t`\m ja oc`dm `g`^-
odji{|ajggjrn oc` ajmh oc\o \kk`\mn oj ]` pn`_ ]t \kkmjsdh\o`gt orj-
ocdm_n ja B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin rdoc no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n )\i_ dn ^\gg`_ ajm di
oc` ?@? hj_`g ajmh ajm B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin, n`` kk. 25-26, X]UaP*. Ma
oc` 89 B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin di oc` Djmopi` 500 rdoc no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n,
58|di^gp_dib cjpn`cjg_ i\h`n gdf` Sido`_ Qo\o`n Qo``g, A\kdo\g Mi` \i_
K^Bji\g_n|pn` `doc`m oc\o ajmhpg\odji jm oc` `nnìod\ggt d_ìod^\g ajmhp-
g\odji ja kmjqd_dib ajm `\^c ^g\nn oj n`mq` piodg oc` zocdm_ np^^``_dib \i-
ip\g h`òdib{ \ao`m oc`dm `g`ôdji. ?26-63. ? hdijmdot ja 29 ^jmkjm\odjin
)ji`-ocdm_ ja oc` Djmopi` 500 B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin rdoc no\bb`m`_
]j\m_n* `skm`nngt no\o` di oc`dm ^c\mo`m oc\o oc`dm ocm``-^g\nn ]j\m_n n`mq`
ajm z\ ocm``-t`\m o`mh{ jm \ zo`mh ja ocm`` t`\mn.{ >S,
Rc` orj ajmhn ja rjm_dib h\t ]` _`kdô`_ \n ajggjrn )?1870*:
6IKP KSIYY YMX\MY [UZQS `ZPQXL Y[KKMMLQUO

IUU[IS TMMZQUOa
`Ga VX
`ZPM IUU[IS TMMZQUO PMSL QU ZPM ZPQXL ^MIX
NVSSV]QUO ZPM ^MIX VN ZPMQX MSMKZQVUa
6IKP KSIYY YMX\MY NVX Ì ZPXMM)^MIX ZMXTa

`Ha VX
`ZMXT VN ZPXMM ^MIXYa
Go dn pi_dnkpo`_ oc\o ij ji` c\n `q`m ]àjm` ^jind_`m`_ oc`m` oj ]` \

_dnodiôdji ]òr`ì oc` orj rjm_dibn pn`_ ]t B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin oj
4
:bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb 8â_, q. 6dc^\PcXR GcTT[ Ea^Sb,, 159 ?.2_ 288,
291 )B`g. Ac. 1960*; bTT kk. 14-15, 19-22, X]UaP.
10
no\bb`m oc`dm ]j\m_n ja _dm`ôjmn. ?n \ h\oo`m ja km\ôd^` \i_ pi_`mno\i_-

dib, oc` orj rjm_dibn c\q` gjib ]`ì ocjpbco oj h`\i oc` n\h` ocdib. Ma
oc` 58 B`g\r\m` Djmopi` 500 ^jmkjm\odjin pndib oc` zV{ rjm_dib, 46 m`k-
m`nìo di oc`dm kmjst no\o`hìon oc\o oc`dm _dm`ôjmn n`mq` zocm``-t`\m
o`mhn{|di^gp_dib ?dm Nmj_pôn don`ga. ?26-63. ?dm Nmj_pôny ^c\mo`m
kmjqd_`n ajm don _dm`ôjm ^g\nn`n oj n`mq` o`mhn z`skdmdib \o oc` ocdm_ np^-
^``_dib \iip\g h`òdib{ \ao`m oc`dm `g`ôdji. ?1876.1; ?610. Clp\odib
oc` zV{ ajmh rdoc oc` zW{ ajmh, ?dm Nmj_pôn c\n m`km`nìo`_ di don kmjst
no\o`hìo ajm 27 nom\dbco t`\mn, \i_ \n m`^ìogt \n g\no B`^`h]`m:
Mpm @j\m_ dn _dqd_`_ dioj ocm`` ^g\nn`n ajm kpmkjn`n ja `g`ôdjin
rdoc cWaTT+hTPa cTa\b ja jaad^` ì_dib di np^^`nndq` t`\mn.
?65-69 )`hkc\ndn \__`_*; bTT P[b^ ?612-712.
Rc` ^jindnoìo pi_`mno\i_dib ja `lp\odib zV{ \i_ zW{ dn ^jiadmh`_
]t oc` km\ôd^` ja B`g\r\m` ^jhk\id`n oc\o m`^ìogt _`no\bb`m`_ oc`dm
]j\m_n. Gi oc` k\no oì t`\mn, 99 B`g\r\m` ^jhk\id`n di oc` Djmopi` 500
c\q` _`no\bb`m`_, ja rcd^c 97 no\o`_ di `doc`m oc`dm ^c\mo`m, ]tg\rn jm
kmjst no\o`hìon oc\o oc`dm _dm`ôjmn n`mq`_ zocm`` t`\m{ o`mhn. Ma oc` 99,
64 pn`_ \i zV{ ajmhpg\odji di oc`dm ^c\mo`mn jm ]tg\rn )oc\o _dm`ôjmn
n`mq`_ piodg oc` zocdm_ np^^``_dib \iip\g h`òdib{ jm oc` z\iip\g h`òdib
di oc` ocdm_ t`\m{ \ao`m `g`ôdji*. ?i_ di _`n^md]dib oc` kmjqdndji oc`t
r`m` \nfdib oc`dm noj^fcjg_`mn oj m`k`\g, 62 ja ocjn` 64 zV{ ^jhk\id`n, jm
96.9', _`n^md]`_ oc`dm _dm`ôjmny o`mhn \n zocm`` t`\mn{ di oc`dm kmjst
no\o`hìon. ?71-116.
?dmb\ny ^jioìodji dn oc\o ]joc oc` zV{ \i_ zW{ ajmhpg\odjin h`\i
oc` n\h` ocdib, kmjqd_dib ajm ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n rdoc ocm``-t`\m
o`mhn. Rc` kjndodji ja ?dm Nmj_pôn )\^^`ko`_ ]t oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr* dn oc\o
oc` orj ajmhpg\odjin \m` ^mdod^\ggt _daa`mìo, np^c oc\o: )\* di oc` ^\n` ja
zV{ ^c\mo`mn, \ ]tg\r \_jko`_ ]t oc` noj^fcjg_`mn h\t ncjmoì oc` ^g\nny
n`mqd^` ]t \_q\i^dib oc` _\o` ja oc` \iip\g h`òdib \o rcd^c oc` _dm`ôjmn
no\i_ ajm `g`ôdji, oc`m`]t kjoìod\ggt ipggdatdib oc`dm no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n;
]po )]* di oc` ^\n` ja zW{ ^c\mo`mn, ij ]tg\r ^\i q\gd_gt ncjmoì oc` _dm`^-
ojmny o`mhn ja ocm`` t`\mn. Gi joc`m rjm_n, ?dm Nmj_pôny kjndodji dn oc\o
oc` _dm`ôjmn ja 29 ja oc` 89 Djmopi` 500 B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin rdoc no\b-
b`m`_ ]j\m_n \m` `g`ô`_ ajm ocm``-t`\m o`mhn rcdg` oc` _dm`ôjmn ja oc`
joc`m 58 \m` ijo.
11
?dm Nmj_pôny kjndodji dn _`kì_ìo ji oc` kmjkjndodji oc\o \gg ja oc`

B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin )\i_ oc`dm ^jpin`g* rcj c\q` `lp\o`_ oc` zV{ \i_
zW{ rjm_dibn|di^gp_dib ?dm Nmj_pôn don`ga|c\q` ]`ì hdno\fì. ?dm
Nmj_pôny kjndodji|oc\o oc` zV{ \i_ zW{ rjm_dib dn _daa`mìo di \i jpo-
^jh` _ò`mhdi\odq` r\t|m`npgon di oc` i``_ oj _dqd_` B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\-
odjin rdoc no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n dioj orj ^\o`bjmd`n, zV{ \i_ zW.{ Djm oc`
B`g\r\m` Djmopi` 500 ^jhk\id`n, oc\o rjpg_ m`npgo di oc` ajggjrdib _`-
kdôdji, rc`m` t`ggjr \i_ m`_ \m` oc` zVn{ )oc` m`_ ]`dib ocjn` 46 ja oc`
58 pndib oc` zV{ ^c\mo`m ajmhpg\odji ]po rcjn` QCA adgdibn ijiòc`g`nn
m`km`nìo oc\o oc`dm _dm`ôjmn n`mq` zocm``-t`\m o`mhn{* \i_ ]gp` \m` oc`
zWn{:
+8> .><3A2@?E .<?8@8<;

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.[LW^ 1LTTPXUT 0UWVUWHYPUT /HWTLX & ;UIRL) 6TJ+ /H]YLW 6TYLWTHYPUTHR 6TJ+
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?@0664>43 1<0>3? 1A@ A?4
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D2@0< 6TYLWTHYPUTHR) 6TJ+ 'D00( DLXYLWT ?LMPTPTN) 6TJ+ 'D;?( 0>4 ;<@ 8;29A343 74>4(
-<>@A;4 *)) 2<:=0;84? 8;2<>=<>0@43 8; ,490C0>4 @70@ 4:=9<D 290??85843 1<0>3? 2<:=>8?43 <5 @7>44 290??4? <5 38>42@<>?(
12
GTT ?26-63, ?1872. ?^^jm_dib oj ?dm Nmj_pôn, jigt oc` 29 ]gp` zW{
^jmkjm\odjin m`\ggt c\q` àa`ôdq` no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n, \i_ oc` joc`m 58 _j
ijo. Csom\kjg\odib oj \gg B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin, ?dm Nmj_pôny kjndodji dn
oc\o orj-ocdm_n ja B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin rdoc no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n|rcj ij
_jp]o ocdif oc`t c\q` m`\g no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n rdoc ocm``-t`\m o`mhn|
\ôp\ggt \m` npn^`kod]g` oj àa`ôdq` _`no\bb`mdib ]t oc` o`^cidlp` ja \ kgp-
m\gdot qjo` noj^fcjg_`m-\_jko`_ ]tg\r \_q\i^dib oc` \iip\g h`òdib,
ncjmoìdib \ ^g\nny o`mh, \i_ oc`m`]t \ggjrdib ajm \ ^c\ib` ja ]j\m_ ^ji-
omjg di g`nn oc\i oc` orj-t`\m/orj \iip\g h`òdib ^t^g` km`qdjpngt ^jind_-
`m`_ oj ]` oc` hdidhph.5
5
Ma ^jpmn`, oc` m`g\odq` _`bm`` ja oc` _`no\bb`mdib kjndo`_ ]t ?dm
Nmj_pôny kjndodji rjpg_ _`kì_ ji oc` n`mì_dkdojpn ^dm^phno\i^` ja
rcì di oc` ^\gì_\m t`\m oc` k\mod^pg\m ^jhk\it cjg_n don \iip\g h`òdib.
13
2A8D<6=C
:* C96 3H;2F E:>;2C6B C96 584;*

2*% @[MYZQVU ?XMYMUZML
Gn oc` @tg\r di^jindnoìo rdoc BEAJ ~ 141)_*, \i_ cì^` diq\gd_
pi_`m BEAJ ~ 109)]*> Rcdn lp`nodji r\n m\dn`_ ]`gjr )?143-59* \i_
^jind_`m`_ ]t oc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mt )Mk. 21-39*.
3*% BKVWM VN AM\QM]
Rc` _`^dndji ]`gjr r\n ]\n`_ ji pi_dnkpo`_ a\ôn )n`` Mk. 9 i.14*
\i_ _`^d_`_ \n \ lp`nodji ja g\r np]e`ô oj _` ijqj m`qd`r di ocdn Ajpmo.
7,;, FXRW ' 8^, q. <aPh, 933 ?.2_ 1231, 1241 )B`g. 2007*; :, APZT
BTcW^SXbc :_XbR^_P[ 8WdaRW* >]R, q. Hab, Û ET]X]bd[P+9T[, 6]]dP[ 8^]+
UTaT]RT Û cWT I]XcTS BTcW^SXbc 8WdaRW, 731 ?.2_ 798, 804 )B`g. 1999*.
4*% <MXQZY VN 2XO[TMUZ
+*% 584; c +.+'L(
I* BEAJ ~ 141)_* \pocjmdu`n no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n. Rc` g\ibp\b` ja
~ 141)_* `no\]gdnc`n oc\o _dm`ôjmn ja ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n n`mq`
ocm``-t`\m o`mhn. Rc` no\opojmt g\ibp\b` dn nom\dbcoajmr\m_. Go kmjqd_`n
oc\o oc` ^c\mo`m h\t _dqd_` oc` _dm`ôjmn dioj z3 ^g\nn`n,{ rcjn` o`mhn \m`
ocì no\o`_ oj `skdm` \o \iip\g h`òdibn:
oc` o`mh ja jaad^` ja ocjn` ja oc` admno ^g\nn oj `skdm` \o oc` admno \i-
ip\g h`òdib c`g_ \ao`m np^c ^g\nndad^\odji ]`^jh`n àa`ôdq`; ja oc`
n`^ji_ ^g\nn 1 t`\m oc`m`\ao`m; ja oc` ocdm_ ^g\nn 2 t`\mn oc`m`\ao`m;
\i_ \o `\^c \iip\g `g`ôdji \ao`m np^c ^g\nndad^\odji ]`^jh`n àa`^-
odq`, _dm`ôjmn nc\gg ]` ^cjnì ajm \ apgg o`mh, \n oc` ^\n` h\t ]`, oj
np^^``_ ocjn` rcjn` o`mhn `skdm`.
? zapgg o`mh{ dn oc` gjib`no ja oc` no\bb`m`_ o`mhn kmjqd_`_ ajm|oc` o`mh
ja zoc` ocdm_ ^g\nn,{ rcd^c `skdm`n z2 t`\mn YZ\ao`m{ zoc` admno \iip\g h`ò-
dib c`g_ \ao`m Yoc`Z ^g\nndad^\odji ]`^jh`n àa`ôdq`.{ >S, Rc\o \hjpion,
ja ^jpmn`, oj ocm`` t`\mn, \i_ dn oc` o`mh|oc` zapgg o`mh{|kmjqd_`_ oj
`q`mt _dm`ôjm `g`ô`_ oc`m`\ao`m, \ao`m oc` no\bb`mdib dn admno `no\]gdnc`_.
Gi_``_, oc\o dn rc\o ?dm Nmj_pôn ]àjm` ocdn ^\n` )\gjib rdoc h\it joc`m
14
B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin* c\n gjib no\o`_: _dm`ôjmn ji ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_

]j\m_n n`mq` zocm``-t`\m o`mhn.{ ?606-712; ?26-63; ?65-69; ?71-116.
@`gjr, ?dm Nmj_pôn \_hdoo`_|\n dn \kk\mìo|oc\o pi_`m ~ 141)_*
oc` X]XcXP[ o`mhn ja no\bb`m`_ _dm`ôjmn g\no ji`, orj \i_ ocm`` t`\mn, ]po
\nn`mo`_ oc\o ocdn \kkgd`_ jigt ajm zoc` om\indodji k`mdj_{; ?dm Nmj_pôn \m-
bp`_ oc\o oc` no\opojmt g\ibp\b` dn jigt \i `skjndodji zja oc` h`^c\id^n ja
^jiq`modib amjh \ iji-^g\nndad`_ ]j\m_ oj \ ^g\nndad`_ ]j\m_.{ ?ao`m oc\o,
?dm Nmj_pôn ^jioì_`_, ~ 141)_* kmjqd_`n ij bpd_`gdi` jm gdhdo\odji \n do
z_j`n ijo nk`\f oj oc` odhdib ja \iip\g h`òdibn rdocdi \ bdqì t`\m.{
?1577-78. Go ocpn \mbp`_ oc\o ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_ _dm`ôjmn n`mq` o`mhn
n`k\m\o`_ ]t \ t`\m ajm oc` admno ocm`` t`\mn \ao`m \ ]j\m_ dn ^g\nndad`_, ]po
oc\o oc` no\opojmt zapgg o`mh{ oc`m`\ao`m ij gjib`m h`\in oc\o oc`t n`mq`
ocm``-t`\m o`mhn. Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjr \^^`ko`_ ?dm Nmj_pôny gdhdo\odji ja oc`
no\opojmt g\ibp\b` oj oc` zdidod\g{ k`mdj_ ja \ ^g\nndad`_ ]j\m_. Mk. 33.
Ac\i^`ggjm Q`douy jkdidji di :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb, bd_aP, 159 ?.2_
288 )B`g. Ac. 1960*, _dm`ôgt mè`ôn ?dm Nmj_pôny kjndodji. :bbT]cXP[ :]+
cTa_aXbTb cjg_n|pi_`m ~ 141)_*|oc\o _dm`ôjmn ji ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_
]j\m_n n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn, \i_ ocjn` o`mhn ^\iijo ]` ncjmoì`_ )\i_ \
^c\mo`m no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ àa`ôdq`gt _`no\bb`m`_* ]t \ ]tg\r. Ac\i^`ggjm
Q`dou ^jind_`m`_ \ ]tg\r oc\o \ggjr`_ noj^fcjg_`mn, ]t h\ejmdot qjo`, oj
m`hjq` no\bb`m`_ _dm`ôjmn rdocjpo ^\pn` ]àjm` oc`dm o`mhn r`m` pk.
Ucdg` oc` ^c\mo`m di oc\o ^\n` pn`_ oc` zocm`` t`\mn{ rjm_dib|oc` zW{
rjm_dib|Ac\i^`ggjm Q`dou `hkc\od^\ggt mpg`_ oc\o, rc\o`q`m oc` ^c\mo`m
n\d_, ~ 141)_* ]t don`ga _j`n ijo k`mhdo \ ]tg\r oj ompi^\o` oc` ocm``-t`\m
o`mhn ja \ ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ \pocjmdu`_ ]t B`g\r\m` g\r.
Gi cdn \i\gtndn, Ac\i^`ggjm Q`dou am\h`_ oc` dnnp` \n rcòc`m
~ 141)_* \n r`gg \n oc` ^c\mo`m z^jinodopo` \ ^jhh\i_ oc\o np^c _dm`ôjmn
n`mq` jpo oc` apgg k`mdj_ ja oc`dm o`mhn,{ \i_ kjn`_ oc` lp`nodji km`nìo`_
\n: zGn ocdn \ kmjk`m ^jinompôdji ja oc` no\opo` \i_ ^c\mo`m>{ >S. \o 290.
Rc` Ac\i^`ggjm m`\nji`_, \n oj ~ 141)_*, oc\o zoc` `hkjr`mdib no\opo` dn
\gnj diqjgq`_ ndi^` oc` ^`modad^\o` kmjqdndji dn ajmhpg\o`_ ]\nd^\ggt di oc`
rjm_n ja oc` no\opo`{ )XS.*|ocpn `lp\odib zoc` rjm_n ja oc` no\opo`{ )oc`
zV{ rjm_dib* rdoc oc` ^c\mo`myn zo`mh ja ocm`` t`\mn{ rjm_dib )oc` zW{
rjm_dib*. F` c`g_ oc\o oc` ]tg\r r\n diq\gd_ ]`^\pn` do r\n zdi^jhk\od-
]g` rdoc oc` k`modiìo g\ibp\b` ja oc` no\opo` \i_ oc` ^`modad^\o`{|ijo epno
oc` ^`modad^\o`, ]po oc` no\opo` don`ga. >S. ?i_ cdn m\odj _`^d_ì_d ^jiomjgn
c`m`, \n \ ajpmnlp\m` dio`mkmò\odji ja ~ 141)_*yn zapgg o`mh{ ^jhh\i_:
15
YRZc` no\opo` n\tn oc\o z_dm`ôjmn nc\gg ]` ^cjnì ajm \ apgg o`mh.{ w
Ag`\mgt oc` zapgg o`mh{ qdnp\gdu`_ ]t oc` no\opo` dn \ k`mdj_ ja ocm``
t`\mn|ijo pk oj ocm`` t`\mn.
>S. \o 290-91. Mi \ kjgd^t g`q`g, hjm`jq`m, oc` Ac\i^`ggjm \__`_ oc\o oc`
]tg\r zrjpg_ ampnom\o` oc` kg\i \i_ kpmkjn` ]`cdi_ oc` kmjqdndji ajm
no\bb`m`_ o`mhn.{ >S. \o 291.
:bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb dn _dm`ôgt dinompôdq` c`m`. Go `no\]gdnc`n oc\o
~ 141)_*yn zapgg o`mh{ ^\iijo ]` m`\_ \n gdhdo`_ oj oc` didod\g jm zom\ind-
odji\g{ no\b`n ja \ B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjiyn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_. Go `no\]gdnc`n
oc\o oc` no\opo` don`ga ^\ggn ajm o`mhn ja zocm`` t`\mn|ijo pk oj ocm``
t`\mn.{ Go `no\]gdnc`n oc\o oc` zV{ rjm_dib \i_ oc` zW{ rjm_dib h`\i oc`
n\h` ocdib. Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjr gdhdo`_ oc` dhkjmo ja :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb
ji oc` ]\ndn oc\o oc` ^c\mo`m oc`m` c\_ oc` zW{ rjm_dib )Mk. 33-34*: ]po
:bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb dn pihdno\f\]gt \ _`^dndji PQ^dc cWT bcPcdcT, ijo epno
^c\mo`m g\ibp\b`. GTT P[b^ FêT] q. 8^ccTa, 547 ?.2_ 603, 607 )B`g. Ac.
1988* )m`\aadmhdib oc` `nnìod\g kjdio ja :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb zoc\o rcì
\ ]j\m_ dn ^g\nndad`_ di oc` ^`modad^\o` ja di^jmkjm\odji, \i_ oc`m` dn ij kmj-
qdndji ajm m`hjq\g rdocjpo ^\pn` Ypi_`m ~ 141)f*)1*, \_jko`_ di 1974,
kjno-:bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTbZ, \ _dm`ôjm dn ìodog`_ oj n`mq` jpo cdn xUd[[ cTa\y
pig`nn m`hjq`_ ]t oc` noj^fcjg_`mn ajm ^\pn`{* )`hkc\ndn \__`_*.
J* :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb|\i_ don mè`ôdji ja \it _dnodiôdji ]`-
or`ì oc` zV{ \i_ zW{ rjm_dibn `hkgjt`_ ]t B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin|dn
^jhk`gg`_ ]t oc` no\opojmt g\ibp\b`. Go dn \gnj ^jinji\io rdoc oc` rd_`-
nkm`\_ B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\o` km\ôd^` \i_ pi_`mno\i_dib oc\o _dm`ôjmn ji
ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn m`b\m_g`nn ja oc` rjm_-
dib pn`_ di oc` ^c\mo`m )zV{ jm zW{*. ?n ijo`_, ja oc` 58 B`g\r\m` Djm-
opi` 500 ^jhk\id`n oc\o, gdf` ?dmb\n, c\q` ^c\mo`m kmjqdndjin nk`^datdib
oc\o _dm`ôjmn \m` `g`ô`_ oj n`mq` piodg zoc` ocdm_ np^^``_dib \iip\g h`ò-
dib{ jm \o oc` z\iip\g h`òdib di oc` ocdm_ t`\m{ \ao`m `g`ôdji )oc` zV{
rjm_dib*, oc` bm`\o h\ejmdot|46 ^jhk\id`n, X]R[dSX]V 6Xa Ea^SdRcb|
c\q` dnnp`_ kp]gd^ QCA adgdibn oc\o m`km`nìo oc\o oc` o`mh ja `\^c ^g\nn ja
_dm`ôjmn dn zocm`` t`\mn,{ ^jiadmhdib oc\o oc`n` _`n^mdkodjin \m` dio`m-
^c\ib`\]g` di oc` ^jmkjm\o` rjmg_. ?26-63; ?65-69. ?i_, \n ijo`_, oc`
n\h` ^ji^gpndji dn \kk\mìo amjh oc` km\ôd^` \i_ _`n^mdkodjin pn`_ ]t oc`
99 B`g\r\m` ^jhk\id`n di oc` Djmopi` 500 oc\o _`^g\nndad`_ oc`dm ]j\m_n di
oc` g\no oì t`\mn. ?70-116. Q\tdib oc\o _dm`ôjmn n`mq` piodg oc` zocdm_{
\iip\g h`òdib \ao`m oc`dm `g`ôdji jm oc` \iip\g h`òdib zdi oc` ocdm_
16
t`\m{ h`\in oc` bP\T ocdib \n n\tdib oc\o oc` _dm`ôjmn n`mq` ajm zocm``
t`\mn{ jm c\q` zocm``-t`\m o`mhn.{ Rcdn Ajpmo c\n dinompô`_ oc\o rjm_n di
no\opo`n \m` oj ]` bdqì oc`dm z^jhhjigt \^^`ko`_ h`\idibYnZ.{6 Rc`
jkdidji ]`gjr h\_` ij mà`mì^` oj oc` rd_`nkm`\_ ^jmkjm\o` km\ôd^` ja
`lp\odib zV{ \i_ zW{ ajmhpg\odjin ja no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n )]`tji_ ijodib
oc` \]nì^` ja \it _dnkpo`_ dnnp` ja a\ô di oc\o m`b\m_, n`` Mk. 9 i.14*.
zJjib-^jiodip`_ ^jio`hkjm\i`jpn \i_ km\ôd^\g dio`mkmò\odji ja \
no\opo` ]t w oc` kp]gd^ ^jinodopo`n \i diq\gp\]g` \d_ oj _ò`mhdi` oc`
h`\idib ja \ _jp]oapg no\opo`.{ 2@ LMPK?L H. QGLECP ( H.B. QF?K@GC
QGLECP, QSRFCPJ?LB QR?RSRCQ ?LB QR?RSRMPW AMLQRPSARGML )c`m`di-
\ao`m zQR?RSRMPW AMLQRPSARGML{* ~ 49:3 )7oc `_. 2008*. F`m`, do dn ijo
m`\nji\]gt _dnkpo\]g` oc\o `q`mtji` c\n gjib pi_`mnojj_ oc\o, pi_`m
B`g\r\m` g\r, _dm`ôjmn ji no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n c\q` o`mhn ja zocm`` t`\mn|
ijo pk oj ocm`` t`\mn.{ :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb, 159 ?.2_ \o 291. ?i_ oc\o dn
nj m`b\m_g`nn ja rcòc`m \ ^jmkjm\odjiyn ^c\mo`m kmjqd_`n )\n ?dmb\ny _j`n*
oc\o _dm`ôjmn n`mq` piodg oc` z\iip\g h`òdib di oc` ocdm_ t`\m{ \ao`m oc`dm
`g`ôdji )zV{*, jm rcòc`m oc` ^c\mo`m kmjqd_`n oc\o _dm`ôjmn n`mq` zocm``
t`\mn{ )zW{*. Rc` orj ajmhpg\odjin h`\i, \i_ c\q` \gr\tn ]`ì pi_`m-
nojj_ oj h`\i, oc` n\h` ocdib: ocm`` t`\mn.
K* Rc` r`gg-pi_`mnojj_ kjgd^d`n pi_`mgtdib B`g\r\m`yn _`^dndji oj
k`mhdo no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n gdf`rdn` h\f` ^g`\m oc\o ~ 141)_* kmjqd_`n ajm
ocm``-t`\m o`mhn. Qo\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n zkmjqd_`YZ ajm ^jiodipdot ja h\i\b`-
hìo ]t \nnpmdib oc\o \ ^\_m` ja `sk`mdì^`_ _dm`ôjmn rdgg \gr\tn ]` di
jaad^`,{7 \i_ zY\Z m`\g ]ìàdo{ ja no\bb`mdib dn oc\o do h\f`n cjnodg` ]d_n
hjm` _daad^pgo ]t ìnpmdib oc\o zdo rjpg_ o\f` orj t`\mn ajm \i dinpmbìo oj
j]o\di ^jiomjg di \ kmjst ^jio`no.{8 ?dm Nmj_pôn don`ga `sojgg`_ oc`n` ordi
6
GTT ;aTT\P] q. L+FPh 6bb^Rb,, 3 ?.3_ 224, 227 )B`g. 2010* )z^jh-
hjigt \^^`ko`_ h`\idib{*; B^âT q. 8Wahb[Ta 8â_,, 233 ?.2_ 53, 55
)B`g. 1967* )z^jhhji \i_ jm_di\mt h`\idibn{*.
7
1 B?TGB ?. BPCVJCP, JCUGQ Q. @J?AI, ( ?. EGJAFPGQR QN?PIQ, GGG,
BCJ?U?PC AMPNMP?RGML J?U ?LB NP?ARGAC ~ 13.01Y7Z )2009*. GTT
P[b^ 2 KMBCJ @SQGLCQQ AMPNMP?RGML ?AR ?LLMR?RCB ~ 8.06, Maad^d\g
Ajhhìo )4oc `_. 2008* )zRc` om\_dodji\g kpmkjn` ja \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_
c\n ]`ì oj \nnpm` oc` ^jiodipdot \i_ no\]dgdot ja oc` ^jmkjm\odjiyn ]pndi`nn
nom\o`bd`n \i_ kjgd^d`n \n _ò`mhdi`_ ]t oc` ]j\m_.{*.
8
1 P. DP?LIJGL @?JMRRG ( HCQQC ?. DGLICJQRCGL, RFC BCJ?U?PC
J?U MD AMPNMP?RGMLQ ( @SQGLCQQ MPE?LGX?RGMLQ ~ 4.6, \o 4-17
17
kpmkjn`n ja no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n rcì do pmb`_ don noj^fcjg_`mn oj \_jko \

no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ )pndib oc` zV{ ajmhpg\odji* oj zkmjhjo` oc` ^jiodipdot
\i_ no\]dgdot ja oc` Ajhk\ityn h\i\b`hìo{ \i_ oj z_dn^jpm\b` \oo`hkon
]t joc`mn oj j]o\di np__ì ^jiomjg{ ]t di^m`\ndib oc` odh` m`lpdm`_ oj j]-
o\di ]j\m_ ^jiomjg \i_ kmjqd_dib ìc\i^`_ _dm`ôjm ]\mb\didib kjr`m
zrcd^c ^jpg_ m`npgo di \i \mm\ib`hìo hjm` ]ìàd^d\g oj oc` ^jhk\it, don
nc\m`cjg_`mn \i_ `hkgjt``n.{9 Rcpn, oc` no\opojmt kpmkjn` rjpg_ ]` _`-
a`\o`_ da _dm`ôjmn ji \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ gdf` ?dmb\ny r`m` c`g_ ijo oj c\q`
ocm``-t`\m o`mhn|]po dino`\_ oj ]` np]e`ô oj a\^dib \ n`^ji_ z\iip\g
h`òdib{ jigt ajpm hjiocn \ao`m oc` g\no z\iip\g h`òdib.{
Rc` @tg\r nkjinjm`_ ]t ?dm Nmj_pôn rjpg_ _à`\o oc` kpmkjn` ja
B`g\r\m` no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n di oc` km`nìo ^dm^phno\i^`|oj kmjhjo` gjib-
o`mh q\gp` ^m`\odji \i_ km`n`mq\odji ]t h\fdib do hjm` _daad^pgo ajm \ ]d_-
_`m oj ^jh` di \i_ o\f` \_q\io\b`, ajm don`ga, ja \i `^jijhd^ _jriopmi.10
F`m`, oc` ^][h kpmkjn` ja oc` @tg\r dn oj \d_ ?dm Nmj_pôny o\f`jq`m ]d_
]t \ggjrdib do oj c\q` \ ncjo \o ]j\m_ ^jiomjg ]àjm` ?dmb\n ^\i m`kjmo oc`
m`npgon ja don ^pmmìo adn^\g t`\m ì_dib K\m^c 31, 2011, rcd^c rdgg ncjr
don k`majmh\i^` ajggjrdib ?dm Nmj_pôny ]d_, \ ]d_ oc\o r\n pi_ìd\]gt
g\pi^c`_ oj o\f` \_q\io\b` ja oc` ncjmo-o`mh dhk\ô ja oc` m`^`nndji ji
?dmb\ny `\midibn \i_ noj^f kmd^`. GTT Mk. 5-6. Rc`m` dn h\ida`nogt ij
joc`m, jm m`\g, ]pndi`nn kpmkjn` ajm oc` @tg\r. Rc` @tg\r ^jpg_ m`npgo di
?dmb\n c\qdib orj-ocdm_n ja don ]j\m_ ^jhkmdn`_ ja _dm`ôjmn rdoc 18
r``fny jm g`nn `sk`mdì^`. ?i_ do j]qdjpngt h\f`n ij nìn` ajm \ ^jh-
)2010*; bTT P[b^ K\m^`g I\c\i ( C_r\m_ @. Pj^f, 8â_âPcT 8^]bcXcd+

cX^]P[Xb\5 6]cXcPZTêTa 8WPacTa EaêXbX^]b Pb EaTR^\\Xc\T]c, 152 S. N?.
J. PCT. 473, 473 )2003* )zYQZc\m`cjg_`mn m`\nji\]gt hdbco jko ajm ]j\m_
ìomì^chìo|dhkg`hìo`_ w ]t h`\in ja \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_|di jm_`m
oj ì\]g` \ ]j\m_ oj `hkgjt n`ggdib nom\o`bd`n hjm` àa`ôdq`gt \i_, ocpn,
oj di^m`\n` oc` km`hdph nc\m`cjg_`mn m`^`dq` rcì oc` ^jhk\it dn njg_.{*.
9
?614. ?dm Nmj_pôn \gnj oc`m` ijo`_: z?ao`m oc`dm didod\g o`mhn, oc`
_dm`ôjmn ja `\^c ^g\nn rdgg n`mq` ajm o`mhn ja ocm`` t`\mn.{ >S.
10
8U, DCBCP?JGQR LM. 63, PePX[PQ[T Pc cook://]do.gt/D`_[63 )m`b\m_dib
oc` Qì\o`: z\i \nn`h]gt `g`ô`_ ajm nj ncjmo \ o`mh \n oj ]` pi\]g` oj
kmjqd_` hjm` oc\i ji` jm orj gdifn di \ ^c\di ja h`\npm`n w jpbco ijo oj
]` \inr`m\]g` ajm oc` adi\g m`npgo, \it hjm` oc\i \ no`r\m_ jm oì\io, ì-
b\b`_ ajm ji` t`\m, ^jpg_ ]` epnogt h\_` oj \inr`m ajm kg\^`n jm dhkmjq`-
hìon rcd^c ^jpg_ ijo ]` \^^jhkgdnc`_ di g`nn oc\i c\ga \ _juì t`\mn{*.
18
k\it gdf` ?dmb\n rdoc \ adn^\g t`\m ì_dib K\m^c 31 oj cjg_ don \iip\g
h`òdib di H\ip\mt. Rc` @tg\r, ]t ncjmoìdib oc` o`mh ja \ ^g\nn ja _dm`^-
ojmn \o oc` ]`c`no ja \ cjnodg` ]d__`m, ^jiagdôn rdoc oc` J`bdng\opm`yn kpm-
kjn` di kmjqd_dib ajm no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n. Rc` @tg\ryn kmdh\mt \i_ dioì_`_
kpmkjn` \i_ àa`ô dn oj di`lpdo\]gt _dn\]g` oc` ?dmb\n ]j\m_ amjh `s`m^dn-
dib oc` ìc\i^`_ ]\mb\didib kjr`m oc\o no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n kmjqd_` _dm`ôjmn
ajm oc` ]ìàdo ja P[[ ja oc` noj^fcjg_`mn|hjno `nk`^d\ggt oc` h\ejmdot ja
oc` jpono\i_dib nc\m`n oc\o _d_ ijo qjo` ajm oc` @tg\r.11 Rc` @tg\r dn \
_dnbpdn`_ ^c\mo`m \hì_hìo di ]tg\r ^gjocdib.12
L* Rc` ^jhhji pi_`mno\i_dib oc\o _dm`ôjmn ja ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_
]j\m_n n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn dn apmoc`m m`diajm^`_ ]t: )d* oc` g`bdng\odq`
cdnojmt ja ~ 141)_*; )dd* iph`mjpn _`^dndjin ja jpm ^jpmon; )ddd* g`\_dib
om`\odn`n \i_ m`g\o`_ rmdodibn ]t B`g\r\m` \i_ joc`m m`nk`ô`_ km\ôdodj-
i`mn; )dq* oc` `soìndq` \^\_`hd^ gdo`m\opm` aj^pn`_ ji no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n
\i_ o\f`jq`mn; \i_ )q* oc` ?@?yn hj_`g ajmh ajm B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin
\i_ m`g\o`_ ^jhhìo\mt.
(X,) ATVXb[PcXeT WXbcâh, zRc` admno nìoì^` Yja ~ 141)_*Z, rcd^c
_`\gn rdoc no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n \i_ `skgd^dogt \pocjmdu`n oc`h di \ _àdi`_
r\t, r\n admno ì\ô`_ \n k\mo ja oc` jmdbdi\g 1899 ^jmkjm\odji g\r no\o-
po`.{ >]bXcdUâ\ Û C, 6\, q. 8WP]S[Ta, 534 ?.2_ 257, 264 )B`g. Ac.
1987*. Rc` 1899 no\opo` kmjqd_`_ oc\o, \ao`m \i didod\g om\indodji k`mdj_,
_dm`ôjmn ja \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ znc\gg ]` ^cjnì ajm \ apgg o`mh{:
Rc` _dm`ôjmn ja \it ^jmkjm\odji jmb\idu`_ \n \ajm`n\d_ h\t, ]t \
qjo` ja oc` noj^fcjg_`mn, ]` _dqd_`_ dioj ji`, orj jm ocm`` ^g\nn`n,
11
GTT 86* >]R. q. 6;G8B: :\_[^hTTb ET]bX^] E[P], 953 ?.2_ 227,
235 )B`g. 2008* )lpjodib Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mt \pocjmdot oc\o ]tg\rn \m`
znp]e`ô oj oc` ^jinom\dion ja `lpdot{*; RU, =^[[X]VTa >]ck[ q. 7[PRZ, 844
?.2_ 1022, 1081 )B`g. Ac. 2004* )cjg_dib oc\o ]tg\r \hì_hìon oc\o _d_
ijo qdjg\o` \it no\opo` r`m` ijiòc`g`nn diq\gd_ ]`^\pn` oc`dm zkg\di kpm-
kjn` w r\n oj _dn\]g` oc` Gio`mi\odji\g ]j\m_ \i_ km`qìo do amjh ^jh-
kgòdib oc` Qom\o`bd^ Nmj^`nn \i_ podgdudib oc` ojjgn \q\dg\]g` oj oc` ]j\m_
pi_`m oc` BEAJ{*; Mk. 30 i.64 )^dodib \pocjmdod`n kmjcd]dodib joc`mrdn`
g\rapg ]tg\rn oc\o n`mq` z\i di`lpdo\]g` kpmkjn`{*.
12
8U, A6BE:FG q. 8aPfUâS, 918 ?.2_ 1172, 1191-92 )B`g. Ac. 2007*
)adi_dib \kkm\dn\g mdbcon omdbb`m`_ ]`^\pn` zoc` g\]`g xnk`^d\g _dqd_ì_y dn
ndhkgt ^\nc ^jind_`m\odji _m`nn`_ pk di \ iji`-ojj-^jiqdi^dib _dnbpdn`{*.
19
oc` o`mh ja jaad^` ja ocjn` ja oc` admno ^g\nn oj `skdm` \o oc` \iip\g
h`òdib i`so ìnpdib, ja oc` n`^ji_ ^g\nn ji` t`\m oc`m`\ao`m, ja oc`
ocdm_ ^g\nn ocm`` t`\mn Ynd^Z oc`m`\ao`m; \i_ \o `\^c \iip\g `g`ôdji
c`g_ \ao`m np^c ^g\nndad^\odji _dm`ôjmn nc\gg ]` ^cjnì ajm \ apgg
o`mh, \n oc` ^\n` h\t ]`, oj np^^``_ ocjn` rcjn` o`mhn `skdm`.
21 B`g. J. ^. 273, ~ 20 )1899*. Rc` 1899 g\ibp\b` m`h\din np]no\iod\ggt
oc` n\h` oj_\t, di oc` admno nìoì^` ja ~ 141)_*.
Gi 1917, oc` Ajmkjm\odji Rmpno Ajhk\it kp]gdnc`_ \ k\hkcgò _`-
o\dgdib oc` za`\opm`n{ ja oc` 1899 no\opo`. Rc` k\hkcgò `skg\di`_: zYBd-
m`ôjmnZ ^\i ]` _dqd_`_ dioj ji`, orj jm ocm`` ^g\nn`n, oj n`mq` ajm ji`, orj
\i_ ocm`` hTPab, \i_ \o `\^c \iip\g h`òdib oc` _dm`ôjmn \m` `g`ô`_ oj
n`mq` Uâ cWT cTa\ Û cWaTT hTPab, nj oc\o ji` ^g\nn `skdm`n `\^c t`\m.{
AMPNMP?RGML RPSQR AMKN?LW MD ?KCPGA?, @SQGLCQQ AMPNMP?RGMLQ
SLBCP RFC J?U MD BCJ?U?PC 19 )4oc `_. 1917* )`hkc\ndn \__`_*, PePX[+
PQ[T Pc cook://]do.gt/1917_db`no.
Gi 1960, \n _dn^pnn`_ \]jq`, Ac\i^`ggjm Q`dou ^jinomp`_ oc` admno nì-
oì^` ja ~ 141)_* di :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb, mpgdib oc\o zoc` no\opo` n\tn oc\o
x_dm`ôjmn nc\gg ]` ^cjnì ajm \ apgg o`mh.y w Ag`\mgt oc` xapgg o`mhy qdnp\g-
du`_ ]t oc` no\opo` dn \ k`mdj_ ja ocm`` t`\mn|ijo pk oj ocm`` t`\mn.{ 159
?.2_ \o 290-91. Qp]n`lpìogt, di km`k\mdib oc` ^jhkm`cìndq` m`qdndji ja
oc` BEAJ oc\o r\n ì\ô`_ di 1967, oc` Ajmkjm\odji J\r P`qdndji Ajh-
hdoo`` k\d_ ^\màpg \ooìodji oj :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb. Adodib oc` _`^dndji,
Nmja`nnjm Djgfyn m`kjmo oj oc` P`qdndji Ajhhdoo`` npbb`no`_ \__dib \
kmjqdndji )g\o`m \_jko`_ di m`qdn`_ ajmh di oc` 1974 \hì_hìon \n
~ 141)f*)1**%zoc\o no\bb`m`_ _dm`ôjmn ^\iijo ]` m`hjq`_ rdocjpo ^\pn`.{
Cmi`no J. Djgf, GGG, P`qd`r ja oc` B`g\r\m` Ajmkjm\odji J\r ajm oc`
B`g\r\m` Ajmkjm\odji J\r P`qdndji Ajhhdoo`` 58-59 )1965-1967*. M]-
qdjpngt \r\m` ja :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb \i_ don ^jinompôdji ja oc` h`\idib
ja zapgg o`mh{ pi_`m ~ 141)_*, oc` P`qdndji Ajhhdoo`` _ò`mhdi`_ oj g`\q`
~ 141)_* pi^c\ib`_. GTT Q. Q?KSCJ ?PQFR ( U?JRCP I. QR?NJCRML,
?L?JWQGQ MD RFC 1967 BCJ?U?PC AMPNMP?RGML J?U, \o 326 )1967*
)zRc` mpg`n m`b\m_dib w no\bb`m`_ o`mhn w nò ajmoc di oc` km`_`^`nnjm ja
Q`ôdji 141 c\q` \gnj ]`ì pi\go`m`_.{*.
zGo dn \ ^\m_di\g kmdi^dk\g ja no\opojmt ^jinompôdji oc\o oc` g`bdng\opm`
dn xkm`nph`_ oj ]` \r\m` ja Y\Z w ep_d^d\g dio`mkmò\odji ja \ no\opo` \i_ oj
\_jko oc\o dio`mkmò\odji rcì do m`-ì\ôn \ no\opo` rdocjpo ^c\ib`.y{ DU+
UXRT Û 8WXTU BTSXRP[ :gP\X]Ta q. 9êTa 7TWPeXâP[ =TP[cW Ghb,, 976
20
?.2_ 160, 166 i.29 )B`g. 2009*.13 Rc\o km`nphkodji \kkgd`n rdoc `qì
bm`\o`m ajm^` c`m`, rc`m` oc` P`qdndji Ajhhdoo`` `skm`nngt ^jind_`m`_
:bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb, \i_ oc` np]n`lpìo 1967 ^jhkm`cìndq` m`qdndji ja
oc` BEAJ m`ì\ô`_ ~ 141)_*yn no\bb`m`_ o`mhn kmjqdndji rdocjpo ^c\ib`.
Gi \ _db`no ja oc` BEAJ kp]gdnc`_ ncjmogt \ao`m oc` 1967 m`qdndji,
Nmja`nnjm Djgf _`n^md]`_ ~ 141)_* \n ajggjrn:
Y@Zt kmjqdndji di oc` ^`modad^\o` ja di^jmkjm\odji, oc` didod\g ]t-g\rn,
jm \it ]t-g\r \_jko`_ ]t oc` noj^fcjg_`mn _dm`ôjmn h\t ]` _dqd_`_
dioj ji`, orj jm ocm`` ^g\nn`n, rdoc cTa\b `skdmdib ji`, orj jm ocm``
hTPab oc`m`\ao`m, \ao`m rcd^c \gg _dm`ôjmn \m` ^cjnì Uâ Ud[[ cTa\b.
CPLCQR J. DMJI, GGG, RFC PCB @MMI BGECQR MD RFC LCU BCJ?U?PC
AMPNMP?RGML J?U|1967, \o 12 )1968* )`hkc\ndn \__`_*. Kjm`jq`m, di
oc` admno `_dodji ja cdn om`\odn` kp]gdnc`_ di 1972, Nmja`nnjm Djgf ^do`_ :b+
bT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb \i_ no\o`_ oc\o zoc` xkpmkjn` ]`cdi_ oc` kmjqdndji ajm
no\bb`m`_ o`mhny dn ijo oj ]` ampnom\o`_{ ]t zY\Z ]t-g\r k`mhdoodib m`hjq\g
rdocjpo ^\pn` ja _dm`ôjmn rcj \m` `g`ô`_ ajm cWaTT+hTPa cTa\b.{ CPLCQR
J. DMJI, GGG, RFC BCJ?U?PC ECLCP?J AMPNMP?RGML J?U:
? AMKKCLR?PW ( ?L?JWQGQ 63 )1no `_. 1972* )`hkc\ndn \__`_*.14
Rc` Ajmkjm\odji J\r Ajhhdoo``yn ^jhhìo\mt oj oc` 1974
\hì_hìo ja oc` BEAJ no\o`_ oc\o do z^j_dad`Y_Z oc` m\odji\g` ja N:bbT]+
cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTbO,{ ^jiadmhdib oc\o oc` _m\ao`mn ^jiodip`_ oj c\q` oc\o jkdi-
dji q`mt hp^c di hdi_. Eì`m\g Ajmkjm\odji J\r Ajhhdoo`` ja oc`
B`g\r\m` Qo\o` @\m ?nnj^d\odji, Ajhhìo\mt ji J`bdng\odq` Nmjkjn\gn ajm
13
GTT P[b^ 6[[T] q. EaX\T 8^\_dcTa* >]R,, 540 ?.2_ 417, 420 )B`g.
1988* )m`^jbidudib zndbidad^\io ajm^`{ ja km`nphkodji oc\o \ ep_d^d\g dio`m-
kmò\odji ja BEAJ ~ 228)\* c\_ ]`ì \_jko`_ ]t oc` g`bdng\opm` rc`m`
BEAJ ~ 228 r\n np]n`lpìogt \hì_`_ rdocjpo ^c\ib` oj oc` m`g`q\io
kjmodji ja oc` no\opo`*; 2@ QR?RSRMPW AMLQRPSARGML ~ 49:9 )ndhdg\m*.
14
Djgfyn 1972 om`\odn` \gnj ijo`_ oc\o z_jp]o{ c\_ ]`ì ^\no ji oc` mpg`
ja :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb ]t Td^` Ac\i^`ggjm K\mq`gyn _`^dndji di :eTaTcc
q. HaP]b]PcX^] 9TeT[^_\T]c 8â_,, 267 ?.2_ 627 )B`g. Ac. 1970*. Gi
1974, oc` Eì`m\g ?nn`h]gt m`h`_d`_ ocdn, \hì_dib ~ 141 oj \__ np]n`^-
odji )f*)1* oj kmjqd_`, di k`modiìo k\mo: zSig`nn oc` ^`modad^\o` ja di^jmkj-
m\odji joc`mrdn` kmjqd_`n, di oc` ^\n` ja \ ^jmkjm\odji rcjn` ]j\m_ dn ^g\n-
ndad`_ \n kmjqd_`_ di np]n`ôdji )_* ja ocdn n`ôdji, nc\m`cjg_`mn h\t àa`ô
np^c m`hjq\g jigt ajm ^\pn`.{ 59 B`g. J. ^. 437, ~ 5 )1974*.
21
oc` 127oc Eì`m\g ?nn`h]gt, 2_ Q`nn. dq )1974*.15 ?i_ rcì K`nnmn.

?mnco \i_ @g\^f kp]gdnc`_ oc`dm \i\gtndn ja oc` 1974 \hì_hìon, oc`t
^jiadmh`_ oc`dm pi_`mno\i_dib oc\o, pi_`m ~ 141)_*, _dm`ôjmn ji no\bb`m`_
]j\m_n n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn:
Rc` kmjqdndjin ja Q`ôdji 141)_* rcd^c r`m` ijo ^c\ib`_ ]t oc`
1974 \hì_hìon k`mhdo oc` _dm`ôjmn ja \ B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odji oj
]` z_dqd_`_ dioj ji`, orj jm ocm`` ^g\nn`n,{ kpmnp\io oj \ ^c\mo`m jm
]t-g\r kmjqdndji, P]S c^ bTaeT Uâ bcPVVTaTS cTa\b Û cWaTT hTPab.
Rc` \hì_hìo w g\tn oj m`no \it ^ji^`mi oc\o nk`^d\g qjodib kmj-
qdndjin, np^c \n ocjn` ^jhhjigt n`ì ^jia`mmdib qjodib kjr`mn ji
cjg_`mn ja kmà`mm`_ nc\m`n pkji \ _à\pgo di _dqd_ì_n, hdbco mpi
\ajpg ja P _a^WXQXcX^]* PaVdPQ[h X\_[XRXc X] GTRcX^] /2/(S), ji hjm`
oc\i ocm`` ^g\nn`n ja _dm`ôjmn jm ^] P cTa\ Û ÛUXRT Û R[PbbXUXTS SX+
aTRcâb fWXRW Xb ^cWTa cWP] cWaTT hTPab.
Q. Q?KSCJ ?PQFR ( JCUGQ Q. @J?AI, ?L?JWQGQ MD RFC 1974
?KCLBKCLRQ RM RFC BCJ?U?PC AMPNMP?RGML J?U, NPCLRGAC F?JJ
AMPN. QCPT. 375, 377 )1974*.16 Qdi^` 1974, ~ 141 c\n ]`ì \hì_`_
hpgodkg` odh`n.17 @po iji` ja ocjn` \hì_hìon h`\idibapggt \go`m`_
~ 141)_*yn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ kmjqdndji.
15
Gi FêT] q. 8^ccTa, 547 ?.2_ 603 )B`g. Ac. 1988*, Hpnod^` Kjjm`
)ndoodib ]t _`ndbi\odji* ijo`_ oc\o ocdn ^jhhìo r\n zdi\^^pm\o` jm \o ]`no
di^jhkgò`{ ]`^\pn` do _d_ ijo `skm`nngt hìodji oc\o ~ 141)f*)1*|\__`_
di oc` 1974 \hì_hìo ja oc` BEAJ|k`mhdoo`_ m`hjq\g rc`m` zoc` ^`m-
odad^\o` ja di^jmkjm\odji joc`mrdn` kmjqd_`n.{ >S. \o 605 i.2, 607.
16
Opjo`_ di >]bXcdUâ\ Û CâcW 6\TaXRP q. 8WP]S[Ta, 534 ?.2_ 257,
265 )B`g. Ac. 1987*. Km. ?mnco r\n \ h`h]`m ja oc` 1967 P`qdndji
Ajhhdoo`` \i_ ^c\dm`_ don _m\aodib np]^jhhdoo``. K`nnmn. ?mnco \i_
@g\^f r`m` h`h]`mn ja oc` Ajmkjm\odji J\r Ajhhdoo`` oc\o _m\ao`_ oc`
1974 \hì_hìon oj oc` BEAJ.
17
GTT 64 B`g. J. ^. 112, ~ 6 )1983*; 64 B`g. J. ^. 127, ~ 3 )1985*; 66
B`g. J. ^. 136, ~~ 2-3 )1987*; 70 B`g. J. ^. 79, ~ 7 )1995*; 70 B`g. J. ^.
349, ~ 2 )1995*; 71 B`g. J. ^. 339, ~~ 11-13 )1998*; 72 B`g. J. ^. 343, ~~
4-6 )2000*; 73 B`g. J. ^. 298, ~ 2 )2002*; 74 B`g. J. ^. 84, ~ 2 )2003*; 74
B`g. J. ^. 326, ~ 2 )2004*; 75 B`g. J. ^. 30, ~ 1 )2005*; 75 B`g. J. ^. 306,
~~ 3-4 )2006*; 76 B`g. J. ^. 145, ~ 1 )2007*; 77 B`g. J. ^. 253, ~~ 10-12
)2010*.
22
Rc` g`bdng\odq` cdnojmt ja ~ 141)_* pi_`mn^jm`n oc\o _dm`ôjmn ji

ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n n`mq` o`mhn ja zocm`` t`\mn{|\n Ac\i^`ggjm
Q`dou _àdidodq`gt c`g_ di ^jinompdib oc` no\opo` di :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb.
(XX,) 9TRXbX^]b Û cWT 9T[PfPaT R^dacb, Rc` ^jhhji pi_`mno\i_dib
h\t \gnj ]` ajpi_ di diiph`m\]g` jkdidjin ja jpm ^jpmon, rcd^c c\q` _`-
n^md]`_ oc` o`mhn ja ocm``-^g\nn ]j\m_n \n zocm``-t`\m o`mhn{ m`b\m_g`nn ja
rcòc`m oc` ^c\mo`m g\ibp\b` nkjf` ja _dm`ôjm n`mqd^` zpiodg oc` ocdm_ \i-
ip\g h`òdib{ )zV{* jm zocm``-t`\m o`mhn{ )zW{*. GTT* T,V,, JTabPcP :]+
cTab, q. GT[TRcXRP* >]R,, 2010 UJ 3839786, \o +16 )B`g.* )\^lpdmjm ^jpg_
zj]o\di ^jiomjg ja orj ocdm_n ja oc` o\mbò ]j\m_ êTa P cf^ hTPa _TaX^S{*
)lpjodib 8Pa\^Sh q. H^[[ 7a^b,* >]R,, 723 ?.2_ 1180, 1186 i.17 )B`g. Ac.
1998**;18 BB 8^b, q. AX`dXS 6dSX^* >]R,, 813 ?.2_ 1118, 1122 )B`g. 2003*
)no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ pndib zV{ rjm_dib: zRc` àa`ô dn oj km`qìo \i dinpm-
bìo amjh j]o\didib ^jiomjg ja oc` ^jhk\it X] d]STa cf^ hTPab.{*; T7Ph
9^\TbcXR =^[SX]Vb q. CTf\PaZ, 2010 UJ 3516473, \o +14 )B`g. Ac.*
)no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ pndib zV{ rjm_dib _`n^md]`_ \n kmjqd_dib ajm z`\^c ^g\nn
n`mqdib cWaTT hTPa cTa\b{*; @WP]]P q. BRBX]], 2006 UJ 1388744, \o +31
)B`g. Ac.* )no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ pndib zV{ rjm_dib _`n^md]`_ \n kmjqd_dib ajm
zocm``-t`\m o`mhn ja jaad^`{*; 7T]XWP]P Û H^Zh^* >]R, q. 7T]XWP]P* >]R,,
891 ?.2_ 150, 156 )B`g. Ac. 2005* )no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ pndib zV{ rjm_dib:
zC\^c t`\m oc` noj^fcjg_`mn `g`ô ji` ocdm_ ja oc` _dm`ôjmn ajm cWaTT hTPa
cTa\b.{*,%PUUkS, 906 ?.2_ 114, 116 )B`g. 2006* )zoc` _dm`ôjmn n`mq` cWaTT+
hTPa cTa\b{*; ?^]Tb 6__PaT[ <a_, q. BPgfT[[ GW^T 8^,, 883 ?.2_ 837,
848-49 )B`g. Ac. 2004* )zRc` `soìo oj rcd^c \ ^`modad^\o` kmjqdndji ^jpg_
_`qd\o` amjh oc` _à\pgo no\i_\m_ ja ji`-t`\m o`mhn ajm _dm`ôjmn r\n don`ga
nò ]t no\opo`, rcd^c gdhdo`_ oc` _`qd\odji oj oc` \_jkodji ja \ no\bb`m`_
]j\m_ rdoc h`h]`mn rcjn` cWaTT+hTPa cTa\b `skdm` ji \ mjo\odib ]\ndn{*;
9^[VÛU q. Ea^YTRcPeXbX^]* >]R,, 1996 UJ 91945, \o +9 )B`g. Ac.* )zGo jm_d-
i\mdgt m`lpdm`n cf^ hTPab ajm \i jkkjiìo oj kjnnd]gt n`^pm` \ h\ejmdot ja
oc` n`\on ji \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_.{*; FêT] q. 8^ccTa, 547 ?.2_ 603, 604
)B`g. Ac. 1988* )no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ pndib zV{ rjm_dib _`n^md]`_ \n kmjqd_-
dib ajm _dm`ôjmn zoj n`mq` \ cWaTT hTPa cTa\{*; GKH 6R`dXbXcX^] 8â_, q.
HK GTaeb,, 700 D. Qpkk. 1323, 1329 )B. B`g. 1988* )\kkgtdib B`g\r\m`
g\r* )zYRZc` RU ]j\m_ dn no\bb`m`_ oc`m`]t km`^gp_dib QUR ^jiomjg Uâ
cf^ hTPab w .{*; 7CG >]R, q. @^__Tab 8^,, 683 D. Qpkk. 458, 470 )B. B`g.
18
Q`g`ôd^\yn ^`modad^\o` ja di^jmkjm\odji pn`_ oc` zV{ ajmhpg\odji.
GTT cook://]do.gt/Q`g`ôd^\.
23
1988* )\kkgtdib B`g\r\m` g\r* )zY?Z no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ _`g\tn ncdaon ja ^ji-
omjg Uâ cf^ hTPab.{* )\gg `hkc\n`n \__`_*.
Rc` kjdio dn ijo oc\o oc`n` jkdidjin \m` _`^dndq` ji oc` dnnp` c`m`.
Rc` kjdio dn oc\o oc` ]\nd^ ^ji^`ko ja no\bb`m`_ _dm`ôjmn n`mqdib ocm``-
t`\m o`mhn dn np^c \i dibm\di`_ k\mo ja oc` B`g\r\m` g\i_n^\k` oc\o jpm
^jpmon i\opm\ggt `hkgjt oc\o _`n^mdkodji|\ _`n^mdkodji oc\o ]`gd`n ?dm
Nmj_pôny ]\nd^ _àìn` ja oc` @tg\r. Rcdn Ajpmo c\n pn`_ zbì`m\ggt \^-
^`ko`_ ^jinompôdji ]t oc` ]ì^c \i_ ]\m{ \n \i \d_ oj no\opojmt dio`mkmò\-
odji. GW^RZ[Th q. 6QQ^cc Gd__[h 8^,, 135 ?.2_ 607, 610 )B`g. 1957*.
(XXX,) HaTPcXbTb P]S aT[PcTS [XcTaPcdaT, zGio`mkmò\odjin rcd^c \m`
ajmhpg\o`_ ]t ^jinìnpn di oc` g`b\g kmja`nndji w \m` \gnj m`b\m_`_ \n
pnàpg \d_n{ oj no\opojmt ^jinompôdji. 2@ QR?RSRMPW AMLQRPSARGML
~ 49:6. Gi `skg\didib ~ 141)_*, g`\_dib B`g\r\m` km\ôdodji`mn c\q` j]-
n`mq`_:
@t nkm`\_dib oc` `g`ôdji ja oc` apgg ]j\m_ jq`m P _TaX^S Û cWaTT
hTPab, oc` ^g\nndad`_ ]j\m_ ajm^`n oc` np^^`nnapg Yoì_`mZ jaa`mjm oj
r\do, di oc`jmt \o g`\no, cf^ hTPab QTUâT Pbbd\X]V fâZX]V R^]ca^[
Û cWT Q^PaS Û SXaTRcâb.
J`rdn Q. @g\^f, Hm. ( Am\db @. Qhdoc, 6]cXcPZTêTa 8WPacTa EaêXbX^]b5
9TUT]SX]V GT[U+=T[_ Uâ HPZTêTa HPaVTcb, 36 U?QF ( JCC J. PCT. 699,
715 )1979* )`hkc\ndn \__`_*.19 Rj oc` n\h` àa`ô, n`` 1 B?TGB ?.
BPCVJCP, JCUGQ Q. @J?AI ( ?. EGJAFPGQR QN?PIQ, GGG, BCJ?U?PC
AMPNMP?RGML J?U ?LB NP?ARGAC ~ 13.01Y7Z )2009* )zRc` hjm` om\_d-
odji\g ^g\nndad^\odji Ypi_`m ~ 141)_*Z dn oc\o ja oc` nj-^\gg`_ xno\bb`m`_
]j\m_y|d.`., \ ]j\m_ _dqd_`_ dioj orj jm ocm`` ^g\nn`n, `\^c h`h]`m ja
rcd^c n`mq`n TXcWTa P cf^ â cWaTT hTPa cTa\ _`kì_dib pkji oc` iph]`m
ja ^g\nn`n w.{*; 1 P. DP?LIJGL @?JMRRG ( HCQQC ?. DGLICJQRCGL,
BCJ?U?PC J?U MD AMPNMP?RGMLQ ?LB @SQGLCQQ MPE?LGX?RGMLQ ~ 4.6
)2010* )z? m`\g ]ìàdo oj _dm`ôjmn ji \ ^g\nndad`_ ]j\m_ dn oc\o do rjpg_
o\f` cf^ hTPab ajm \i dinpmbìo oj j]o\di ^jiomjg di \ kmjst ^jio`no w{*;
?PRFSP DJCGQAFCP, HP. ( ?JCV?LBCP P. QSQQK?L, R?ICMTCP BCDCLQC
~ 605, \o 6-29 )2004* )zM]qdjpngt, pi_`m Y\ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ ja _dm`ôjmnZ,
19
Rc` \mod^g` n\tn zdi oc`jmt{ ]`^\pn` do ijo`n oc\o zY\Zn \ km\ôd^\g
h\oo`m w YaZjggjrdib \ np^^`nnapg oì_`m jaa`m, di^ph]ìo _dm`ôjmn h\t
ijo _`ndm` oj ^jiodip` \n _dm`ôjmn w.{ >S, \o 715 i.57.
24
`qì \ h\ejmdot nc\m`cjg_`m ^\iijo \^^jhkgdnc \ ^c\ib` di ^jiomjg ja oc`

]j\m_ X] [Tbb cWP] cf^ hTPab.{*.
Go dn nj ^g`\m \n oj ]` \ h\oo`m ja cjmi]jjf _dôdji\mt _àdidodji oc\o
ocm``-^g\nn ]j\m_n pi_`m ~141)_* n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn:
! ! ? ]j\m_ ja _dm`ôjmn rcjn` h`h]`mny
o`mhn ja n`mqd^` jq`mg\k nj oc\o jigt k\mo ja oc` ]j\m_yn h\f`pk
dn qjo`_ ji di \it ndibg` `g`ôdji. Rtkd^\ggt, h`h]`mn n`mq`
o`mhn ja orj jm hjm` t`\mn, rdoc njh` h`h]`mny o`mhn `skdmdib
\o `\^c \iip\g `g`ôdji. Q`` B`g. Aj_` ?ii. odo. 8, ~ 141 )1991*
)\pocjmdudib ^g\nndad`_ ]j\m_n rdoc orj jm ocm`` ^g\nn`n c\qdib
orj- jm ocm``-t`\m o`mhn*.
@J?AIyQ J?U BGARGML?PW 197 )9oc `_. 2009*.
(Xe,)%HWT PRPST\XR [XcTaPcdaT, Qdhdg\mgt, \^\_`hd^ gdo`m\opm` ji no\b-
b`m`_ ]j\m_n di oc` ^jio`so ja o\f`jq`mn \i_ mdbcon kg\in dn ]pdgo ji oc`
^jm` km`hdn` oc\o no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n m`lpdm` \ cjnodg` ]d__`m oj r\do orj
t`\mn oj bò ]j\m_ ^jiomjg oj m`_``h oc` mdbcon, \n no\bb`m`_ _dm`ôjmn n`mq`
ocm``-t`\m o`mhn. GTT Jp^d\i ?mt` @`]^cpf, Hjci A. Aj\o`n GT ( Epc\i
Qp]m\h\id\i, HWT E^fTaUd[ 6]cXcPZTêTa ;âRT Û GcPVVTaTS 7^PaSb5
HWTâh* :eXST]RT P]S E^[XRh, 54 QR?L. J. PCT. 887, 887, 893, 913, 916
)2002* )zUdoc ocm`` ^g\nn`n, _dm`ôjmn di `\^c ^g\nn rjpg_ ]` `g`ô`_ oj
cWaTT+hTPa cTa\b{; cjnodg` ]d__`m zrdgg rdi ji`-ocdm_ Yja oc` ]j\m_Z dhh`-
_d\o`gt, ]po rdgg c\q` oj r\do P]^cWTa hTPa oj b\di ^jiomjg{*; Jp^d\i ?.
@`]^cpf ( ?gh\ Ajcì, HWT 8^bcb Û :]caT]RWTS 7^PaSb, 78 H. DGL.
CAML. 409, 410, 412 )2005* )kjndodib oc\o no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n km`qìo m`kg\^-
dib ]j\m_ h\ejmdot zrdocjpo oc` k\nn\b` ja \o g`\no orj \iip\g `g`ôdjin{
]t zc\qdib oj rdi orj `g`ôdjin fXcW ^]T hTPa X] QTcfTT]{*; Pji\g_ H. Edg-
nji, I]^RP[ ;XUcTT] MTPab APcTa (6]S KWPc KT 8P] 9^ 6Q^dc >c*, 26 BCJ.
H. AMPN. J. 491, 504 )2001* )zDjm ocjn` ^jhk\id`n rcj c\q` rji oc` _`-
aìndq` gjoo`mt ]t c\qdib \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ di kg\^` w, oc` `g`ôdji mjpo`
aT`dXaTb P \X]X\d\ Û cf^ hTPab oj ^c\ib` ^jiomjg ja oc` ]j\m_.{* )\gg
`hkc\n`n \__`_*. Cqì oc`n` g\r kmja`nnjmn, rdoc `q`mt hjodq` oj jq`m-
^jh` oc` \iod-o\f`jq`m àa`ô ja oc` B`g\r\m` no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_, i`q`m
dh\bdi`_ oc\o oc`m` r\n \it _daa`mì^` ]òr`ì \ ^c\mo`m n\tdib zdi oc`
ocdm_ t`\m{ \n ^jhk\m`_ oj zo`mhn ja ocm`` t`\mn{|jm oc\o no\bb`m`_
25
]j\m_n ^jpg_ ]` _à\ib`_ ]t kgpm\gdot noj^fcjg_`m \_jkodji ja \ ]tg\r

^\ggdib ajm \ n`^ji_ \iip\g h`òdib epno hjiocn \ao`m oc` kmdjm ji`.20
(e,) 676 \^ST[ Uâ\ P]S aT[PcTS R^\\T]cPah, Rc` ?@?yn kp]-
gdnc`_ hj_`g ajmh ja B`g\r\m` ^c\mo`m gdf`rdn` ^jiadmhn oc` ^jhhji pi-
_`mno\i_dib oc\o no\bb`m`_ _dm`ôjmn n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn pi_`m ^c\mo`m
rjm_dib TgPRc[h fâS+Uâ+fâS oc` n\h` \n oc` ?dmb\n ^c\mo`m )oc` zV{
rjm_dib*. Rc` ?@?yn EdQ[XR 8^\_P]h DaVP]XiPcX^]P[ 9^Rd\T]cb5
B^ST[ ;â\b P]S 8^\\T]cPah )?@? 2009*, ^jio\din oc` ajggjrdib
hj_`g ^c\mo`m kmjqdndji di don zKj_`g A`modad^\o` ja Gi^jmkjm\odji ajm \
Np]gd^ B`g\r\m` Ajmkjm\odji{:
Rc` didod\g Ag\nn G Bdm`ôjmn nc\gg n`mq` ajm \ o`mh `skdmdib \o oc`
admno \iip\g h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_`mn ja oc` ^jmkjm\odji ajggjrdib oc`
adgdib ja ocdn ^`modad^\o` ja di^jmkjm\odji; oc` didod\g Ag\nn GG Bdm`ôjmn
nc\gg n`mq` ajm \ o`mh `skdmdib \o oc` n`^ji_ \iip\g h`òdib ja
noj^fcjg_`mn ajggjrdib oc` adgdib ja ocdn ^`modad^\o` ja di^jmkjm\odji;
\i_ oc` didod\g Ag\nn GGG Bdm`ôjmn nc\gg n`mq` ajm \ o`mh `skdmdib \o
oc` ocdm_ \iip\g h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_`mn ajggjrdib oc` adgdib ja ocdn
^`modad^\o` ja di^jmkjm\odji. C\^c _dm`ôjm di `\^c ^g\nn nc\gg cjg_
jaad^` piodg cdn jm c`m np^^`nnjm dn _pgt `g`ô`_ \i_ lp\gdad`_. ?o
`\^c \iip\g h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_`mn ]`bdiidib rdoc oc` admno \iip\g
h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_`mn ajggjrdib oc` adgdib ja ocdn ^`modad^\o` ja di-
^jmkjm\odji, oc` np^^`nnjmn ja oc` ^g\nn ja _dm`ôjmn rcjn` o`mh `s-
kdm`n \o oc\o h`òdib nc\gg ]` `g`ô`_ oj cjg_ jaad^` Uâ P cTa\ Tg_Xa+
X]V Pc cWT P]]dP[ \TTcX]V Û bc^RZW^[STab c^ QT WT[S X] cWT cWXaS hTPa
U^[[^fX]V cWT hTPa Û cWTXa T[TRcX^], rdoc `\^c _dm`ôjm di `\^c np^c
^g\nn oj cjg_ jaad^` piodg cdn jm c`m np^^`nnjm dn _pgt `g`ô`_ \i_
lp\gdad`_.
>S. \o 67 )`hkc\ndn \__`_*. Rc` \^^jhk\itdib ^jhhìo h\f`n ^g`\m oc\o
oc` ?@? hj_`g kmjqd_`n ajm _dm`ôjmn oj c\q` zocm``-t`\m{ o`mhn:
Rc` BEAJ k`mhdon oc` ^`modad^\o` ja di^jmkjm\odji oj kmjqd_` oc\o
oc` ]j\m_ ja _dm`ôjmn h\t ]` _dqd_`_ dioj ji`, orj, jm ocm`` ^g\nn`n,
20
N`mc\kn n\m_jid^\ggt, c\qdib ^do`_ ocdn \^\_`hd^ gdo`m\opm` ]`gjr,
?dm Nmj_pôn njpbco oj `q\_` don dhk\ô ji oc` @tg\r ]t \mbpdib oc\o oc`
kmja`nnjmn r`m` zpnàpg ajm ^`mo\di kpmkjn`n{ ]po ijo ajm zdio`mkmò\odji{
ja ~ 141)_*. ?1769.
26
rdoc oc` o`mh ja jaad^` ja ocjn` ja oc` admno ^g\nn oj `skdm` \o oc` \i-
ip\g h`òdib i`so ìnpdib; ja oc` n`^ji_ ^g\nn, ji` t`\m oc`m`\ao`m;
ja oc` ocdm_ ^g\nn, orj t`\mn oc`m`\ao`m; \i_ \o `\^c \iip\g `g`ôdji
c`g_ \ao`m np^c ^g\nndad^\odji \i_ `g`ôdji, SXaTRcâb T[TRcTS c^ bdR+
RTTS cW^bT fW^bT cTa\b Tg_XaT bWP[[ QT T[TRcTS Uâ P cWaTT+hTPa cTa\,
BEAJ Q`ôdji 141)_*.
>S, )`hkc\ndn \__`_*. Rc` ?@? hj_`g ajmh \i_ ^jhhìo|kmj_p^`_
rdoc oc` \ôdq` k\mod^dk\odji ja g`\_dib h`h]`mn ja oc` B`g\r\m` ]ì^c
\i_ ]\m, XS, \o s-sdd|ag\ogt ^jiom\_dô ?dm Nmj_pôny kjndodji \i_ oc` _`^d-
ndji ]`gjr, \i_ _`hjinom\o` oc` di`lpdot di pi_`mhdidib oc` pi_ìd\]g`
`sk`ô\odji oc\o oc` ?dmb\n _dm`ôjmn n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn. Si_`m oc`
cjg_dib ]`gjr, oc` pi_`mno\i_dib \i_ `sk`ô\odji ja `q`mt B`g\r\m` ^jm-
kjm\odji oc\o pn`_ oc` ?@? hj_`g ajmh rjpg_ ]` _\nc`_.21
Rcdn ^jhhji pi_`mno\i_dib dn màg`ô`_ \n r`gg di oc` ?@?yn Kj_`g
@pndi`nn Ajmkjm\odji ?ô:
Rc` \mod^g`n ja di^jmkjm\odji h\t kmjqd_` ajm no\bb`mdib oc` o`mhn ja
_dm`ôjmn ]t _dqd_dib oc` ojo\g iph]`m ja _dm`ôjmn dioj orj jm ocm``
bmjpkn, rdoc `\^c bmjpk ^jio\didib 1/2 jm 1/3 ja oc` ojo\g, \n i`\m \n
h\t ]` km\ôd^\]g`. Gi oc\o `qìo, oc` o`mhn ja _dm`ôjmn di oc` admno
bmjpk `skdm` \o cWT UXabc P]]dP[ bWPaTW^[STabk \TTcX]V \ao`m oc`dm
`g`ôdji, oc` o`mhn ja oc` n`^ji_ bmjpk `skdm` Pc cWT bTR^]S P]]dP[
bWPaTW^[STabk \TTcX]V \ao`m oc`dm `g`ôdji, \i_ oc` o`mhn ja oc` ocdm_
bmjpk, da \it, `skdm` Pc cWT cWXaS P]]dP[ bWPaTW^[STabk \TTcX]V \ao`m
oc`dm `g`ôdji. ?o `\^c \iip\g nc\m`cjg_`mny h`òdib c`g_ oc`m`\ao`m,
SXaTRcâb bWP[[ QT RW^bT] Uâ P cTa\ Û cf^ hTPab â cWaTT hTPab, \n
oc` ^\n` h\t ]`, oj np^^``_ ocjn` rcjn` o`mhn `skdm`.
KMBCJ @SQGLCQQ AMPNMP?RGML ?AR ?LLMR?RCB ~ 8.06, \o 8-60 )4oc `_.
2008* )`hkc\ndn \__`_*. Rc` Kj_`g ?ô ocpn gdf`rdn` `lp\o`n oc` orj
ajmhpg\odjin|{V{ \i_ zW{|ajpi_ di oc` ^c\mo`mn ja B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\-
odjin. Go h\f`n ^g`\m oc\o \ o`mh oc\o z`skdm`YnZ \o oc` n`^ji_ \iip\g
nc\m`cjg_`mny h`òdib{ \ao`m \ _dm`ôjmyn `g`ôdji h`\in z\ o`mh ja orj
21
GTT P[b^ 1 AMLRCKNMP?PW AMPNMP?RGML DMPKQ 1.19.01 )2_ `_.
2004* )ajmh ja zNmjqdndji ajm \ Ag\nndad`_ @j\m_ ja Bdm`ôjmn{ pndib oc`
zV{ rjm_dib ja _dm`ôjmn o`mhn zoj `skdm` \o oc` ocdm_ np^^``_dib \iip\g
h`òdib ja noj^fcjg_`mn \ao`m oc`dm `g`ôdji{*.
27
t`\mn{; \i_ \ o`mh oc\o z`skdm`YnZ \o oc` ocdm_ \iip\g nc\m`cjg_`mny h`ò-
dib{ oc`m`\ao`m h`\in z\ o`mh ja ocm`` t`\mn.{ GTT P[b^ EPCEMPW T.
T?P?JJM, B?LGCJ ?. BPCGQ@?AF ( @J?IC PMFP@?AFCP,
DSLB?KCLR?JQ MD AMPNMP?RC EMTCPL?LAC: ? ESGBC DMP BGPCARMPQ
?LB AMPNMP?RC AMSLQCJ 14 )?@? 2_ `_. 2009* )zxno\bb`m`_y ]j\m_ w
h`h]`mn \m` jm_di\mdgt _dqd_`_ dioj ocm`` n`k\m\o` ^g\nn`n, `\^c ^g\nn n`mq-
dib P cWaTT+hTPa cTa\.{ )`hkc\ndn \__`_**.
M* Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjr `mm`_ ]t hdnm`\_dib :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb \i_
dbijmdib oc` pi_dnkpo`_ gjib-c`g_, ^jhhji pi_`mno\i_dib oc\o no\bb`m`_
]j\m_ _dm`ôjmn pi_`m ~ 141)_* n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn. Ac\i^`ggjm Q`douy
nk`^dad^ mpgdibn di :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb, \n r`gg \n oc` kmjhdiìo mjg` oc\o
_`^dndji kg\t`_ di oc` np]n`lpìo g`bdng\odq` cdnojmt, _`hjinom\o` oc\o oc`
jkdidji ^\iijo ]` _dnhdnn`_ \n ndhkgt \ ^\n` \]jpo k\mod^pg\m ^c\mo`m g\i-
bp\b`, \n oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr _d_. Mk. 33-34. Gi_``_, oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr nò do-
n`ga di nlp\m` jkkjndodji oj :bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb di \nn`modib oc\o ~ 141)_*
_j`n ijo _àdi` zrc\o dn h`\io ]t \ xapgg o`mhy{ )Mk. 26*|oc` f`t no\op-
ojmt o`mh oc\o Ac\i^`ggjm Q`dou c`g_ zY^Zg`\mgt{ h`\in \ zk`mdj_ ja ocm``
t`\mn.{ 159 ?.2_ \o 290-91. Kjm`jq`m, oc` _`^dndji ]`gjr kpmkjmon oj
^m`\o` orj ndbidad^\iogt _daa`mìo fdi_n ja ocm``-^g\nn no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n|
ocjn` oc\o n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn \i_ ocjn` oc\o _j ijo. Rc` nompôpm` \i_
g\ibp\b` ja ~ 141)_*, cjr`q`m, ^\iijo a\dmgt ]` m`\_ oj \pocjmdu` orj _da-
a`mìo fdi_n ja ocm``-^g\nn ]j\m_n. Rc` no\opo` ^g`\mgt \pocjmdu`n jigt ji`
fdi_ ja ocm``-^g\nn ]j\m_, oc` ocm``-t`\m-o`mh ]j\m_ m`^jbidu`_ di :bbT]+
cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb \i_ gjib m`^jbidu`_ di B`g\r\m` km\ôd^`.
N* Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjr ^jhkjpi_`_ don `mmjm ]t ^jinompdib ~ 141)_*
rdocjpo `q`m mà`mmdib oj oc` pi_dnkpo`_ B`g\r\m` km\ôd^` \n m`b\m_n
no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n. Rc` ^jpmo i`q`m mà`mm`_ oj oc` pi_dnkpo`_ a\ôn ^ji-
^`midib oc` bm`\o h\ejmdot ja B`g\r\m` Djmopi` 500 ^jmkjm\odjin rdoc
no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n oc\o pn` oc` n\h` zV{ rjm_dib \n ?dmb\n, ijm _d_ do `qì
hìodji oc\o 80' )46 jpo ja 58* ja ocjn` B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin )di^gp_-
dib ?dm Nmj_pôn* c\q` gjib m`km`nìo`_ di oc`dm jri kmjst no\o`hìon oc\o
oc`dm _dm`ôjmn n`mq` zocm``-t`\m o`mhn.{ Rj oc` ^jiom\mt, oc` ^jpmo _`-
^g\m`_ oc\o do rjpg_ \_c`m` oj oc` zh`\idib{ do \oomd]po`_ oj oc` ?dmb\n
^c\mo`m `qì da ocjn` rjm_n z\kk`\m di oì ocjpn\i_ ^jhk\it ^c\mo`mn{|
`qì \n do `n^c`r`_ \it ^c\mb` oj m`\_ ^jmkjm\o` _j^phìon znj \n oj
h\f` oc`h ^jiajmh oj `sk`ô\odjin, kpmkjn`n jm dioìodjin.{ Mk. 35 i.76,
41. Gi nj mpgdib, oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr \_jko`_ ?dm Nmj_pôny qd`r oc\o zkm\ôd^`
28
di oc` ^jmkjm\o` rjmg_{ \i_ zcjr joc`m ^jhk\id`n c\q` _`n^md]`_ oc`dm
bjq`mi\i^` nompôpm` di kp]gd^ adgdibn{ r`m` dmm`g`q\io. ?1584.22
Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjryn ^jinompôdji ja ~ 141)_*, di oc\o nkdmdo, rjpg_ qdj-
g\o` oc` `sk`ô\odjin, kpmkjn`n, \i_ dioìodjin ja oc` diiph`m\]g` B`g\-
r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin rdoc no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n. Nm\ôd^` \i_ pi_`mno\i_dib di
oc` m`\g rjmg_ \m` ijo dmm`g`q\io. Gio`mkmòdib ~ 141)_* jpbco ijo ]` \
oc`jmòd^\g `s`m^dn` _dqjm^`_ amjh oc` ^jio`so di rcd^c oc` J`bdng\opm`,
^jpmon, \i_ km\ôdodji`mn c\q` ^cjnì oc` rjm_n oc`t c\q` pn`_.
zRc` xbjg_ì mpg` ja no\opojmt dio`mkmò\odji ... dn oc\o pim`\nji\]g`-
i`nn ja oc` m`npgo kmj_p^`_ ]t ji` \hjib kjnnd]g` dio`mkmò\odjin ... dn m`\-
nji ajm mè`ôdib oc\o dio`mkmò\odji di a\qjm ja \ijoc`m rcd^c rjpg_ kmj-
_p^` \ m`\nji\]g` m`npgo.y{ 9P\Qa^ q. BThTa, 974 ?.2_ 121, 130 )B`g.
2009* )lpjodib 9T[PfPaT 7Ph GdaVXRP[ GTaeb,%q. GfXTa, 900 ?.2_ 646, 652
)B`g. 2006**. F`m`, oc` `mmji`jpn qd`r ja ~ 141)_* \_q\i^`_ ]t ?dm Nmj_-
pôn \i_ \^^`ko`_ ]t oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr kmj_p^`n \i pim`\nji\]g` m`npgo.
O* Rc` cjg_dib ]`gjr oc\o oc` hjno ^jhhjigt `hkgjt`_ g\ibp\b`
pn`_ di \_jkodib \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ ja _dm`ôjmn dn ag\r`_ )oc\o dn, do _j`n
ijo di a\ô kmjqd_` ajm oc` q`mt kmjo`ôdji oc\o no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n c\q` ]`ì
pidq`mn\ggt pi_`mnojj_ oj kmjqd_`* ^m`\o`n \ bg\mdib _dn^jiodipdot di rc\o
r\n ocjpbco oj ]` \ nòog`_ \m`\ ja o\f`jq`m g\r. Ga oc\o cjg_dib no\i_n, \
kgpm\gdot ja noj^fcjg_`mn rdgg ]` `hkjr`m`_ oj m`hjq` jm _dhdidnc oc`
àa`ôdq` kmjo`ôdji ja no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n, rcd^c di cjnodg` o\f`jq`m ndop\-
odjin `hkjr`mn ]j\m_n rdoc oc` ]\mb\didib g`q`m\b` oj \oo`hko oj \_q\i^`
oc` dio`m`non ja \gg noj^fcjg_`mn. Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjr \kk\mìogt ocjpbco ocdn
^c\ib` di oc` rd_`gt pi_`mnojj_ B`g\r\m` g\r \i_ km\ôd^` r\n ijo nj
n`mdjpn ]`^\pn` do \^^`ko`_ ?dm Nmj_pôny \mbphìo oc\o oc`m` r\n \i z`\nt
ads{ ajm oc` np__ì diàa`ôdqì`nn ja orj-ocdm_n ja no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n ja
B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin oc\o r\n, di àa`ô, \iijpi^`_. Mk. 39; bTT ?1582.
Cqì da oc\o r`m` nj, do ^jpg_ ijo epnodat oc` _`^dndji ]`gjr. @po do dn
ijo nj. Rc`m` dn ij z`\nt ads.{ Rc` ]j\m_n ja B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin ^\i-
ijo zads{ oc` kmj]g`h ^m`\o`_ ]t ?dm Nmj_pôny kjndodji. Migt noj^fcjg_-
`mn ^\i \_jko àa`ôdq` ^pm`n, ndi^`|\]nìo njh` `som\jm_di\mt km``sdno-
dib ^c\mo`m kmjqdndji|\it ]tg\r \_jko`_ ]t oc` ]j\m_ m``no\]gdncdib oc`
22
Gbijmdib, ja ^jpmn`, oc\o oc` ^jiom\mt _`n^mdkodji \kk`\m`_ di ?dm
Nmj_pôny jri kmjst no\o`hìon ajm 27 t`\mn|ijo epno zjoc`m ^jhk\id`n.{
?65-69.
29
om\_dodji\g pi_`mno\i_dib ja cjr no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ o`mhn \i_ `g`ôdjin rjmf

^jpg_ ndhkgt ]` \hì_`_ jm m`k`\g`_ ]t \ kgpm\gdot noj^fcjg_`m qjo` \o
\it odh`. GTT BEAJ ~ 109)\*; 86* >]R, q. 6;G8B: :\_[^hTTb ET]bX^]
E[P], 953 ?.2_ 227, 232 )B`g. 2008* )zY@Zt don o`mhn Q`ôdji 109)\* q`non
di oc` nc\m`cjg_`mn \ kjr`m oj \_jko, \hì_ jm m`k`\g ]t-g\rn oc\o dn g`-
b\ggt n\^mjn\iô, X,T,, oc` kjr`m ^\iijo ]` iji-^jinìnp\ggt `gdhdi\o`_ jm
gdhdo`_ ]t \itji` joc`m oc\i oc` g`bdng\opm` don`ga.{*. @t oc` n\h` ojfì,
ja ^jpmn`, ij ^c\ib` oj oc` g\ibp\b` _àdidib oc` o`mhn ajm _dm`ôjmn di-
^gp_`_ di \ ^`modad^\o` ja di^jmkjm\odji|rcd^c dn oc` \ghjno pidq`mn\g
hòcj_ ajm àa`ôdib \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_|^\i ]` \_jko`_ pidg\o`m\ggt ]t \
]j\m_. GTT BEAJ ~ 242)]*. Kjm`jq`m, \n \ nomdôgt km\ôd^\g h\oo`m, di
oc` ^pmmìo ìqdmjihìo, do ^g`\mgt dn ijo z`\nt{ oj n`^pm` \ noj^fcjg_`m
qjo` di a\qjm ja \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ )jm \ kmjcd]dodji \b\dino ^c\ibdib oc`
h`òdib _\o` _`ndbi`_ oj i`b\o` \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ g\ oc` @tg\r*. Rc`
g`\_dib kmjst \_qdnjmt admhn \m` d_`jgjbd^\ggt jkkjn`_ oj oc` B`g\r\m`
no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_.23 ?o ]joojh, di o`mhn ja c\qdib \ m`\g no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_,
?dm Nmj_pôny kjndodji|\i_ oc` _`^dndji ]`gjr|kpon cpi_m`_n ja B`g\-
r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin rdoc no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n g\mb`gt ]\^f oj nlp\m` ji`.
P* Mpm no\opo` k`mhdon no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n ajm oc` q`mt kpmkjn` ja `h-
kjr`mdib _dm`ôjmn oj c\q` \ gjib-o`mh k`mnk`ôdq` di bì`m\odib \i_ km`-
n`mqdib q\gp`, \i_ oj ]` di \ kjndodji oj n``f oj kmjo`ô oc\o q\gp` \b\dino
di\_`lp\o` o\f`jq`m jaa`mn ]t kmjqd_dib njh` g`q`m\b` oj oc` ]j\m_.
Qo\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n kmjqd_` Tg P]cT \ ajmh ja km`-^jhhdohìo nom\o`bt. @t
]ptdib nc\m`n di \ ^jhk\it rdoc ocdn nompôpm`, noj^fcjg_`mn di àa`ô
\bm`` di \_q\i^` oj ngjr _jri \ cjnodg` o\f`jq`m di jm_`m oj `hkjr`m
]j\m_n \n `doc`m oc`dm kmjo`ôjm jm ]\mb\didib \bìo. Rc` _`^dndji ]`gjr
^jiq`mon ocdn km`-^jhhdohìo oj \i Tg _^bc mà`mì_ph. ?i_, di _jdib nj,
do _dn`hkjr`mn ]j\m_n di km`^dn`gt oc\o ^jio`so, di ^jiom\qìodji ja oc`
g\ibp\b` ja oc` no\opo`, \n r`gg \n don h\ida`no dioìo \i_ kpmkjn`, \i_ mpin
mjpbcncj_ jq`m oc` ^jhhji pi_`mno\i_dib \i_ `sk`ô\odjin ja B`g\r\m`
23
GTT PGQIKCRPGAQ EPMSN, 0./. I,G, Ea^gh J^cX]V <dXST[X]Tb Gd\+
\Pah, 16 )D`]. 25, 2010*, PePX[PQ[T Pc cook://]do.gt/PKE2010 )m`^jh-
hì_dib nc\m`cjg_`mn zTjo` ?E?GLQR kmjkjn\gn oj ^g\nndat )no\bb`m* oc`
]j\m_{*; EJ?QQ JCUGQ ( AM., IG Ea^gh EP_Ta E^[XRh <dXST[X]Tb5 6]
DeTaeXTf Û cWT <[Pbb ATfXb 6__a^PRW c^ Ea^gh 6SeXRT Uâ I,G, 8^\_P+
]XTb, 5, PePX[PQ[T Pc cook://]do.gt/Eg\nn[J`rdn )zEg\nn J`rdn a\qjmn oc` m`-
k`\g ja no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n di a\qjm ja oc` \iip\g `g`ôdji ja _dm`ôjmn.{*.
30
^jmkjm\odjin rdoc no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n|oc\o _dm`ôjmn ji no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n

pi_`m ~ 141)_* n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn.
,*% 584; c ,++
Rc` _`^dndji ]`gjr gdf`rdn` ^\iijo ]` m`^ji^dg`_ rdoc BEAJ ~ 211.
Q`ôdji 211)]* m`lpdm`n B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin oj cjg_ zP]]dP[{ noj^f-
cjg_`m h`òdibn: zSig`nn _dm`ôjmn \m` `g`ô`_ ]t rmdooì ^jinìo di gd`p
ja \i \iip\g h`òdib \n k`mhdoo`_ ]t ocdn np]n`ôdji, \i \iip\g h`òdib ja
noj^fcjg_`mn nc\gg ]` c`g_ ajm oc` `g`ôdji ja _dm`ôjmn ji \ _\o` \i_ \o \
odh` _`ndbi\o`_ ]t jm di oc` h\ii`m kmjqd_`_ di oc` ]tg\rn.{ 8 9T[, 8,
~ 211)]*. Rc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mtyn dio`mkmò\odji ja z\iip\g{ di ocdn kmj-
qdndji dn ^jiom\_dôjmt, ^jiapn`_, \i_ di^jmm`ô. ?o njh` kjdion di don
jkdidji, oc` ^jpmo `nnìod\ggt m`\_ oc` rjm_ z\iip\g{ jpo ja ~ 211; \o joc`m
kjdion do dhkjn`_ \ h`\idib \o j__n rdoc ^jhhji nìn` \i_ kg\di Cib-
gdnc. Gi \gg `qìon, orj h`òdibn di ajpm hjiocn dn ndhkgt ]^c z\iip\g.{
I* Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjr ^ji^gp_`_ oc\o zB`g\r\m` g\r km`n^md]`n ij
hdidhph \hjpio ja odh` oc\o hpno `g\kn` ]òr`ì \iip\g noj^fcjg_`m
h`òdibn ja \ B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odji.{ Mk. 39. Rc` no\opojmt o`mh z\i-
ip\g{ c\n ij h`\idib, oc` ^jpmo c`g_, joc`m oc\i rc\o dn bdqì oj do ]t di-
_dqd_p\g ^jmkjm\o` ^c\mo`mn \i_ ]tg\rn: zoc`m` dn ij no\opojmt m`lpdm`hìo
oc\o oc`m` ]` \ _pm\odji\g hdidhph \hjpio ja odh` ]òr`ì \iip\g `g`^-
odjin jm \iip\g h`òdibn, pig`nn do dn nj nk`^dad`_ di \ ^jhk\ityn ]tg\rn
jm ^c\mo`m.{ >S, \o 34-35. Gi oc` ^jpmoyn qd`r, ^jmkjm\odjin h\t am``gt _`-
adi` z\iip\g{ cjr`q`m oc`t r\io. >S, \o 37 )zBdm`ôjmn \i_ noj^fcjg_`mn
\m` am`` oj nk`^dat rcì oc` \iip\g h`òdib nc\gg j^^pm, \i_ oc`t \m` am``
oj ^c\ib` do \n oc`t n`` ado.{*. Rc` jigt gdhdo\odji ji ocdn am``_jh, oc`
^jpmo c`g_, dn oc\o dhkjn`_ ]t ~ 211)^*, rcd^c bdq`n noj^fcjg_`mn oc` mdbco
oj kòdodji ajm \i jm_`m nphh\mdgt _dm`ôdib \ ^jmkjm\odji oj cjg_ \i \i-
ip\g h`òdib da ji` dn ijo c`g_ rdocdi 30 _\tn ja oc` _\o` nò ajm oc` h`ò-
dib, jm rdocdi 13 hjiocn ja oc` g\no \iip\g h`òdib. >S,
?o oc` n\h` odh` oc\o do n\d_ do r\n ijo m`\_dib \ nk`^dad^ _àdidodji
ja z\iip\g{ dioj oc` no\opo`, cjr`q`m, oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr _d_ oc` ^__^bXcT|
]t ì_jmndib ?dm Nmj_pôny z^\gì_\m t`\m{ dio`mkmò\odji:
Ng\diodaan \mbp` oc\o zYoZc` rjm_ x\iip\gy hpno h`\i ji` ocdib, \i_
ji` ocdib jigt, ajm \gg kpmkjn`n ocmjpbcjpo oc` no\opo`.{ G \bm``, \i_
ht cjg_dib c`m` bdq`n oc` rjm_ \iip\g \ ndibg`, ^jindnoìo h`\idib
ocmjpbcjpo oc` no\opo`. Kt cjg_dib _j`n ijo bdq` z\iip\g{ hjm`
31
oc\i ji` h`\idib|rcòc`m do dn \i z\iip\g `g`ôdji{ jm z\iip\g

h`òdib,{ do j^^pmn ji^` \ t`\m, `q`mt t`\m.
Mk. 34 )^do\odji jhdoo`_*. Rcdn, di oc` ^jpmoyn qd`r, r\n oc` zgdo`m\g m`\_-
dib{ ja oc` no\opo`, XS, \o 28, rcd^c oc` ^jpmo n``hdibgt ^ji^gp_`_ h`\io
zji \ ^\gì_\m t`\m ]\ndn,{ XS, \o 20. Wò, ^jiom\_dôjmdgt, oc` ^jpmo di \i-
joc`m k\nn\b` ja don jkdidji SXbR[PX\TS oc` ijodji oc\o oc` no\opo`yn pn` ja
z\iip\g{ dhkjn`_ \ zji^` \ ^\gì_\m t`\m{ m`lpdm`hìo:
Rj ]` npm`, ocdn mpgdib oc\o pi_`m oc` g\ibp\b` ja ?dmb\nyn ^c\mo`m,
don \iip\g h`òdib ^t^g` ^jpg_ ]` m`\_ oj mpi ji \ ^\gì_\m t`\m dn
gdhdo`_ oj oc` nk`^dad^ g\ibp\b` pn`_ di oc` ?dmb\n ^c\mo`m. Rc\o dn
ijo oj npbb`no oc\o z\iip\g h`òdibn{ pi_`m Q`ôdji 211 jm \it kmj-
qdndji ja oc` BEAJ hpno ]` m`\_ oj mpi ji \ ^\gì_\m t`\m. Moc`m
^c\mo`mn ajm joc`m ^jhk\id`n \m` ijo dhkgd^\o`_ w.
>S, \o 20 i.40. Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjr i`q`m d_ìodad`_ rc\o zg\ibp\b` ja ?dm-
b\nyn ^c\mo`m{ do ^jind_`m`_ oj _àdi` z\iip\g{ \n zji^` \ ^\gì_\m t`\m.{
J* Rcdn pi^g`\m m`\_dib ja z\iip\g{ di BEAJ ~ 211 ]joc qdjg\o`n
]\nd^ kmdi^dkg`n ja no\opojmt ^jinompôdji \i_ kmj_p^`n cdbcgt \ijh\gjpn
m`npgon. Go ^\iijo ]`, ajm `s\hkg`, oc\o oc`m` dn ij znk`^dad^ _àdidodji,{
Mk. 37, ij h`\idib, oj ]` bdqì oj oc` rjm_ z\iip\g{ pi_`m oc` Eì`m\g
Ajmkjm\odji J\r. Djm zYdZo dn \i `g`hìo\mt mpg` ja ^jinompôdji oc\o à-
a`ô hpno ]` bdqì, da kjnnd]g`, oj `q`mt rjm_, ^g\pn` \i_ nìoì^` ja \
no\opo`.{ 2? LMPK?L H. QGLECP, QR?RSRCQ ?LB QR?RSRMPW
AMLQRPSARGML ~ 46:6, \o 230 )7oc `_. 2007*; PRRâS* T,V,, 9TfTh 7TPRW
:]cTab, q, 7^PaS Û 6SYdbc\T]c, 1 ?.3_ 305, 307-08 )B`g. 2010*. Ga oc`
J`bdng\opm` c\_ dioì_`_ oc\o h`òdibn ajm oc` `g`ôdji ja _dm`ôjmn ^jpg_
]` c`g_ \itodh`, rdoc zij hdidhph \hjpio ja odh`{ ]òr`ì `g`ôdjin,
Mk. 39, do rjpg_ ijo c\q` pn`_ oc` rjm_ z\iip\g{ oj _`n^md]` ocjn` h`ò-
dibn. Go ^jpg_ c\q` _`n^md]`_ oc` h`òdibn \n zk`mdj_d^{ jm zbì`m\g.{
Rc` J`bdng\opm` dino`\_ pn`_ oc` rjm_ z\iip\g{ oj nk`^dat cjr jaoì oc`n`
iji-nk`^d\g h`òdibn ja noj^fcjg_`mn ajm oc` `g`ôdji ja _dm`ôjmn hpno ]`
c`g_: ijo k`mdj_d^\ggt, ijo bì`m\ggt, ]po P]]dP[[h.
@`tji_ ocdn, \b\di, zoc` bjg_ì mpg`{ dn oc\o no\opo`n hpno ijo ]` di-
o`mkmò`_ oj kmj_p^` zpim`\nji\]g`YZ{ jm zhdn^cd`qjpn jm \]npm_ m`npgon.{
9T[PfPaT 7Ph, 900 ?.2_ \o 652 )^do\odji \i_ dio`mi\g lpjo\odji h\mfn
jhdoo`_*. Rc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mtyn zij nk`^dad^ _àdidodji{/zij hdidhph
dio`mq\g{ ^jinompôdji ja ~ 211)]* \i_ oc` rjm_ z\iip\g{ rjpg_ kmj_p^`
32
np^c \ijh\gjpn m`npgon: do ^\iijo ]` oc\o z\iip\g{ h`òdibn ^jpg_ j^^pm

]\^f-oj-]\^f-oj-]\^f, rdocdi r``fn, _\tn, jm cjpmn ja `\^c joc`m.
Cqì da oc` ^jpmo ]`gjryn z^\gì_\m t`\m{ bgjnn dn dhkjmo`_ dioj oc`
rjm_ z\iip\g,{ oc` \ijh\gjpn m`npgon rjpg_ nodgg \mdn`. ?^^`kodib oc\o
h`\idib ja z\iip\g{ rjpg_ h`\i oc\o da \ ^jhk\it c`g_ _dm`ôjm `g`ôdjin
ji H\ip\mt 1, 2010 \i_ ji B`^`h]`m 31, 2010|ji` t`\m hdipn ji` _\t
\k\mo|ocjn` `g`ôdjin rjpg_ ]^c ]` z\iip\g{ ]`^\pn` oc` g\no _dbdo ja oc`
^\gì_\m t`\m c\_ ijo ^c\ib`_. @po da \ ^jhk\it c`g_ \ h`òdib di B`-
^`h]`m 2010, \i_ \ijoc`m di H\ip\mt 2011|`qì \n gdoog` \n ji` SPh
g\o`m|oc\o f^d[S ]` z\iip\g{ ]`^\pn` \ ]\gg c\_ _mjkk`_ di Rdh`n
Qlp\m`. ?i_, g`\qdib \nd_` oc` ocdmo`ì-hjioc gdhdo\odji ja 8 9T[, 8,
~ 211)^*, da oc\o n\h` ^jhk\it c`g_ don i`so \iip\g h`òdib ji B`^`h]`m
31, 2012|cf^ hTPab g`nn ji` _\t g\o`m|oc\o, ojj, rjpg_ ^jpio \n z\i-
ip\g.{ Rcpn, ji oc` z^\gì_\m t`\m{ m`\_dib n``hdibgt \^^`ko`_ ]t oc`
^jpmo ]`gjr, da oc`m` dn \ h`òdib di ^\gì_\m t`\m 2010, ji` di ^\gì_\m
t`\m 2011, \i_ ji` di ^\gì_\m t`\m 2012, ocjn` h`òdibn \m` z\iip\g,{
`qì da oc` admno h`òdib dn ji _\t 1, oc` i`so ji _\t 2, \i_ oc` ocdm_ ji
_\t 732 )B`^`h]`m 31, 2010; H\ip\mt 1, 2011; B`^`h]`m 31, 2012*.
Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjr _dnhdnn`_ oc`n` \ijh\gd`n ]t \nnphdib oc\o zkm\^-
od^\g ^jinom\dion w rjpg_ km`qìo ji` \iip\g h`òdib amjh ]`dib c`g_ ojj
^gjn` oj oc` i`so.{ Mk. 29 i.63. Nm\ôd^\g ^jinom\dio dn \ r`\f ]\ndn oj
npkkjmo \ no\opojmt ^jinompôdji. @po oc`m` dn di a\ô ij np^c ^jinom\dio oj
n\q` oc` ^jinompôdji ]`gjr. zLjod^` m`lpdm`hìon{ jm zadgdib j]gdb\odjin{
)XS.* rjpg_ ijo km`qìo z\iip\g{ h`òdibn amjh ]`dib c`g_ ]\^f-oj-]\^f;
oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr \nnph`_, rmjibgt, oc\o ijod^` \i_ kmjst _dn^gjnpm`n ajm \
n`^ji_ h`òdib rjpg_ c\q` oj \r\do oc` ^jhkgòdji ja oc` admno h`òdib.
Ljo nj: pi_`m oc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mtyn ^jinompôdji ja z\iip\g,{ oc`m`
^jpg_ bX\d[cP]T^db[h ]` orj ijod^`n \i_ orj kmjst no\o`hìon ajm orj \i-
ip\g h`òdibn c`g_ ]\^f-oj-]\^f di r``fn, _\tn, jm `qì cjpmn.
K* Rc` _`^dndji ]`gjr ijo jigt kmj_p^`n \]npm_ m`npgon, do \gnj _j`n
ijo a\dmgt m`\_ oc` rjm_ z\iip\g{ di oc` ^jio`so di rcd^c do \kk`\mn di
~ 211 \i_ oc` BEAJ bì`m\ggt: di mà`mì^` oj z\iip\g h`òdibn{ \i_ oj
oc` z\iip\g{ `g`ôdji ja _dm`ôjmn oj k\mod^pg\m o`mhn ja n`mqd^`. zxYCZ\^c
k\mo jm n`ôdji Yja \ no\opo`Z ncjpg_ ]` m`\_ di gdbco ja `q`mt joc`m k\mo jm
n`ôdji oj kmj_p^` \i c\mhjidjpn rcjg`.y{ 9TfTh 7TPRW :]cTab, q.
7^PaS Û 6SYdbc\T]c, 1 ?.3_ 305, 307 )B`g. 2010*. Ujm_n h\t ijo ]`
zm`\_ w di \ q\^pph,{ ]po hpno ]` ^jinomp`_ di gdbco ja z\nnj^d\o`_ rjm_n
33
\i_ kcm\n`n di oc` no\opojmt ^jio`so.{ 8'H 6bb^Rb, q. <êkc Û CTf 8Pbc[T
8]ch,, 408 ?.2_ 27, 29 )B`g. Ac. 1979*; bTT P[b^ 86* >]R. q. 6;G8B:
:\_b, ET]bX^] E[P], 953 ?.2_ 227, 232 )B`g. 2008* )zQ`ôdji 109)\* _j`n
ijo `sdno di \ q\^pph. Go hpno ]` m`\_ ojbòc`m rdoc 8 9T[, 8, ~ 141)\*.{*.
Ujm_n hpno ]` dio`mkmò`_ di oc` ^jio`so di rcd^c oc`t \m` pn`_.
Rc` ^jio`so c`m` dn oc` P]]dP[ SXaTRcâ T[TRcâP[ RhR[T. zC\^c _dm`^-
ojm nc\gg cjg_ jaad^` piodg np^c _dm`ôjmyn np^^`nnjm dn `g`ô`_ \i_ lp\gdad`_
jm piodg np^c _dm`ôjmyn `\mgd`m m`ndbi\odji jm m`hjq\g.{ 8 9T[, 8, ~ 141)]*.
Rcdn, m`\_ ojbòc`m rdoc ~ 211, h\f`n ^g`\m oc\o zYoZc` BEAJ `no\]gdnc`n
\i \iip\g `g`ôjm\g ^t^g` ajm _dm`ôjmn rcj \m` ijo `g`ô`_ ]t oc` cjg_`mn
ja \ k\mod^pg\m ^g\nn jm n`md`n ja noj^f.{ 8a^f] :B6@ EPac]Tab* AA8 q.
@dai, 992 ?.2_ 377, 401 )B`g. 2010*. Rcpn, znoj^fcjg_`mn `g`ô _dm`ôjmn
ajm P ^]T hTPa cTa\, pig`nn oc` ^`modad^\o` ja di^jmkjm\odji jm \i didod\g ]t-
g\r, jm ji` g\o`m \_jko`_ ]t oc` noj^fcjg_`mn, kmjqd_`n ajm \ ^g\nndad`_
]j\m_.{ FêT] q. 8^ccTa, 547 ?.2_ 603, 605 )B`g. Ac. 1988* )`hkc\ndn
\__`_*. Gi_``_, zYoZc` j]gdb\odji oj cjg_ \i \iip\g h`òdib \o rcd^c _d-
m`ôjmn \m` oj ]` `g`ô`_, `doc`m ajm ji` t`\m jm ajm no\bb`m`_ o`mhn, \n oc`
^c\mo`m h\t kmjqd_`, dn ji` ja oc` q`mt a`r h\i_\ojmt a`\opm`n ja B`g\-
r\m` ^jmkjm\odji g\r.{ =^bRWTcc q. HG> >]ck[ GÛcfPaT* AcS,, 683 ?.2_ 43,
44 )B`g. Ac. 1996*. zRc` `soìo oj rcd^c \ ^`modad^\o` kmjqdndji ^jpg_ _`-
qd\o` amjh oc` _à\pgo no\i_\m_ ja ji`-t`\m o`mhn ajm _dm`ôjmn r\n don`ga
nò ]t no\opo`, rcd^c gdhdo`_ oc` _`qd\odji oj oc` \_jkodji ja \ no\bb`m`_
]j\m_ rdoc h`h]`mn rcjn` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn `skdm` ji \ mjo\odib ]\ndn.{
?^]Tb 6__PaT[ <a_, q. BPgfT[[ GW^T 8^,, 883 ?.2_ 837, 849 )B`g. Ac.
2004*. Qj zoc` BEAJ `no\]gdnc`n \ gjbd^\g \i_ nom\dbcoajmr\m_ `g`ôjm\g
^t^g`,{ \ ^t^g` ]t rcd^c zY`Z\^c hTPa oc` ^jmkjm\odji cjg_n \i P]]dP[
h`òdib \o rcd^c _dm`ôjmn \m` `g`ô`_.{ @dai q. =^[Qa^^Z, 989 ?.2_ 140,
159 )B`g. Ac. 2010* )`hkc\ndn \__`_; ^dodib 8 9T[, 8, ~ 211)]**, PUUkS X]
_Pac P]S aTekS X] _Pac, 8a^f] :B6@, 992 ?.2_ 377.
Rc`n` \pocjmdod`n _`hjinom\o` oc\o oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr `mm`_ rcì do j]-
n`mq`_ oc\o zoc` _à\pgo mpg`n di B`g\r\m` _j ijo m`lpdm` r\dodib \ xt`\m,y
jm xor`gq` hjiocny jm \it nò \hjpio ja odh` amjh ji` \iip\g h`òdib oj
oc` i`so.{ Mk. 27-28.
L* Ajiom\mt oj oc` ^ji^gpndji ]`gjr, BEAJ ~ 211)^* ^jiadmhn, \i_
_j`n ijo màpo`, oc\o z\iip\g h`òdibn{ mà`mn oj h`òdibn \ t`\m \k\mo.
Q`ôdji 211)^* bdq`n noj^fcjg_`mn oc` mdbco oj c\q` oc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mt
nphh\mdgt jm_`m \i \iip\g h`òdib, kmjqd_dib di k`modiìo k\mo:
34
Ga oc`m` ]` \ a\dgpm` oj cjg_ oc` \iip\g h`òdib w Uâ P _TaX^S Û 1.

SPhb PUcTa cWT SPcT STbXV]PcTS Uâ cWT P]]dP[ \TTcX]V, jm da ij _\o`
c\n ]`ì _`ndbi\o`_, Uâ P _TaX^S Û /1 \^]cWb PUcTa j Xcb [Pbc P]+
]dP[ \TTcX]V w, oc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mt h\t nphh\mdgt jm_`m \
h`òdib oj ]` c`g_ pkji oc` \kkgd^\odji ja \it noj^fcjg_`m jm _dm`^-
ojm.
8 9T[, 8, ~ 211)^* )`hkc\ndn \__`_*. Rcdn q`mt nk`^dad^ g\ibp\b` h\f`n
^g`\m oc\o \iip\g h`\in or`gq` hjiocn. Djm ^jhk\id`n oc\o c\q` _`ndb-
i\o`_ z\iip\g h`òdib{ _\o`n, ~ 211)^* kmjqd_`n oc\o oc` nphh\mt kmj^`-
_pm` h\t ]` diqjf`_ z30 _\tn \ao`m oc` _\o` _`ndbi\o`_.{ Go \ggjrn \
zhj_`no{ 30-_\t zg``r\t{ jm zbm\^` k`mdj_.{ B;8 7P]Râ_ AcS, q.
:`dXSh]T 8â_,, 844 ?.2_ 1015, 1021 )B`g. Ac. 2003*. @po ~ 211)^* \gnj
h\f`n ^g`\m oc\o \ _\o` or`gq` hjiocn \ao`m oc` g\no \iip\g h`òdib ncjpg_
]` _`ndbi\o`_ ajm \ h`òdib oj ]` z\iip\g.{ Rc\o dn h\_` ^g`\m ]t rc\o
oc` no\opo` n\tn c\kkìn da ]^ _\o` dn nò. Ucì ij _\o` dn nò, oc` nph-
h\mt kmj^``_dib h\t ]` ^jhhì^`_ z13 hjiocn \ao`m Yoc` ^jhk\itynZ
g\no \iip\g h`òdib.{ Ga ji` m`\nji\]gt \nnph`n oc\o oc` J`bdng\opm` di-
^gp_`_ \ ji`-hjioc bm\^` k`mdj_ c`m` \n r`gg, ocì do dn ^g`\m oc\o \i z\i-
ip\g{ h`òdib hpno c\kkì or`gq` hjiocn \ao`m oc` g\no ji`.
Rc` a\ô oc\o ~ 211)^*yn nphh\mt kmj^`_pm` _j`n ijo \__m`nn zcjg_-
dib oc` \iip\g h`òdib TPa[XTa oc\i \ t`\m \ao`m oc` km`qdjpn \iip\g h`ò-
dib,{ Mk. 29, _j`n ijo h`\i oc\o oc`m` dn ij m`nomdôdji \b\dino _jdib nj.
Q`ôdji 211)]* kmjqd_`n oc\o h`òdibn ajm oc` `g`ôdji ja _dm`ôjmn hpno ]`
z\iip\g,{ \i_ c\n g`b\g ajm^` `qì \k\mo amjh ~ 211)^*. ?i_ oc` J`bdng\-
opm`yn aj^pn di ~ 211)^* ji h`òdibn c`g_ ojj [PcT m\oc`m oc\i pkji ocjn`
c`g_ ojj TPa[h h\f`n k`ma`ô nìn`: ~ 211)^* ^jh]\on \ pidlp` kmj]g`h|
oc\o ja _dm`ôjmn n``fdib oj ìomì^c oc`hn`gq`n ]t _`g\tdib \iip\g h`ò-
dibn di jm_`m oj [T]VcWT] oc`dm o`mhn. Lj np^c nk`^d\g kmj^`_pm` dn i``_`_
]àjm` or`gq` hjiocn c\q` k\nn`_, ]`^\pn` _dm`ôjmn rcj n``f oj ncjmoì
oc`dm o`mhn ^\i pilp`nodji\]gt _j nj|oc`t ^\i m`ndbi.
Kjm`jq`m, pig`nn njh` m`\g ^jioìo dn ^jio\di`_ di oc` no\opojmt
^jhh\i_ ja zP]]dP[ h`òdibn,{ oc` _p\g omdbb`mn ja ~ 211)^* rjpg_ k`m-
hdo \ ^jhk\it oj _`ndbi\o` \i \iip\g h`òdib _\o` ajm hp^c gjib`m oc\i \
t`\m \ao`m oc` kmdjm ji` \i_ g`\q` oc` noj^fcjg_`mn n``hdibgt rdocjpo m`-
^jpmn`. Djm `s\hkg`, da \ ^jhk\it c`g_ ji` \iip\g h`òdib ji D`]mp\mt
1, 2010, don ]j\m_ ^jpg_ _`ndbi\o` B`^`h]`m 1, 2011 \n oc` _\o` ajm oc`
i`so z\iip\g{ h`òdib. Ga oc\o ^jpg_ joc`mrdn` ]` ocjpbco oj ]` \i \iip\g
35
h`òdib, ~ 211)^* ]t don kg\di o`mhn rjpg_ kmjqd_` ij m`^jpmn` ajm noj^f-
cjg_`mn piodg 30 _\tn \ao`m oc` z_`ndbi\o`_{ _\o` ja B`^`h]`m 1, 2011.
M*% Ljm _j`n oc` _dôdji\mt npkkjmo oc` ^jinompôdji ]`gjr ja oc`
rjm_ z\iip\g{ di oc` ^jio`so ja z\iip\g h`òdibn.{ ?i \iip\g h`òdib
zdn c`g_ PUcTa cWT R[^bT Û TPRW UXbRP[ hTPa rcì oc` ^jhk\ityn k`majmh-
\i^` jq`m oc` k\no t`\m dn m`qd`r`_, oc` nc\m`cjg_`mn `g`ô oc` ]j\m_ ja _d-
m`ôjmn, \i_ qjo` ji h\oo`mn \aa`ôdib oc` ^jhk\ityn jk`m\odji.{ LMP?
NCRCPQML, U?JJ QRPCCR JGLEM 121 )2007* )`hkc\ndn \__`_*; bTT P[b^
B?TGB J. QAMRR, U?JJ QRPCCR UMPBQ 13 )3_ `_. 2003* )z\iip\g h`ò-
dib{ dn z\iip\g b\oc`mdib ja \ ^jmkjm\odjiyn _dm`ôjmn, jaad^`mn, \i_ nc\m`-
cjg_`mn _pmdib rcd^c i`r _dm`ôjmn \m` `g`ô`_, nc\m`cjg_`m m`njgpodjin \m`
k\nn`_ jm _à`\o`_, \i_ jk`m\odib \i_ adi\i^d\g m`npgon Û cWT _Pbc UXbRP[
hTPa \m` _dn^pnn`_{; `hkc\ndn \__`_*; UGJJG?K C. PC?B, AMPNMP?RC
MDDGACPyQ ?LB BGPCARMPyQ BCQI @MMI 82-83 )1980* )\iip\g h`òdib
pnp\ggt ajggjrn 3 hjiocn \ao`m zoc` ì_ ja oc` adn^\g t`\m w oj kmjqd_`
odh` ajm km`k\mdib t`\m-ì_ adi\i^d\g no\o`hìon w \i_ ajm ocì _dnomd]po-
dib oc` \iip\g m`kjmo{*. Rcdn k\m\gg`g ]òr`ì z\iip\g h`òdib{ \i_ zadn-
^\g t`\m{ dn `qd_ìo amjh ?dmb\ny ^pmmìo ]tg\rn: di oc` n\h` \mod^g` kmj-
qd_dib oc\o adn^\g t`\mn ì_ `q`mt K\m^c 31, oc` ]tg\rn \gnj no\o` oc\o ?dm-
b\ny _dm`ôjmn znc\gg n`g`ô di_`kì_ìo \p_dojmn oj \p_do oc` ]jjfn \i_ m`-
^jm_n ja oc` Ajmkjm\odji ajm oc` ^pmmìo UXbRP[ hTPa, np]e`ô oj oc` \kkmjq\g
ja oc` noj^fcjg_`mn Pc cWT P]]dP[ \TTcX]V.{ ?1606 )`hkc\ndn \__`_*.
Cqì ^jind_`mdib oc` rjm_ z\iip\g{ _dqjm^`_ amjh z\iip\g h`ò-
dib{ _j`n ijo mì_`m oc` ^jinompôdji ]`gjr \it hjm` nìnd]g`. R\f`, ajm
`s\hkg`, oc` _àdidodji ja z\iip\g{ diqjf`_ di oc` ^jpmoyn jkdidji:
+ 1 ^jq`mdib oc` k`mdj_ ja \ t`\m <P]]dP[ m\dia\gg= , 1 j^^pmmdib jm
c\kkìdib `q`mt t`\m jm ji^` \ t`\m: WC?PJW <\i P]]dP[ m`pidji=
- 1 ^jhkgòdib oc` gda` ^t^g` di ji` bmjrdib n`\nji jm ndibg` t`\m
<P]]dP[ kg\ion=.
KCPPG?K UC@QRCP BGARGML?PW )MLJGLC CBGRGML*, PePX[PQ[T Pc
cook://]do.gt/K`mU`]. Go ^\iijo nìnd]gt ]` n\d_ oc\o \ H\ip\mt \iip\g
h`òdib ji oc` c``gn ja \ Q`ko`h]`m \iip\g h`òdib z^jq`mYnZ%oc` k`mdj_
ja \ t`\m.{ Go _j`n ij np^c ocdib. Go ^jq`mn oc` k`mdj_ ja ajpm hjiocn.
Gi_``_, \iip\g h`òdibn \m` zji^` \ t`\m{ )ijo zord^` di ajpm
hjiocn{* `qìon di km`^dn`gt oc\o nìn`: oc`t z^jq`m oc` k`mdj_ ja \ t`\m{
]t \ggjrdib noj^fcjg_`mn oj `s`m^dn` oc`dm am\i^cdn` ]\n`_ ji \i \nn`nn-
36
hìo ja oc` ^jmkjm\odjiyn )\i_ ]t `soìndji oc` ]j\m_yn \i_ h\i\b`-

hìoyn* k`majmh\i^` jq`m oc` kmdjm t`\m. Qoj^fcjg_`mn m`^`dq` \i \iip\g
m`kjmo, ^jio\didib oc` ^jhk\ityn m`npgon ajm oc` adn^\g t`\m. Qoj^fcjg_`mn
o\f` noj^f ja oc` t`\m epno ì_`_. Rc\o dn rc\o \iip\g h`òdibn c\q` \g-
r\tn ]`ì pi_`mnojj_ oj ]` \]jpo. Go dn ijo \]jpo rcòc`m oc` g\no _dbdo di
oc` ^\gì_\m c\n ^c\ib`_ ndi^` oc` kmdjm \iip\g h`òdib. Rj ^jind_`m oc`
_àdidodji ja \i \iip\g h`òdib \n opmidib ji oc\o ^dm^phno\i^` dn ìodm`gt
\modad^d\g, _dqjm^`_ amjh \ôp\g km\ôd^` \i_ `^jijhd^ m`\gdot, \i_ pim`-
g\o`_ oj oc` pi_`mnojj_ apiôdji ja \iip\g h`òdibn oj `g`ô _dm`ôjmn.
Kjm`jq`m, oj mòpmi oj oc` _dôdji\mt _àdidodji ^do`_ ]t oc` ^jpmo ]`-
gjr )lpjo`_ \]jq`*: Ujpg_ \ hò`jmjgjbdno \bm`` oc\o m\dia\gg ]òr`ì
Q`ko`h]`m \i_ H\ip\mt dn z\iip\g m\dia\gg{> z?iip\g, amjh oc` J\odi P]+
]db, pnp\ggt h`\in t`\mgt, jm `q`mt or`gq` hjiocn. Uc`m`q`m pn`_ di
^jiom\ôn do dn ^jinomp`_ oj h`\i `q`mt or`gq` ^\gì_\m hjiocn. ?iip\g
dio`m`no dn k\t\]g` `q`mt or`gq` hjiocn. ?iip\g mìo dn ^jinomp`_ di oc`
n\h` r\t.{ CTePSP Tg aT[, 8dacXb q. BR8d[[^dVW, 3 L`q. 202, 224
)1867*. Jdf`rdn`, \iip\g ^jhkìn\odji dn k\t ajm or`gq` hjiocn ja
rjmf|ijo ajpm hjiocn. ?i_ \i \iip\g h`òdib c\kkìn ji^` `q`mt
or`gq` hjiocn, ijo ord^` di ajpm hjiocn. ?iip\g h`\in t`\mgt.
Ljm _j`n oc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mtyn kmà`mm`_ kcm\n`jgjbt, zji^` \
t`\m,{ npkkjmo don ^jinompôdji ja z\iip\g.{ Mk. 28. ?n `s\hkg`n ja ocdn
pn\b` ja z\iip\g,{ oc` _dôdji\md`n ^do`_ ]`gjr mà`m oj z<\i P]]dP[ m`pi-
dji=,{ KCPPG?K UC@QRCP, bd_aP, \i_ z<\i v `qìo= <\i v h\b\udi`=
Y\i_Z <\i v qdndo=,{ UC@QRCPyQ RFGPB LCU GLRyJ BGARGML?PW 88 )Ncdgdk
@\]^j^f Ejq` `_. 2002*. @po \i \iip\g m`pidji jm \iip\g `qìo dn ijo
c`g_, \i \iip\g h\b\udi` _j`n ijo kp]gdnc, \i_ \i \iip\g qdndo _j`n ijo
j^^pm, ord^` di ajpm hjiocn. Rj oc` ^jiom\mt, do j^^pmn zji^` \ t`\m,{ \i_
\ t`\m dn or`gq` hjiocn, jm, \n \ijoc`m _dôdji\mt ^do`_ ]`gjr kpo do:
? k`mdj_ ja \kkmjsdh\o`gt oc` _pm\odji ja \ ^\gì_\m t`\m: KT fTaT
\PaaXTS P hTPa PV^.
?KCPGA?L FCPGR?EC AMJJCEC BGARGML?PW 1587 )4oc `_. 2010* )`hkc\-
ndn di jmdbdi\g; lpjo`_ di k\mo \o Mk. 28 i.62*. Ga njh`ji` di H\ip\mt 2011
r`m` oj \nf, zrcì _d_ ?dmb\n cjg_ don g\no \iip\g h`òdib>{ oc` \inr`m
rjpg_ ijo ]` z\ t`\m \bj.{ Rc` \inr`m rjpg_ ]` zajpm hjiocn \bj.{
Rc\o dn ijo ji^` di or`gq` hjiocn jm ji^` \ t`\m, \i_ oj lpjo` oc` g`\_dib
g`b\g _dôdji\mt, do dn ijo ji^` di zY\Z ^jin`^podq` 365-_\t k`mdj_ ]`bdi-
37
idib \o \it kjdio.{ @J?AIyQ J?U BGARGML?PW 1754 )9oc `_. 2009* )_àd-
idodji ja \ zt`\m{*. ?i_ do dn ijo z\iip\g{ pi_`m ~ 211 jm oc` BEAJ.
N* @`tji_ ocdn, oc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mtyn ^jinompôdji ja z\iip\g{
^m`\o`n oìndji rdoc oc` \iip\g a`_`m\g m`kjmodib m`lpdm`hìon h\i_\o`_
ajm kp]gd^ ^jhk\id`n. QCA Ppg` 14\-3)]* kmjqd_`n oc\o da \ ^jhk\it nj-
gd^don kmjsd`n ajm \i z\iip\g w h`òdib ja n`^pmdot cjg_`mn w \o rcd^c
_dm`ôjmn \m` oj ]` `g`ô`_,{ oc` ^jhk\ityn zkmjst no\o`hìo{ hpno ]`
z\^^jhk\id`_ jm km`^`_`_ ]t \i \iip\g m`kjmo oj n`^pmdot cjg_`mn.{ 17
A.D.P. ~ 240.14\-3)]*. Rc` \iip\g m`kjmo hpno di^gp_` z\p_do`_ ]\g\i^`
nc`òn{ ajm zoc` orj hjno m`^ìo adn^\g t`\mn,{ \i_ z\p_do`_ no\o`hìon ja
di^jh` \i_ ^\nc agjrn ajm `\^c ja oc` ocm`` hjno m`^ìo adn^\g t`\mn{ ja
oc` ^jmkjm\odji. >S, ~ 240.14\-3)]*)1*. Rc` mpg`n ^jiadmh oc` kpmkjn` ja
c\qdib noj^fcjg_`m h`òdibn oc\o \m` P]]dP[5 cjg_dib h`òdibn `q`mt
or`gq` hjiocn, \ao`m oc` ^gjn` ja \ ^jhk\ityn adn^\g t`\m, \ggjrn noj^f-
cjg_`mn oj \nn`nn oc` ^jmkjm\odjiyn t`\mgt k`majmh\i^` ]àjm` ^\nodib oc`dm
qjo`n. Gi_``_, ji` ja oc` ^\n`n ^do`_ di oc` _`^dndji ]`gjr )Mk. 30 i. 64*
^jiadmhn ocdn kjdio. GTT AT]PWP] q. CPck[ 8^\_dcTa 6]P[hbcb 8â_,, 310
?.2_ 661, 663 )B`g Ac. 1973* )k`mhdoodib kjnokji`hìo ja zm`bpg\m \i-
ip\g h`òdib _\o` w \n adi\i^d\g m`kjmon r`m` \r\do`_{*.
O*% A\n` g\r amjh joc`m epmdn_dôdjin ^jiadmhn oc` ^jhhji nìn`
pi_`mno\i_dib oc\o z\iip\g{ h`òdibn hpno ]` c`g_ \kkmjsdh\o`gt ji`
t`\m \k\mo \i_ mè`ôn oc` ^jinompôdji ja z\iip\g{ \_jko`_ ]`gjr. Gi CP+
cWP] q. H^\_ZX]b, 2 Qj. 747, 750 )?g\. 1887*, \ ^jhk\ityn ]j\m_ ^c\ib`_
oc` ]tg\rn oj \_q\i^` \i \iip\g h`òdib ]t zi`\mgt \ t`\m{ di jm_`m oj
m`kg\^` njh` _dm`ôjmn \i_ ocpn oj \ggjr \ noj^fcjg_`m bmjpk zoj j]o\di
^jiomjg ja oc` ^jmkjm\odji ]t `g`ôdib \ _dm`ôjmt a\qjm\]g` oj Y\Z ^jinjgd-
_\odji.{ Rc` ^jpmo c`g_ oc\o oc` \^^`g`m\o`_ z`g`ôdji hpno ]` _`^g\m`_
diq\gd_.{ 2 Qj. \o 751. Rc` _dm`ôjmny zo`mh ja jaad^`{ ^jpg_ i`doc`m ]`
z\]mjb\o`Y_Z ijm `soì_Y`_Z w ]t h`m`gt ^c\ibdib oc` odh` ja oc` \iip\g
h`òdib ja oc` noj^fcjg_`mn.{ >S, Ga oc\o ^jpg_ c\kkì, m`\nji`_ oc` ^jpmo,
ocì \ ^jhk\it ^jpg_ c\q` zlp\mo`mgt jm hjiocgt `g`ôdjin ]t np^^`nndq`
\hì_hìon ja oc` ]tg\rn ^c\ibdib oc` odh` ja oc` \iip\g h`òdib.{ >S,
@po oc\o rjpg_ ^jiom\qì` oc` no\opo`, rcd^c|\n c`m`|z^jio`hkg\oY`nZ
jigt P]]dP[ `g`ôdjin.{ >S, )`hkc\ndn \__`_*; bTT P[b^ <^[S 7[dUU BX]X]V
' Ad\QTa 8â_, q. KWXc[^RZ, 55 ?. 175, 176 )Ajii. 1903* )ndhdg\m*.
Jdf`rdn`, di H^[TS^ HaPRcX^]* AXVWc ' E^fTa 8^, q. G\XcW, 205 D.
643 )L.B. Mcdj 1913*, nc\m`cjg_`mn \_q\i^`_ \i \iip\g h`òdib ]t idi`
hjiocn, nj oc\o orj r`m` c`g_ di ocm`` hjiocn. Rc` ^jpmo diq\gd_\o`_ oc`
38
`g`ôdji \o oc` \^^`g`m\o`_ h`òdib. Rc` m`\nji: z?gg oc` Mcdj no\opo`n
nk`\f ja P]]dP[ `g`ôdjin \o rcd^c _dm`ôjmn nc\gg ]` ^cjnì.{ >S, \o 646
)`hkc\ndn \__`_*. Adodib oc` no\opojmt mà`mì^`n oj z\iip\g{ `g`ôdjin,
oc` ^jpmo c`g_ )XS, \o 647*:
Rc` àa`ô ja oc` g\ibp\b` ja oc`n` no\opo`n dn ^g`\mgt oj h\f` oc`
o`mh ja \ _dm`ôjm m`bpg\mgt `g`ô`_ \o \i \iip\g h`òdib oj ]` ajm
ji` t`\m, jm piodg oc` i`so \iip\g `g`ôdji, \i_ oc\o ij kjr`m \]d_`n
di oc` noj^fcjg_`mn, di \it hòcj_ ncjmo ja m`hjq\g ajm ^\pn`, oj
ncjmoì ocdn o`mh.
Gi ncjmo, z\iip\g{ _j`n ijo h`\i zlp\mo`mgt jm hjiocgt,{ CPcWP], 2
Qj. \o 751, \it hjm` oc\i do h`\in zji^`-`q`mt-t`\m-\i_-\-c\ga-jm-nj,{
B;8 7P]Râ_, 844 ?.2_ \o 1021. Rc\o dn ijo jigt zoc` kjgd^t ocmpno ja
~ 211,{ do dn \gnj oc` z^g`\m dhkjmo ja oc` o`mh x\iip\g h`òdiby{ di ]joc
kg\di Cibgdnc \i_ jpm ^jmkjm\odji g\r. >S,
P*% Ddi\ggt, ^jiom\mt oj \ ajjoijo` di oc` _`^dndji ]`gjr )Mk. 38
i.87*, oc`m` dn ijocdib di^jindnoìo rdoc ocdn m`\_dib ja z\iip\g{ \i_ \
ijr-npk`mn`_`_ ?dmb\n ]tg\r. Rc\o ]tg\r c\_ kmjqd_`_ ajm ?dmb\n \i-
ip\g h`òdibn oj ]` c`g_ ji \ _\o` zrdocdi adq` )5* hjiocn \ao`m oc` ì_ ja
oc` adn^\g t`\m ja oc` Ajmkjm\odji.{ >S, Rc\o ocdn ]tg\r m`lpdm`_ oc` h`ò-
dib ]` c`g_ ]^ [PcTa oc\i \ k\mod^pg\m odh` _d_ ijo aT`dXaT ?dmb\n oj cjg_
\i \iip\g h`òdib b^^]Ta oc\i or`gq` hjiocn \ao`m oc` g\no \iip\g h`ò-
dib. Rc` ]tg\r ocpn _d_ ijo _dnkìn` rdoc, jm ^jiom\_dô, oc` no\opojmt m`-
lpdm`hìo oc\o h`òdibn oj `g`ô _dm`ôjmn ]` z\iip\g.{ Rj oc` ^jiom\mt,
oc\o ]tg\r nk`^dad^\ggt aTUTaaTS oj oc` h`òdibn \n ]`dib z\iip\g,{ \i_, ]t
mà`mmdib oj oc` ^jhk\ityn adn^\g t`\m, kmjqd_`_ oc\o orj \iip\g h`òdibn
^jpg_ ijo ]` c`g_ di \ ndibg` adn^\g t`\m. Rc` ]tg\r r\n \hì_`_ ]t oc`
]j\m_ \ao`m oc` ?dm Nmj_pôn o\f`jq`m ]d_ npma\^`_ ajm oc` pi_`mno\i_\]g`
m`\nji oc\o do h\_` ij nìn` ajm \ ^mdod^\g h`òdib di oc` a\^` ja \i pinj-
gd^do`_ ]d_ oj o\f` kg\^` di oc` q\^\odji hjioc ja ?pbpno.
39
::* C96 3H;2F E:>;2C6B 2:A82B_ 492AC6A*

2* @[MYZQVU ?XMYMUZML
Gn oc` @tg\r di^jindnoìo rdoc ?dmb\ny ^c\mo`m, \i_ cì^` diq\gd_ pi-
_`m BEAJ ~ 109)]*> Rcdn lp`nodji r\n m\dn`_ ]`gjr )?159-62* \i_ ^ji-
nd_`m`_ ]t oc` Ajpmo ja Ac\i^`mt )Mk. 15-21*.
3* BKVWM VN AM\QM]
GTT k. 13, bd_aP.
4* <MXQZY VN 2XO[TMUZ
I*% Rc` ^jpmo ]`gjr \gnj `mm`_ di ^ji^gp_dib oc\o oc` @tg\r ^jh-
kjmon rdoc ?dmb\ny ^c\mo`m )Mk. 17-21*. Rc` zV{ g\ibp\b` ja oc` ^c\mo`m
ncjpg_ ]` ^jinomp`_ oj ^jia`m ocm``-t`\m o`mhn ji ?dmb\ny `g`ô`_ _dm`^-
ojmn. Rc\o g\ibp\b` hpno ]` m`\_ di gdbco ja BEAJ ~ 102)]*)1*, rcd^c m`-
lpdm`n oc\o ^c\mo`m kmjqdndjin h\t ijo ]` z^jiom\mt oj oc` g\rn ja ocdn
Qo\o`.{ 8 9T[, 8, ~ 102)]*)1*. ?^^jm_dibgt, oc` ^c\mo`m kmjqdndji bjq`mi-
dib ?dmb\ny no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ hpno ]` m`\_ ^jindnoìogt rdoc BEAJ
~ 141)_*, rcd^c, \n ncjri di ?mbphìo N\mo G \]jq`, `no\]gdnc`n oc\o _d-
m`ôjmn ji ocm``-^g\nn ]j\m_n c\q` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn. GTT ATeXcc 8â_, q.
DUUXRT 9T_^c* >]R., 2008 UJ 1724244, \o +5 )B`g. Ac.* )o`mh di ]tg\r r\n
pi\h]dbpjpn rc`m`, \hjib joc`m ocdibn, don h`\idib r\n ^jindnoìo rdoc
oc` BEAJ*; J^];T[Sc q. GcXUT[ ;X],, 1999 UJ 413393, \o +3 )B`g. Ac.*
)\_jkodib m`\_dib ja ]tg\r oc\o r\n z^jindnoìo rdoc{ \i_ znpkkjmoY`_Z
oc` kjgd^t{ ja oc` \kkgd^\]g` no\opo`*.
J*% Gi \__dodji, oc` ^c\mo`m hpno ]` m`\_ \n \ rcjg`. @`^\pn` ^ji-
om\ô g\ibp\b` hpno ijo ]` m`\_ zdi \ q\^pph{ ]po m\oc`m zrdocdi oc` ^ji-
o`so ja oc` \bm``hìo di rcd^c do dn gj^\o`_,{ IG6 8PQ[T q. Kâ[S KaTb+
c[X]V ;TSk] :]c\kc, 2000 UJ 875682, \o +8 )B`g. Ac.*, PUUkS, 766 ?.2_
462 )B`g. 2000*, \ zY^Z`modad^\o` ncjpg_ ]` m`\_ \n \ rcjg` \i_, da kjnnd]g`,
dio`mkmò`_ oj m`^ji^dg` \gg ja oc` kmjqdndjin ja oc` _j^phìo.{ @PXbTa
6[d\X]d\ 8â_, q. BPcWTb^], 681 ?.2_ 392, 395 )B`g. 1996*.
?i_ c`m` oc` ?dmb\n ^c\mo`m pilp`nodji\]gt|\i_ m`k`\o`_gt|
màg`ôn \i dioìodji ijo oj \ggjr _dm`ôjmn oj ]` pin`\o`_ ]àjm` oc`dm
40
o`mhn ì_ `s^`ko ]t \ 67' qjo` ja \gg jpono\i_dib nc\m`n. Rcm`` n`k\m\o`
^c\mo`m kmjqdndjin h\f` ocdn dioìodji ^g`\m.
;Xabc, ?mo. 5, ~ 3 ja ?dmb\ny ^c\mo`m kmjqd_`n oc\o _dm`ôjmn h\t ]`
m`hjq`_ rdocjpo ^\pn` z^][h Qh cWT PUUXa\PcXeT e^cT Û cWT W^[STab Û 34&
ja oc` ^jh]di`_ qjodib kjr`m ja oc` ocì jpono\i_dib nc\m`n ja noj^f ìod-
og`_ oj qjo` bì`m\ggt di oc` `g`ôdji ja Bdm`ôjmn{|\ m`hjq\g kmjqdndji
k`mhdoo`_ pi_`m oc` 1974 \__dodji oj oc` no\opo` ja BEAJ ~ 141)f*)1*.
?1614 )`hkc\ndn \__`_*. GTR^]S, ?mo. 5, ~ 7 m`diajm^`n ocdn kmjqdndji ]t
`no\]gdncdib oc\o ?mo. 5 ja oc` ^c\mo`m|rcd^c \gnj ^jio\din ijo jigt oc`
npk`mh\ejmdot m`hjq\g kmjqdndji, ]po kmjqd_`n ajm \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_|
^\iijo ]` \hì_`_ `s^`ko ]t oc` n\h` 67' npk`mh\ejmdot qjo`. ?1614.
?i_, cWXaS, ?mo. 5, ~ 6 kmjqd_`n oc\o ?mo. GGG ja oc` ]tg\rn|oc` ]tg\r \mod-
^g` kmjqd_dib ajm \ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_|gdf`rdn` ^\iijo ]` \hì_`_, `s^`ko
]t oc` n\h` 67' npk`mh\ejmdot qjo`. ?1614.
Rc` @tg\r ^\iijo ]` m`^ji^dg`_ rdoc oc`n` ^c\mo`m kmjqdndjin, \o dn-
np` c`m`, ]`^\pn` do rjpg_ ì_ oc` _dm`ôjmny o`mhn di g`nn oc\i ocm`` t`\mn
]t \ qjo` ja g`nn oc\i 67'|di_``_, g`nn oc\i \ h\ejmdot|ja oc` jpo-
no\i_dib nc\m`n. Ajiom\mt oj oc` npbb`nodji ja oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr )Mk. 27
i.58*, oc` _jômdi` ja di_`kì_ìo g`b\g ndbidad^\i^` _j`n ijo n\q` oc` @t-
g\r. Djm \b\di, oc` lp`nodji dn rcòc`m, m`\_ \n \ rcjg`, oc` ^jiom\ô|oc`
^c\mo`m|dn ^jindnoìo rdoc \ ]tg\r kpmkjmodib oj \ggjr oc` _dm`ôjmny
o`mhn oj ]` ]mjpbco oj \ ajm`ncjmoì`_ ì_ ]t g`nn oc\i \ npk`mh\ejmdot
qjo`. Rc` ?dmb\n ^c\mo`m dn ijo ^jindnoìo rdoc oc\o m`npgo. Go dn di^ji^`dq-
\]g` oc\o oc` _m\aonk`mnji ja oc\o ^c\mo`m dioì_`_ oj \ggjr ajm oc` ^g\nnd-
ad`_ _dm`ôjmn oj ]` km`h\opm`gt qjo`_ jpo ja jaad^` `s^`ko ]t \ npk`mh\-
ejmdot qjo`. Gi_``_, oc` ?dmb\n ^c\mo`m kmjqd_`n \ ^g`\m k\oc ajm jpnodib \
_dm`ôjm di oc` hd__g` ja oc` _dm`ôjmyn o`mh: ]t ^\ggdib \ nk`^d\g h`òdib
)rcd^c m`lpdm`n jigt 33' ja oc` noj^fcjg_`mn, bTT ?1614*, \i_ ocì qjo-
dib oj m`hjq` oc` _dm`ôjm ]t oc` m`lpdndo` 67', \n k`mhdoo`_ ]t BEAJ
~ 141)f*, bTT ?1614.
K*% Ddi\ggt, oc` ^jpmo ]`gjryn m`\_dib ja oc` ^c\mo`m dn ijo n\q`_ ]t
oc` mpg` oc\o zYrZcì \ ^jmkjm\o` ^c\mo`m dn \gg`b`_ oj ^jio\di \ m`nomdôdji
ji oc` api_\hìo\g `g`ôjm\g mdbcon ja noj^fcjg_`mn,{ zoc` m`nomdôdji hpno
]` x^g`\m \i_ pi\h]dbpjpny oj ]` ìajm^`\]g`.{ Mk. 10 i.19 )lpjodib
=PaaPWkb :]c\kc q. ?88 =^[SX]V 8^,, 802 ?.2_ 294, 310 )B`g. Ac. 2002**.
Rc\o mpg` c\n ij \kkgd^\]dgdot c`m`.
41
?n ncjri \]jq`, ?dmb\ny ^c\mo`m dn pi\h]dbpjpn di kmjqd_dib ajm \

no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_ ja ocm``-t`\m o`mhn pi_`m BEAJ ~ 141)_*. Rc`m` r\n ij
]\ndn ajm oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr oj diqjf` \ _à\pgo zmpg` ja ^jinompôdji di a\qjm
ja am\i^cdn` mdbcon.{ Mk. 20. GTT ATeXcc 8â_,, 2008 UJ 1724244, \o +6
i.37 )zYRZc` mpg` oc\o _jp]o npmmjpi_dib oc` h`\idib ja ^jmkjm\o` ^c\mo`m
\i_ ]tg\r kmjqdndjin ncjpg_ ]` m`njgq`_ di a\qjm ja nc\m`cjg_`m _`hj^-
m\^t dn ijo dhkgd^\o`_ ]t \i pi\h]dbpjpn ^jiom\ô.{*; bTT P[b^ <T]cX[T q.
GX]V[TE^X]c ;X],, 788 ?.2_ 111, 113 )B`g. 2001* )rc`m` ^jmkjm\o` _j^p-
hìo dn zpi\h]dbpjpn, oc` Ajpmo i``_ ijo dio`mkmò do jm n`\m^c ajm oc` k\m-
od`ny dioìo{*; CT_P q, BPacP, 415 ?.2_ 470, 473 )B`g. 1980* )zYGZi oc` \]-
nì^` ja \h]dbpdot, oc`m` dn ij mjjh ajm ^jinompôdji.{*.
Cqì da oc`m` r`m` njh` \h]dbpdot di ?dmb\ny ^c\mo`m, oc` znoj^f-
cjg_`m am\i^cdn`{ ^\iji nodgg rjpg_ ijo \kkgt. ?n pn`_ ]t oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr,
ocdn ^\iji ^\i ]`no ]` k\m\kcm\n`_ \n zrcì di _jp]o, oc` od` bj`n oj oc`
noj^fcjg_`mn ]`^\pn` oc`t qjo`_ ]t kgpm\gdot oj \_jko oc` @tg\r.{ @po oc`
mpg` ja ^jinompôdji kmjk`mgt \kkgd`_ dn a\m hjm` aj^pn`_ oc\i oc\o: do dn
ijo \ gd^ìn` oj ^jinomp` \it \i_ \gg ^c\mo`m o`mhn di a\qjm ja oc` q\gd_dot
ja \ ]tg\r \_jko`_ ]t \ noj^fcjg_`m qjo`. Rj oc` ^jiom\mt, do \kkgd`n jigt
oj zm`nomdôdjiYnZ% ji oc` Ud]SP\T]cP[ T[TRcâP[ aXVWcb ja noj^fcjg_`mn.{
=PaaPWkb, 802 ?.2_ \o 310 )`hkc\ndn \__`_*. Cq`mt ^\n` ^do`_ ]t oc`
^jpmo ]`gjr )Mk. 10 ( i.19, Mk. 20 ( i.39* \kkgd`_ oc` mpg` oj np^c m`-
nomdôdjin|np^c \n \ gdhdo ji \ nc\m`cjg_`myn \]dgdot oj ijhdi\o` _dm`ôjmn
jm \i di^m`\n` di oc` k`m^ìo\b` ja oc` qjo` m`lpdm`_ oj \hì_ \ ^jh-
k\ityn ]tg\rn. GTT ?6C6 BPbcTa ;d]S* AcS, q. 8C:H CTcfâZb* >]R,, 954
?.2_ 335, 345-46 )B`g. Ac. 2008* )rc`m` ]tg\r \mbp\]gt zdhkjn`Y_Z m`-
nomdôdjin \i_ m`lpdm`hìon ji oc` ijhdi\odji kmj^`nn,{ ^jpmo gjjf`_ oj
oc` ^\iji oj m`njgq` oc` \h]dbpdot \b\dino np^c m`nomdôdjin ji zxoc` am``
`s`m^dn` ja om\_dodji\g `g`ôjm\g mdbcony{*; D_T]fPeT Ghb, >]R, q. =PaQX]VTa
8P_XcP[ EPac]Tab, 924 ?.2_ 228, 239 )B`g. Ac. 2007* )]tg\r \mbp\]gt
zpi_pgt m`nomdôY`_Z oc` noj^fcjg_`m am\i^cdn`{ ]t m`lpdmdib \_q\i^` ijod^`
ja nc\m`cjg_`myn dioìo oj ijhdi\o` _dm`ôjmn*; =PaaPWkb, 802 ?.2_ \o 296
)^c\mo`m \gg`b`_gt zm`nomdôY`_Z Yoc` nc\m`cjg_`mZ amjh `s`m^dndib ^jm` `g`^-
ojm\g mdbcon{ ]t gdhdodib don \]dgdot oj ijhdi\o` hjm` oc\i ji` _dm`ôjm*;
8T]cPda EPac]Tab* >J q. CPck[ >]cTaVa^d_* >]R., 582 ?.2_ 923, 927 )B`g.
1990* )^c\mo`m \mbp\]gt z_dnìam\i^cdnY`_Z oc` h\ejmdot{ ]t dhkjndib \i
80' npk`mh\ejmdot qjodib m`lpdm`hìo ji ]tg\r \hì_hìon*.
Rc`m` dn ij np^c zapi_\hìo\g `g`ôjm\g mdbco{ di e`jk\m_t c`m`.
F`m`, oc` api_\hìo\g lp`nodji m\dn`_ ]t oc` @tg\r dn ijo rcòc`m oj apm-
42
oc`m jm oj _à`\o oc` noj^fcjg_`m am\i^cdn`. P\oc`m, oc` lp`nodji dn oc`

h`\idib ja oc` no\bb`m`_-]j\m_ kmjqdndji oc\o dn di kg\^` ajm oc` ]ìàdo ja
\gg oc` noj^fcjg_`mn. Ac\i^`ggjm Q`dou a\^`_ hp^c oc` n\h` lp`nodji di
:bbT]cXP[ :]cTa_aXbTb, rcì c` \__m`nn`_ oc` \mbphìo oc\o, z\n \ h\oo`m
ja kjgd^t,{ _dm`ôjmn zc\q` ij xq`no`_y dio`m`no di oc`YdmZ jaad^`YnZ \n
\b\dino oc` xjri`mny ja oc` ^jmkjm\odji.{ 159 ?.2_ \o 291. Gi rjm_n
`lp\ggt \ko c`m`, oc` Ac\i^`ggjm mè`ô`_ oc\o \kk`\g oj h\mbdi\gdu` oc`
no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_:
Rcdn h\t ]` nj ]po zoc`m` \m` r\tn{ oj _j ocdibn \i_ `sk`_dì^t dn
\ kjjm np]nodopo` ajm m`\nji\]g` km`_dô\]dgdot di jpm ]pndi`nn nj^d-
òt. ?ao`m \gg, oc` noj^fcjg_`mn \_jko`_ oc` no\bb`m`_ o`mh kmjqdndji
rdoc don _dnk`mndji ja ]j\m_ m`nkjindqì`nn oj oc` rdnc`n ja don
noj^fcjg_`mn.
>S,
@`tji_ ocdn, oc`m` dn ij ]\ndn oj \kkgt oc` znoj^fcjg_`m am\i^cdn`{
^\iji oj dio`mkmò oc` o`mh z\iip\g h`òdib,{ ]`^\pn` oc\o o`mh dn ìodm`gt
]TdcaP[ rdoc m`nk`ô oj oc` noj^fcjg_`m am\i^cdn`. Rc`m` ^\i ]` ij npbb`n-
odji oc\o \it ^jinompôdji ja oc` o`mh rjpg_ ^po ]\^f ji oc` zapi_\hìo\g
`g`ôjm\g mdbcon ja oc` noj^fcjg_`mn{ rdoc m`nk`ô oj ?dmb\ny i`so \iip\g
h`òdib. P`b\m_g`nn ja cjr oc` \gg`b`_ \h]dbpdot dn m`njgq`_, ?dmb\n rdgg
nodgg c\q` \i z\iip\g h`òdib{ di 2011, \i_ don noj^fcjg_`mn rdgg ]` \]g` oj
`s`m^dn` oc`dm api_\hìo\g mdbco oj qjo` Pc cWPc \TTcX]V. Rc` jigt _dnkpo`
^ji^`min fWT] oc\o h`òdib rdgg o\f` kg\^`. 8U, 8T]cPda EPac]Tab, 582
?.2_ \o 927 )zRcpn, \ cdbc qjo` m`lpdm`hìo h\t kmjo`ô \ hdijmdot nc\m`-
cjg_`m \b\dino nlp`ù`-jpo o`^cidlp`n `hkgjt`_ ]t dinpmbìon \]g` oj
^jhh\i_ \ ]\m` h\ejmdot ja qjo`n.{*.
Ga \itocdib, do dn ?dm Nmj_pôny kmjaa`m`_ ^jinompôdji ja oc` ^c\mo`m,
rcd^c rjpg_ \ggjr \ ^jhk\it oj c\q` orj z\iip\g h`òdibn{ di oc` nk\^`
ja ajpm hjiocn di oc` n\h` adn^\g t`\m, oc\o ocm`\oìn oj m`nomdô \ api_\-
hìo\g nc\m`cjg_`m mdbco|i\h`gt, oc` nc\m`cjg_`myn zmdbco oj diajmh`_
k\mod^dk\odji di oc` ^jmkjm\o` `g`ôdji kmj^`nn.{ HP]ShRaPUcb* >]R, q. >]XcX^
EPac]Tab, 562 ?.2_ 1162, 1166 )B`g. 1989*. Ga ?dmb\n dn ajm^`_ oj ^ji_pô
orj z\iip\g h`òdibn{ rdocdi ajpm hjiocn, noj^fcjg_`mn qjodib \o oc` n`^-
ji_ h`òdib rdgg ]` _`kmdq`_ ja oc` \]dgdot oj ep_b` oc` k`majmh\i^` ja oc`
^jhk\ityn _dm`ôjmn ]\n`_ ji \ apgg t`\myn m`npgon. ?dm Nmj_pôny kjndodji
rjpg_ \gnj m`nomdô, da ijo ipggdat, oc` am\i^cdn` mdbcon ja oc` noj^fcjg_`mn
rcj `g`ô`_ oc` ^pmmìo ^g\nn ja _dm`ôjmn ]t `s`m^dndib oc`dm `g`ôjm\g mdbco
43
oj `g`ô _dm`ôjmn rcj rjpg_ n`mq` oc` ijmh\g ocm``-t`\m o`mh ja \ no\b-
b`m`_ ]j\m_ \i_ rcj oc`m`]t rjpg_ ]` \]g` oj pn` oc`dm _dm`ôjmd\g kjr`m
oj kmjo`ô oc` dio`m`non ja \gg noj^fcjg_`mn, di^gp_dib oc` h\ejmdot ja oc`
jpono\i_dib rcj _d_ ijo qjo` ajm oc` @tg\r.
L*% ?o oc` n\h` odh`, oc` \i\gtndn ja oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr a\dg`_ oj bdq`
P]h r`dbco oj oc` j]qdjpn \i_ pi_dnkpo`_ ^jhhji pi_`mno\i_dib, \i_ oc`
km\ôd^` \o ?dmb\n don`ga \i_ ^jmkjm\odjin bì`m\ggt, oc\o no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_
_dm`ôjmn n`mq` ocm``-t`\m o`mhn, \i_ oc\o \iip\g h`òdibn \m` ijo c`g_ ajpm
hjiocn \k\mo di oc` m`\g rjmg_. GTT AâX[[PaS H^QPRR^ 8^. q. 6\, ATVPRh
;^d]S,, 903 ?.2_ 728, 740 )B`g. 2006* )di dio`mkmòdib ^jiom\ôp\g g\i-
bp\b`, ^jpmo hpno ^jind_`m m`g`q\io di_pnomt zbgjnn{*; IG6 8PQ[T q.
Kâ[S KaTbc[X]V ;TSk] :]c\kc, 766 ?.2_ 462, 474 )B`g. 2000* )n\h`*.
M*% N`mc\kn hjno api_\hìo\ggt, oc` ji`-nd_`_ m`gd\i^` ]t oc` ^jpmo
]`gjr ji a\qjmdib oc` znoj^fcjg_`m am\i^cdn`{ a\dg`_ oj bdq` \it r`dbco oj
oc` kjgd^t kpmkjn` ]`cdi_ no\bb`m`_ ]j\m_n pi_`m B`g\r\m` g\r|oj kmj-
hjo` ^jiodipdot ja g`\_`mncdk \i_ oj ìc\i^` oc` g`q`m\b` ja _dm`ôjmn
a\^`_ rdoc pinjgd^do`_ o\f`jq`m ]d_n. ?it ^jinompôdji ja \ no\bb`m`_
]j\m_ ^c\mo`m kmjqdndji jpbco ijo ]` h\_` ]gdi_ oj oc` j]qdjpn kpmkjn` ja
oc` kmjqdndji, `nk`^d\ggt rcì oc\o kpmkjn` màg`ôn \ api_\hìo\g ep_b-
hìo ja oc` J`bdng\opm` oj k`mhdo B`g\r\m` ^jmkjm\odjin \i_ oc`dm _dm`^-
ojmn oj c\q` \i_ oj podgdu` \ h`\npm` ja ìc\i^`_ g`q`m\b` rcì a\^`_
rdoc cjnodg` ]d_n ajm ^jiomjg ]t k\mod`n dio`m`no`_ njg`gt di k\tdib oc` gjr-
`no kjnnd]g` kmd^`. GTT ATeXcc, 2008 UJ 1724244, \o +5 )o`mh di ]tg\r
r\n pi\h]dbpjpn rc`m`, \hjib joc`m ocdibn, don h`\idib r\n ^jindnoìo
rdoc oc` BEAJ*; J^];T[Sc, 1999 UJ 413393, \o +3 )\^^`kodib m`\_dib ja
]tg\r oc\o r\n z^jindnoìo rdoc{ \i_ znpkkjmoY`_Z oc` kjgd^t{ ja oc` \k-
kgd^\]g` no\opo`*.
44
:::* C96 3H;2F A6@D:A65 2 /0& E>C6*

2*% @[MYZQVU ?XMYMUZML
Bd_ oc` @tg\r m`lpdm` \ 67' qjo` ja jpono\i_dib nc\m`n oj ]` g\r-
apggt ì\ô`_ pi_`m ?dmb\ny ^c\mo`m, \i_, \n \ m`npgo, dn do piìajm^`\]g`>
Rcdn lp`nodji r\n m\dn`_ ]`gjr )?162-64* \i_ ^jind_`m`_ ]t oc` Ajpmo ja
Ac\i^`mt )Mk. 11-15*.
3*% BKVWM VN AM\QM]
GTT k. 13, bd_aP.
4*% <MXQZY VN 2XO[TMUZ
I*% Rc` @tg\r dn \gnj diq\gd_ ]`^\pn` do _d_ ijo m`^`dq` oc` m`lpdndo`
qjo` pi_`m ?mo. 5, ~ 6 ja oc` ?dmb\n ^c\mo`m. Rc\o kmjqdndji m`lpdm`n oc\o
\it ]tg\r \hì_hìo zdi^jindnoìo rdoc{ ?mo. GGG ja oc` ]tg\rn hpno j]-
o\di oc` qjo` ja 67' ja oc` jpono\i_dib nc\m`n. ?1614. ?mo. GGG, ~ 1 ja oc`
]tg\rn \__m`nn`n oc` ^g\nndad^\odji ja oc` ?dmb\n ]j\m_, \i_ km`n^md]`n oc`
o`mh ja oc` _dm`ôjmn di oc` n\h` h\ii`m \n oc` ^c\mo`m \i_ BEAJ
~ 141)_*|kmjqd_dib ajm oc` _dm`ôjmn oj n`mq` piodg zoc` \iip\g h`òdib ja
noj^fcjg_`mn c`g_ di Yoc`Z ocdm_ t`\m ajggjrdib oc` t`\m ja oc`dm `g`ôdji.{
?1599. Qdi^` oc\o ]tg\r kmjqdndji j]qdjpngt hpno ]` m`\_ ^jindnoìo rdoc
oc` ^c\mo`m \i_ ~ 141)_*, oc` @tg\r dn di^jindnoìo rdoc do \i_ \^^jm_dibgt
diq\gd_ ajm a\dgpm` oj j]o\di oc` m`lpdm`_ qjo`.
J*% Mi ocdn kjdio \n r`gg, oc` ^jpmo ]`gjr `mm`_ ]t dbijmdib oc` `no\]-
gdnc`_ h`\idib ja oc` ^g\nndad^\odji g\ibp\b` \i_ ]t m`gtdib ji oc` kmjkj-
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a\qjm oc` noj^fcjg_`m am\i^cdn`. Qpk`mh\ejmdot qjo` m`lpdm`hìon \m` ijo
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Airgas' Brief

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Airgas' Brief

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IN THE

AIRGAS , INC., JAMES HOVEY, PAULA No. 649, 2010

OPENING BRIEF FOR APPELLANTS

Of Counsel: POTTER ANDERSON & CORROON LLP

October 18, 2010

L?RSPC MD RFC NPMACCBGLEQ........................................................1

QSKK?PW MD ?PESKCLR .................................................................2

QR?RCKCLR MD D?ARQ ........................................................................6

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GG. RFC @WJ?U TGMJ?RCQ ?GPE?Qy AF?PRCP.....................39

GGG. RFC @WJ?U PCOSGPCB ? 67' TMRC. ................................44

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