oD&dvuFmAk'<bmomordkif;

0gvfydkvm &m[kvm
History of Buddhism in Ceylon
by
Walpola Rahula

oD&dvuFmEdkifiHum; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;onf/ EdkifiHi,f

oavmuf pmay? ,Ofaus;rIESihf ordkif;tpOftvm &Snfvsm;
jrifhrm;onf/ ,aeY jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pmoifom; &[ef;awmf
rsm; oifMum;aeMu&aom jrwfAk'¨\ rl&if; ygVdawmfrsm;udk
t"dyÜm,f zGifhqdkonhf t|uxmusrf;rsm; tm;vkH;eD;yg;rSm
wkdif;wpfyg;om;wdkY em;vnfEdkifap&ef &nf½G,fí a&S;a[mif; t&Sifauvmo
oD[dkVfbmomjzihf a&;om;xm;onhf rl&if; oD[dkVf t|uxm
usrf;rsm;rS at'D ig;&mpk tcsdefu ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkcJhaom
"rRmp&d,/ B.A. (Philo) M.A. (Buddhism)
usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/ jrefrmjyefonf
C t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
 
tcef; 8
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1
wnfaqmufykH
tcef; 9
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm; 2
219-256
oD&dvuFmAk'<bmomordkif;
tEk&m"yk&acwf (bDpD 3 &mpk - at'D 10 &mpk)
ausmif;wdkuftkyfcsKyfa&; 255-282
tcef; 10 0gvfydkvm &m[kvm
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1
wdk;wufrIrsm; 285-315
History of Buddhism in Ceylon
The Anuradhapura Period
tcef; 11 3rd Century BC – 10th Century AC
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
317-354 by
tcef; 12
Walpola Rahula
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 3 357-382
NcKd;NcHpGmusihfokH;jcif;
tcef; 13
oD[dkVf &[EÅmrsm; 385-404
tcef; 14
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\ b0 1
vlrIa&; 407-447
t&Sifauvmo
tcef; 15 "rRmp&d,/ B.A (Philo) M.A. (Buddhism)
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\ b0 2 jrefrmjyefonf
bmoma&; 449-460
tcef; 16
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 463-493
 rmwdum

bmomjyefol\ rdwfquf i-ps

usrf;jyKol\ trSmpm 1-6
ABBREVIATIONS 7
ed'gef;
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 9-43
tcef; 1
tdEd́,ordkif;aemufcH 54-64
tcef; 2
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH 1
vlrIa&;tajctae 67-94
tcef; 3
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH 2
bmoma&;tajctae 19-117
tcef; 4
Ak'¨0g' jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 119-139
ykHESdyf&mZ0if tcef; 5
Ak'¨0g' EdkifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 141-163
254 N Wickiup Road
Apache Junction, AZ 85219 tcef; 6
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 165-184
tcef; 7
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 187-216
Z t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; rmwdum i

ESihf tjcm; twk,lzG,f oD[dkVfjzpf&yfrsm;ESihf tvGefyif &if;ESD;Mu tcef; 17

onf/ ,if;odkY &if;ESD;aeoavmufvnf; orkdif;wGif xif&Sm; ynma&; 495-518
onhf oD&dvuFm omoemh0efaqmif yk*¾KdvfausmfwdkY\ omoem
jyK pdwf"mwf? &ufa&mrIESihf trsm;aumif;usKd; aqmif½GufrIrsm; aemufqufwGJ 1
rSm Ak'¨0g'D jrefrmwdkY\ ESvkH;om;ü tenf;ESihftrsm; ae&m,l r[m0d[m&[lonf 521-523
vTrf;rdk;vsuf &Sdonf/ ,if;wdkY\ aqmif½Gufrsm;tay: av;pm; aemufqufwGJ 2
twk,lvsufvnf; &SdMuonf/ acwftvdkuf ordkif;jzpfpOfrsm; 524-527
oD&dvuFmEdkifiHum; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;onf/ EdkifiHi,f aemufqufwGJ 3
oavmuf pmay? ,Ofaus;rIESihf ordkif;tpOftvm &Snfvsm; oD[dkVf rif;qufrsm; 528-532
jrifhrm;onf/ ,aeY jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pmoifom; &[ef;awmfrsm;
oifMum;aeMu&aom jrwfAk'¨\ rl&if; ygVdawmfrsm;udk t"dyÜm,f
zGifhqdkonhf t|uxmusrf;rsm; tm;vkH;eD;yg;rSm wkdif;wpfyg;om;
wdkY em;vnfEdkifap&ef &nf½G,fí a&S;a[mif; oD[dkVfbmomjzihf  
a&;om;xm;onhf rl&if; oD[dkVft|uxmusrf;rsm;rS at'D ig;
&mpktcsdefu ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkcJhaom usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/ wpf
enf;tm;jzihfqdkrl ax&0g' tpOftvmu vufcHxm;onhf jrwf
Ak'¨\ w&m;awmfrsm;tay: t"dyÜm,faumuf,lrI tm;vkH;rSm
oD[dkVfynm&SifwdkY oD[dkVfbmomjzihf a&;om;jyKpkxm;aom ydkYcs
pOfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh oD[dkVf vlrsKd;wdkY\ pmaytqifhtwef;udk
cefYrSef;MunhfEdkifonf/ ,if;ydkYcspOfonfvnf; bDpD 3 &mpku oD&D
vuFmEdkifiHodkY Ak'¨omomoemudk ,laqmifoGm;cJhol tdEd́,{u
&mZf taomu\om;awmf t&Sifr[dE´ESifh omoemjyK yk*¾KdvfwdkY
\ ydkYcspOfyif jzpfonf/ t&Sifr[dE´\ ydkYcspOf[lonf jrwfAk'¨
y&dedAmÁ ef pHawmfrlcsdefrSpí rjywfvyfaom rax&f tpOftquf
wdkY\ ydkYcspOfyif jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf oD&dvuFmEdkifiHtm; ax&
0g' tpOftvmudk rysuf,Gif;atmif aumif;pGm xdef;odrf;xm;
cJhonhf EdkifiHtjzpf *kPf,lav;pm;&rnf jzpfonf/
,if;odkY ordkif;ESihf ,Ofaus;rI tpOftvm BuD;rm;ívnf;
oD&dvuFmonf tEÅ&m,f taESmihft,Suf trsKd;rsKd;? usL;ausmf
 bmomjyefol \ rdwfqufpum;
jrefrmEdkifiH Ak'¨omoem ordkif;onf oD&dvuFmEdkifiH Ak'¨bmom
ordkif;ESihf acwftqufqufwGif ywfoufrI&SdcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH
ü ax&0g' tkwfjrpfudk csay;cJhonhf &Sift&[Honfyif oD&d
vuFmEdkifiHrS <uvmoljzpfaMumif; tqdk&Sdonf/ yk*HacwfrSonf
,aeY acwfwkdifatmifyif jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;onf oD&dvuFm
odkY <ua&mufNyD; tcsKdU ynmoif,?l tcsKdUrSm Ak'¨"r® jyefYyGm;a&;
twGuf aqmif½Gufvsuf&SdMuonf/ rGefbk&if "r®apwDrif;onf
jrefrmEdkifiHrS yÍöif;avmif; omraPrsm;udk oD&dvuFmEdkifiH&Sd
uvsmPDjrpftwGif; a&odrfü &[ef;cHNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHü pifMu,f
oefY&Sif;onhf omoemrsKd;qufopfwpf&yfudk wnfaxmifcJhonf/
oD&dvuFmrS ynmwwf &[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHodkY <u
a&mufNyD; omoemjyKjcif;? odu©mopfcH,ljcif;rsm; &SdcJhMuonf/
'Dy0if? r[m0if? aAm"d0ifpaom ygVdrS jrefrmjyefqdkxm;
onhf usrf;rsm;? ,if;usrf;wdkYudk tajccHonhf Zdew¬yumoeD
ponfESihf jrefrm&mZ0ifrsm;\ ed'gef;ydkif;ponhf jrefrmbmom
usrf;pmrsm;udk zwf&jcif;? xdkxdk "r®uxdu q&mawmfrsm;u
,if;usrf;*efrsm;rS Zmwf0w¬K taMumif;t&mrsm;udk xkwfazmfNyD;
erlemjyK a[majymjcif;rsm;aMumihf Ak'¨0g'D jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkYonf
t&Sifr[dE´? t&SifroCFrdwåm? taomu? a'0geHyd,wdó? 0¥
*grPd? 'k|*grPd? jAm[®Pwdóolykefab;? r[m0d[m&ausmif;
wdkufpaomtrnfrsm;? &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY\ taMumif;t&mrsm;
X t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
r[m0Ho#Dum? aAm"d0Ho#Dum? &o0g[deDESihf oD[dkVfbmomjzihf
a&;om;onhf edum,o*F[usrf;rsm;rSm rl&if;usrf;wdkY\ pmrsuf
ESmtwkdif; jzpfygonf/ r[m0Hopmudk,fudk udk;um;&mü yxr
*Pef;rSm tcef;udk &nfñTef;NyD; 'kwd, *Pef;rSm *gxmyk'f
eHygwfudk qdkvdkonf/ Oyrm r[m0Ho 35;46 [kqdkvQif r[m0H
o tcef; 35? *gxm trSwf 46 [k em;vnf&ef jzpfonf/ 'Dy0H
ousrf;udk udk;um;&müvnf; xdkenf;twl jzpfonf/
pmayokawoDrsm;taejzihf oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomordkif;udk
avhvmrIrSwpfqihf ppfrSefonhf Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m A[kokw t
axGaxGudk &&SdNyD; xdkxdk ygVdawmf t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü yg&Sdonhf
azmfjycsufrsm;tay: tawG;tjrifopfrsm;jzihf ydkrdkem;vnfvmEdkif
vdrhfrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/
t&Sifauvmo
t&DZdk;em;jynfe,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/
30 Zlvdkif? 2008/ n 11;37 em&D/
bmomjyefol\ rdwfqufpum; ps
wdkufcdkufcH&rI taxGaxGESihf vufatmufjyKcH&rI tBudrfBudrf
&Sdvihfum; EdkifiHESifh vlrsKd; ,aeYwdkif tajcrysufbJ wnfwHhae
Edkifjcif; jzpfonf/ oD&dvuFmonf 'wfcsf? ay:wl*DESihf NAdwdoQwdkY
\ udkvdkeDb0odkY ESpfaygif; ig;&mavmuf usa&mufcJhonhf wdkif
atmif ,aeYacwfwGif Ak'¨bmom0ifOD;a& &Spfq,f &mEIef;
&Sdaeao;jcif;rSm tHhMozG,fjzpfonf/ ,aeYwdkifvnf; ,Ofaus;rI
udk pepfwus xdef;odrf;NyD; jyKpkysKd;axmifrIrsm; &Sdonf/
jrefrmedkifiHESihf ywfoufrI&SdNyD; av;pm;zG,f aumif;onhf
ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomEdkifiHwpfck\ ordki;f jzpfpOfudk acwftjrifjzihf
okH;oyfjcif;rSm vdktyfonf/ jrefrmwdkY em;vnfaom 'Dy0if?
r[m0if ponfESihf ygVdawmf t|uxmusrf;rsm;\ tqdkudk
acwfrDpGm awG;jrifokH;oyfrIrsm;rSm &Sdvnf;&Sdoifhonf/ taemuf
wdkif; ynmoifMum;rIwGif a0zefqef;ppfonhf tawG;tjrifjzihf
okH;oyfjcif; (Critical Thinking) udk txl; OD;pm;ay;onf/ ygVd
awmf t|uxmusrf;wdkY\tqdkudk ,kHMunfrItajccHrQjzihf r[kwf
bJ orkdif;tjrif? vlrIa&;½IaxmihfESihf aMumif;usKd; qDavsmfrI&Sdr&Sd
[laom ,kwådenf;rsm;jzihf avhvm qef;ppfonf/ ,if;odkY qef;
ppfjcif;jzifh trSefw&m;twGuf trsm;oabmwl vufcHEdkifonhf
tajz wpf&yfudk &&SdEdkifonf/ ocFef;pmvnf; &,lEdkifonf/
oD&dvuFm ynm&Sif urÇmausmf a'gufwm 0gvfydkvm &m[k
vmt&Sifjrwf a&;om;aom History of Buddhism in Ceylon - The
Anuradhapura Period usrf;onf oD&dvuFmedkifiH\ Ak'¨bmom
ordkif;udk avhvmqef;ppfrI jzpfaomfvnf; Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m ,kHMunf
csufESihf awG;ac: ,lqcsufwpfcsKdUudk acwfrD a0zefqef;ppf
onhf tjrifjzifh aMumif;usKd;udk azmfxkwfNyD; okH;oyfcsufrsm; yg&Sd
onf/ orm;½dk;us tjrifrS cGJxGufNyD; acwfrD qef;opfaom
tawG;tjrifrsm;jzihf ordkif;jzpfpOftay: csOf;uyfonf/ ,if;odYk
aom avhvmqef;ppfrIrsKd;rSm jrefrmEdkifiH Ak'¨bmomqdkdif&m pmay
wGifvnf; &Sdoifhonfom jzpfonf/ txl;ojzihf Ak'¨omoemqdkif
n t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&m wuúodkvfrsm;ü tvm;wl okawoeusrf;pmrsKd; a&;om; jyKpk
oihfonf/ þusrf;ü azmfjyonhf xl;jcm;onhf tawG;tjrif wpf
csKdUudk jrefrmpmzwf y&dowfrsm;? txl;ojzihf t*Fvdyfpmayudk
zwftm; enf;awmfrlMuonhf jrefrmEdkifiHu q&mawmf oHCm
awmfrsm; zwfrdNyD; jiif;qdak csyonhf odkYr[kwf oabmwlvufcH
onhf tvm;wl okawoepmwrf;rsm; xGef;awmufvmap&ef
arQmfvihfcsufjzihf þusrf;udk jrefrmjyefqdk jzpfoGm;ygonf/  a[mawmfrlonf}}[k rSwfcsufay;onf/
þusrf;ü a'gufwm 0gvfydkvm &m[kvm\ okH;oyfcsufrsm;
rSm &J&ihfNyD; ajymifajrmufonf/ ygVdrkwåu0dedpä, (ygVdawmfü
rygonhf tqkH;tjzwfrsm;) jzpfay:vm&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;rSm
at'D ig;&mpkESihf ,if;rwdkifrD tcsdefu EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;ESihf
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ aeYpOfb0 ajymif;vJvmrIt& jrwfAk'¨ ynwf
xm;onhf 0de,odum© yk'ftcsKdUudk abmiftwGif;rS vdr®myg;eyfpGm
jyKjyif ajymif;vJvdkjcif;aMumihf jzpfaMumif; okH;oyfonf/ t|
uxmusrf;wdkYü azmfjyonhf y&d,wåd? y#dywåd? y#da0"[laom
omoemokH;&yfwGif y&d,wådonf omomemawmf\ rlv &if;jrpf
jzpf\[laom "r®uxdu rax&fwdkY\ tqdkrSmvnf; 0gvfydkvm
\ tjrift& Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ rl&if;tmabmfESihf udkufnDjcif;
r&Sdacs/ ,if;onf aeYpOfvlrIb0 vdktyfcsufaMumihf wdk;wuf
ajymif;vJoGm;onhf t,ltqjzpfaMumif; qdkonf/
wpfzef &[EÅm[laom a0g[m&ESihf ywfoufí qef;ppfrI
jyK&mwGif &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf wpfyg;\ t&nftcsif;udk owfrSwfjcif;
rsm;rSm rlvt"dymÜ ,frS ajymif;vJjcif;? uGJvGJjcif;rsm; &SdykHudkvnf;
azmfjyonf/ xdkacwfu &[EÅmtcsKdUrSm bmoma&;ESihf trsKd;om;
a&;&m t,lonf;rIrsm;yif &Sdao;aMumif; r[m0Hoü azmfjyonhf
&[EÅm&Spfyg; taMumif;udk udk;um;NyD; oufaojyxm;onf/ ,if;
azmfjycsufrSm rl&if;ygVdawmf t|uxmusrf;wdkYü azmfjyonhf
&[EÅm t&Sifjrwfrsm;ESihf vkH;0 jcm;em;aMumif; jyqdkonf/ odkYjzihf
at'Dig;&mpku oD[dkVf&[EÅm[lonf rnfodkY oabm&SdaMumif;
okH;oyfcsufrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;onf/
bmomjyefol\ rdwfqufpum; #
a'gufwm 0gvfydkvm &m[kvmu ]]Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf
pMu0aw;rif;üvnf; Ak'¨jzpfvmrnfh yk*¾KdvfuJokdY vu©Pm 32
yg; yg&SdaMumif;ESihf Ak'¨udka&m pMu0aw;rif;udkyg apwDwnfxdkuf
aMumif; a[mawmfrlonf/ ,if;,lqcsufudk tajccHíyif ]tEk
Zmemrd bdu©a0 &mZleH tEk0wådwkH = bk&ifrif;wdkY\ tvdkodkY
vdkufpdrfhaomiSm cGihfjyK\}[k bk&if;rif;wdkYudk OD;pm;ay;ívnf;
odkY&mwGif ynm&Sif &m[kvmtaejzihf t|uxmusrf;rsm;\
tqdkudk rsm;pGm udk;um;ouJhodkY þae&müvnf; t|uxmzGifhudk
aocsmpGm pdppfNyD; qdkoihfonf/ t|uxmü ]rif;wdkY\ tvdkodkY
vdkufpdrfhaomiSm cGihfjyK\[lonf aemufodkY (wpfv) qkwfNyD;
0gqdk 0guyf&mü &[ef;awmfrsm;rSm rnfonhf tusKd;qkwf,kwfrI
r&SdEdkifaomaMumihf rif;tvdkodkYvdkuf&ef cGifhjyKjcif;jzpf\/ odkYjzpfí
"r®ESifh nDaom udpörsKd;ü rif;tvdkodkY vkduf&rnf/ t"r®udpörsKd;
jzpfvQifum; (bk&ifrif;rsm; tygt0if) rnfol\ tvdkodkYrQ vdkuf
zG,f rvdkacs (t"r®dau ye e uópd tEk0wådwAÁH? 0d-| 3?
150)} [k twdtus zGifhqdkcsuf&Sdonf/
þusrf;udk jyKpkoludk,fwdkifvnf; ax&0g' &[ef;awmf jzpf
í jrefrm ax&0g' Ak'¨0g'Dwpfa,muf taejzihfvnf; usrf;*ef
vm pmom;rsm;ESihf tawG;tjrifrsm;tay: 0gvfydkvm &m[kvm
enf;wl cHpm;MunfhEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif oabmwljcif; rwljcif;rSm
pmzwfol tay:wGifom rlwnfNyD; &m[kvm\ okH;oyfcsuf
rsm;tay: rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif jyefvnfokH;oyf a0zef qef;ppfonhf
pmwrf;rsm; jyKpkwifjy&efom jzpfonf/
usrf;udk;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí tenf;i,f rSmzG,f&Sdygonf/
0gvfydkvm &m[kvm udk;um;cJhonhf ygVdawmfESihf t|uxm usrf;
rsm;rSm oD[dkVfrljzpfojzihf ,if;wdkYudk yd#uwfokH;ykH pD'D½Grf (*dktif
umrl) jrefrmbmom pmrsufESmjzihf jyefvnf wdkufqdkifay;xm;
ygonf/ oD[dkVfrlom&SdNyD; jrefrmrl &Sm;yg; odkYr[kwf rawGUzl;onhf
4 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
uREkfyftaejzihf þusrf;pm us,fvGef;oGm;rnfudk pdk;&drf
ojzihf &Hzef&Hcg &nfñTef;csufrsm;ESihf erlemykHpHrsm;udk jzpfEdkiforQ
tusOf;rQudkom azmfjyygonf/ odkYwap tcsKdUae&mrsm;ü &mpkESpf
aygif; rsm;pGmtvGefu rwljcm;em;onhf NrdKUjy,Ofaus;rItwGif;
aexdkifcJhMuaom vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;\b0udk em;vnfNyD; ESpfoufrI
twGuf vkdtyfonhf tydkif;tjcm;wpfckudk pmzwfol\ pdwfxJü
zefwD;ay;vdkonhf txl;&nf½G,fcsufjzihf tawmftwef &Snfvsm;
onhf 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;udk azmfjyygonf/
þusrf;ü rMumcPyif 0dquf (ygVd a0omc)? 0ofpf (ygVd
0ó)? ayg, (ygVd Oaygox)? twqDvf (ygVd t|*FoDv)?
aAm (ygVd aAm"d)? yD&dwf (ygVd y&dwå)? 'ga*gb (ygVd apwd,)
ponhf oD&dvuFma0g[m&rsm;udk okH;EIef;xm;ygonf/ taMumif;
rl ,if;a0g[m&rsm;rSm tjynfjynfqdkif&m Ak'¨bmom txl;a0g
[m&rsm;tjzpf 0ifa&muf ae&m,lxm;NyD; jzpfaomaMumihfwnf;/
tdyfcsf urf; (H. Kern) udk,fwdkifyif apwd,ESifh pwly a0g[m&
rsm;twGuf 'ga*gb[laom a0g[m&udk okH;pGJcJhonf/ (Manual of
Indian Buddhism, pp. 91-92)/ zm[D[ef\c&D;pOfusrf;udk bm
omjyefcJhol a*s v*f*sD (J. Legge) onf r[marm*¾v’m,e [l
aom tqifhjrifhtoHxGuftpm; rk*vef[laom ½dk;½dk; oD&dvuFm
a0g[m&udk okH;pGJNyD; ]þAk'¨om0u\ oD&dvuFmtrnf rk*vef
[laom a0g[m&rSm ydkrdk toHxGuf& vG,fulonf} (p. 44, n.4)[k
qdkcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí oD&dvuFmokH; Ak'¨bmoma0g[m& trsm;pk
rSm ygVdouúw a0g[mrsm;xuf ydkrdktoHxGuf& vG,fulonf/
vef'ef ygVdawmftoif;rS xkwaf 0onhf ygVdusrf;pm ig;ck
ajcmufckrSwpfyg; þusrf;ü tokH;jyKonhf usefygVdusrf;rsm;rSm
oD[dkVfrl ygVdusrf;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
uREfkfyf\q&mjzpfol oD&dvuFmwuúodkvf? ygVdXme ygarmu©
*sDyD rmvmvmaqau&tm; uREkfyftay: ulnDrItm;vkH; t
wGuf aus;Zl;pum;udk xkwfazmfajymqdk&ef cufcJavmufatmif
yif aus;Zl; BuD;rm;ygonf/ þusrf;ü azmfjyonhf tcsuf t
usrf;jyKol\ trSmpm
urÇmhAk'¨bmom EdkifiHrsm;twGif; oD&dvuFmEdkifiHu &,lxm;aom
xif&Sm;onhf tcef;u@onf &Sif;vif;NyD; em;vnfvG,fonhf
oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomordkif;usrf;wpfapmif vdktyfcsufudk wdk;jrifh
aponf/ odkY&mwGif ordkif;OD;tprSonf ,aeYacwfxd ordkif;pOf
wpfavQmufvkH;rSm usrf;pmtkyfwpftkyfwnf;jzihf azmfjy&ef rjzpf
Edkifavmufatmif us,f0ef;onf/
Ak'¨0g'tpydkif;acwfudkyif a0zefqef;ppf odkYr[kwf jynhfjynhf
pkHpkH avhvmEdkifrnf r[kwfacs/ a'gufwm t'du&rf (Dr. E.W.
Adikaram)\ ]at'D 5 &mpk ygVdbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü
azmfjyonhf oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomtajctaeusrf;}onfom þ
ordkif;e,fy,fwGif okawoeqefqef a&;om;xm;onfh ,ck
tcsdefxd wpfckwnf;aom usrf;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;usrf;ü
azmfjyxm;csuft&qdkvQif ,if;usrf;rSm Ak'¨0g' usqif;oGm;rIESifh
pm&dwå ysufjym;oGm;rItay: oHa0*jzpfyGm;ol Oyoumwpf
a,muf\ oabmxm;udk azmfjyonf/ þusrf;\ oabmxm;
cH,lcsufESihf bmom&yftay: csOf;uyfykHwdkYrSm ,if;usrf;ESihf wpf
rsKd;wpfzkH jcm;em;onf/
a'gufwm t'du&rf\ usrf;pmonf at'D 5 &mpkwdkif
atmifomazmfjyNyD; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí ygVdbm
om t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk rSDjirf;jyKonf/ þusrf;pmürl acwf
tydkif;tjcm; ydkrdkus,fjyefYNyD; &Edkifoa½GU taxmuftxm; tm;
vkH;eD;yg;rS tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyonf/
ed'gef;ydkif;wGif þusrf;pmü tokH;jyKxm;onhf taxmuf t
xm; &if;jrpfusrf;rsm;udk tusOf;csKyf jyefvSef okH;oyfxm;onf/
2 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&if;jrpfusrf; trsm;pkudk a&S;OD;ynm&Sifrsm;u tao;pdwf a0
zefokH;oyfxm;NyD;jzpfí uREkfyftaejzihf vuf&Sd&nf½G,fcsufESihf
oufqkdifonfh tcsuftvuf tenf;i,frQudkom okH;oyfyg
onf/ odkYwap a&S;OD;ynm&Sifrsm;taejzihf o[ó0w¬KESihf &o
0g[deD ESpfusrf;? txl;ojzifh ,cktcsdefxd* ykHrESdyf&ao;onhf
o[ó0w¬Kusrf;udk avhvmqef;ppfrI rjyKxm;aomaMumihf xdk
ESpfusrf;ESihfywfoufí ydkrdk&Snfvsm;pGm azmfjy&efvdkygonf/
yxr tcef;okH;ckwGif Ak'0¨ g'c&D;pwifcJh&m taomurif;\
tdE´d,EdkifiHESihf oD&dvuFmEdkifiHodkY Ak'¨0g'ysHUESHYvmykH aemufcHordkif;
udk azmfjyonf/ ,if;aemuf tcef;av;wGif oD&dvuFmEdkifiHü
Ak'¨0g'tajcusoGm;ykHESihf tcef;ig;wGif Ak'¨0g'onf EdkifiHawmf\
bmomw&m; vsifjrefpGm jzpfomG ;ykHwdkYudk azmfjyonf/ tcef;
ajcmufESifh ckepfwdkYü avhvmaeqJ acwftydkif;tjcm;twGif; Ak'¨
0g' twuftusjzpfykHrsm;odkY pmzwfoltm; cyfokwfokwf qGJac:
oGm;onf/ tcef;&SpfESihfudk;wGif Ak'¨0g',Ofaus;rI\ wnf&mjzpf
onhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí zGJUpnf;ykHoGifjyif?
avmuDa&;udpörsm;ESihf tkyfcsKyfykHrsm;udk ½IaxmifhrsKd;pkHrS aqG;aEG;
xm;onf/ Ak'¨0g'ordkif;ESihf Ak', ¨ Ofaus;rI wdk;wufcJhonhf bkef;
BuD;ausmif;b0tay: ½IaxmifhokH;rsKd;udk tcef;okH;ck cGJjcm;í azmf
jyonf - tcef;wpfq,fjzihf &mpkESpfrsm; wpfavQmufvkH; vlrI
a&; pD;yGm;a&; vTrf;rdk;rIrsKd;pkHatmufwGif Ak'¨0g'\ wdk;wufrIjzpf
pOfudk qef;ppfNyD;? tcef;wpfq,fhwpfjzihf Ak'¨0g'\ ykHrSefaqmif
½GufpOfudk okH;oyfvsuf? tcef;q,fhESpfwGif Ak'¨0g'&Sd a&S;a[mif;
oljrwfusihfpOf0g' jzpfay:vmykHudk aqG;aEG;onf/ tcef;q,fhokH;
wGif a&S;acwfoD[kdVfü &[EÅmrsm;tjzpf &nfñTef;jcif;cH&onhf
olawmfpif &[ef;awmfrsm;\ ta&;ygrIudk BudK;pm; azmfxkwf
onf/ tcef;q,fhav;jzihf tcef;q,fhig;wGif wifjyrnhf vl0wf
* rjyaomfvnf; oufqdkifonhf ae&mrsm;ü &nfñTef;azmfjycsufrsm;
1959 – ckESpf? (oD[dkVftu©&mjzihf) atyD Ak'¨'wårax&f wnf;jzwfxkwf
a0onhf tcsdefrwdkifrDtxd (udk &nf½G,fonf)/
usrf;jyKol\trSmpm 3
aMumif Oygoumrsm;\ bmoma&;b0aemufcHtjzpf pD;yGm;a&;
ESihf vlrIa&;ZmwfckHrS ¤if;wdkY\vlrIb0taMumif;udk azmfjyonf/
tcef;q,fhajcmuf wpfckvkH;jzihf xif&Sm;vmonhf Ak'¨w&m;awmf
\ ta&;BuD; tpdwftydkif;wpfck jzpfvmonhf bmoma&;
taqmifta,mifrsm;? tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm;taMumif;
udk azmfjyonf/ a&S;acwf oD&dvuFm\ ynma&;ESihfywfoufí
tenf; i,frQomod&NyD; wpfpkHwpf&m a&;om;csufrsm; rawGU&
acs/ aemufqkH;cef;ü a&S;a[mif;oD[dkVf\ avmuD avmukwå&m
ynma&; pepftaMumif;udk BudK;pm;í aqG;aEG;xm;onf/ aemuf
qufwGJtjzpf oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomordkif;wGif ta&;BuD;onhf
tcef; wpfcktjzpfyg0ifonhf r[m0d[m&[laom a0g[m&udk
&Sif;vif; &ef aqmif;yg;wdk wpfyk'fudk xnhfoGif;xm;onf/
oD&dvuFm r[m,meAk'¨bmomtaMumif;udkrl BuKH&mtcef;
rsm;ü Mum;ñSyf taMumif;t&mtjzpfom aqG;aEG;ygonf/ odkY&m
wGif oD&dvuFmodyÜH*sme,f Ceylon Journal of Science, Section G,
Vol. II wGif a'gufwm tufpf y&e0dwe (Dr. S. Paranavitana)
yk*¾Kdvfu tvGefjynhfpkH aumif;rGefonhf ]oD[dkVfr[m,meAk'¨0g'}
aqmif;yg;jzihf azmfjyxm;NyD;jzpfí oD&dvuFm r[m,meAk'¨0g'
ESifhywfoufí oD;jcm;tcef;wpfck xnhfoGif;azmfjy&efrl uREfkyf
wrifoufouf csefxm;cJhonf/
þusrf;wGif pmaytEkynmESifh ywfoufí oD;oefY tcef;
zGJUí azmfjyxm;jcif; rjyKay/ ,if;taMumif;t&mESifh ywfoufí
a&;om;xm;csuf rsm;pGm &SdNyD;jzpfonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf a'gufwm
rmvmvmaqau&\ ]oD[dkVfygVdpmayusrf;} jzpfonf/ odkYwap
owfrSwfacwf tydkif;tjcm;twGif; pmaywdk;wufrItaMumif;
jyqdkoihfonhf tcsuftvuftcsKdUudkrl &if;jrpfusrf;rsm; aqG;aEG;
rItcef;? bkef;BuD;ausmif;b0ESihf ynma&; tcef;rsm;ü tusOf;rQ
azmfjyygonf/ xdkYtwlyif tEkynmtaMumif;udk oD;oefYazmf
udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/
 usrf;jyKol\trSmpm 5
vufwdkif;yif q&m\ *½kwpdkuf Munfh½Ijcif;rS rvGwfEdkifay/ ok
awoe tawGUtBuKHESihf pmayESHYpyfonhf q&m a'gufwm rm
vmvm aqau&ESihf twlwuGaqmif½Gufjcif;rSm ESpfoufzG,f
aumif;NyD; tusKd;&Sdaom pnf;urf;wpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/
rdwfaqG &[ef;okH;yg;jzpfMuonfh (1) 0de,jyóemrsm;pGm
ESihf ywfoufí wefzdk;&Sdonhf aqG;aEG;rIrsm;jzihf uREkfyftm; ulnD
cJhonhf uG,fvGefol wdyd#ump&d, ['dy@v0dZÆmvuFm& 'kwd
, ausmif;tkyf ynmavmurax&f (2) ygVdbmomESifhpmay t
xl;ojzihf tzGifhusrf;rsm;qdkif&mwGif us,fajymonhf A[kkokwjzihf
uREkfyftm; ulnDcJhonhf 'kwd,ausmif;tkyfESihf ñTefMum;a&;rSL;
,u©'ka0od&d ynm&mr rax&fESihf (3) us,f0ef;onhf jyóem
tcsKdUESihf ywfoufNyD; aqG;aEG;cGifhay;cJhonfh ,if;ausmif;wdkuf\
ausmif;tkyfBuD; wdyd#ump&d, aum#a[ae ynmudwådrax&f
wdkYtm; aus;Zl; txl;wifygonf/
uREkfyf\ usrf;pmESihf ywfoufNyD; rqGuwnf;u pdwf0ifpm;
cJhol oD[dkVfwuúodkvf t*FvdyfpmXme ygarmu© a'gufwm tD;
tufzf pD vl'dk0pfuf (Dr. E.F.C. Ludowyk)onf t*Fvdyfpm
ta&;tom;wGifomru tzdk;wefonhf wdkufwGef;csuf rsm;pGmudk
vnf; ay;cJhonf/ uREkfyftaejzihf ulnDrItm;vkH;twGuf yg
armu©BuD;udkvnf; aus;Zl;txl;wifygonf/ þusrf;pmESihf ywf
oufí a0zefaqG;aEG;rI rsm;pGmESihf tzdk;wef wdkufwGef;csuf
tcsKdUay;cJhol ordkif;ygarmu© a'gufwm tdyfcsf pD a&; (Dr. H.C.
Ray) tm;vnf; aus;Zl;pum; qdkygonf/
a&S;acwf oD[dkVfajrykHudk jyifqifay;ol rpöwm pD 'AsL edudk
vufpf (Mr. C.W. Nicholas)ESihf oD&dvuFm a&S;a[mif;okaw
oeXmeu wnf;jzwfxm;aom tEk&m"yk&NrdKU ajrykHudk tokH;jyK
cGifhay;onhftwGuf a&S;a[mif;okawoeXme? XmerSL;udkvnf;
aus;Zl;wifygonf/
þusrf;pm\ tu©&mpOftñTef;udk MuifempGm pDpOfay;ol
6 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
yJ&pfNrKdUom; trf *sdrf; bmx&ef Adkuefa' (M. Jean Bertrand ABBREVIATIONS
Bocande) tm; aus;Zl;wifygonf/ aemufqkH;taejzihf enf;rsKd;
CBhA Catubhnavartthakatha (Saratthasamuccaya)
pkHjzihf MuifempGm ulnDtMuHay;cJhol oD&dvuFma0g[m&tbd"mef CJSc Ceylon Journal of Seience.
t,f'DwmcsKyf rpöwm *sLvD,yfpf 'D vefem'dkvDESifh þusrf;pm DhAG Dhampiya-Atuva-Gatapadaya
DPPN Dictionary of Pali Proper Names by G/)/ Malalasekera.
xGufay:vmatmif zefwD;cJhonhf a'[d0gvc½dkif? ae'drvNrdKU EHBC Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon
Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIXmewdkYtm; aus;Zl;wifygonf/ ERE Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.
EZ. Epigraphia Zeylanics.
Fa Hein A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms: An Account of the
0gvfydkvm &m[kvm Chinese Monk Fa Hien of his Travels in India and Ceylon
translated by J. Legge.
HBT. History of Buddhist Thought by E.J. Thomas.
"r®,xe r0x HIL. History of Indian Literature by M. Winternitz.
ygvDrefvrf; Hiuen Tsiang Buddhist Records of the Western World translated
from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang by Samuel Beal.
od&d Z,0ga'eyk&? aumhawNrKdU JAG. Jataka-Atuva Gatapadaya.
Mo*kwfv? 1993 ckESpf/ JRAS. (CB) Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Beylon Branch).
Manu Manusmrt
MIB Manual of Indian Buddhism by H. Kern.
Pjv. Pujavaliya
PLC Pali Literature of Cehlon by G.P. Malalasekera (1928)
RE. Rock Edicts of Asoka.
Rjv. Rajavaliya
RsvT. Rasavahini Tika
Sat.Br. Satapatha Brahmana
SBE Sacred Books of the East.
Shv Sahassavatthu.
UCR University of Ceylon Review.

jrefrm pmzwfy&dowfrsm;twGufjzpfí ygVdawmf t|uxm

usrf;ñTef; oauFwudk razmfjyawmhbJ t*Fvdyfbmom usrf;pm
rsm;ESihf jrefrmtu©&mjzihf ykHrESdyf&ao;aom ygVdusrf;pmtcsKdU\
twdkdrSwf oauFwrsm;udkom azmjfyygonf/ tcsKdUusrf;rsm;rSm
tjynhftpkH azmfjyí usrf;ñTef;oauFw azmfjy&ef rvdktyfaom
aMumihf csefxm;cJhygonf/
12 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
rsm;udk udk;um;csufrsm; awGU&onf /
'Dy0Hoyg taMumif;t&mrsm;onf jrwfAk'¨\jzpfawmfpOf
tusOf;? jrwfAk'¨ oD&dvuFmodkY a'opm&D <ua&mufykHESihf pNyD;
at'Dav;&mpk r[maoerif;vufxufwGif NyD;qkH;onf/ 'Dy0Ho
usrf;\ rajyjypfonhf bmompum;ESihf a&;[ef? o'´ga&;qdkif&m
xl;jcm;csufrsm;? xyfcgxyfcg jyqdkrIrsm;ESifh azmfjyykH tpDtpOf
rusrIwdkYonf pmzwfoltm; ,if;usrf;udk yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufu ed'gef;
tpOftwkdif; a&;om;onfr[kwfbJ oD[dkVfuRef; a'otoD;oD; usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm;
acwfumv tzkHzkHwGif aexkdifcJhMuonhf *gxmAE¨a&;zGJUrI ruRrf;
usifolwdkY\ xyfjznhf a&;om;csufrsm;tjzpf ,kHMunfaponf/ þusrf;pm tajcjyKcJhonhf t"du&if;jrpfusrf;rsm;udk (ordkif;t&)
t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf ¤if;\ oreÅygom'dum 0de,| tkyfpkckepfrsKd; cGJjcm;Edkif&monf –
uxmü ordkif;qdkif&m ed'gef;udkazmfjy&mü 'Dy0Housrf;udk rSDjirf; 1/ ygVdawmfusrf;pmrsm;
2
jyKcJhaMumif; ygarmu© 0DvsH*dkif*gu ,lqcJhonf / odkY&mwGif ygVd 2/ taomu ausmufpmrsm;
t|uxm usrf;rsm;a&m 'Dy0Housrf;yg tokH;rsm; xif&Sm;onhf 3/ oD&dvuFm ausmufpmrsm;
&if;jrpfusrf;wpfckrS &,lcJhonf[q k dkrl ydkí rSefuefzG,f&Sdonf/ 4/ ygVdordkif;usrf;rsm;
ayg&mPuxmrsm;ESihf txl;razmfjyonhf tjcm;aom rl&if;usrf; 5/ ygVdbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;
tcsKdUrS orEÅygom'dumü udk;um;cJhonhf *gxmtcsKdUrSm 'Dy0Ho 6/ tpOftvm Zmwf0w¬Krsm;ESihf
usrf;*gxmESihf tenf;i,fom uGJjym;onfudk awGU&onf / a&S;
3
7/ ygVd oD[dkVf taxGaxGusrf;pmrsm;
a[mif; oD[dkVfbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;onf 'Dy0Housrf;\
udk;um;&m &if;jrpfusrf;rsm; jzpfaMumif; rSef;qEdkif&monf/ 1/ ygVd awmf usrf;pmrsm;
4
r[m0Housrf; - yxrydkif; (tcef; 1 rS tcef; 37 \ ygVdtzGifhESihf tjcm;usrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyonhftwkdif; Ak'¨bmom
*gxmtrSwf 50 xd)udk at'D ig;&mpk cefYu tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? 'DC taMumif; txl;ojzihf oHCmawmfrsm;taMumif; ½IaxmihfrsKd;pkHrS
aqG;aEG;&mü "r®0de,qdkif&m usrf;pmrsm;\ tultnDudk ,if;
1
0d-| 1? 56/ tbd-| 3? 107/ wdkY\ ordkif;qdkif&m wdk;wufrIudk ajc&mcH&ef vdktyfonhf ae&m
2
*dkif*g? r[m0Ho (t*Fvdfyf) bmmomjyef? ed'gef;? pm-11/ wdkif;rS &,lonf/ tdE´d,ESifh oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmom\ tapmydkif;
3
'Dy0Ho tcef; 12? 35-39 *gxmESihf 0d-| 1? pm- 41 vm *gxmrsm;ESihf &mpkESpfrsm;twGif; ygVdawmfusrf;pmrsm; wdk;yGm;rIudk oufaojy
'Dy0Ho tcef; 4? 50-51 *gxmrsm;/ 0d-| 1? pm- 19-20 *gxmrsm;udk &ef taxmuftxm; &Sdaomfvnf; ,if;wdkY\ wdk;wufrIrSm uefY
EIdif;,SOfMunfhyg/ oufcsuf&SdNyD; aemufqkH; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo rax&fu oD[dkVf
4
ygarmu© *dkif*gESihf tjcm;rsm;pGmaom ynm&Sifrsm;u a,bk,stm;jzihf bmom ygVdawmf tzGifhusrf;rsm;udk ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkvdkuf
tcef; 1 rS tcef; 37 *gxmtrSwf 50 xdudkomvQif r[m0Husrf; t
10 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
csdef at'Dig;&mpkwGif ygVdawmfusrf;rsm;rSm pepfwus pDpOfNyD;
jzpfaMumif; oHo,jzpf&ef taMumif;r&Sdacs/
2/ taomuausmufpmrsm;
taomuausmufpmrsm;onf bDpDokH;&mpk tdE´d,\ vlrIa&;ESihf
bmoma&;b0 jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;ESifhywfoufí av;pm;
&aom tcsuftvuftwGuf aus;Zl;wifxdkufonhf taxmuf
txm;rsm;jzpfvsuf ,if;ausmufpmrsm;udk þusrf;ü tdE´d,
aemufcHordkif;udk azmfjy&mwGif us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKxm;onf/
3/ oD&dvuFm ausmufpmrsm;
bDpDokH;&mpk Ak'¨0g' a&muf&SdvmNyD;aemufrSom oDd[dkVfuRef;ü pm
ayta&;tom; rSwfwrf;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ ,if;wkdYteuf &
[ef;awmfrsm; aexdkifp&mtjzpf tokH;jyKaom*l0&Sd a&oa&muf
pGef;rsm; (Drip-ledges) atmufwGif a&;xGif;xm;aom pmwrf;
rsm;ü awGU&onhf tapmqkH; rSwfwrf;rsm;onf bDpD 3 &mpk odkY
r[kwf 2 &mpkcefYtxd a&S;usonf/
c&pfESpfrwkdifrD awGU&onhf xdkrSwfwrf;rsm;rSm a,bk,s
tm;jzifh ]þrnfþrnfaom*ludk oHCmtm; vª'gef;\}[k azmfjy
onhf ykHaouJhodkY tvGefwdkawmif;aom vª'gef;rIjy a&;rSwfcsuf
rsm; jzpfMuonf/
a&avSmifuef? wl;ajrmif;ESihf v,fuGif;rsm;rS&onfh 0ifaiG
rsm;? a&rS &onhftcGefrsm;? &[ef;oHCmESihf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;
udk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&ef tjcm;0ifaiGrsm;tm; ay;tyfrIudk
rSwfwrf;wifonfh ausmufxGif; ta&;tom;rsm;udk at'Dyxr
&mpk aemufydkif;wGif awGU&onf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;rsm;ü bkef;BuD;
ausmif;wkdufrsm; wnfaqmufrIESihf jyKjyifrIrsm; taMumif;udk
rMumcP awGU&onf/
bmoma&; &nf½G,fcsuftrsKd;rsKd;twGuf ulnDyHhydk;rIykHpHwpfck
tjzpf pyg;ESifh tjcm;oD;ESHwdk;rsm; ay;tyfrIudk at'D av;&mpkrS
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 11
pwif awGU&Sd&onf/ bmoma&;qdkif&m ulnDyHhydk;rItjzpf aiGaMu;
tyfESHrIrsm;udk ig;&m;pk aemufydkif;rSom awGU&Sd&onf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ESihf a'oqdkif&m tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;? Oy
a'ESihf xkH;pHrsm;uJhodkYaom udpörsm;ESihf oufqdkifonhf &Snfvsm;NyD;
wefzdk;&Sdaom ausmufxGif; ta&;tom;rsm;udk at'Dudk;&mpk
aemufydkif;ü awGU&onf/
ausmufxGif;pmrsm;onf xkH;pHtwdkif;yif ,if;acwfu
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;ESihf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk azmfjyygu wefzdk;t&SdqkH;
orkdif;qdkif&m &if;jrpfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ odkYwap ausmufpmrsm;
wGif twdwfjzpf&yfrsm;udk jyqdkaomtcgürl xdkrSwfwrf;rsm;\
ta&;ygrIrSm &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;xufydkí ta&;rygawmhacs/ q,f
&mpk rwdkifrDausmufpmrsm;ü q,fhESpf&mpkausmufpmrsm;wGif t
awGUrsm;onhf pum;wefqmqifí a&;om;rIrsKd;udk awGU&onf/
&mpkESpf apmapmydkif;umv tvGefwdkawmif;aom ausmuf
pmrsm;rSmyif taMumif;t&m tm;avsmfpGm pum;vkH;wpfvkH; odkY
r[kwf 0guswpfaMumif;yifjzpfap tzdk;wef owif;tcsuf t
vufrsm; yg0ifouJhodkY &mpkESpfaESmif;ydkif;umv ausmufpm&Snf
rsm;üvnf; ordkif;tcsuftvuf tajrmuftjrm;udk ay;xm;
onf/ a&S;acwf oD[dkVfausmufpmrsm;ü tpdk;&ydkif;qdkif&mESifh
1
yk*¾Kdvfa&;qdkif&m rSwfwrf;rsm; yg0ifonf/
4/ ygVdordkif;usrf;rsm;
'Dy0Housrf;onf ,aeYwdkifwnf&Sdao;onhf a&S;tusqkH; oD&d
vuFmordkif;usrf;jzpfonf/ 'Dy0Housrf;\ ,aeYacwfykHpHusrf;udk
at'Dav;&mpk vuf&m[k ,cktcg oabmwlMuonf/ at'D
ig;&mpk tpydkif;wGif a&;om;cJhonfh t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ t|
uxm usrf;rsm;ü 'Dy0HotrnfESifh ,if; 'Dy0Housrf;rS *gxm
1
oD[dkVfausmufxGif; rSwfwrf;tm;vkH;udk r&Edkifawmhacs/ þusrf;ü twGJ
1 rS 4 xd ykHESdyfxm;aom ausmufpmrsm;udkom tokH;jyKxm;ygonf/
16 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
yg&Sdonfh avmuDa&;&m ordkif;aMumif;onf bmoma&;ordkif;udk
2
avmuf tom;ray;acs/ (ordkif;q&m) um&fef u ,if;ordkif;
usrf;rsm;onf oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomordkif;twGuf tvGefta&;
ygrIESihfywfoufí txl; todtrSwfjyKxdkufaMumif; qdkcJhonf/
3
ygarmu© *dkif*gu ,if;ordkif;usrf;ESpfapmiftm; orkdif; &if;jrpf
4
usrf;rsm;tjzpf owdrloihfaMumif; ,lqonf /
r[m0Ho\tzGifhusrf;onf r[m0Ho#Dumtjzpf vlodrsm;
aomfvnf; ,if;trnfjzihf usrf;jyKq&mu rnfonhfae&mwGifrSm
ac:a0:jcif;rjyKacs/ usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf\ udk,fydkiftrnfrSm 0How¬
yumodeD jzpfNyD; &Sif;jyacgif;pOfrSm yZÆ ya'g½k 0Ho0PÖem jzpf
onf/ usrf;jyKyk*¾KdvfrSm tpOftvmt& r[memr (r[m0Ho
usrf;jyK r[kwfol) rax&fwpfyg; a&;om;cJhaMumif; ,kHMunfMu
onf/ vef'efygVawmftoif; (Pali Text Society)twGuf ,if;
usrf;udk wnf;jzwfay;cJhol rmvmvmaqau&u r[m0Ho#D
5
umudk at'D 8 &mpkESihf 9 &mpkcefY[k ,lqcJhonf / r[m0Ho#D
umonf a&S;a[mif; oD[dkVft|uxm? tpOftvmpum; (ayg
&mP)? Owå&0d[m&t|uxm? 0de,|uxm? 'Dy0Ho|uxm?
oDrm|uxm? apwd,0Ho|uxm? r[maAm"d0Ho|uxm?
o[ó0w¬Kt|uxm? *P²dy'0PÖemuJhodkYaom &if;jrpfusrf;
rsm;rS tav;*½kjyKxdkufonhf tcsuftvufopf trsm;tjym;udk
&,lcJhaMumif; uREfkyfwdkY em;vnf&onf/ aemufqkH;azmfjycsufrSm
r[m0Hovm cufcJonhf pum;vkH;rsm;ESihf 0gusrsm;udk tusOf;
1
þusrf;? pm 329 udk ½Iyg/
2
3
Manual of Indian Buddhism by Kern, p 9.
*dkif*g\ r[m0Hot*Fvdyfbmomjyefed'gef;? pm – 9/
4
tao;pdwfrsm;udk Geiger \ 'Dy0HoESihf r[m0Ho? B.C. Law \ On the
Chronicles of Ceylon usrf;rsm;udk ½Iyg/
5
r[m0Ho#Dum ed'gef;? pm- 109/
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 13
1
oE´aoemywd\ausmif;wdkufü oDwif;okH;cJhaom r[memrac:
onhf rax&fwpfyg; a&;om;cJhaMumif; od&onf/ 'kwd,ydkif;
(tcef; 37? *gxm 51 rS tcef; 49 txd)udk at'D 13 &mpkwGif
t&Sif"r®udwådrax&f a&;om;onf/ aygvkEé½k0NrdKUwGif jzpfzG,&f Sd
onf/ þusrf;ü r[m0Ho\ tjcm;tydkif;rsm;udk &Hzef&Hcg udk;
um;aomfvnf; usrf;tprS tcef; 52 txdaom tpdwftydkif;
udkomvQif t"duESifh cyfrsm;rsm; tokH;jyKxm;onf/
jzpf ,lqMuonf/ ,if;usrf;\ useftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk *dkif*gu ESpfwGJ
cGJí wnf;jzwf bmomjyefxm;onfhtwdkif; ¤if;wdkYu plV0Housrf;[k
ac:a0:Muonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;odkY ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfjcif;ESihf ywfouf
í taMumif;wpfpkHwpf&m &SdykHr&acs/ *dkif*gu (plV0Ho twGJ 1? ed'gef;
pmrsufESm 1 wGif) tydkif; 2 ESihf 3 udk trnfay;&mü ñSdonhftaejzihf
r[m0Ho tcef; 99 ? *gxm 76 tm; plV0Hotjzpf &nfñTef;xm;onf/
odkYwap ,if;azmfjycsufrSm caemfceJYEdkifvGef;onf/ ,if;onf ]tpOf
tquf}ESifh ordkif;usrf;r[kwf[laom t"dyÜm,fjzihf ]r[m&mZm tpOf
tquf}(r[m0Ho)ESihf ]plV&mZmtpOftquf}(plV0Ho)udk &nf½G,fonf/
,if;tcef; *gxmtrSwf 78 wGif ]r[m0HoH ed|dwH} [kyif qdkonf/
r[m0Housrf;jyKq&mrsm;onf r[m0Ho plV0Ho[k cGJjcm;owfrSwf
jcif;rjyKcJhMuay/ ¤if;wdkYonf usrf;pmwpfckvkH;wGif tcef;toD;oD;\ ed*kH;
ü ykHaoazmfjyonfhpmaMumif;t& ,if;usr;f wpfusrf;vkH;udk tprStqkH;
wkdif r[m0Ho[kyif trnfay;cJhMuonf/ cGJjcm;ac:a0:&ef pwifcJhMu
olrsm;rSm edum,o*F[usrf;ESihf &mZm0vd, usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf rsm;uJhodkY
aom aESmif;acwf usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfrsm;om jzpfMuonf/ qef;onfrSm edum
,o*F[usrf;jyKq&monfyif *dkif*g cGJjcm;owfrSwfcJhonhf plV0Housrf;
rS tcef; 37 \ *gxm trSwf 75 udk r[m0Housrf;[k (edum,? pm-
13) udk;um;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ edum,o*F[usrf;jyKq&monf tcef; 37
udk r[m0Housrf;ü xnfhoGif;cJhovm; qdkonfudkrl uREkfyfwdkY rod&ay/
þusrf;ü tcef; 1 rS tcef; 101 txd r[m&mZ0ifwpfckvkH;udk
,if;\usrf;jyKq&mwdkY rSnfhac:cJhonfhtwdkif; r[m0Ho[kyifac:a0:
xm;onf/ udkvHbdkNrdKUu ykHESdyfonhf pmtkyfüvnf; wpftyk fvkH;udk r[m
0Ho[kyif rSnhfac:onf/
1
r[m0Ho#Dum ac: 0How¬yÜumoeD? pm – 687/
14 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
r[m0Husrf;um; &if;jrpfusrf; rsm;pGmudk tajccHonf/ usrf;
\tpqkH; (tcef; 1? *gxm2) wGif t&Sifr[memrrax&fu
a&S;q&m (ayg&mP)wdkY a&;om;NyD; xyfcgxyfcg jyqdkrIrsm; rvdk
tyfbJ tus,fcsJUum;csufrsm;uJhodkYaom rSm;,Gif;rIrsm; yg&Sdonhf
tvm;wl usrf;wpfapmif&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,if;usrf;rSm
vuf&Sd 'Dy0Husrf;jzpfap tjcm;usrf; wpfckjzpfap 'Dy0Hoonf
r[m0Housrf;jyKq&m\ rSDjirf;usrf; wpfcktjzpf oHo, rjzpf
oihfacs/ wpfzef t&Sifr[memronf tpOftvmajymqdkonfwdkY
(okwdawm p tm*wH)udkvnf; xnfhoGif;cJhonf/
ta&;ygonhf ukodkvftrsKd;rsKd; taMumif;udk a&;om;xm;
1
onf h ]ukodkvfpmtkyf} (yknaygw¬u)[k ac:onhf bk&ihfrdom;pk
rsm;ESihf <u,f0olrsm;\tdrfü odrf;qnf;xm;aom tjcm;rSwf
wrf;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;rsm;ü trsm;pkrSm
ausmif;wdkuf? apwD? a&uefESihf wl;ajrmif;rsm; ponfESihf tjcm;
rsm;pGmaom bk&ifESihf rª;rwfrsm;\ tvª'gea&;&m aqmif½GufrI
2
rsm;udk tajcjyKMuonf / 'kwd, 'yÜKv [kvnf;ac:aom yxr
O',bk&if (793-797 at'D)onf ¤if;\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
pmtkyfwGif a&;rSwfxm;apNyD; eef;awmfü vkHNcKHpGm odrf;qnf;xm;
3
aMumif; qdkonf / bk&iftcsKdU\ trdefYt& jyKpkxm;aom tpdk;&
4
aqmif½Gufcsuf rSwfwrf;rsm;vnf; &SdMuonf / xdkYjyif 'gXm"mwk
5 6
0Ho ? auo"mwk0Ho ESihf tvm;wl usrf;rsm;pGm uJhodkYaom
7
ordkif;qdkif&m a&S;OD; a&;om;csufrsm;vnf; &SdMuao;onf/
1
þusrf; pmrsufESm 444 udk ½Iyg/
2
Oyrm r[m0Ho? tcef; 32? 26 *gxm/ tcef; 38? 46 *gxm/ tcef;
79? 62 *gxm/
3
r[m0Ho? tcef; 59?20 *gxm/
4
,if;usrf;? tcef; 59? 7 *gxm/
5
,if;usrf;? tcef; 37? 93 *gxm/
6
,if;usrf;? tcef; 39? 49 ESifh 56 *gxm/
7
þusrf;? pmrsufESm – 81? 85 udkvnf;½I/
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 15
r[m0Housrf;onf uAsmAE¨ESihf pdwful;rsm;jzihf rGrf;rH csJU
um; xm;aomfvnf; usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf &Edkifonhf udk;um;
usrf;rsm;twdkif; tvGefopöm&SdpGm a&;om;xm;onf/ rl&if;usrf;
wdkYü azmfjyonhf tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;udk r[m0Hoü
1
tvGef *½kwpdkuf xnhfoGif;azmfjyonf / &if;jrpfusrf;rsm;wGif
2
rygonfh tcsuftcsKdUudkyif azmfjyonfrSm aocsmonf /
r[m0Ho yxrydkif;usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf\ bufrvdkuf rQwrIum;
pHwifavmufonf/ usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf EdkifiHjcm;om; wrDvfvlrsKd;
tkyfcsKyfolrsm;udkyif EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; jzpfvihfupm; tu,fí
¤if;wdkYtaejzihf trSefwu,f aumif;rGefolrsm;jzpfvQif rQw
aumif;rGefaMumif; jyqdkcJhonf/ wrDvf tmPmodrf;olrsm; jzpf
Muonfh aoeESihf *kwådu yk*¾KdvfESpfa,mufudk "r®ESifhtnD tkyf
3
csKyfolrsm;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf / oD&dvuFmxD;eef;udk vuf
eufjzihf tEdkifodrf;,lcJhonfh apmVwdkif;om; {Vm&rif;om;rSmrl
vlBudKuf rrsm;cJhacs/ odkY&mwGif r[memrax&fu xdkrif;om;
onf rQwNyD; pDrHcefYcGrJ IwGif bufrvdkufaMumif;ESihf jzpf&yfrsm;udk
4
axmufjyNyD; erlemrsm; xkwfjyonf /
tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif r[m0Hotm; ordkif;rSwfwrf;tjzpf,lq
&efcJ,Of;onf/ r[m0Housrf;onf oD&dvuFmordkif;usrf;r[kwf
vQif ,if;onf oD&dvuFm Ak'¨0g'ordkif;usrf;tjzpf aocsmayguf
qdkEkdifNyD; þoD&dvuFmAk'¨0g'ordkif;usrf;onf oD&dvuFmordkif;\
t"du tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf ae&m,lonf/ 'Dy0Hoa&m r[m
0Hoyg ESpfusrf;vkH; Ak'¨0g'ordkif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;usrf;rsm;ü
1
Oyrm r[m0Ho? tcef; 14? 17? 21? 24? 30/ tcef; 38? 59 *gxm/
tcef; xlix ? 66-67 *gxmwdkYudk ½Iyg/
2
r[m0Ho? tcef; 19? 44 *gxm/ *Pem, y&dapäa'g? ayg&maP[d e
bmodawm (ta&twGuf tydkif;tjcm;udk a&S;q&mwdkY azmjy rxm;yg)/
3
,if; tcef; 21? 11 *gxm/
4
,if; tcef; 21? 14 *gxm/
20 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1 1
'wGm taEÅ cD&,m*kH vbdwGm *wbdu©K0w¬Kapw¬ uaxwAÁH}
þae&mü tpwGif &&SdorQ tpm;tpmudk uav;rsm;tm;
ay;pGefYNyD; EdkY,m*kqGrf;udk &zdkYtwGuf xGufcGmoGm;aom &[ef;
0w¬Kudkvnf; azmfjyoihf\}/
,if;0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;udk azmfjyrxm;ojzihf ,cktcg ,if;wdkY
udk ajc&mcHvdkuf&ef rvG,fulawmhacs/ odkYwap ,if;jzpf&yf
rsm;rSm t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&;om;pOfu ,aeYacwfwGif
ajracG;ESihf pyspfoD;ykHjyifudk vltrsm; em;vnfouJhodkY xdkacwf
2
u vltrsm; odvG,fonfrSm xif&Sm;onf /
6/ tpOftvm Zmwf0w¬Krsm;
3
o[ó0w¬Kt|uxm odkYr[kwf o[ó0w¬Kyu&P usrf;
onf oD[dkVfwuúodkvfpmMunhfwdkufü "mwfykHrdwåL ESpftkyfESihf
vufa&;rlwpftkyf &Sdonf/
(1) o[ó0w¬Kyu&Pusrf;? NAdwdoQjywdkuf&Sd ay½Gufrl oD[dkVf
tu©&ma&; rdwåL t½Guf 40? ay½Gufa& 154 csyf &Sdonf/
pmvkH;yg pmrsufESmwpfck\ t&SnfrSm 16 vufrjzpfonf/ ay
wpf½GufvQif udk;aMumif;&Sdonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ]þo[ó
0w¬Kyu&Pusrf;udk 1894 ckESpfwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU tpdk;&Xme
udk,fpm;vS,f tdyfcsf aeaAvD tDpfauG;vsm; (H. Neville Esquire)
xHodkY a*gavNrdKU? *ifawmw&yf? wdblrdum&mrausmif; wdkufae
tufpf ynmeE´ qxm0d& yk*¾Kdvfu vufaqmifay;onf}/
1
,if; pm? 29/ aemufxyf erlemrsm;udk 0dok'¨d 1? 120/ tH-| 1? 395
wdkYü ½Iyg/
2
rl&if;usrf;rsm;? obm0ESihf ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü yg0ifrIrsm;udk tao;
pdwfavhvmvdkygu t'du&rf (E. W. Adikaram)\ Early History of
Buddhisn in Ceylone usrf;pm tydkif; 1 udk ½Iyg/
3
aemufxyf okawoetwGuf tvif;a&mifay;a&;twGuf jiif;ckHrI t
enf;rS wpfyg; þtaMumif;t&mudk Unversty of Ceylon Review twGJ 2?
pm-86-91 wGif awGU&onf/
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 17
csKyf &Sif;jycsufjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf /
5/ ygVdbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;
at'D ig;&mpk tEk&m"yk&NrdKU r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufwGif a&;
om;onhf t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ ygVdawmftzGifhusrf;rsm;onf
bDpD 3 &mpkrS at'D 5 &mpktxd oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomordkif;udk
jyefvnf qef;ppfrItwGuf tm;xm;EdkifNyD; tqDtESpfjynfh0onhf
tcsuftvuf &if;jrpfrsm;jzpfonf/ t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCm\ vkyf
ief;rSm wnf;jzwfol bmomjyefyk*K¾ dvfjzpfaomfvnf; rdrdwm0efudk
jynhfpkHpGm aqmif½GufcJhykH&NyD; t&Sifjrwf\ wwfuRrf;rIESihf ta&;
ygrIaMumihf t&Sifjrwftm; ,ckacwfwGif t|uxmusrf; tm;
vkH; eD;yg;udk a&;om;cJholtjzpf ,lqcH&onf/ yd#uwfokH;ykH\
tzGifh t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk t&Sifr[dE´ oD&dvuFmodkY aqmif,l
cJhaMumif;ESihf oD[dkVfuRef;ol uRef;om;wdkY\ tusKd;twGuf ,if;
t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk rlvu oD[dkVfbmomjzihf a&;om;cJh
2
aMumif; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmorax&fu qdkonf /
rlv odkYr[kwf r[mt|uxm? r[mypö&dt|uxmESihf
uk½kE´dt|uxmusrf;rSm ta&;ygonfh wdyd#uusrf;pm tm;vkH;
eD;yg;rQ\ tzGifhusrf;rsm;udk txnfudk,fjyKcJhonhf oD[dkVfbmom
tajccH tzGifhusrf;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ ,if;usrf;rsm;tjyif tvGef
ta&;rygonhf oD[dkVfbmomtzGifhusrf; trsm;tjym;vnf; &Sd
onf/ ,if; (oD[dkVfbmom) yd#uwfokH;ykH tzGihfusrf;rsm;udk a&S;
tusqkH;aom pmayvuf&mrsm;tjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/ ,aeYacwf
wGif ,if; (oD[dkVf) t|uxmusrf;rsm;tm;vkH; rwnf&SdMuawmh
acs/ tqdkyg oD[dkVfbmom rl&if;usrf;rsm;rS aumufEkwfcsuf
1
&Sif;vif;pGm avhvm&ef rmvmvmaqau&\ &Sif;vif;aumif;rGefonhf
r[m0Ho#Dumed'gef;udk ½Iyg/
2
t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ 'D-| 1? r-| 1? tH-| 1 odkYr[kwf oH-| 1
usrf;rsm;\tp yPmr*gxmrsm;udk ½Iyg/
18 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
twdktxGmrsm;udk "rÜd,mt#K0g*g#my', (oD[dkVfusrf;)ü awGU
Edkifao;onf/
oD[dkVf t|uxmusrf;rsm;onf ykHpHwpfrsKd;wnf;jzihf wnf
NidrfrI r&SdcJhacs/ ,if;usrf;rsm;onf bDpD okH;&mpkwGif pwifcJh
aomfvnf; &mpkESpfrsm; Mumjrifhvmojzihf wjznf;jznf; wdk;yGm;
vmNyD; tcsuftvufopfrsm; pkaygif;vmcJhonf/ ,if;usrf;wdkY
\ wdk;yGm;vmrIoauFwudk tenf;qkH; at'D 2 &mpktxd awGU
2
&SdEdkifonf/ taMumif;rl t|uxmusrf;wpfapmif ü at'D 127-
171 twGif; tkyfcsKyfcJhaom 0obrif;tm; &nfñTef;xm;
onfudk awGU&aomaMumihf jzpfonf/ topfxnhfoGif;aom t
csuftvufrsm;rSm tvGefobm0usonhf a'oqdkif&m wdkufqdkif
jzpf&yfrsm;ESihf uRef;aevlxk\ vlrIa&;ESihf bmoma&;b0rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ ,if;jzpf&yfopfrsm;udk xnfh&jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm
ordkif; odkYr[kwf a'oqdkif&m tajctaersm;udk oifcef;pm
ay;&ef r[kwfacs/ ,aeYacwfwGif ,if;azmfjycsufrsm;udk ordkif;
okdYr[kwf vlrIa&;&nf½G,fcsufjzihf tokH;jyKMuaomfvnf; trSef
aomf xda&muf ½kd;pif;onhf[efjzihf w&m;"r®ESihf ukd,fusihfw&m;
OD;wnfcsufrsm;jzihf o½kyfazmf &Sif;jy&efom &nf½G,fonf/
t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf ¤if;\ t|uxmed'gef; (yPm
r)rsm;ü rdrdtaejzihf oD[dkVfbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk ygVd
bmomodkY jyefqdk½kHomjzpfNyD; ,if;odkYjyefqdk&müvnf; rvdktyfbJ
tus,fcsJUjcif;? xyfcgxyfcg jyqdkjcif;rsm;ESifh roufqdkifaom
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk csefxm;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; r[m0d[m&
0goDwdkY\ ydkYcsrItpOftvmudk aoGznfrnfr[kwfaMumif; qdk
onf/ t&Sifjrwf\ &nf½G,fcsufü tokH;rusí csefcJhaom t
csuftvuftcsKdUrSm oufqdkifrI r&Sdjcif;aMumihfyif jzpfvifhupm;
,if;wdkYudk xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifchJrl ,aeYacwfwGif tvGef tokH;0if
1 0dok'¨d 1? 27/
,if;usrf;? pm – 79? 80? 105? 136? 148? 149/
2
0d-| 2? 68/
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 19
0ifygvdrfhrnf1/ xdktcsdefu vlxktwGuf tvGefxif&Sm;aom
aMumihf csefxm;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/
t|uxm usrf;jyKq&mrsm;a&m tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;yg tcsuf
tvufwpfckudk o½kyfazmf&ef? jiif;qdkrIwpf&yfudk vufcHap&ef?
odkYr[kwf MunfndKolrsm;tm; bmoma&; pdwf"mwf jyif;jyvm
rItwGuf qGJaqmif&ef jzpf&yf0w¬Kwpfck vdktyfonhf tcgwdkif;
vkHvkHavmufavmuf &,lEdkifonfh a&S;acwf oD[dkVfjzpf&yfxl;rsm;
udk &vG,fonhf ae&mwpfck&SdaMumif; ,kHMunf&ef taMumif;&Sd
2
onf / ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;rSm w&m;a[m yk*¾KdvftwGufa&m em,lol
y&dowftwGufyg tvGefodvG,faMumif; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo
taejzifh ae&mrsm;pGmwdkYü ,if;wdkYudk ñTef;½kHom ñTef;NyD; tao;
pdwfazmfjyjcif; rjyKonfudk axmufí xif&Sm;ygonf/ Oyrmjy&rl
0dok'¨dr*fü ]awvuE´&du0w¬K apw¬ uaxwAÁH}3 ]þae&mü
awvuE´&du0w¬Kudkvnf; qdktyf\}/ ]pD0&*krÁ0godutrÁcg'u
4
r[mwdóaw¬&0w¬Kyd {w¬ uaxwAÁH } þae&mü o&ufoD;udk
bkOf;ay;onhf pD0&*krÁt&yfae t&Sifr[mwdórax&f\ qdkoihf
\}/ ]tm'dawm y|m, v'¨H v'¨H bdu©H wMw wMw 'g&umeH
1
r[m0Ho#Dum? pm 193 ü rZÑdredum,f plVoD[em'okwftzGifh oD[dkVf
t|umü ZeomeESihf taomu("r®maomu)wdkY\ r,fawmf taMumif;
azmfjycsuf yg&SdaMumif; qdkonf/ odkYwap ,if;tcsuftvufrSm ,aeY
acwf t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ plVoD[em'okwft|uxmü rawGU&acs/
,if;onf t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmotaejzifh oD[dkVfbmom t|uxmudk t
jynhftpkH bmomrjyefqdkaMumif; xif&Sm;aom om"u jzpfonf/ wpfcg
wpf&Hürl uk#uPÖ\jrif; *kV0PÖuJhodkYaom taMumif;udkyif tvGefpdwf
0ifpm;zG,f tao;pdwftcsufudkyif azmfjyonf (r-| 3? 112)/
2
tH-| 1? 395 ü vmaom 'g½kb@ur[mwdó rax&f\ jzpf&yfudk
&o0g[deD twGJ 2? pm- 33 ESihf 43 wdkYüvmaom wdóm,0w¬K ESifh
eukvó0w¬Krsm;udk NcKHikH Edkif;,SOf Munhfyg/
3
4
,if; 1? 44/
24 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
onhf ygVdbmomusrf; wpfapmifudk tajccHaMumif; yPmrü
qdkonf/ o[ó0w¬Kusrf;onf þü ñTef;qdkonfh tqdkyg ygVd
bmomusrf; jzpfEdkifygoavm/
uG,fvGefol [mh*f aeAD;vf (Hugh Nevill)u ¤if;pkaqmif;
xm;onhf ykHrESdyf&ao;onhf pmrlpm&if; (,ck NAdwdoQjywdkuf
trSwfpOf 115)wGif o[ó0w¬K yu&Ponf ygVdbmoma&;
&o0g[deDusrf;\ tajccH jzpfaMumif;ESihf ,if;usrf;onf "r®½kpd
*dkPf;\usrf;pm jzpfaMumif; rSwfcsufay;onf/ odkYwap rmvm
vmaqau&tvdkrl ,if;usrf;tm; tb,*d&d*dkPf;xGuf usrf;
jzpfaMumif; rSwfcsufjyK&ef taMumif;r&Sd[k ,lqonf /
1 (oD[dkVfbmom tzGifhusrf;rsm;)ESihf q&mtpOftqufrS &&Sd
a*gX£rÁ&0w¬Kü awGU&onhf ]Owå&0d[m&0godaem ye {0H
2
0'EÅd = Owå&0d[m&ausmif;ae yk*¾Kdvfrsm;u þodkY qdkMu\} [l
aom pmaMumif;t& o[ó0w¬Kusrf;onf "r®½kpd*dkPf;om;rsm;
[kqdkvdkonfh Owå&0d[m&0goD&[ef;wdkY\ usrf;pm r[kwfonf
rSm aocsmonf/
&o0g[deDusrf;ed'gef;ü t&Sif&|ygv\usrf;onf a&S;acwf
&[EÅmrax&fwdkY rdefYawmfrlcJhMuNyD; a&S;q&mwdkY oD[dkVfbmom
jzihf rSwfwrf;wifxm;onhf 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;udk ygVdbmomodkY jyef
qdkjcif;jzpfaMumif; qdkonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;yPmrü usrf;jyK
yk*¾Kdvfu oD[Vt|uxmenf;udk rSDjirf;jyKaMumif; qdkonf/
o[ó0w¬Kudk zwf½Iygu ,if;usrf;onf oD[dkVfrl&if;\ wkduf
½dkuf wpfcgwav cyfMurf;Murf; ygVdbmomjyef jzpfaMumif; t
awmftwef &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyonf/ o[ó0w¬Kü wpfcgwpf&H
o'´ga&; rrSef? racsmrGwf? <uyfqyfNyD; rnfonhf pmayawmuf
ajymifrI [efyefrQ r&Sdacs/ ,if;usrf;ü ]oD[dkVfygVd}[kyif ac:Edkif
avmufonhf oD[dkVfbmom wGJvkH;rsm;? tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk wdkuf
1
Pali Literature of Ceylon, pp. 128-129.
2
&o0g[dusrf;üvnf; ,if;pmaMumif;udk awGU&onf/
3 1
Rasavahini I, Intro. vv. 5-7.
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 21
(2) o[ó0w¬Kyu&Pusrf;? NAdwdoQjywdkuf&Sd ayrl/ oD[dkVf
tu©&ma&;/ rdwåL½Gufa& 50/ ay½Gufa& 298/ pmyg ay½Guf
t&Snf 10 vufr&Sdonf/ pmwpfrsufESmwGif 7 aMumif; odkY
r[kwf 8 aMumif; &Sdonf/
(3) o[ó0w¬Kt|uxm? vufa&;rl? bm;e'fpmMunfhwdkuf?
&efukef? jrefrm? jrefrmtu©&ma&;/
usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf trnfrod&/ yPmrwGif Ak'¨? "r®? oHCmtm;
&Sdckd;NyD;aemuf usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfu oD[Vmp&d, (oD[dkVfq&m)rsm;udk
tav;*½kjyKaMumif;ESihf usrf;pmygtcsufrsm;udk oD[V|uxm
1
aMumif; qdkonf /
usrf;jyKESpfESihf ywfoufí raocsmacs/ odkYwap o[ó
0w¬Kt|uxm[laomtrnfESihf ,if;usrf;udk r[m0Ho#Dumü
udk;um;jcif;aMumifh ,if;usrf;udk at'D 9 pkxuf apmaom acwf
wpfckwGif a&;om;aMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ t|uxm[laom a0g
[m&onf tEk&m"yk&acwf tapmydkif;umvwGif rsufarSmuff
acwfrSmxuf ydkrdkus,fjyefY cHhnm;onhf t"dyÜm,fudk aqmifonf/
,aeYacwfwGif ,if;a0g[m&onf wdyd#uygVdawmftzGifh t|
uxmusrf;udkom qdkvkdonf/ odkY&mwGif tEk&m"yk&acwfwGif
,if;a0g[m&onf wdyd#uygVdawmfrSwpfyg; tjcm;pmaytrsKd;
tpm;tm;vkH;udk t"dyÜm,f oufa&mufonf/ odkYjzpfí o[ó
0w¬KuJhodkYaom trsm;ajymykH0w¬Kusrf;pmwpfckudkyif t|uxm[k
ac:a0:xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkacwfü wdyd#uygVdawmfudk txl;
&nf½G,fonhf ygVdawmfrsm;ESihf ,if;wdkY\tzGifh t|uxmusrf;
rsm;tygt0if r[maAm"d0Hot|uxm (r[maAm"dyif ordkif;
usrf;)? apwd,0Hot|uxm (apwDawmfrsm; ordkif;usrf;)?
r[mapwd,0Hot|uxm (r[mapwDordkif;usrf;)? 'Dy0Hot|
uxm (oD[dkVfuRef;ordkif;)? r[m0Hot|uxm (rif;qufrsm;
o[ó0w¬KH bmodóH? oD[V|uxme,H? *PSdwGm p&d,0g'ð p/
22 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
ordkif;)uJhodkYaom tjcm;pmayusrf;*eftm;vkH; t|uxmusrf;
rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ,if;azmfjyNyD; usrf;tm;vkH;rSm oD[dkVfbmom
usrf;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ oD[Vt|uxm [laomtrnfonf a,
bk,stm;jzihf oD[dkVfbmomjzihfa&;aom usrf;tm;vkH;udk ac:
a0:okH;pGJjcif;jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu #Dum[kac:onhf pmayykHpH
r&Sdao;ay/ #Dum[laom a0g[m&onf ouúwMoZm vTrf;rdk;
onhf at'D 10 &mpk ESihf 11 &mpk aygvkEé½k0acwf twGif;
usrSom a&yef;pm;vmjcif; jzpfonf/ uREkfyfwdkYod&orQ t&Sif
tmeE´m\ rlv#Dumonf yxrqkH;aom #Dumusrf;jzpfonf/
rlv#Dumudk at'D 10 odkYr[kwf 11 &mpkcefYwGif a&;om;onf/
t&SiftmeE´monf ½lyod'¨d ygVdo'´gusrf;jyK t&SifAk'¨yÜd,\ q&m
jzpfonf/ at'D 12 &mpk tv,fcefYwGif a&;onhf arm*¾vm’ ef
usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf t&SifAk'¨yÜd,\ ½lyod'¨dusrf;udk odonf/ xdkY
aMumifh tu,fí t&SiftmeE´mudk at'D 10 odkYr[kwf 11 &mpk
wpfcsdefcsdefwGif owfrSwfygu tvGef rSm;zG,f&m r&SdEdkifacs/ odkY
jzpfí #Dumusrf; pmaytpydkif;udk tMurf;jzif;tm;jzihf at'D 10
&mpkESihf 11 &mpktwGif;[k owfrSwfEdkifonf/ ,if;acwfrwdkifrD
usrf;pmtm;vkH;udk a,bk,stm;jzihf t|uxm[laom trnf
atmufwGif todrsm;ykH&onf/ azmfjyyg tcsufrsm;t& o[ó
0w¬Kt|uxmudk tenf;qkH; at'D 9 &mpk xufapmaom acwf
[k owfrSwfEdkifonf/
o[ó0w¬Kt|uxmü r[m0HoESihf r[m0Hot|uxm
ESpfusrf;vkH;udk udk;um;xm;NyD; ]Owå&0d[m&0g'D}wdkY azmfjyonhf
,lqcsufwpf&yfudkvnf; &nfñTef;xm;onf/ r[m0Housrf;udk
udk;um;aomaMumifh ,if;usrf;onf at'D 5 &mpkxuf aemuf
usonf/ oD[Vt|uxm (ed'geuxm) ESihf r[m0Hot|uxm
(usrf;pmudk,f)wdkYudk udk;um;aomaMumihf o[ó0w¬Kt|uxm
taejzihf a&S;usaom usrf;wpfapmifjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/
taMumif;rl oD[Vt|xmusrff;tm; udk;um;rIudk 10 &mpk rwdkif
rDcefY a&;om;cJhonhf ygVdbmomESihf oD[dkVfbmom usrf;rsm;ü
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 23
rawGU&aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ o[ó0w¬Kt|uxmudk a&;om;
onhfcsdefwGif avhvmolrsm; r[m0Hot|uxmudk zwf½Iaom
tcsufonf o[ó0w¬Kusrf;jyKq&mu ¤if;\ pmzwfy&dowf
tm; aemufxyf tao;pdwfrsm;twGuf r[m0Hot|uxmusrff;
1
udk ñTef;qdkcsufaMumifhjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf /
txufwGif jyqdkcJhtwdkif; at'D 9 &mpkcefY[k ,lq&onfh
r[m0Ho#DumwGif o[ó0w¬Kt|xumrS udk;um;csuf okH;ckyg
2
onf / yxrESpfck (ok&medr®v0w¬KESihf a*gX,drÁ&0w¬K)udk vuf
a&;rlü awGU&onf/ wwd,0w¬K (omvDrif;om;0w¬K)udkrl rawGU
&/ trSefaomf vufa&;rlü omvDrif;om;0w¬K wpfckvkH;udk `rIyf
xm;onf/ ,if;ü omvdrif;om;ESihf ywfoufí ]omvd&mZ
ukrm&0w¬KH r[m0Hao 0kwåea,e a0'dwAÁH/ omvd&mZukrm&
0w¬K 'kwd,H} [laom 0guswpfaMumif;rQom ygonf/ þonfrSm
omvdrif;om;taMumif; awGU&orQjzpfonf/ rl&if;usrf;pmrS
a&;ul;olonf &Snfvsm;onhf 0w¬Kudk ul;,lrItwGuf 0efav;í
oufom&m&ap&ef pmzwfoltm; r[m0Houdk udk;um;vsuf
,if;0w¬Kudk `rSKyfxm;cJhovm; odkYr[kwf vufa&;rlonf o[ó
0w¬Krl&if;\ twdkcsKyfykHpHwpfckudk &cJhovm;[lonfudk vufa&;rl
aemufxyfwpfcsKdUudk rawGUrcsif; twdtus rqdkEkdifacs/ odkYwap
o[ó0w¬Kudk tajccHonf[k a,bk,stm;jzihf ,kHMunfxm;
onfh &o0g[deDusrf;wGif omvdrif;om;taMumif; azmfjycsufudk
3
r[m0Ho#DumwGif azmfjyonhftwdkif; awGU&onf /
&o0g[eDusrf;jyK t&Sifa0a'[rax&fu ¤if;\usrf;onf
tEk&m"yk&NrdKU r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuftwGif; *kwå0uFy&da0P
ausmif;ü oDwif;okH;onhf t&Sif&|ygv[kac:onhf rax&f a&;
1
t,H ye oacFayg? 0dw¬ma&m ye r[m0Ho|uxm,H 0kawåm/ tw¬d
au[d wawm *a[waAÁm ("r®maomur[m&mZó 0w¬K)/
2
Mahavamsa Tika, pp 451, 452, 607.
3
Rasavahini II, p. 116.
28 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
a,muf\ trnfrsm;udk azmfjyonf/ odkYwap eE´drdwå ('kwd,
0*f? 0w¬KtrSwf 6)ESihf a0VKokre0w¬K (pwkw¬0*f? 0w¬KtrSwf 9
üygNyD;)wdkYrSm qdkNyD;0w¬Krsm; jzpfMuonf/ odkYjzpfí 0w¬Krsm;udk
ol&edr®vjzifh pwifNyD; 0w¬Kav;ckNyD;aemuf qkH;oGm;onf/ wpfzef
q|r0*f\ yxrqkH; 0w¬Kü ]oacFaye 'k|*grPd&anm 0w¬KH
yXrH} [laom pum;&yf 0gusrQomygonf/ 'kwd,0w¬K omvd
rif;om;taMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyrxm;bJ pmzwfoltm; ,if;
0w¬Kudk r[m0HorS &,l&ef wdkufwGef;xm;onf - ]omvd&mZ
ukrm&0w¬KH r[m0Hao 0kwåea,e a0'dwAÁH/ omvd&mZukrm&
0w¬KH 'kwd,H/ odkYwap ,if;0w¬Kudkvnf; trSefwu,f azmfjy
ouJhodkY a&wGufxm;onf/
]tedpöm 0w ocFg&m} ("r®aom@u0w¬K? yxr0*f yxr
0w¬K) jzihf tpjyKonfh *gxmtzGifhonf tvGef tao;pdwfjzpfNyD;
ESpfoufzG,f aumif;onf/ xkdYjyif ,if;tzGifhü ]umv0drkwåH
edó&PH edAÁmeH} uJhodkYaom eufeJonhf 'óeqdkif&m t"dyÜm,f
zGifhqdkcsufrsm; yg&Sdonf/ usrf;pmwpfckvkH;wGif ,if;*gxm wpfyk'f
wnf;üom ,if;odkY tao;pdwf zGifhqdkonf/
tjcm; &nfñTef;usrf;rsm;ü rawGU&onfh ordkif;qdkif&m t
csuftvuf trsm;tjym;udk o[ó0w¬Kusrf;ü azmfjyonf/
ykHpHtm;jzihf &o0g[deDusrf;ü awGU&onhf ]'kAÁd|dr[m&mZ}\ Zpf
jrpfESihf ywfoufonhf oJvGefptcsKdUudk ,if;usrf;ü jyqdkonf/
]jAm[®Pwd,H apm&b,H}onf t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf ordkif;
usrf;rsm;üawGU&NrJ 0gusjywff jzpfaomfvnf; ]wd,H} [laom
a0g[m&udkrl &Sif;jy&ef cufcJonf/ o[ó0w¬Küum; ]jAm[®P
wdóaapm&b,H}[k (av;Budrf) twdtus qdkonf/ zkó
a'0aw¬&0w¬Konf &o0g[deDü rawGU&onhf tcsuftvuf
opf vkH;0jzpfonf/ &o0g[deDü zkóa'00w¬K ygaomfvnf;
'k|*grPdrif;BuD;\ xif&Sm;onhf ppfolBuD; jzpfonf/ o[ó
0w¬Kyg zkóa'0aw¬&fum; o'¨gwdórif;BuD;\ ESrawmf\om;
(u#uem&0goD zkóa'0aw¬a&m emr o'¨gwdór[m&anm
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 25
½dkufbmomjyefrI rsm;pGm awGU &onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf –
umvod*gvH ydrÁa&m t*¾a[od (umvod*gvó 0w¬K)
w0 o[m,uH ok0aygwuH rm&dwapma&mwd tm[
(As*¾ó 0w¬K)
{wó rEkóó a*['dEé rEkaóm
(apm&a*a[ 0godwrEkóó 0w¬K)
r,SH tm[m&H cg'dwGm tm*r'gvuH rH £awm rkÍöEkyg,H
ua&m[Dwd (apm&a*a[ 0godw rEkóó 0w¬K)
w0 uxeyapöuAka'¨g emr uD'daomwd
("r®maomu r[m&mZó 0w¬K)
oD[V'Day Owå&ypäd,H ('EÅuk#KrÁduó 0w¬K)
wH ylZH u&Pora, (uÍöea'0d,m 0w¬K)
ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
,if;odkYaom 0gusrsm; usrf;pmwpfckvkH; jynhfESufaeojzihf
,if;usrf;udk aumif;pGm zwf½Iem;rvnfEdkifbJ oD[dkVfbmom
pum;udk vkHavmufatmif rwwfuRrf;ygu rESpfoufEdkifacs/
wpfcgwpf&H ]ayg'H uDVdwkH} ]wdkufcdkuf odkYr[kwf eyef;vkH;&ef}
(a*gV£rÁ&0w¬K)uJhodkYaom tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ odkY
wap ,if;tokH;rsKd;udk ygVdbmomü awGU&rnfr[kwfacs/ ayg'
[laoma0g[m&onf wdkufckdufjcif; t"dyÜm,f&Sdonhf ygVdouf
oD[dkVfa0g[m& jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ Oyrm pyg;BuD;a>rteufa[m
ydrÁa&m (okH;½dk;okH;pOf ygVda0g[m& tZ*&? oD[dkVf ydrÁK&m)? t&yf
odkYr[kwf e,fy,f a'o eHab; teufa[m ypäd,H (oD[dkVf yo?
ygVdrSef yó) paom a0g[m&rsm; jzpfonf/
o'´genf; a&;xkH;rrSefonhf 0gusrsm;udkvnf; awGU&onf/
ykHpHtm;jzihf -
MoavmauwGm twåaem *aw (apm&Cmwuó 0w¬K)
tx em0g owå'd0oH *wumav ork'´raZÑ bdZÆd
('EÅuk#KrÁduó 0w¬K)
26 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&anm ykawåm 0dZm,d
(apm&a*a[ 0godwrEkóó 0w¬K) ponf/
,if;odkY o'´ga&;xkH;ESihf tokH;tEIef; rrSefonfwdkYudk awGU&
ouJhodkY aumif;rGefonhf wGJvkH;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&ao;onf/
ykHpHtm;jzihf –
,xm a"mawe yawåe (wdó'[&omraP&ó 0w¬K)
1
'ku©maywGm (apm&Cmwu0w¬K)
,if;usrf;ü Zmwu|uxmwGif yg&Sdaom 0gusrsm; vTrf;rdk;
aeonfudkvnf; awGU&onf/
&o0g[deDyPmrü a&S;acwf&[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY oD[dkVfbm
omjzihf rdefYMum;onhf 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;onf ae&mXme trsKd;rsKd;ü
(ww¬w¬LyyEémed 0kwåmed) pwifcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ o[ó
0w¬Kusrf;vm ykHpHrsm;pGmwdkYonf ae&mXmetrsKd;rsKd;rS EIwfajym
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tajccHaMumif; xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyonf/
0w¬Kjzpf&yfwpfck odkYr[kwf wkdufqdkifrIwpf&yfESihf ywfoufí
wpfcgwpf&H ]£wd 0kwåmed} ]þodkY qdkukef\} [k tqkH;owfxm;
onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf –
wm0wðoba0 edAÁwåðokEÅd 0'EÅd (umuó 0w¬K)
pwl[d rmao[d *awmwd 0'EÅd (plVem*aw¬&ó 0w¬K)
tv'¨|meH emr e|mwd 0'EÅd
(yl0yAÁw0goD wdóaw¬&ó 0w¬K)
&o0g[deDusrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfu rdrd\usrf;pmrSm yke½kwåd (qdkNyD;
onfudk xyfqdkjcif;) uJhodkYaom trSm;rsm;jzihf jynhfaeonhf t&Sif
&|ygv\ ygVdbmomjyefudk jyefvnf rGrf;rH a&;om;jcif;rQom
1
jzpfaMumif; 0efcHxm;onf /
o[ó0w¬Kusrf;udk xkwfcsif;ayguf zwfrdol rnfolrqdk
,if;usrf;rSm bmompum;t&a&m pDpOfrIt&yg jyefvnf rGrf;rH
1
oku©maywGm? Ze0obokwf? 'D 2? 182/
2
yke½kwåm'da'gao[d wrmod? oAÁH tmukvH temukvH u&dómrd/ &o-
0g[deD? yPmr*gxm? trSwf 7/
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 27
a&;om;&ef tvGefvdktyfonf[k cHpm;&onf/ o[ó0w¬Kusrf;
pDpOfykHü pnf;urf;a&m enf;vrf;yg r&Sdacs/
ykHrSeftm;jzihf wpf0*f (tcef;wpfck)pDü 0w¬K 10 ckpD &SdNrJjzpf
aomfvnf; (o[ó0w¬Kü) wpf0*fü 0w¬K 5 ck? tjcm;wpf0*fü
9 ck? aemufwpfckürl 11 ck &Sdonf/ 0w¬Ktpü 0w¬K\trnf
onf tqkH;üazmfjyonhf trnfESihfrwlonfudk rMumcPawGU&
onf/ 0w¬Kacgif;pOfrsm;rSm zGifhq&dk Sif;jyNyD; &Snv
f sm;vsuf rmwd
um oabmjzifh azmfjy&ef &nf½G,fonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf plv
*v’&a| tmoeomvH Z*¢EÅó Oygouó 0w¬K? r[m*gar
wdór[m0d[ma& "r®okwaeom'ó 0w¬K – ponf/ ,if;
zGifhqdk&Sif;jy 0w¬Kacgif;pOfykHpHrSm oD[dkVfaus;vufae yk*¾Kdvfrsm;
twGif; 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;ü ,aeYwkdifyif awGU&qJjzpfonf/
av;ckajrmuf0*f\ pmay[efrSm tjcm;tm;vkH;ESihf vkH;0
jcm;em;onf/ 0w¬Kwpfckonf ,if;0w¬K\vkd&if;udk tusOf; azmf
jyonhf *gxmwpfyk'fjzihf tpysKd;onf/ tqkH;wGif ]awe 0kwåH} [l
aom pum;ESpfvkH;tNyD; ,if;*gxmudk jyefqdkonf/ wpfcgwpf&H
tpysKd;*gxmNyD;aemuf 0w¬Kudk ]wH ,xmEkok,saw} jzihf zGifh
onf/ av;ckajrmuf0*fonf ouúw MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI &SdykH&onf/
0w¬Krsm;udk pDpOf&müvnf; pepfwusr&Sdacs/ 0w¬Ktm;vkH;
a&maxG;aeMuonf/ ZrÁK'Dy0w¬Krsm;udk oD[dkVf0w¬Krsm; tMum;ü
[dkwpfck'Dwpfck awGU&onf/ umu0PÖwdó0w¬K (9 ckajrmuf
0*f? 0w¬KtrSwf 5)onf trSefpifppf umu0PÖwdó? 'k|*grPD
ESihf a0VKokre trnf&onfh yk*¾KdvfokH;a,muftaMumif; jzpf
onf/ odkYwap ,if;0*ftqkH;ü ,if;udk azmfjyjcif;r&SdbJ q,fck
ajrmuf0w¬Ktjzpf 'k|*grPd0w¬K[k trnfay;xm;onf/ ,if;ü
]'k|*grPdtb,r[m&anm 0w¬K r[m0Hao 0dw¬m&dwar0/
wH wawm *a[wAÁH} [kom qdkonf/ odkYwap 0w¬KwpfckvkH;udk
azmfjyrSom aumif;rGefrnf[k ,lq&onf/ ig;ckajrmuf0*fü
usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf tpOftwkdif; wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf
azmfjy&ef &nf½G,fonhftwdkif; 'k|*grPdrif;\ ppfolBuD; q,f
32 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
avmufonfh oD[dkVf rSwfwrf;a[mif;tcsKdUudk rSDjirf;jyKcJhonf[l
aom tcsufudkrl oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/
1
&o0g[deDonf *gxmñSyf ygVdpum;ajyjzifh a&;om;xm;
aom 0w¬K 103 yk'fudk pkpnf;xm;onhf usrf;jzpfonf/ ,if;
usrf;udk u@ESpfck cGJxm;onf/ yxru@ü ZrÁK'Dy (tdE´d,)ESifh
oufqdkifonhf 0w¬K 40 yg0ifNyD; 'kwd,u@ü vuFm (oD[dkVf)
ESihf oufqdkifonhf 0w¬K 63 yk'fyg0ifonf/
yPmr*gxmt& &o0g[deDusrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf 0e0goD*dkPf;
0if t&Sifa0a'[rax&fjzpfNyD; ,if;rax&fonf oD[dkVfuRef;&Sd
oD&dyg'taMumif; zGJUqdkonhf ygVduAsmausmf orEÅul#0PÖem
usrf;ESihf oD[Vo'´vu©Pmac: oD[dkVfo'´gusrf;rsm;udkvnf;
a&;om;cJhonf/ xdkrax&f\ q&mrax&ftm; tmeE´0e&we
tjzpf azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;usrf;udk a,bk,stm;jzihf at'D 14
&mpk tapmydkif;wGif a&;om;aMumif; ,lqxm;Muonf/ odkYwap
xdkusrf;u rSDjirf;jyKcJhonhf EIwfajymESihf usrf;xGuf &if;jrpfrsm;rSm
,if;acwfxuf rsm;pGm apmykH&onf/
&o0g[deDusrf;udk rdwfquf&mü usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfu usrf;pm\
ordkif;udk azmfjyonf/ a&S;acwf &[EÅmrax&fjrwfwdkYonf txl;
xl;aom t&yfa'oü jzpfysufcJhonhf 0w¬KaMumif;rsm;udk oD[dkVf
bmompum;jzihf ajymjycJhMuonf/ ,if;wdkYudk a&S;q&mwdkYu
pkaqmif;xm;cJhMuonf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf&Sd *kwå0uFy&d
1
at'D 14 &mpk *'vma'Pd0d[m&ü oDwif;okH;aexkdifcJhaom "r®udwåd
trnf&Sdrax&f a&;om;cJhonhf ]o'¨r®mvuFm&,} trnf&Sd oD[dkVfbm
omjzihf a&;om;xm;onhf usrf;wpfapmif&Sdonf/ ,if;usrf;onf &o
0g[deDusrf; bmomjyefjzpfonfrSm aocsmaomfvnf; &o0g[deDusrf;
wGif rygonhf arawå,s0w¬KESihf y'krm0wD0w¬KESpfck yg0ifonf/ ,if;
(oD[dkVf)usrf;onf wdkuf½u
dk fbmomjyef usrf;r[kwfbJ pum;tvuFm
qifí Oyrmrsm;jzihf jyefvnfa&;om;aom 0w¬Krsm;jzpfMuonf/ o'¨r®m
vuFm&, usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf &o0g[deDusrf;jyK yk*¾KdvfuJhodkYyif 0e0goD
*kdPf;0ifjzpfonf/
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 29
b*ded,m ykawåm) jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf ,if;rax&fonf 'k|
*grPdrif;BuD;\ wlawmfjzpfonf/ 'k|*grPd odkYr[kwf o'¨g
wdórif;wdkYü ESr&Sdonf[laomtcsufudk tjcm; rnfonhfusrf;
ürQ rawGU&acs/
zkóa'0 rax&ftaMumif;udk tjcm;usrf;*ef rsm;pGmwdkYü
1
awGU&onf/ orEÅygom'dum (0de,|uxm) ü ,if;rax&f
taMumif;udk wHjrufvSnf;jcif;\ tusKd;udk o½kyfazmf&mü jyqdk
onf/ tjcm;tao;pdwf rsm;pGmudk `rIyfxm;cJhonf/ wHjruf
vSnf;jcif;ESihf ywfoufonhftaMumif;ESihf rm&fewf udk,fxifjy
onhf taMumif;rsm;udkom azmfjyonf/ o[ó0w¬Kü rm&fewf
wpf&ufom vmonf/ orEÅygom'dumü rm&fewfonf wpfaeY
wnf;ü arsmuftoGif? EGm;toGif? ajcqmaeaom a,musfm;
toGifjzihf okH;Budrf vmonf/ ,if;rax&fudk u#tE¨um&0goD
2
zkóa'0rax&f[k ac:wGifonf/ om&o*F[usrf; ü xdkrax&f
udk umvE¨umv0goD zkóa'0rax&f[k ac:wGifNyD; &nf½G,f
csufwlnDonf/ tao;pdwftcsuf trsm;tjym; csefvSyfxm;cJhNyD;
rm&fewf udk,fxifjyjcif;vnf; wlnDonf/ o'¨r®&wemu& (15
3
&mpk tapmydkif;a&; oD[dkVfbmomusrf;pm) ü ,if;rax&fudk
umvuE´ zkóa'0rax&f ac:onf/ (,if; oD[dkVfusrf;t&
tqdkyg umvuE´ausmif;wkdufonf ½k[kPt&yfü&Sdonf)/ ,if;
usrf;ü rm&fewfonf ykHpHwpfrsKd;wnf;jzihf wpfaeYwGif okH;Budrf
qufwdkuf vmaMumif; qdkonf/ þusrf;üvnf; rlv0w¬K\
tao;pdwf trsm;tjym;udk csefxm;cJhNyD; wHjrufvSnf;jcif;ESihf
ywfoufonfESihf rm&fewf vmaESmihf,SufonfwdkYudkom azmfjy
onf/ ,if;0w¬Kudk wHjrufvSnf;jcif;\ tusKd;udk csD;rGrf;&ef azmf
4
jyjcif;jzpfonf/ 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü ,if;rax&ftm; u#uE´&0goD
1 2
0d-| 4? 174/ Sārasangaha, p. 33.
3
Saddharmartnākara, p. 334.
4
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 221/ (jrefrmrlü u#tE¨um&0goD [k&Sdonf)/
30 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
zkóa'0rax&ftjzpf qdkonf/ xdkrax&fonf rm&fewf zef
qif;jyonhf Ak'¨ykHawmfudk Munfh½I&if; &[EÅmtjzpfudk &onf/
tjcm; tao;pddwfrsm;udk azmfjyrxm;ay/ apwD,ifjyifudk wH
jrufvSnf;aMumif;ESihf ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzihf rm&ewf vma&muf aESmihf
,SufaMumif;vnf; rjyqdkay/ &nfñTef;NyD; usrf;*efwdkYü azmfjy
onhf taMumif;t&mrsm;wGif o'¨gwdórif; ESrawmf\om; jzpf
aMumif; razmfjyMuaomfvnf; usrf;tm;vkH;ü zkóa'0 rax&f
onf rm&fewfzefqif;jyonhf Ak'¨ykHawmfudk zl;ajrmf&if; &[EÅmjzpf
1
oGm;aMumif; wlnDpGm azmfjyMuonf /
o[ó0w¬K[laom trnft& ,if;usrf;ü 0w¬Kjzpf&yf
aygif; wpfaxmifyg&SdaMumif; qdkvdkonf/ trSefaomf 0w¬Ka& 94
yk'frQom yg&Sdonf/ wpfaxmifESihf ig;&muJhodkYaom cefYrSef; a&
wGufrIrsm;udk a,bk,stm;jzihf a&S;acwf ygVdpmayü ta&t
wGufrsm;rIudk azmfjy&ef okH;avh&Sdonf/ ,if;odkY okH;onfqdkaomf
vnf; 94 [laomta&twGufrSm o[ó[laom a0g[m&udk
okH;Edkif&ef enf;vGef;vSonf/
,if;ESihf ywfoufí rmvmvmaqau&u tvGefpdwf0if
pm;zG,faumif;aom azmfjycsufwpfckay;cJhonf/ ¤if;u o[ó
[laom a0g[m&onf ESpfoufz, G faumif;aom? thHMozG,f
aumif;aom? 0rf;ajrmufzG,f aumif;aom[k t"dyÜm,f&onfh
ouúwa0g[m& ]o[&S}ESihf nDaom ygVda0g[m& jzpfEdkifaMumif;
2
MuHqcJhonf / odkYjzpfygu usrf;acgif;pOf ]o[ó0w¬Kt|uxm
1
Zmwu|uxmü ,if;rax&ftm; u#uE¨um&0goD zkóa'0rax&f[k
om azmfjyNyD; xdkrax&ftaMumif; rnfonfhtcsufudkrQ azmfjy rxm;ay
(Zm-| 4? 394)/
2
a0g[m&Zpfjrpf avhvmrIt& ]OwMu&S}udk OuúHo odkYr[kwf ]jy[&S}udk
]y[Ho}[k ygVda0g[m& ajymif;&ouJhodkY ]o[&S}udk ]o[Ho}[kom qdkEdkif
NyD; ]o[ó}[k rjzpfEdkifaMumif; jiif;qdkEkdif&monf/ odkYaomf ]0&f&S}ESihf
]0ó}? ]MuóQu} ]uóu} ykHpHrsm;rSm ]o[&S}rS ]o[ó} qif;oufvm
aMumif; tqdkudk jzpfEdkifajc ay;ygonf/ o[ó0w¬Kusrf;\ pmaytqihf
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 31
odkYr[kwf ]o[ó0w¬Kyum&P} [lonf ]Munf½TifzG,f 0w¬K
rsm;usrf;}[k t"dyÜm,fxGufrnfjzpfNyD; tawmftwef ESpfouf
zG,faumif;onf/ oó0w¬Kusrf;udk ]t&om&Sdaomjrpf} odkYr
[kwf ]&owdkYpD;qif;&m} odkYr[kwf ]MunfEl;zG,f zefwD;&Sif}[k
t"dyÜm,f&onhf ]&o0g[deDusrf;}ESihf EIdif;,SOfMunhfygu txuf
yg t"dyÜm,f zGifhqdkcsufrSmydkí aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonfudk awGU&
onf/ odkYjzpfrl ]o[ó} ESihf ]&o0g[deD} acgif;pOfESpfckvkH;rSm
t"dyÜm,f wlnD&awmhrnf jzpfonf/ ,if;onf ]&o0g[deDusrf;}
onf ]oD[V0w¬Kusrf;}udk rDSjirf;jyKonf[laom tcsufudk
axmufcHjcif;jzpfonf/
&o0g[deDusrf;ü oD[V0w¬Kusrf;ESihf pum;vkH;rsm; wlnD
onhf 0gustrsm;tjym; yg&Sdonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;vm udÍöd
o*F[0w¬Kü bk&ifhxD;apmihfewf ½Gwfqdkaom *gxmonf pum;
vkH; wpfvkH;ESpfvkH;uvGJí o[ó0w¬Kü awGU&onhf *gxm
twdkif; jzpfonf/ a*g|£rÁ&rax&f &[EÅmjzpfNyD;aemuf ½Gwfqdk
aom*gxmonf &o0g[deDü ydkrdkaumif;rGefNyD; o'´ga&;rSefatmif
jyKjyifxm;onfuvGJí ESpfusrf;vkH;ü twlwljzpfonf/
txufyg ,lqcsufrsm;u ]tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wdkuf? *kwå0*Fy&da0Pausmif;ae t&Sif&|ygvrax&f
a&;cJhaom o[ó0w¬Kusrf;onf at'D 14 &mpk t&Sifa0a'[
rax&fu &o0g[deDusrf;tjzpf jyefvnfjyKjyif rGrf;rHa&;om;cJh
aomusrf; rjzpfEdkifbl;vm;}[laomtar;udk jzpfay:vmaponf/
o[ó0w¬Kusrf;onf bmompum;rnufanm o'´ga&;
nHhaomfvnf; ordkif;wefzdk; rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ ,if;usrf;onf xdk
acwftcsdefu usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf vufvSrf;rD &&SdEdkifaom rDScdktm;xm;
twef;rSqkH;jzwfvsuf a0g[m&Zpfjrpfwpfck taejzihfvnf; ,lqEdkifonf/
][ó}onf ][&f&S} rSjzpfap? ][m,S} rSjzpfap qif;oufvmEdkifonf/
vef'ef ygVdawmftoif; tbd"mefudkvnf; ½Iyg/ xdkYjyif ]awoH £'H
bmodwH [óuH a,0 orÜZÆwd (r 2? 234) udkvnf; ½Iyg/
36 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
onfrSm aocsmygonf/ ygVdt|uxm usrf;rsm;acwf at'D 5
&mpkxufyif a&S;usEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;vm 0w¬Krsm;
pGmonf Zmwfedygwfawmf tpOftvmü awGU&onhf Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwf\ twdwfb0 jzpf&yfrsm;ESihf ywfoufonf/ odkYwap
&o0g[deDESihf Zmwfawmfrsm;tMum;ü t"duESihf tajccH jcm;em;
csufrsm; &Sdonf/ Zmwfawmfrsm;ü wd&pämefrsm; pum;ajymonhf
0w¬K rsm;pGmygaomfvnf; &o0g[deDü usD;uef;iSuf wpfrsKd;om
1
¤if;\EIwfjzifh pum;ajymonfudk awGU&onf / Zmwu0w¬Krsm;ü
awGU&ouJhodkY vlom;bmompum;udk ajymqdkojzihf iSufrsm;udk
csD;rGrf;qdkjcif; r[kwfbJ iSufwdkY\ bmompum;udk em;vnfjcif;
twGuf vlom;tm; rGrf;qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ tjcm;aom wd&pämef
rsm;rSm ¤if;wdkY\ EIwfjzihfyif pum;rajymMuay/ 'k|*grPdrif;
BuD;\ jrif;ronf rdrd\tpm;tpmudk bdu©KoHCmtm; rQa0vkd
ojzihf rdrd\qE´udk yg;pyfrSrqdkbJ ajrBuD;cwfNyD; t&dyfedrdwfjyí
2
qdkonf / 'k|*grPd\qifonf BuD;jrwfonhf todynmESihf jynfh
pkHonf/ ¤if;tm; atmifajrudk &SmazGcGifhjyKaomfvnf; ¤if;tae
jzihf rdrd\r[mAsL[m tpDtpOfrsm;udk EIwfrS>ruf[í qdkEdkifpGrf;
3 4
r&Sday / avwGifysH0Jonhf Aka'¨eD\jrif;onfyif pum;rajymacs /
tpOftvm a&S;usrIudk oufaojyKonhf &o0g[deDusrf;ü
awGU&onhf aemufwpfcsufrSm 0w¬Krsm;pGmwdkYü wefcdk;jym#d[mrsm;
5
udk awGU&jcif;jzpfonf / ewfa'0gwdkY vlom;a&SUwGif ay:vmNyD;
¤if;wdkYESihf wlnDonhf a0g[m&rsm;jzihf vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkrIrsm;
6 2
yg0ifonfh tcsKdU0w¬Krsm;rSm 0drme0w¬Kudk owd&aponf /
1
2
&o0g[deD 2? 52-64/
,if;? 67/
3
,if;? 75
4
&o0g[deD 1? 11/
5
ykHpHtm;jzihf &o0g[deD 2? 22?26? 41 wdkYudk ½Iyg/
6
ykHpHtm;jzihf &o0g[deD 2? 125? 169 wdkYudk½Iyg/
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 33
1
a0P ü oDwif;okH;aexdkifaom &|ygvtrnf&Sdrax&fu ,if;
oD[dkVfbmom 0w¬Krsm;udk ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkcJhaomfvnf; ,if;
usrf;onf trSm;rsm;ESihf xyfcgwvJvJ jyqdkrIrsm; jynfhESufae
onf/ odkYjzpfí ]uREkfyf ,if;usrf;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif rGrf;rH a&;
om;ygtHh/ ,if;usrf;udk tm½kHpl;pdkufí em,lyg/ ,if;0w¬Krsm;udk
a&S;acwf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm; ajym;jycJhonf jzpfaomaMumihf ,if;
ajymjycsufrsm;udk olawmfaumif;rsm; av;pm;&rnf}[k usrf;jyK
yk*¾Kdvfu qdkcJhonf/
14 &mpkwGif 0wf½kHopf qifjref;NyD; &o0g[deD emrnfopf
udk ay;cJhaomfvnf; ,if;usrf;yg taMumif;t&mrsm;onf a&S;
t&d,myk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ acwfqDodkY a&mufaeonf/ &o0g[deD usrf;
jyKq&m\ azmfjycsufrsm;tjyif ,if;usrfü vTrf;NcKHaeonhf tpOf
tvmrsm;\ a&S;usrIudk oufaojy&efvdkonhf pOf;pm;zG,f t
csufvuf rsm;pGm yg&Sdonf/
&o0g[deDusrf;onf o[ó0w¬Kusrf;udk rSDjirf;jyKaMumif;
a,bk,stm;jzihf okawoDynm&Sifrsm; oabmwlMuonf/ &o
0g[deDusrf; yPmrü &nfñTef;onhf t&Sif&|ygv\ usrf;onf
o[ó0w¬KjzpfEdkifaMumif; rSwfcsufay;xm;NyD; jzpfonf/ t&Sif
a0a'[rax&fu t&Sif&|ygonf a&S;acwf &[EÅmBuD;rsm;
oD[dkVfbmomjzihf ajymjycJhonfh 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;udk ygVdbmomodYk
jyefqdk½kHrQom jzpfaMumif; jyqdkonf/ o[ó0w¬Kusrf;jyK yk*¾Kdvf
u ¤if;\usrf;onf oD[V|uxmusrf;ESihf q&mpOfajym½kd;
pum;udk tajccHaMumif; twnfjyKonf/ ,cktcgwGif oD[V
|uxm[lonfudk &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm; oD[dkVfbmomjzihf a&;om;
xm;cJhonhf usrf;tjzpf a,bk,stm;jzihf ,lqMuonf/ odkYjzpfí
t&Sif&|ygvonf a&S;acwf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm; oD[dkVfbmomjzihf
ajymjycJhaom 0w¬Krsm;udk ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkonf[laom &o
1
(trnfem rxif&Sm;bJ aemufusEdkifzG,f&Sdonhf) a&S;q&mwpfyg; a&;onhf &o
0g[deD#Dumusrf;ü 0uFy&da0P[k azmfjyonf (,if;? pm-3)/
2
o[ó0w¬KH bmodóH? oD[V|uxme,H *PSdwGm p&d,0g'Íö/
34 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
0g[deDusrf; azmfjycsuftm; þo[ó0w¬Kusrf;udk &nfñTef;rI
tjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/
usrf;pmESpfapmifvkH;udk aocsmpGm *½kpdkufzwf½I avhvmygu
,if;,lqcsufudk axmufcHygvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;t&mwGif om
ru 0gusrsm; wGJvkH;rsm; pmydk'fwpfckvkH;yif usrf;ESpfapmifvkH; wl
nDrI&SdMuonf/ &o0g[deD ta&;tom;onf o[ó0w¬Kxuf
ydkrdkpepfus acsmrGwfNyD; uspfvpfonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/
1
odkYwkdifatmif &o0g[deDusrf;ü ]oD[dkVf-ygVd} tokH;tEIef;rsm; ESihf
2
ygVdysuf oD[dkVfa0g[m&rsm; yg0if aeqJjzpfonf/
usrf;pmESpfckvkH;ü pmvkH; wpfvkH;ESpfvkH;rSvGJí pmaMumif;csif;
xyfwlnDonhf *gxmrsm; yg&Sdonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf &o0geDusrf;
udÍödo*F[0w¬Kvm –
]om"k om"k ukrm&dau? o'¨g, "r®ZD0deD/
wGH [d 'geH ''rmem? om"k ylZm o'g b0} *gxmESihf
o[ó0w¬K uk@doCFm0w¬Kvm –
]om"k om"k ukrm&dau? o'¨god "r®ZD0deD/
om"k 'geH t'god wGH? om"k ylZm o'g b0} *gxmwdkYudk
,SOfMunhfyg/ &o0g[deDusrf; a*gX,drÁ& 0w¬KwGif awGU&onhf
]o*Fgraoma@m y&owåKr'´aem?
ola&m p 0Da&m Av0g y&mbdbl/
½k'´ó ,u©óod&H 0demo,H?
udavooDoH p wawm 0demo,H} [laom *gxmESihf
o[ó0w¬Kvm ,if;0w¬Kü awGU&onfh
]o*Fgraoma@m y&owåK r'´aem?
ola&m p 0Da&m p Av0g y&mbdbl/
'kVK'´ó ,u©ó oDoH o,H 0demo,d?
1
ykHpHtm;jzihf ]&mZyk&daom oyÜð wkarS cg'dómrDwd waZÆaEÅm bm,m
ayod (&o0g[deD ? pm-33)/
2
Oyrm ]r[laev} (oD[dkVf rmaevf) &o0g[deD? pm- 62? ]aygaome}
(oD[dkVf aygaome) &o0g[deD? pm-11/
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 35
t0dZÆmoDoH p t[H 0demo,H} *gxmjzihf ,SOfMunhfyg/
odkYwap usrf;*efESpfckü txl;ojzihf trnfemrrsm;ESihfywf
oufí uGJjym;onhftcsufrsm;vnf; rsm;pGmyg&Sdonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf
&o0g[deDusrf;vm r[m0gyd0d[m& trnfudk o[ó0w¬Kü
r[m0go0d[m&[k ac:xm;onf/ &o0g[deDü rif;BuD; uk¥&ZÆ
ESihf ckd;om;BuD; [m&Owdu trnfrsm;udk o[ó0w¬Kü uk@
&ZÆ? t&wd trnfrsm;jzifh awGU&onf/ ,if;odkYaom uGJjym;csuf
rsm;udk rsm;pGmawGUEdkifonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf tcsKdUrSm wpfqihf ul;
,lolrsm;\ trSm;rsm;jzpfEdkifonfrSm aocsmonf/
tcsuftvuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk o[ó0w¬Kxuf &o
0g[deDusrf;u ydkrdk tao;pdwf azmffjyxm;NyD; ,if;udk aemufydkif;
wdk;wufrI\ oauFwtjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/ o[ó0w¬Kusrf;u
]{aum bkZa*g} a>rwpfaumif[k omrefqdkxm;ygu &o0g[deD
usrf;u ,if;udk ]a*geooayÜg} a>rayG; odkYr[kwf a>ra[muf[k
twdtus qdkonf/ o[ó0w¬Kü ]a*gvd,*gar p@mv
ykawåm}[k qdkonfudk &o0g[deDü ]a[av’mvd *gar A[kavm
emr p@mvykawåm}[k twdtus qdkonf/ o[ó0w¬Kü
]owm&[*gxH 0wGm}[kqdkaomfvnf; &o0g[deDü ,if;*gxmudk
]uóy'oAave a'oem eE´jAm[®aPe p trSmuH okw
aomraAm"dowåó uxdwm y&rwK¬0EÅda,m owm&[ *gxm
a,m y&d0awåwGm} [k azmfjyonf/
wpfzefrl wpfcgwpf&H o[ó0w¬Kü jyqdkonfh xif&Sm;
onhf tcsufrsm;rSm &o0g[deDü aysmufaeonf/ odkYwap ,if;
jzpf&yfrsKd;rSm &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; jzpfonf/
txufyg tcsuftvufrsm;t& tu,fí &o0g[deDusrf;
onf o[ó0w¬Kusrf;udk rDSjirf;rjyKvQif tenf;qkH; ,if;ESpf
usrf;vkH; wpfckwnf;aom rSDjirf;usrf;rS tcsuftvufrsm;udk &
,lonf[k qdkEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ ,if;rDSjirf;usrf;rSm rnfodkYaom
usrf;jzpfrnfudk uREkfyfwdkY rajymEdkifacs/
&o0g[deDusrf;ü azmfjyonfhtpOftvmonf tvGefa&S;us
40 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&o0g[deD0w¬Krsm;onf a&S;acwf tdE´d,ESihf oD[dkVfwdkY\ oGifjyif
"avhESifh vlrIa&;tajctaersm;ESihf ywfoufí opfvGifNyD; pdwf
0ifpm;zG,f tvif;a&mifwpfck ay;ojzihf ,aeYacwf uREfkyfwdkY
tzdkY tusKd;rsm;onf[k rSefuefpGm ½Ijrif,lqEdkifonf/ tcsKdU0w¬K
rsm;ü pdwful;,Of '@m&D wpf0ufavmufwGif ta&;ygonhf
1 2
ordkif;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifEdkif&monf /
7/ ygVd oD[dkVf taxGaxG usrf;rsm;
bDpDokH;&mpku Ak'¨*,m r[maAm"dyifrBuD;rS ,laqmifvmcJhonhf
tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd aAm"dyifordkif;udk azmfjyaom r[maAm"d0H o
usrf;onf ,cktcg Oywdótrnf&Sdrax&f a&;cJhonf[k a,
bk,stm;jzihf vufcHxm;onhf ygVdpum;ajyusrf;jzpfonf/ usrf;
pma&;onhf acwfumvudkrl twdtus rowfrSwfEdkfifao;acs/
r[m0Ho#Dum (at'D 9 &mpkcefY)usrf;ü r[maAm"d0Houxm
2
[kac:aom usrf;wpfapmifudk &nfñTef;cJhonf / *dkif*g (Geiger)
onf ],aeYwdkif wnf&SdqJjzpfonfh r[maAm"d0Housrf;} tjzpf
3
,lqcJhonf / odkYwap rmvmvmaqau&url ,if; r[maAm"d
0Housrf;udk r[m0Ho#Dumxuf aemufusaMumif; ,lqonf /
4 udk &o0g[deDusrf;ü razmfjyacs/ þonfrSm pmaypkaqmif;rI
od&d"r®m&mrum; ,if;usrf;udk t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoESihf aygVKEé
5
½k0acwf t&Sifom&dykwå&mwdkY tMum;wGif xm;onf / acwft
ydkif;tjcm; rnfodkY&Sdap r[maAm"d0Housrf;onf a&S;acwf q&mh
q&mrsm; (ykAÁmp&d,auo&D[d) a&;om;cJhaom aAm"dyifordkif;
qdkif&m ydkrdka&S;usonhf usrf;pmwpfckudk tajccHcJhonf/ tqdkyg
rl&if;usrf;rSm ,cktcg aysmufqkH;oGm;NyD[k ,lq&onf/
1
Pali Leterature of Ceylon, p. 226.
2
r[m0Ho#Dum? pm-412/
3
'Dy0Ho ESihf r[m0Ho? pm-49/
4
r[m0Ho#Dum? ed'gef;? pm- 107/
5
Mahabodhivamsa-ganthipadavivaranaya, Preface, p.1
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 37
&o0g[deDüygonhf *gxmtrsm;pkrSm t&Sifa0a'[rax&f
\ a&;om;csufrsm; jzpfonf/ ]awem[k ayg&mPm? 0kwåH a[wH
ayg&maP[d? b0aEÅw¬? awe 0kwåH}ponhf ykHrSef pum;qufrsm;
jzihf usrf;pmwpfckvkH; ae&mtESHYtjym;wGif usrf;a[mif;rsm;rS *g
1
xmrsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;onf / *gxmyk'frsm;udk &,lonhf usrf;
pmrsm;teuf r[m0Housrf;udkomvQif jyqkdonf /
&o0g[deDusrf;vm oD[dkVfuRef;jzpf 0w¬Krsm;teuf ig;q,f
&mEIef;rSm a&m[et&yfrSjzpfNyD; q,fhig;&mEIef;rSm tEk&m"yk&
NrdKUrS jzpfonf/ usef0w¬Ktrsm;pkrSm em*'Dy? Owå&yó? 'u©dP
yóESihf ypädryó ponfjzihf jyefYusJaeonfh a'orsm;rS jzpf
onf/ 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;\ jzpfay:&ma'oudk azmfjy&ef cufcJonhf
jzpf&yfrsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf/ txufü azmfjycJhonhf ae&ma'o
tm;vkH;rSm aemufqkH; bDpo D kH;pkESihf at'Dyxr &mpkESpfrsm;twGif;
Ak'¨omoemawmfxGef;um;cJhonhf ta&;ygonhf A[dkXmersm; jzpf
cJhonf/ txl;ojzihf a&m[PZeyk'ft&yf jzpfonf/ aemufay:
NrdKUawmfrsm; odkYr[kwf ae&ma'orsm; jzpfonfh ykvw¬dyk& (ayg
vkEé½k0) odkYr[kwf ZrÁKa'´gPd ('rÁa'Pd,)uJhodkYaom a'orsm;
wpfckrSvmonfh 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;onf tqdkygAk'¨omoemESihf ywf
oufonhf tcsuftjcm ae&ma'orsm; rxif&Sm;vmrDuyif NyD;
pD;aeNyDjzpfaMumif; axmufjyEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/
&o0g[deDusrf;ü azmfjyonhf aemufqkH;bk&ifrSm tEk&m"
yk&NrdKUü at'D 249 rS 268 txd tkyfcsKyfcJhonhf od&dem*rif;
jzpfonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;vm c&pfay:NyD;aemuf tkyfcsKyfcJhonfh
aemufbk&if wpfyg;rSm 'kAÁd|d (r[m'gXdu r[mem*) at'D 67-
70 jzpfonf/ odkYwap xlyg&mr&Sd tod*¾g[uy&da0Pudk &nf
1
,if;? pm-116? 141? 143? 186/
2
,if;? pm-98? 101? 103? 122/
38 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
ñTef;xm;onf / tod*¾g[u ]oefvsufudkifaqmifol} [laom
bJGUrSm tdE´d,rS jrwfAk'¨\ auo"mwk qHawmf"mwfudk o,f
aqmifcJhonhf odvmumvudk *kPfjyK&ef yxr arm*¾vm’ erif;
2
(at'D 496-513)u *kPfjyKay;tyfonhf bGJUjzpfzG,f&Sdonf / odkY
jzpfí tod*¾g[uy&da0Pudk ,if;acwfrwdkifrD odkYr[kwf ,if;
acwfNyD;aemuf wnfaqmufcJhzG,f&Sdonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;ü azmf
jycJhonhf tjcm;rif;tm;vkH;rSm c&pfESpfrwkdifrDu rif;rsm; jzpfMu
onf/ umu0PÖwdó? 'k|*grPd? o'¨gwdóESihf vZÆdwdórif;
rsm;udk rMumcP azmfjyonf/
rmvmvmaqau&onf 0w¬Ktrsm;tjym;udk oD[dkVfwGif
yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ayxuftu©&mwifonhf 0¥*grPdrif; (bDpD
29-17) vufxufcefYtwGif; jzpfaMumif; rSwfcsufjyKcJhonf/ ¤if;
(rmvmvmaqau&)u rl&if;usrf;wpfckwGif xyfrH jznfhpGufjcif;
rsm;avm? odkYwnf;r[kwf xdk(0¥*grPdrif;)acwfNyD;aemuf rsm;
rMumrD rl&if;0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;udk pkpnf;cJhaMumif; azmfjyoavm[k
3
ar;cGef;xkwfcJhonf /
&o0g[deDusrf;vm 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;onf acwftqufquf
wGif oD[dkVfuRef;oluRef;om;rsm;twGif; tvGefYtvGef xif&Sm;cJhykH
&onf/ a&S;acwfrsm;ü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY<ua&muf&m
t&yfwdkif;wGif vl0wfaMumifrsm;tm; pm&dwå`rSifhwifa&;twGuf
a[majymñTefjycJhzG,f&Sdonf/ ]wó uxH okwGm bdu©L oEÅK|m
wawm y|m, *gred*r&mZ"meDok pm&duH p&rmem rEkómeH
4
wH orÜwåð 0aPÖwGm rEkaó 'gem'Dok a,m aZokH} ]xdkol\
jzpf&yfudk Mum;&NyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ESpfoufyDwd jzpf
NyD; xdktcsdefrSpí NrdKU½GmZeyk'f rif;aejynfawmfwdkYü c&D;a'opm
&D<uMuaomtcg vltaygif;tm; ,if;0w¬Kjzpf&yfudk csD;rGrf;pum;
1 1
,if;? pm-123? 124/
2 2
r[m0Ho? tcef; 39? 49-56 *gxm/
3 3
4
Pali Literature of Ceylon, p. 225.
&o0g[deD 2? pm-13/
usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 39
qdkNyD; vltaygif;tm; 'geponfü arGUavsmfapMuNyD}/ ]bdu©L
wó uxH okwGm *w*w|mae a'0 ykawåe uwur®H yum
1
aowGm A[kZae 'gem'Dok 'oukov uar®ok eda,maZokH }/
]&[ef;awmfrsm;onf xkdyk*¾Kdvf\pum;udk Mum;NyD;aemuf a&muf
&mt&yfü ewfom; jyKvkyfonfhtrIudk azmfjyí vltaygif;tm;
'gepaom ukovur®yx 10 yg;ü arGUavsmfapMuNyD}/
tqdkyg Oyrmrsm;u ,if;0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;onf ae&ma'o
trsKd;rsKd;ü jzpfysufcJh(ww¬w¬LyyEémed)NyD; a&S;acwf &[EÅmt&Sif
jrwfwdkY oD[dkVfbmomjzihf ajymjycJhaMumif; (t&[m yka&
tbmokH 'Dybmom,) azmfjyonf/ tqdkyg0w¬Krsm;taejzihf
oD[dkVfvlxktMum; arG;zGm;&SifoefcJhonf [laomtcsufrSm rPd
ol&d,? ol&edr®vpaom tokH;rsm;onhf a0g[m&rsm;t& xif
2
&Sm;pGm od&onf / yk*¾Kdvfa&;trnfemrrsm;udk &Sif;jy&ef BudK;yrf;
rIrsm;rSm ,aeYacwf aus;vufae yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; tvGef vG,ful
onf/ &o0g[deDusrf;onf oD&dvuFm&Sd Ak'¨bmom bkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsm;ü ygVdoifausmif;om;rsm;\ yxrqkH;zwfpmtkyf
tjzpf ,aeYwkdifyif a&yef;pm;qJjzpfonf/
wpfcgwpf&H &o0g[deDusrf;onf r[m0HoESihf tjcm;wpf
ae&m&mü awGU&onfudk jznfhpGufNyD; tcsuftvufopfrsm;udk
ay;onf/ ykHpHtm;jzifh bk&ifod&em*udk tiftm;okH;í rif;jyKvm
onhf pGefYpm;olwpfa,muftjzpf r[m0Hoa&m &o0g[deDusrf;
3
yg oabmwlMuonf / r[m0Hoü od&dem*ukd uk@em*\
a,mufz[kqdkonf/ &o0g[deDt& od&dem*tm; ykPÖm;rsKd; vl
i,f[kod&ojzihf ¤if;taMumif; pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsuf jzpfonf/
tu,fí &o0g[deDtqdkudk vufcHrl uk@em*\ rdcif bk&ifr
onf ykPÖm; trsKd;orD;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/
,if;? pm-26? 71? 84/
,if;? pm- 26? 71? 84/
r[m0Ho? tcef; 36? 21-23 *gxm/ &o0g[deD 2? pm-7/
 usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 41
r[maAm"d0Housrf;um; tEkynmusrf;tjzpfa&m r[maAm
"dyif ordkif;usrf;tjzpfyg tNrJav;pm;jcif; cH&onf/ r[maAm"d
0Ho#Dum? r[maAm"d0Hoy&duxm ("r®jy'Dydumusrf;)? r[maAm
"d0Ho*E¦dy'0d0&P? r[maAm"d0o H y'w¬0PÖemuJhodkYaom acwf
toD;oD;wGif a&;om;cJhonhf #Dumusrf;rsm;pGmu a&S;q&mwdkY
taejzihf r[maAm"d0Housrf;udk rnfrQ ta&;ygonf[k,lq
aMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,if;usrf;udk at'D 14 &mpk pwkw¬
y&uúrAm[krif;vufxufü 0dv*r®KvoHC&mZrax&fu oD[V
r[maAm"d0Housrf;trnfjzihf oD[dkVfbmomodkY jyefqdkcJhonf/
Ak'¨pG,fawmf"mwf ordkif;usrf;jzpfonhf 'gXm0Ho usrf;udk
at'D 12 &mpk (at'D 1197 ckESpfNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD jzpfEdkif
onf) wGif ppfolBuD; y&uúr\ awmif;yefrIaMumifh ykvw¬dy&k
(aygVKEé½k0)NrdKU t&Sifom&dykwå&m\ wynhfjzpfol t&Sif&mZ*k½k
"r®udwådrax&fu ygVdbmomjzihf a&;om;cJhonf/ usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf
u ¤if;\usrf;udk a&S;a&S;u oD[dkVfbmomjzihf a&;om;cJhonhf
Ak'¨pG,fawmf"mwfordkif;usrf;udk tajccHaMumif; azmfjyonf (*g
xmtrSwf 10)/ oD[dkVfbmomjzihf a&;om;xm;onhf 'gXm0Ho
oEé, ('gXm0Hoedó,)usrf;ü ,if;a&S;OD; oD[dkVfusrf;udk udwåd
od&darC0PÖrif; (at'D 362-389) vufxuf Ak'¨pG,fawmfudk
oD[dkVfodkY o,f,lvmpOf a&;om;cJhaMumif; qdkonf/ (,if;oD[dkVf
1
rl&if;usrf;udk r&Edkifawmhacs/) r[m0Housrf; ü udwådod&darC
0PÖrif;onf pG,fawmf"mwfordkif;usrf;rsm;ü azmfjyonhftwdkif;
Ak'¨pG,fawmfjrwftm; ylaZmfcJhaMumif; qdkonf/ ,if;üazmfjyonfh
ordkif;usrf;[lonf t&Sif"r®udwåd rSDjirf;jyKcJhonfh oD[dkVfa&S;usrf;
jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ *dkif*gurl r[m0Ho ñTef;qdkusrf;onf "r®udwåd\
2
'gXm"mwk0Housrf;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf / odkY&mwGif "r®udwåd
udk,fwkdifyif udwådod&darC0PÖrif;onf pG,fawmf"mwfudk yl
1
r[m0Ho? tcef; 37? 93 *gxm/
2
plV0Ho t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ 1? pm-7 atmufajcrSwfcsuf 4/
42 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; usrf;udk;&if;jrpfrsm; 43
aZmf apmihfa&SmifhrIqdkif&m rSwfwrf;wpfapmifudk a&;om;apNyD; þ(taxGaxG)usrf;pm acgif;pOfatmufwGif ylZm0vd,?
aESmif;acwf rif;rsm;onf ,if;rSwfwrf;yg ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk &mZm0vd,? &mZ&wemu&,? xly0HoESihf "mwk0HouJhodkY
1
vkdufemMuaMumif; azmfjycJhonf / t&Sif"r®udwåd ,if;usrf;udk aom tjcm; rsm;pGmaom usrf;rsm;vnf; tzdk;wef orkdif;tcsuf
ygVdbmomjzihf a&;om;&jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm oD[dkVf bmom tvufrsm; yg&SdMuonf/
pum;udk rzwfwwfonhf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tusKd;
2
twGufjzpfonf / 00000000

Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHcsdefrSpNyD; yÍörbk0aeuAm[k rif;vufxuf

(at'D 1360-1391) wdkifatmif oD&dvuFm Ak'¨bmomordkif;
tusOf;csKyf usrf;jzpfaomfvnf; edum,o*F[usrf;rSm tvGef
ta&;ygonf/ ,if;usrf;udk a,bk,stm;jzihf 'kwd,0D&Am[krif;
(at'D 1391-1397) vufxuf 'kwd,"r®udwådtjzpf xif&Sm;ol
a'0 &u©dw Z,Am[k r[mowå0d& a&;om;onf/
usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf ¤if;\usrf;udk (usrf;jyKol\ pum;t
wkdif;) ]aMumuf½GHUjcif;ESihf rsufESmvdkufjcif; uif;awmfrlMuonhf
a&S;rax&fwdkY a&;om;csufrsm;ESihf rsufarSmufacwfwGif jrifMum;
3
od&onfrsm;}udk tajccHonf / edum,o*F[usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf
a&S;rax&frsm;tm; ]aMumuf½GHUjcif;ESifh rsufESmvdkufjcif;uif;ol
rsm;} tjzpf t&nftcsif; owfrSwfjcif;rSm tvGef ta&;ygonf/
,if;rSwpfqifh xdkrax&fwdkY\ a&;om;csufrsm;onf bufrvdkuf
taMumufESifh rsufESmvdkufrI rvTrf;rdk;aMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,if;
azmfjycsufudk xdkusrf;\ wefzdk;tjzpf uREfkyfwdkY ,lqEdkifonf/
edum,o*F[usrf;jyKq&monf usrf;*efrsm;pGmESihf uREkfyfwdkY
,aeY r&Edkifawmhonfh Ak'¨bmomynm&Sif rsm;pGmudk od&Sdyk&H
onf/ ,if;usrf;onf r[m0d[m&*dkPf; oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmom
ordkif;usrf; jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/
1
'gXm? pm-406-4-7/
2
,if;usrf;? pm-10/
3
edum,o*F[? pm-1/
48 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
ausmufpm trdefYjyefwrf;rsm;rS tuJjzwfEdkifonf/ ausmufpm
trSwf 2? 5 ESihf 13 wdkYwGif taomuvufatmufcH EdkifiHrsm;udk
azmfjyxm;onf/ awmifzufwGif apmV (Cholas) wdkif;? yef'sm
(Padyas)? owd,ykwå(Satiyaputras)ESifh au&mvykwå (Keralapu-
tras) wdkif;rsm;ü qkH;onf/ ajrmufzufwGif ¤if;\tifyg,monf
[dr0EÅmawmifajcodkYwkdif us,fjyefYonf/ uuf&SfrD;,m;ESihf eDayg
EdkifiHrsm;&Sd taqmufttkHrsm;u ,if;wdkYonf taomu tifyg
,m\ tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfcJhaMumif; azmfjyMuonf/ taemuf
ajrmufzufwGif qD&D,ef;bk&if tef;wD;a,mhcf(Antiochus)\ e,f
y,fodkYwkdif a&mufcJhojzihf bk&iftef;wD;a,mhcf\ vufatmuf
cH yg&Sm;ESifh qD;&D;,m;odkYwdkif us,fjyefYcJhonf/ ,0e (Yavanas)?
uarÁmZ (Kambojas)ESihf *E¨m& (Gandhāras) wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;
tm; taemufajrmufzufwGif aexkdifolrsm;tjzpf azmfjyonf/
taomu\ bdk;awmf pE´*kwårif;onf bDpD 304 cefYwGif ppfcsDrI
wpf&yf atmifjrif NyD;qkH;NyD;aemuf tvufpE´mbk&if\ ppfolBuD;
wpfOD;jzpfol qJvsLuyfpf (Seleucus)xHrS t&D;,m; (Aria)? tm&m
acsm&Sm;(Arachosia)? a*N'dK&Sm; (Gedrosia)ESihf y½dkyedqma' (Paro-
panisadai)[laom e,fy,f av;ckudk odrf;,lcJhonf/ xdkYjyif bDpD
262 cefYwGif us,fjyefY jyif;xefonhf ppfyGJudk qifETJNyD;aemuf
taomuonf uvd*Fwdkif;udk atmifEdkifcJhonf/
]bk&if taomuvufatmuf&Sd tdE´d,tpdk;&onf w&m;
Oya'ESihf EdkifiHa&;tjrift& bk&if{&mZf pepfom jzpfonf/ odkY
wap t&yfa'o rsm;pGmwdkYü tdE´d, tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifpdk;rI
onf taemufwkdif; oufOD;qHydkif bk&ifpepfxuf rsm;pGm ydkrdk
uefYowfrIrsm; &Sdonf} /
1 ouf í tawG;tjrifwpf&yf &Sdxm;&ef OD;pGm vdktyfonf/
vlYtzGJUtpnf;udk bmoma&;ESihf bmoma&;r[kwfonhf vl
wef;pm;rsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onf/ bmoma&;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;wGif
jAm[®P? orPESihf ygo@[k okH;rsKd; uGJjym;onf/ ygo@rsm;
1
Mookerji's Asoka, p. 47.
tcef; 1
tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH
oD[dkVfa&S;OD; Ak'¨bmomordkif;udk em;vnfNyD; auseyfrI&Sdap&ef
uREkfyfwdkYtaejzihf aemufcHordkif;tjzpf oD[dkVfuRef;odkY Ak'¨0g'udk
ydkYay;cJhonhf bDpDokH;&mpk tdE´d,EdkifiHESihf ,if; (Ak'¨0g')udk cH,lcJh
onhf Ak'¨0g'rwkdifrD oD[dkVfuRef;wdkYESihf ywfoufí a,bk,s
tawG;tjriftcsKdU &Sdxm;&ef vkdayonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiHrS omoem
jyKyk*¾KdvfwdkY oD[dkVfuRef;odkY Ak'¨0g'udk o,f,lvmaomtcg ¤if;
wdkYonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ w&m;"r®udkomru tdE´d,Ak'¨bmom
,Ofaus;rIESihf xkH;wrf;pOfvmwdkYudkyg o,f,lvmcJhonf/ oD&d
vuFm&Sd Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m ylaZmfrIrsm;? tcrf;tem;rsm;? yGJawmf
rsm;eSihf apmihfxdef;rI tm;vkH;eD;yg;avmufrSm a'oqdkif&m jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrI tenf;rSwpfyg; oD&dvuFmodkY acwfOD;ykdif; tdE´d,
omoemjyKrax&fwdkY ay;tyfcJhonfh usifhpOf tpOftvmrsm;om
jzpfMuonf/ odkYjzpfí oD&dvuFmodkY Ak'¨0g' a&muf&Sdvmonhf
acwfwGif tdE´d,ü xGef;um;aeaom tajctaersm;ESihf ywf
Ak'¨0g'onf bDpD ajcmuf&mpkwGif Am&mPoDNrdKU £odywe
t&yfü yÍö0*¾Dig;OD;wdkYtm; Ak'&¨ Sifawmfjrwfu w&m;OD;a'oem
a[mMum;jcif;jzihf todynmESihf udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m vIyf&Sm;rI
wpf&yftaejzihf pwifcJhonf/ Ak'¨oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOftwGif;
**Fgjrpf0Sef;a'otwGif; wjznf;jznf; jyefYESHYoGm;NyD; 0dE¨,mawmif
46 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
wef;ESihf [dr0EÅmawmifwef;rsm;tMum;&Sd tdE´d,ajrmufydkif; EdkifiH
i,frsm;pGmwdkYü wnfwhHjyefYESHYcJhonf/ bk&ifrif;rsm;? trwfBuD;rsm;?
olaX;ol<u,frsm;ESihf ukefonfBuD;rsm;? ykPÖm;rsm;ESihf v,form;
rsm;onf xdkacwfu vufcHxm;NyD;jzpfonfh oDtdk&DESihf usifhpOf
tcsKdUudk qefYusifawmfvSefonhf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ opfvGifonhf
"r®vrf;pOfudk vdkufemusihfokH;vmMuonf/
bDpD 483 cefY Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlcsdefwGif
tdE´d,ajrmufydkif;&Sd ta&;ygonhf EdkifiHtm;vkH;eD;yg;rQukd ,if;
awmfvSefonhf "r®vrf;pOfopfu euf½Idif;pGm vTrf;rdk;oGm;NyD;jzpfykH&
onf/ r[my&dedAÁmeokwfawmft& aemufcHordkif;trsKd;rsKd;&SdMu
onfh EdkifiH&Spfckonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ "mwfawmfa0pkudk &vdk
aMumif; awmif;qdkMuonf/ þonfrSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftaejzihf
,if;EdkifiHrsm;ü udk,fawmfjrwf\ tqkH;trudk emcHolwynhf rsm;
pGm&SdaMumif; azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYwap Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumonhfwkdif rnfonhfEdkifiHurQ Ak'¨\"r®udk Edkif
iHawmf\ bmomw&m;tjzpf owfrSwfonf[laom tcsufudk
oufaojy&ef taxmuftxm; r&Sdacs/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD rdk;&moD 0g
wGif;umvwGif xdktcsdefu Ak'¨\wynhfom0ursm;teuf odu©m
0g tBuD;qkH;ESihf touf&SifqJjzpfonhf t&Sifr[muóyrax&f
OD;aqmifNyD; rm*"bk&if tZmwowåK\ taxmuftyHhjzihf &mZ
N*dK[fNrdKUü yxroH*g,em wifonf/ ,if;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm Ak'¨
&Sifawmfjrwf\ w&m;rSefrsm;udk pepfwus pkpnf;&ef jzpfonf/
,if;oH*g,emwifyGJBuD;ü Ak'¨\teD;aeom0u t&SiftmeE´mESihf
1
t&SifOygvdwdkYrSm t"du OD;aqmifyg0ifolrsm; jzpfMuonf /
&mpkESpf wpfckcefYtMum bDpDav;&mpk yg#vdykwfbk&if um
vmaomurif;vufxuf a0omvDNrdKU r[m0kefausmif;wkdufae
rsKd;½dk;udktaMumif;jyKí rSnfhac:rIt& 0ZÆD[kwGifonhf &[ef;tkyfpk
1 Mookerji's Asoka, p. 12.
0d-| 1? 4/ r[m0Ho? tcef; 3/
tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 47
onf NcdK;NcHpGmusihfMuHonhf rax&fBuD;rsm;tm; pdwfrcsrf;ajrU jzpf
1
aponhf okH;pGJrItopf q,frsKd;udk jyKvkyfMuonf / xdktcsdefu
t&Sif,o? t&Sifa&0wESihf t&SifoAÁumrd[laom oHCem,u
r[max&fokH;yg;\ vrf;ñTefrIjzihf a0omvDNrdKUü 'kwd,oH*g,
emwifNyD; 0ZÆD&[ef;wdkY jyKvkyfonhf q,fcsufudk rSm;,Gif;azmuf
jyefaMumif; jyifqifcJhMuonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ rSefuefpifMu,f
2
onhf "r®onf wpfpkHwpfckaom tcsdefxd oefY&Sif;aecJhonf /
'kwd,oH*g,emNyD;aemuf ax&0g'r[kwfbJ rSm;,Gif;olrsm;
tjzpf owfrSwfcH&aom &[ef;tkyfpkonf tjcm;wpfae&mwGif
pk½kH;MuNyD; pifNydKifoH*g,emwifvsuf ax&d,*dkPf;ESihf jcm;em;
aom r[moHCdu (odkYr[kwf r[moH*Dwd)trnfjzifh *dkPf; wpf
ck wnfaxmifMuonf/ aemuf&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; ax&0g'*dkPf;
3
uGJ trsKd;rsKd;ESifhtwl *dkPf;BuD; q,fh&Spf*dkPf; ay:aygufcJhonf /
bDpD av;&mpk ukefcgeD;wGif pE´*kwåarm&d,rif;onf cefYrSef;
ajc tmz*efepöwefrS rdkifqdk (Mysore)e,fxd EdkifiHudk csJUxGifvsuf
BuD;rm;NyD; wefcdk;xefonhf tifyg,mudk wnfaxmifonf/ ,aeY
acwf tdE´d,tjyifbufESihf ygudpöwef taemufzsm;a'oxd e,f
4
y,frsm;onf pE´*kwårif;\ tifyg,m atmufwGif &SdcJhonf /
pE´*kwårif;\om; AdE´Kom&onf zcif\ tifyg,mudk xdef;
xm;Edkif½kHru awmifydkif;a'oodkYyif csJUxGifcJhzG,f&Sdonf/ bDpD
274 cefYwGif AdE´Kom&\om; taomuonf pGrf;&nfESihfjynhfpkH
onhf aum#d vspmPusuJhodkYaom EdkifiHawmftMuHay;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;
\ vdr®muRrf;usifonhf vrf;ñTefrIjzihf {u&mZfbk&ifBuD; ESpfyg;
wnfaxmifcJhaom tifyg,mBuD;udk qufcHonf/ bk&iftaom
u\ tifyg,m twdkif;tqudk rif;BuD;udk,fwkdif xkwfjyefcJhonhf
1
0d 4? 491/
2
0d-| 1? 27/ r[m0Ho? tcef; 4/
3
r[m0Ho? tcef; 5? 1-5 *gxm/ edum,o*F[? pm 5-6/
4
52 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
vmNyD;aemufrSom Ak'¨0g'tay: ESpfESpfumum ouf0ifvmNyD;
1
rif;BuD;udk,fwkdif vkdufemusihfokH;rIrsm; jyKcJhonf/ r[m0Housrf;
ü bk&iftaomuonf apmapmykdif;umvrsm;ü ¤if;\ &ufpuf
Murf;wrf;rIaMumifh p@maomu(vlMurf;taomu)[k xif&Sm;cJh
aomfvnf; w&m;"r®ESihf arGUavsmfol jzpfvmNyD;aemuf "r®maom
2
u[k xif&Sm;vmaMumif; azmfjyonf /
o'¨ð 0oeuyk&daom/ 0d-| 3? 351) PTS ygVdtbd"mefusrf;üvnf;
bdu©K*wdu (-*wdu wnfyk'fatmufwGif Munhfyg) yk'fudk awGU&onfrSm
ygXfysuf t|uxmpmrlrS &,lxm;jcif; jzpfz, G f&Sdonf/ tawGUtBuKHEkol
wpfa,muftzdkY zwf&cufonhf oD[dkVfta&; ]b}ukd ]*}tjzpf vG,f
vG,fyif rSm;,Gif;Edkifonf/
bk&iftaomu\ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf eD;uyfpGmqufqHrIonf
oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifrI odkYr[kwf eufeJonhf "r®tvif;udk
&&Sd&eftwGuf wpfckwpfckaom tcsdefydkif;xd oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf twl
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfckü twlwuGaexdkifjcif;rsm; &SdEdkifonf/ edum
,o*F[usrf; (oD[dkVfbmomusrf;? pm-7) ü taomurif;BuD;onf
t&Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&f\ ausmif;wkdufü bmom0g'trsKd;rsKd;udk
avhvm&ef ckepf&uf aexdkifcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ þü bk&iftaomu
udk twl,l&ef BudK;pm;cJhNyD; xdakY Mumifhyif w½kwftaomurif;[k a,bk
,stm;jzihf owfrSwfcH&vsuf ausmif;wdkufwpfckü &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh
twl aexdkifcJhol at'D 5 &mpk w½kwf {u&Zf vD,ef ODxnf (Lian-u-
th
1
thi, 5 century A.D.) taMumif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfonf/
r[m0Ho 5? 189 *gxm/
2
rlum*sD(Mookerji)u ,if;'@m&D azmfjycsufrsm;rSm owåKMurf;udk a½T
tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJypfonhf bmomw&m;udk trTrf;wifjcif; jzpfaMumif;
,lqonf (Asoka, p. 5)/ trSefaomf ausmufpmtrSwf 13 ü uvd*F
ppfyGJtwGif; rif;BuD;\ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfrItwGuf aemifwylyefrI pdwf
rcsrf;ajrUrIESifh ywfoufonhf ckdifvkHonhfrSwfcsuf yg&SdNyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;
ausmufpmü rif;BuD;onf xdktcsdefu p@ ]Murf;wrf;ol} wpfa,muf
jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ rlum*sD\ ]taomu} pmtkyf pmrsufESm 165
atmufajcrSwfcsuf trSwf 6 udkvnf; ½Iyg/
tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 49
teuf xdkacwfu txif&Sm;qkH;rSm taomurif;BuD; udk,fwdkif
ausmufxGif;*lrsm; vª'gef;cJhzl;onhf ed*P²rsm;ESihf tmZD0ursm;
jzpfMuonf/ ausmufpmtrSwf 9 ü azmfjyonhftwdkif; xdktcsdef
u vlBudKufrsm;aom bmomw&m;ü tESpfrJh yGJvrf;obifrsm;
ESihf t,lonf;rIrsm; jynhfaeykH&onf/ rdom;pkb0 tawG;tjrif
rSm tqihftwef; jrifhykH&onf/ wd&pämefwdkY\ MuifempGm jyKrl&ef
awmif;qdkrIudkyif todtrSwfjyKonf/ orPjAm[®Prsm;ESihf t
jcm; &aoh&[ef;rsm;udk axmufyhH&efrSm tdrf&mwnfaxmifolrsm;
\ wm0efjzpfonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;\ aumif;usKd;ESihf tqifhjrihf
a&;udk txl;tav;ay;onf/ trsKd;orD;ta&;ESifh ywfoufí
wm0ef,l&onhf oBwDtZÑur[mrwåac: 0efBuD;rsm;&Sdonf /
1
ynma&;b0onf bk&m;ausmif;rsm;ü t"dutm;jzihf A[dk
jyKonf/ odkYwap ynmoifMum;jcif;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIonf vlxk
tMum;rSmyif cGJjcm;rI &SdykH&onf/ vlxktrsm; zwf½Iem;vnfvdrfh
rnf[k ,lqNyD; taomuausmufpmrsm;udk ouúwbmomjzifh
ra&;bJ t&yfokH;bmompum;jzihf a&;om;xm;jcif;onf omref
vlwef;pm; vlxktwGif; pmayzwf½IEdkifol OD;a&rsm;jym;aMumif;
ñTefjyonf/ Aifqif at qrpf (Vincent A. Smith)u ]taomu
acwf Ak'¨bmom0if vlxktMum; pmayzwf½IwwfrI &mEIef;rSm
vuf&Sd NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfcH tdE´d,EdkifiHa'otrsm;&Sd vlOD;a&xuf
2
ydkrsm;Edkifrnf[k uREfkyfxif\}[k qdkcJhonf /
taomuacwfu tdE´d,wGif yg#vdykwåESifh a0'domuJhodkY
aom NrdKUBuD;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ pE´*w k åbk&ifhw&m;½kH;odkY a&mufvmol
AkdvfcsKyf qJvsLuyfpf (Seleucus)\ *&doHwref ar*gpoif;eufpf
(Megasthenes)u yg#vdykwfNrdKUawmfudk arQmfpif 570 ESihf *dwf
aygif;rsm;pGm&Sdonhf NrdKU½dk;wHwdkif;jzihf um&Hxm;aMumif; azmfjycJh
onf/ NrdKUawmfwpfavQmufwGif ay 600 us,fNyD; vufvH 30
1
taomu ausmufpmtrSwf 11/
2
Mookerji's Asoka, p. 35.
50 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
eufaom usKH;&Sdonf / uuf&SfrD;,m;&Sd &S&Dem*gNrdKUESihf eDayg&Sd NrdKU
awmfrsm;rSm taomuudk,fwdkif wnfaqmufcJhonf[k ,lq&
onf/ EdkifiHawmf wpfvTm;ü yg#vdykwf&Sd taomum½kH ausmif;
wdkufuJhodkYaom bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ESihf qefcsDESihf bm&
[kw t&yfrsm;rSmuJhodkY apwDykxdk;rsm;jzihf jynhfaeonf/ ]Ak'¨0g'
ESihfywfouforQteuf "mwfawmfapwDtm; ylaZmfrIudk trSefyif
2
taomurif;u tpjyKcJhonf} /
taomurif;onf Ak'¨0g'Dtjzpf arG;cJholr[kwfay/ ¤if;\
zcifESihf bdk;awmfwdkY\ bmomw&m;ESihf ywfoufí tawmf
twef aocsmrI r&Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY Ak'¨0g'D r[kwfMuonfrSm
aocsmonf/ tjcm;rnfonhf ae&mwGifrS axmufcHjcif;? qefY
usifjcif;r&Sdaom *sdef;0g'tpOftvm wpfckt& taomu\ bdk;
awmf pE´*kwårif;onf *sdef;0g'D jzpfaMumif;ESihf b0oufwrf;
ukefqkH;onfxd b0aemufqkH; aeY&ufrsm;udk &[ef;0wfjzihf ae
3
xkdif&ef xD;eef;udk pGefYcJhaMumif;qdkonf / 'dAsm0'geusrf;wGif
crnf;awmf AdE´Kom&rif;onf taomurif; xD;eef;udkqufcH
rIESihfywfoufí ar;jref;vdkojzihf yd*Fv0ó (Pingalavatsa) t
rnf&onhf tmZD0uudk xD;eef;odkY yihfzdwfcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;
4 5
wifxm;onf / r[m0Ho#Dumusrf; ü oD[dkVfbmom rZÑdredum
,t|uxmusrf;udk udk;um;vsuf Zeometrnf&onhf tmZD
0u &[ef;onf bk&ifAdE´Kom&rdom;pk udk;uG,fcH yk*¾KdvfjzpfNyD;
¤if;onf t0wfrpnf;onfh bkef;BuD;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ þ
azmfjycsufrS Zeome tmZD0u &[ef;onf 'd*rÁ& (Digambara)
1 t"dyÜm,f aumuf,lMuonf/ ynm&Sif rlum*sD(Mookerji)url bdu©K*wdu
Cambridge Shorter History of India, I. p. 21.
2 tqihfudk ñTefjyjcif; jzpfEdkifonf[k BuHcJhonf/ ynm&Sif A½l;0g (Barua)\
Sir John Marshall: The Moauments of Sanchi, I. p. 21.
3 (Inscriptions of Asoka, II, p. 334)yg rSwfcsufudkvnf; ½Iyg/ trSwfpifppf
Cambridge Shorter History of India, I. p. 34.
4 bdu©K*wdu r[kwfbJ bdu©Kbwdu ]&[ef;oHCmudk qnf;uyfol} ('D 2?
Mookerji; op. cit, p. 3, 5.
5 176/ 'D-| 4? 717 udk ½Iyg)[k jzpfonf/ t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo tvdkt&
r[m0Ho#Dum? 192-3/ (odkYaomf þtaMumif;t&mudk t&Sifr[mAk'¨
aCmo\ rZÑdredum,t|xmü razmfjyay/ bmomjyefol)
tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 51
*dkPf;0if *sdef;bkef;BuD;jzpfaMumif; em;vnf&onf/ r[m0Ho#Dum
1
usrf; ü Zeometrnfudkyif aemufazmfjycsufwpf&yf awGU&
ao;onf/ ,if;azmfjycsufü Zeomeonf AdE´Kom&bk&ifh rdzk&m;
\ rdwfaqGESifh twdkifyifcHyk*¾KdvfjzpfaMumif; qdkonf/ orEÅygom
2 3
'dum ESihf r[m0Ho ESpfusrf;vkH;ü AdE´Kom&onf jAm[®P0g'D jzpf
aMumif;? jAm[®P0g'D *dkPf;trsKd;rsKd;rS &[ef;rsm;udk qnf;uyf
aMumif;? bk&iftaomuonf okH;ESpfywfvkH; ¤if;zcif\ t,l
0g'udk vkdufemusihfokH;cJhNyD; tbdodufcHNyD;aemuf av;ESpfajrmuf
wGif Ak'¨0g'DjzpfvmaMumif; wlnDpGm qdkMuonf/ taomutae
jzihf *ltcsKdUudk tmZD0ursm;tm; vª'gef;cJhonfudk axmufí ¤if;
taejzihf rdrdudk,fwkdif tcsdefumv wpfcktxd udk;uG,fcJhNyD; rsKd;
½dk;pOfquf udk;uG,fcJhonhf tmZD0u &[ef;rsm;tm; ylaZmfrIjyKcJh
4
aMumif; ñTefjyonf /
bk&iftaomuonf bdodufcHNyD;aemuf ESpftenf;i,f t
MumwGif Ak'¨0g'D Oyoumjzpfvmonf/ odkYwap ESpfESpf okH;ESpf
cefYxd rdrd\ bmomw&m;topfESihf ywfoufNyD; uGJuGJjym;jym;
5
r&Sdao;acs/ Ak'¨0g'D &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; ESihf eD;uyfpGm qufqH
1 2
3
r[m0Ho#D? 190/ 0d-| 1? 44/
r[m0Ho 5? 34/
4
Am&mAm& awmifukef;&Sd edaj*m"ESihf cgvwdu ausmufxGif;*lrsm;/
5
jA[®*d&dt&yf&Sd ausmufpmtrSwf 1 wGif ]oHaC Oy,Daw} [laom pm
wpfaMumif; yg&Sdonf/ ]&[efoHCmawmfrsm;xH tzl;ajrmf oGm;onf} [k
a,bk,stm;jzifh bmomjyefqdkEdkifonf/ ynm&SiftcsKdUu taomurif;
BuD;onf trSefyif Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;jyKoGm;aMumif; qdkvdkonf[k ,if;0gusudk
bdu©Kbwdu[lonf ]bkef;BuD;ausmif; wpfckü &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihftwl
aexdkifol}[k qdkvdkonf (bdu©Kbwdaumwd {uo®ð 0d[ma& bdu©L[d
56 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rsm;udk em,l&rnf? em,l&ef qE´&Sdae&rnf[k em;vnfjcif;jzihf
oihfjrwf nDñGwfjcif;onf csD;rGrf;xkduf\} [k aMunmcJhonf/
jcm;em;jcif;r&SdbJ orP jAm[®PwdkY\ vGwfvyfrIudk ygVd
awmfusrf;*efrsm;ü tav;xm; azmfjyouJhodkY rif;BuD;\ ausmuf
pmrsm;üvnf; jynfolY 0wå&m;tjzpf txl;jyK azmfjycJhonf/
bmomt,l0g' ajrmufjrm;pGm wnf&Sdaeonhf tifyg,m
BuD;udk tkyfcsKyfNyD; ESvkH;pdwf0rf; BuD;jrwfol bk&iftaomuonf
bmomw&m;rsKd;pkHudk udk;uG,fMuonhf rdrd\ wkdif;oljynfom;
tm;vkH;udk ajymqdk awmif;yef&rnhf udk,fusifhw&m; pepfwpfck
udk ajymif;vJa&;ESihf ywfoufí pdwfrcsrf;ajrU jzpfcJhonf/ odkYjzpf
í rif;BuD;onf ¤if;\ ausmufpmrsm;wGif rMumrcP okH;EIef;cJh
onhf ]"r®}[laom pum;vkH;udk ]vlBuD;rdb q&morm;wdkYtm;
av;pm;jcif;? &aoh&[ef; orPjAm[®P aqGrsKd;rdwfaqG oli,f
csif; taygif;toif; aus;uRef rDSckdol qif;&J'ku©a&mufaeol
rsm;tm; oihfwifhpGm auR;arG; apmihfa&Smufjcif;? ouf&Sdrsm;tm;
owfjzwfrIrS a&SmifMuOfjcif;? Muifemjcif;? opömapmihfodjcif;?
twGif;tjyif pifMu,fjcif;? odrfarGUjcif;? olawmfaumif;yDojcif;?
rdrdudk,fudk xdef;odrf;jcif;? aus;Zl;odwwfjcif;? udk,fusihfoDv pif
Mu,frItay: cdkifrmonhf pdwfqE´ESihf tusKd;rJh rjzKef;wD;bJ pk
aqmif; acRwmjcif;}txd t"dyÜm,frsm;jzihf udk,fpm;jyK zGihfqdkcJh
onf/ "r®[laom pum;vkH;atmufü taomurif;BuD; t
"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcJhonhf ,if;ukd,fusihfw&m;a&;&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;tm;
*dkPf;*P tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;udk vkdufemusihfokH;olrsm;? &aoh&[ef;
rsm;ESihf tdrfaevlrsm;? rif;BuD;\ tifyg,m twGif;tjyifrS vlxk?
vl½dkif;rsm;ESihf ,Ofaus;NyD; EdkifiHrsm;? tdE´d,EkdifiHom;ESihf tdE´d,
EdkifiHom; r[kwfolrsm; tm;vkH;u vufcHEdkifonf/ ,if;odkYjzihf
bk&iftaomuonf trsm;qdkif bmomw&m; wpfckudk wnf
axmif&ef BudK;yrf;cJhNyD; ,if;\ BudK;yrf;csufonf ordkif;wGif
yxrqkH; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 53
uvd*FppfyGJtwGif; xdwf½GHUzG,f vlYtoufaygif;rsm;pGm qkH;
½IH;jcif;ESihf vltajrmuftjrm; qif;&J 'ku©a&muf&rIudk udk,fwkdif
1
awGUjrif&ojzihf bdufodufcHNyD;aemuf &SpfESpfajrmuffwGif oHCm
awmfrsm;\ aumif;aom vrf;ñTerf IrSwpfqifh taomurif;BuD;
onf ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ ,if;onf rif;BuD;\ b0wpfcsKdUauGU
jzpfonf/ ]rif;BuD;\ "r®udk apmifhxdef;rI? "r®udk cspfjrwfEdk;rIESihf
2
"r®udk a[mMum;rIrsm;onf us,fjyefYvmcJh\} / rif;BuD;onf
aemufxyf atmifjrifrIrsm;twGuf oefvsuf"m;udk qGJrxkwf
awmhbJ odrf;qnf;cJhNyD; xdktcsdefrSpNyD; "r®0dZ, [kac:onhf
udk,fusihfw&m;ESihf pdwfydkif;b0 atmifjrifrItwGuf wpdkufrwf
rwf aqmif½GufcJh\/ ,if;onf rif;BuD;tm; BuD;jrwfaom
3
atmifjrifoltjzpf ,lqjcif; cH&ap\} /
bmjAKausmufpm (Bhābru Edict) ESihf rd*'g0kef? aumorÁDESihf
qefcsDt&yfwdkYü awGU&onhf ausmufpmwdkifwdkYü azmfjycsuft&
,cktcsdefwGif Ak'¨0g'onf bk&iftaomu\ t"duudpö jzpf
vmonf/ taomuonf Ak'¨0g'udk tdE´d,\ EdkifiHawmfbmom
jzpfaponhf yxrqkH;aom bk&ifjzpfonf/ taomuxHrS Ak'¨
0g'udk &&SdcJhonhf oD&dvuFmEdkifiHonf ,if; Ak'¨0g'tpOftvmudk
oD[dkVf aemufqkH;bk&ifrsm; vufxufwkdif vdkufem usihfokH;cJh
onf/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk &nfñTef;onhf bmjAK ausmufpm
ü bk&iftaomuonf bdu©Krsm;? bdu©KeDrsm;ESihf Oyoum Oyg
odumrsm;tm; yd#uwfygVdawmfrsm;rS xkwfEkwfxm;onhf okwåef
ckepfckudk rMumcP Mum;emqifjcif&ef wdkufwGef;xm;onf/ rd*
'g0kef? aumorÁDESihf qefcsD ausmufpmwdkifrsm;ü oHCmoif;uGJrIudk
jzpfay:aponhf rnfonhf bdu©K bdu©KeD rqdkudk vl0wfvJ&
rnfjzpfNyD; bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü aexkdifcGifh rjyK&ef trdefYxkwf
1
ausmufpmtrSwf 13/
2
ausmufpmtrSwf 13/
3
ausmufpmtrSwf 13/
54 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
jyefxm;onf/ ,if;odkYjzihf rif;BuD;onf Ak'¨0g'\ avmuDa&;
OD;aqmifrIudk vufcHvsuf Ak'¨0g' aumif;usKd;twGuf ouf0if
vIyf&Sm;onhf pdwf0ifpm;rIudk &,lcJhonf/
taomurif;w&m;\ ,kHMunfrItopfonf ¤if;\b0wpf
ckvkH;ESihf tusihfp½kdufudkyg ajymif;vJypfykH&onf/ ¤if;\ pdwfydkif;
b0 ,kHMunfrItopfESihf qefYusifonhf xdktcsdefu vdkufemqJ
xkH;pHESihf bk&ifrif;wdkYqdkif&m ñTefMum;csuf trsm;pkudk zsufypfNyD;
tjcm;wpfyg;ESihf tpm;xdk;cJhonf/ rif;BuD;\ ,kHMunfrI topfu
jyKjyifvdkufonhf ESvkH;om; tajymif;tvJonf rif;BuD;\ yk*¾Kdvf
a&;b0udkomru jynfolYa&;&m ay:vpDESihf tkyfcsKyfa&;u@udk
yg oufa&mufapcJhonf/ rif;BuD;\ aemufqkH; EdkifiHa&;pGefYpm;rI
jzpfonhf uvd*FppfyGJNyD;aemuf rif;BuD;onf ppfyGJudk vkH;0pGefYvkduf
onf/ ausmufpmtrSwf 13 ü ]tu,fí wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf
rif;BuD;tm; tjyKoabmaqmifonfh emusifaprIwpfckudk jyKbdrl
rif;BuD;onf xdkyk*¾Kdvftm; jzpfEdkiforQ cGifhvTwfrIudk xkdufwefol
tjzpf ,lqvdrfhrnf}[k qdkonf/ rdrd\ EkdifiHe,fy,fESihf qufpyf
aeonhf wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;ESihfywfoufí rif;BuD;u uvd*Fausmufpm
trSwf 2 wGif ]rif;BuD;onf vltaygif;u rif;BuD;udk raMumuf
½GHUMuap&ef? ,kHMunfMuap&ef? rif;BuD;xHrS aysmf½TifrIudk &&SdMuNyD;
aomuylyefrIudk r&&SdMuap&ef tvdk&Sd\}[k qdkonf/ rif;BuD;
onf ausmufpmtrSwf 9 ü ]rif;jrwfr[m\ udk,fusihfoDvudk
usihfokH;rI &vm'ftjzpf ppfpnf½Grf;oHonf (ppfonfrsm;udk r
[kwfbJ) "r®udk zdwfac:jcif; jzpfvm\} [k qdkonf/
bk&iftaomu\ Ak'¨0g'tay: wuf<upGm pdwf0ifpm;rIESifh
euf½Idif;pGm MunfñdkrIonf tjcm;bmomw&m;rsm;tm; ao;odrf
oGm;atmif rjzpfapcJhay/ xdkESihf qefYusifvsuf rif;BuD;taejzihf
bmomw&m; tm;vkH;tay: ylaZmfoumjyKcJhNyD; ypönf;0w¬Krsm;
jzihf axmufyHhrIrsm;udkom jyKvkyfcJhonf/
bmomw&m;ESihf ywfoufonhf onf;cHrIpdwf"mwfudk Ak'¨
udk,fwdkif wynhfom0ursm;tm; a[mMum;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ rZÑdr
tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 55
edum,f? OygvdokwfwGif emvE´mNrdKUae txifu&vlcsrf;om
ed*P²em#ykwå (Zder[m0D&)\ wynhfjzpfol Oygvdonf Ak'¨\
wynhfom0u jzpfvdkaMumif; jrwfAk'¨tm; avQmufxm;onfudk
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu Oygvdtm; Ak'¨0g'D
Oygoum jzpfvmNyD;aemufrSyif ed*P²wdkYtm; vdktyfonfrsm;jzihf
axmufyhHrIudk qufvufjyKvkyf&ef wdkufwGef;awmfrlonf/ bk&if
taomuonf bmoma&;ESihf ywfoufonhf tvm;wl onf;cH
em;vnfrIrsKd;udk euf½dIif;pGm cH,lxm;onfrSm aocsmonf/
ausmufpmwdkiftrSwf 6 wGif rif;BuD;u þodkYqdkonf ]ig
onf *kdPf;*PtoD;oD;rS &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ylaZmfzG,f trsKd;
rsKd;jzihf ylaZmf\}/ wpfzefvnf; ]bk&ifrif;jrwfonf a'otm;
vkH;wGif rsKd;EG,ftoD;oD;rS vlom;tm;vkH; twlwuG aexdkifrIudk
1
vdkvm;awmfrl\} / rif;BuD;onf ]bmomw&m; tm;vkH;\ tqkH;
2
traumif;rsm; wkd;wufrIü pdwf0ifpm;awmfrl\} / bk&if taom
uonf bmoma&;*dkPf;wpfcku tjcm;wpfckudk apmfum;rIudk
tvdkr&Sdacs/ ausmufpmtrSwf 12 wGif rif;BuD;u ]rdrdbmom
w&m;udkom csD;rGrf;pum;qdkNyD; tjcm;bmomw&m;rsm;udk ykwf
cwfuJh&JUjcif; rvkyf&/ ...,if;odkY rvkyfbJ tjcm;bmom
w&m;rsm;udkvnf; taMumif;wpfckckjzihf csD;rGrf;pum; qdk&rnf/
,if;odkYjyKjcif;jzihf bmomw&m;wpfckonf ,if;\ wdk;wufjyefY
yGm;rIudka&m tjcm;bmomw&m;\ jyefYyGm;rIudkyg taxmuftul
jyK\/ ,if;odkYr[kwfvQif rdrdbmomw&m;udka&m tjcm;bmom
w&m;udkyg epfemap\/ taMumif;rl rdrdbmomw&m;tay: ESpf
oufrIudkom taMumif;jyKí rdrdbmomw&m;udkom csD;rGrf;qdkNyD;
tjcm;bmomw&m;udk uJh&JU½Iwfcsolonf ajymif;jyeftm;jzihf rdrd
bmomw&m;tm; ydkrdk xdcdkufepfemapaomaMumihf jzpf\/ odkYjzpf
í vltm;vkH;onf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm; a[mMum;onfh w&m;"r®udk
1
2
ausmufpmtrSwf 7/
ausmufpmtrSwf 12/
60 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
csLpf (Antiochus)ESihf ,if;\ tdrfeD;csif;rsm; tygt0if ae&mwdkif;
ü vlom;wdkYtm; aq;ukoa&;XmeESihf awm½dkif;wd&dpämefwdkYtm;
aq;ukoa&;Xme [laom aq;ukoa&;Xm ESpfrsKd;wdkYudk wnf
aqmufay;\/ vla&mwd&dpämefrsm;yg tokH;0ifonhf aq;zuf0if
opfyifrsm;udk r&Sdao;onhf ae&mwkdif;ü ta&;wBuD; pdkufysKd;ap
\/ aq;zuf0if opfjrpf opfoD;rsm; r&Sdao;onhf ae&mwkdif;ü
rSm,l pdkufysKd;ap\/ vrf;ab;rsm;ü a&wGif; a&uefrsm; wl;azmf
ap\/ vlom;rsm;a&m awm½dkif;wd&dpämefrsm;yg csrf;om aysmf½Tif
a&;twGuf opfyifrsm; pdkufysKd;ap\}[k qdkonf/
odkY&mwGif jynfwGif;jynfy ,if;odkYaom BuD;rm;us,fjyefY
onfh vlrIa&;aumif;usKd;aqmif½GufrI tm;vkH;onf bmomw&m;
av;pm;NyD; pm&dwåeuf&dIif;ol taomu\pdwfudk tm;&auseyfrI
rjzpfapEdkifao;ay/ jyKNyD;orQ aumif;usKd; aqmif½GufrItm;vkH;
onf rwnfNrJbJ ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m ulnDaxmufyHhrIom jzpfNyD; ,if;
vª'gef;ay;urf;rIrsm;rSm rqdkpavmufomjzpfonf/ rif;BuD; tae
jzihf "r®'geESihfwlaom 'ger&Sd[k jyif;jypGm cHpm;rdcJhonf (em
1 2
owd {wm&doH 'geH ,m&doH "r®'geH) /
odkYjzpfí rif;BuD;onf "r®jyefYyGm;a&; &nf½G,fcsufjzihf ,cif
u rwnf&Sdzl;ao;onhf (e blwjyKAÁ) ]"r® r[mrMw}[kac:onhf
2
omoemjyK Xmeopfwpfck zGifhvSpfonf / ausmufpmtrSwf 5 ü
,if; r[mrMwrsm;udk "r®wnfwhH jyefYyGm;a&;ESihf bmomw&m;udk
cspfjrwfEdk;olrsm;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;oma&;wdkYtwGuf bmoma&;
*dkPf;*PtoD;oD;ü cefYxm;aMumif; jyqdkonf/ tqdkyg "r®r[m
rMwrsm;udk a,me? uarÁmZ? *E¨m&ESifh rif;BuD;\ taemufzuf
usKd;jyKvkyfief; jzpfonfh ]"r®jzihf atmifEdkifjcif;}\ &nf½G,fcsuftjzpf
obm0tm;jzifh xif&Sm;pGm ay:vm&rnfjzpfonf} (rlum*sD? pm-132?
atmufajcrSwfcsuf 2)/
1
ausmufpmtrSwf 11/ ]oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd = tvªtm;vkH;wGif "r®
'geonf tjrwfqkH; jzpf\} ("r®y'? tcef; 25? 21 *gxm)/
2
ausmufpmtrSwf 5/
tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 57
bk&iftaomuonf rdrdjynfolrsm; udk,fusihfw&m;aumif;
rGefwdk;wufa&;twGuf enf;rsKd;pkHudk tokH;jyKcJhonf/ ausmufpm
wdkif trSwf 7 t& bmomw&m; tqkH;trrsm;udk oifMum;NyD;
vufawGU tokH;csrIrsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhonf/ rif;BuD;onf Ak'¨0g'D?
*sdef;0g'D? tmZD0uESihf tjcm;bmom0g'Drsm; jzpfMuonhf &[ef;
&Sifvl jynfoltMum; rdrd\ arwåma&SUoGm;jyKonhf oifMum;csuf
rsm;udk jyefYESHYap&ef "r®r[mrwå("r®a&;&m0efBuD;)rsm;ESihf &mxl;
tqifh trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonhf t&m&Sdrsm;udk cefYxm;onf/ jynfol t
rsm;\ udk,fusihfw&m;ESihf pm&dwåa&;&m aumif;rGefrItwGuf &nf
½G,fonfh ,if;"r®r[mrwåXmeonf taomurif;BuD;\ udk,f
ydkifqef;opfwDxGifrI vkH;0jzpfonf/ rif;BuD;onf a&S;acwfbk&if
rif;rsm; vkyfavhvkyfx&Sdonhf awmvkdufjcif;ESihf tyef;ajzc&D;
xGufjcif;rsm;tpm; wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; tBuHÓPfay;&efESihf
Ak'¨0ifae&mawmfrsm;udk zl;ajrmf&ef bk&m;zl;c&D;xGufjcif; ("r® ,m
1
Mwm)rsm; jyKcJhonf / udk,fwdkif bk&m;zl;c&D;xGufonfomru t
qihfjrihft&m&Sdrsm;tm;vnf; wm0efwpf&yftaejzihf rdrd\ pHerl
udk ,lMu (bk&m;zl;c&D;xGuf)&ef ñTefMum;cJhonf / wdkif;ol jynf
om;rsm;\ bmomw&m; todpdwf"mwfrsm; jynhf0vm&efESifh
udk,fusihfaumif;rGefonhfb0odkY Edk;<uvmap&ef bk&iftaomu
onf bdk;ab;pOfqufrsm;uJhodkY ppfrufa&;&mtiftm;jzihf aqmif
½Gufjcif;tpm; qifajymifuonhf ewf&xm;rsm;ü ewfom; ewf
orD;½kyfykH cif;usif;jyorIrsm;? o½kyfazmfrIrsm; yg0ifonhf ESpfouf
zG,f ewfavmu oGifjyifrsm;jzihf jynfoltaygif;tm; qGJaqmif
3
vsuf pnf;½kH;vIHYaqmfcJhonf / bmjAKausmufpmü azmfjycsuft&
Ak'¨usrf;pmrsm;udk a[mMum;jcif;udkyif bmoma&;qdkif&m yGJvrf;
obifrsm;jzihf aqmif½GufcJhykH&onf/
1
ausmufpmtrSwf 8/
2
ausmufpmtrSwf 3/
3
ausmufpmtrSwf 4/
58 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
bk&iftaomu\ ]"r®EdkifiHawmf}onf vlom;rsm;twGuf
om uefYowfxm;cJhonf r[kwfacs/ ausmufpmtrSwf 2 wGif
rif;BuD;onf ]vlom;twGuf aq;ukorIXme? awm½dkif;wd&dpämef
rsm;twGuf aq;ukorIXme? &Sm;yg;onhfae&mrsm;ü vlom;rsm;
twGufa&m awm½dkif;wd&dpämefrsm;twGufyg aumif;Edk;&m&m aq;
buf0ifopfyifrsm; rSm,lpdkufysKd;apaMumif;} azmfjyonf/ ausmuf
pm trSwf 1 ü ]rnfonhf ouf&Sdowå0gudkrQ rowfjzwf& ,Zf
rylaZmf&}[k trdefYxkwfjyefcJhonf/ rif;{u&mZfonf wpfcsdef
wnf;wGif bk&ihfrD;zdkaqmif tokH;jyK&ef owå0grsm;tm; owfjzwf
jcif;udkvnf; &yfqdkif;cJhonf/ tifyg,m wpf0ef;vkH;ü ouf&Sd
wd&dpämeftaygif;\ toufudk umuG,f&ef trdefYxkwfjyefcJhonf/
ausmufpmwdkiftrSwf 5 t& rif;BuD;onf tcsKdUaom wd&dpämef
rsm;tm; owfjzwfjcif;? oif;uGyfjcif;? oHyluyfí wHqdyfcwfESdyf
jcif;ESihf ig;rQm;jcif;rsm;udk txl;aeY&ufrsm;ESihf Ak'¨bmom Oykof
aeYrsm;ü wm;jrpfcJhonf/ ]txJwGif ouff&Sdrsm;&Sdaeonhf opfoD;
tcsKdUudkyif rD;r½IdU&/ taMumif;rJhjzpfap? tMurf;jyKrlvdkí jzpfap
(ouf&Sdowå0grsm; twGuf) opfawmrsm;udk rD;r½IdU&/ ouf&Sdrsm;
onf tjcm;ouf&Sdrsm;\ tpm;tpm rjzpfap&}[kvnf; trdefY
xkwfjyefcJhonf/ ausmufpmwdkiftrSwf 7 wGif rif;BuD;u ]vrf;
jrifhrsm;ay:üvnf; vlom;rsm;ESihf uRJEGm;wd&dpämefrsm; t&dyfcdkem;
aeEdkif&ef yanmifyifrsm; pdkufysKd;&rnf? ¤if;wdkY oufaomihf ouf
omjzpfa&;twGuf o&ufO,smOfrsm; pdkufysKd;jcif;? wpfaumo
0uf tuGmta0;wkdif;ü a&wGif;a&uefrsm; wl;jcif;? em;ae
aqmif p&yfwefaqmif; aqmufvkyfjcif;? ae&mtESHYwGif a&jzefY
jzL;a&;Xmersm;zGifhxm;jcif;rsm; jyK&rnf} [k qdkonf/
taomurif;BuD;onf rdrd wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;\ aumif;
usKd;udkom aqmif½Gufjcif;jzihf tm;&auseyfjcif; r&Sday/ rdrd
tifyg,m\ tjyifzuf txl;ojzihf rdrdtkyfcsKyfonhf e,fy,fESihf
uyfaeonhf EdkifiHrsm;odkY tm½kHpdkufcJhonf/ oD[dkVfodkY &nfñTef;
zG,f&Sdaom tcsufrsm;ygonhf ausmufpmtrSwf 2 wGif ]rif;BuD;
tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 59
tkyfcsKyfonhf e,fedrdwftwGif;ESihf tpGeftzsm;&Sd apmV (Cholas)?
yef"sm (Pāndyas)? owd,ykMw (Satiyaputras)? au&mvykMw
2
(Keralaputras)ESihf wrÁyPÖD (Ta½bapa½º¿)? *&dbk&if tefwD,kd
1
taomu ausmufpmyg wrÁyPÖdonf oD[dkVfuRef;udk qdkvkdovm; odkY
wnf;r[kwf tdE´d,awmifydkif; wdEéD (Tinnevelly) jrpf0Srf;&Sd wmr&myg&feD
(Tāmraparº¿) jrpf0Srf;a'ovm; qdkonhftcsuEf Sihf ywfoufí t,ltq
uGJjym;vsuf&Sdonf/ A½l;0g; (Barua) a&;om;onfh ]taomuausmufpm
rsm;} (Inscriptions of Asoka) usrf;? tydkif; 2? pm- 235-6 ü Ta½bapa½º¿
(wrÁyPÖD)[laom a0g[m&ESihf ywfoufí &Snfvsm;onfh aqG;aEG;csuf
wpf&yfyg&Sdonf/ Aifqif at qrpf (Vincent A. Smith)url xdkpum;vkH;udk
oD[dkVfudk &nf½G,fonf[k r,lqbJ wdEéD(Tinnevelly) jrpf0Srf;&Sd wmr&m
yg&feD (Tāmraparº¿) jrpfudk ,lqonf/ a&;acsmif"l&D (Raychaudhuri)um;
,if;pum;vkH;tm; oD[dkVfuRef;udk &nf½G,fonf[k ,lqonf/ *&doHwref
ar*gpoif;epfpf (Megasthenes)u oD[dkVfuRef;tm; wmy½dkAmeD (Taprobane
= wrÁyPÖdudk qdkvkdonf)[k &nfñTef;cJhonf/ ,if;azmfjycsufonf tdE´d,
EdkifiHwGif;rSma&m tjyifrSmyg taomuacwf rwdkifrDuyif oD[dkVfuRef;
tm; ,if;(wrÁyPÖd) trnfjzihf trsm;odMuNyDjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/
A½l;0g;onf ,if;a0g[m& rnfonfudk &nfñTef;onf[laom tcsufudk
azmfrjycJhay/ aqG;aEG;rI tNyD;wGif olu ]ygVdESifh oD[dkVf bmomrsm;jzihf
a&;om;onhf Ak'¨bmomordkif;usrf;rsm;ü a'0geHyd,wdórif; vufxuf
Ak'¨omoem jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf oD[dkVfuRef;odkY taomurif;BuD; apvTwf
vdkufaom Ak'¨omoemjyK tzGJUtaMumif;udk twdtus azmfjyxm;onf/
xdkYjyif tpOftvmt& at'D yxr&mpk tapmydkif;wGif a&;om;cJhonhf
]y&d0g&ygVd} y&d0gygVdawmfüyif xdkemrnfudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ odkY&m
wGif udk,fydkif (ordkif;) cGeftm;&Sdonhf taomuausmufpmrsm;udk aqG;
aEG;aejcif;jzpfí uREfkyfwdkYtaejzihf ,if;odkYaom pmaytpOftvm tqdk
udk tajccHtjzpf oD[dkVfudk rsufESmomay;onfhtaejzihf r,lqoihfacs}
[k qdkonf/ odkYwap rlum*sDurl taomuausmufpmyg wrÁyPÖdudk
oD[dkVfuRef;tjzpf tcdkiftrm ,lqonf/ ¤if;;u ]xdkYjyif tifyg,mBuD;
wpfckudk tkyfcsKyfolwpfa,muftm; wdEéDjrpf0Srf;a'ouJhodkYaom ae&mi,f
udk ¤if;\EdkifiHawmftjyifzuf a'orsm;tjzpf ñTefjyaMumif; pOf;pm;&ef
rarQmfvihfEdkifygacs/ aemufqkH;wGif rif;BuD;\om;awmfu ,if;tifyg,m
\ bmomw&m;udk ay;tyfcJhonfh oD[dkVfonf rif;BuD;\ vlom; aumif;
64 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
usKd;aqmif vkyfief;ESihf vlrIa&; aumif;usKd;aqmif½GufrIrsm; yg0if
onhf taomurif;BuD;\ Ak'¨omoemjyKvIyf&Sm;rI e,fy,f t
wGif;ü &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ t&Sifr[dE´\ oD[dkVfuRef;ü vkyfaqmifrI
tcsdefumv(bDpD 252)onf rsm;pGmaemufusojzihf ,if;vkyfief;
tm; taomuausmufpmrsm;ü azmfjy&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkYwap
t&Sifr[dE´\ vkyfief; tajccHtwGuf rsm;pGm jyifqifxm;NyD;
jzpfonhf oD[dkVfESihf taomurif;w&m;BuD;wdkY\ qufqHrIrsm;
1
taMumif;udk jyqdkxm;onf /
1
Mookerji : p. 36.
00000000
tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 61
e,fjcm;a'o&Sd tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;tMum; cefYtyfxm;onf/ "r®udk
vdkufem usihfokH;olrsm;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omESihf qif;&JrSvGwf
ajrmufjcif;wdkYtwGuf ,if;trwfrsm;udk ppfom;rsm;? ppfAdkvfcsKyf
rsm;? jAm[®Pbmom *dkPf;uGJrsm;? *[ywdrsm;? cdkudk;&mrJholrsm;?
tdkrif;rpGrf;ol oufBuD;½G,ftdkrsm;ü cefYtyfxm;onf/ xdktrwf
rsm;onf tusOf;om; jzpfrIqefYusifa&; vkyfaqmif&ef? arG;uif;
puav; rsm;pGm&Sdolrsm; odkYr[kwf touft½G,faMumifh uH
raumif; taMumif;rvSbJ qif;&J'ku©a&mufaeolrsm;tm; vGwf
vyfcGifhay;jcif;wdkYtwGufvnf; vkyfydkifcGifh tmPm&Sdonf/
ausmufpmtrSwf 13 wGif ]t"du atmifjrifrI[k rif;w&m;
BuD;,lqNyD; tifyg,m twGif;tjyif&Sd vltaygif;tm; Budrfzef
rsm;pGm atmifjrifNyD; jzpfonhf} a"r®0dZ,ac: w&m;jzihf atmifrI
BuD; taMumif;udk azmfjyonf/ rif;BuD;\ "r®0dZ,onf qD;,m;
bk&if tefwD ,kdcsyfpf (Antiochus)? tD*spfbk&if ywdkavrD (Ptol-
emy)? rufqD'ef bk&if tefwD*dkeyfp (Antigonus of Macedon)?
qdkif&DeD bk&if r*ghpf (Magas of Eyrene)? tDyD&yfpf bk&if tvuf
pE´m (Alexander of Epirus) bk&ihfEdkifiHrsm;ESihf apmV? yef'sm (Pan-
dyas = yef*syf)rS onf wrÁyPÖd(oD[dkVf) EdkifiHrsm;txdyif us,f
jyefYcJhonf/ rif;BuD;u qufvufazmfjyonf ]ae&mwdkif;ü vl
trsm;onf rif;w&m;BuD;\ bmomw&m; oGefoifqkH;rrIudk
vdkufem usihfokH;vsuf&SdMu\/ rif;w&m;BuD;\ oHwrefrsm; oGm;
a&mufjcif;r&Sdonhf EdkifiHrsm;ü aexdkifolrsm;yif rif;BuD; avhusihf
tm;xkwfrI? pl;prf;rIESihf "r®vkdufemusihfokH;rIrsm;udk Mum;&jcif;ü
¤if;wdkYudk,fwkdif vkdufemusihfokH;NyD; aeMuvdrfhrnf/ "r®jzihf atmif
Edkifjcif;onf t&yfa'o tm;vkH;udk atmifEdkifjcif;rnf\/ wpfzef
t&yfa'otm;vkH;udk atmifEdkifjcif;onf arwåmcHpm;rI\ &vm'f
jzpf\/ w&m;aom atmifEdkifjcif;rsm;wGif arwåmudk &&Sd\}/
1
oD[dkVf ygVdbmom tpOftvmrsm;ü t&Sifr[marm*¾vd
1
0d-| 1? 37/ r[m0Ho 5? 191 *gxm/
62 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
ykwåwdórax&f\ oifMum;csufrsm;aMumifh taomurif;w&m;
BuD;onf xdkrQavmuf (vlrIaumif;usKd;? Ak'¨omoemhtusKd;aqmif
½GufrI) twdkif;twmjzihf Ak'¨omoemawmfESihf aqGrsKd; awmfpyfol
tjzpfqdkEdkifcGifh r&Sdao;[kqdkvkdonfh ypönf;av;yg; axmufyHhol
]ypö,'g,um}omvQif jzpfao;aomaMumihf Ak'¨omoemawmf
ESihf aqGrsKd;awmfpyfol Ak'¨omoemhtarGcH ]omoe'g,m'} jzpf
vmEdkif&ef om;awmf r[dE´ESihf orD;awmf oCFrdwåmwdkYtm; om
oemhabmifodkY 0ifa&mufapcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/
rif;BuD;\ oHCmawmfrsm;tay: jrihfrm;pGm av;pm;rIESihf tm;
ay;rIwdkYaMumihf oHCmrsm;twGif; rvdkvm;tyfonhf tusifhysuf
rIrsm; ay:vmaomaMumihf nDñGwfrEI Sihf Nidrf;csrf;rIudk taESmihf
t,Suf jzpfaponf/ ax&0g'u vufcHxm;onhf ,lqcsufrsm;
usifhpOfrsm;ESifh qefYusifonfh *dkPf;uGJtrsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufcJhonf/
,if; tajctaeonf taomubk&iftm; yg#vdykwåNrdKUawmfü
1
wwd, oH*g,emwif&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf / &nf½G,fcsufrSm
]yd#uwfokH;ykHudk p,fMu,fap&efESihf t"r®0g'Drsm;udk okwfoif&ef
jzpfNyD; taomu\ t"dupdk;&drfrIrSm rnfonhf awG;ac:ajrmfjrif
rI odkYr[kwf bmom0g'a&;&m w&m;"r®xufrqdk EdkifiHawmfu
wnfaqmufxm;onhf bmoma&; taqmufttkHu ydkNyD;t"du
2
jzpfonf} / ax&0g'todkuftNrKHudk jiif;qdkolrsm;onf &mZN*dK[f
NrdKUteD; emvE´mNrdKUü oD;jcm; oH*g,emwpfck wifMuonf/ ,if;
tkyfpktopfrS ,if;wdkY\ udk,fydkifusrf;*efrsm;udk a&;om;vsuf
3
*dkPf;udk;*dkPf; jzpfay:cJhonf / taomurif;BuD;onf oHCm
pnf;vkH; nDñGwfrIESihf ywfoufí ausmufpmwdkifrsm;jzihf wdus
4
onhf trdefYtmPmrsm; ? oHCmoif;uGJrIudk jzpfay:apol rnfol
rqdkonf vlxGuf&rnfjzpfNyD; bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS xGufcGmoGm;&
1
0d-| 1? 45/ r[m0Ho 5? 228 *gxm/
2 1
Sir John Marahall: The Monuments of Sanchi, I,p. 22.
3 4
edum,o*F[? pm? 7-8/ rd*'g0kef? aumorÁDESihf qefcsD ausmufpmrsm;/
tdE´d,ordkif;aemufcH 63
rnf[k xkwfjyefxm;onftxd tvGef pdk;&drfonf/ ]a,bk,s ,l
qcsuft& taomu\ taxmuftyHhjzifh jzpfay:vmonfh yd#
uwfawmfonf wwd, yg#vdykwå oH*g,emudk jzpfay:aponhf
1
ygVdtpOftvm\ ppfreS frIudk twnfjyKonf} /
wwd,oH*g,emNyD;aemuf ,if;oH*g,em\ oHCmhOaoQmif
jzpfNyD; tajrmftjrif BuD;rm;awmfrlonhf t&Sifr[marm*¾vdykwå
wdórax&f\ vrf;ñTefrIjzihf Ak'¨omoemawmf t&SnfcHh wnf
whHa&;twGuf oD[dkVftygt0if udk;EdkifiHodkY omoemjyKyk*¾Kdvfrsm;
2
udk apvTwfcJhonf / taomurif;BuD;\om;awmf t&Sifr[m
r[dE´onf oD[dkVu f Ref;ü Ak'¨omoemawmf wnfwHha&;twGuf
wm0efay;jcif; cH&onf/ oD[dkVfbk&if a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;
onf tdE´d,bk&ifxH tzdk;wef vufaqmifyPÖmrsm;ESihftwl oH
wrefrsm;udk tdE´d,odkY apvTwfNyD; rdwfaqGjzpfvdkrIudk azmfjyNyD;jzpf
onhftwdkif; taomutaejzihf rdrd\vkyfaqmifcsufrSm oD[dkVf
uRef;ü tvGefYtvGef tusKd;jzpfxGef;rnf jzpfaMumif; awG;rdcJhykH&
onf/ tdE´d, Ak'¨omoemjyKtzGJUrsm; oGm;av&m a'owdkif;ü
atmifjrifcJhonf/ a,meu"r®&u©dw rax&fuJhodkYaom *&dvlrsKd;
rsm;yif Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;awmfrsm; jzpfomG ;Muonf/ odkYwap taom
urif;BuD;\ Ak'¨0g'a&;&m aqmif½GufrI a'otm;vkH;teuf
oD[dkVfonf tusKd;tjzpfxGef;qkH; jzpfonf/ ]ausmufpmrsm;wGif
azmfjyoa½GU oD[dkVfuRef;tm; ausmufpmtrSwf 2 ESihf 13 wdkYü
wrÁyPÖdtjzpf azmfjyNyD; ¤if;\ "r®0dZ,EdkifiHawmf tpDtrHudk
wdk;csJU&ef "r®'lwrsm; apvTwfcJhaom edkifiHrsm;pm&if;ü taomu
rif;BuD;udk,fwkdif xnhfoGif;xm;NyD;jzpfonhf EkdifiHwpfcktjzpfvnf;
azmfjyonf/ odkYjzpfí ,if;ausmufpmrsm;udk a&;om;csdef (bDpD
258-257)wGif ausmufpmtrSwf 2 t& oD[dkVfonf awm½dkif;
wd&pämefrsm;ESihf vlom;rsm;\ qif;&JrI oufoma&;uJhodkYaom t
Barua: Inscriptions of Asoka, II,p. 379.
2
0d-| 1? 47/ r[m0Ho 7? 1 *gxm/
68 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rsm;tjzpf wrÁyPÖd? 0dZdwyk&ESihf Oywdó*gruJhodkYaom tjcm;
a'orsm; &SdcJhonf/ odkYwap y@Kumb,rif;u bDpDav;&mpk\
aemufqkH;ESpfrsm;wGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKUudk xif&Sm;onhf NrdKUawmft
jzpf `rSifhwifvkdufcsdefrSpí tEk&m"yk&onf vuFmuRef;EdkifiH\
NrdKUawmftjzpf &mpkESpfaygif; q,fhESpfck cefYrQ Mumanmif;cJhonf/
bDpDokH;&mpk ukefqkH;csdefwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU\ Adokumynm
wdk;wufrIrSm tqihfjrifh tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdNyD; jzpfykH&onf/
tEk&m"*grudk yxrOD;pGm wnfaqmufcJhNyD; rdrdemrnfjzihf ac:
wGifapcJhol y@Kumb,\ OD;av;awmf tEk&m"onf rdrdae
1
xdkif&ef &mZa*[ac:onhf tdrfwpfaqmif aqmufvkyfcJhonf /
y@Kumb,onf &efolrsm;udk ESdrfeif;NyD; tEk&m"yk&NrdKUodkY 0if
a&mufaomtcg OD;av;awmftEk&m"onf atmifjrifol wlawmf
armiftm; rdrd\tdrfudk ay;tyfNyD; tjcm;tdrfwpfaqmif oGm;
2
a&mufaexkdifonf / tEk&m"yk&rwdkifrD eef;pdkufNrdKUawmfjzpfonfh

onf/ ,if;aus;½Gmrsm;ü 0dZdwNrdKUawmf yg0ifonf – 0dZdwH e*&H (r[m

0Ho? 7? 41)/ wpfzef r[m0Ho tcef; 10? 42 *gxmü ]uv[H e*&H
emr *garm ww¬ uawm t[k = uv[NrdKU[kac:onhf aus;½Gmudk xdk
ae&mü wnfaqmuf\}[k qdkonf/ a&m[Pt&yf&Sd r[m*grudk ,if;NrdKU
awmftaejzihf t&Sdeft0gESihf <u,f0rIudk tEk&m"yk&NrdKUESihf NydKifqdkifvsuf
awmifydkif;a'oNrdKUawmf jzpfvmNyD; aemufydkif;umv txdyif r[m*gr
]½GmBuD;}[k tNrJwrf; ac:a0:cJhonf/ at'D wpf&mpkü ywdkavrDu ¤if;\
oD[dkVfuRef;ajrykHü tEk&m"yk&tm; taema&mj*r® (Anourogram-mon)[k
ac:a0:onf/ ywdkavrDonf tEk&m"yk&taejzihf tvGefwdk;wufNyD; um
vESihf oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ xD;pdkdufNrdKUawmf txift&Sm; jzpfaeckdufrSmyif ,if;
NrdKUawmftm; ]j*r®H} (j*mr = *gr = aus;½Gm)[k okH;EIef;cJhonf/ t&Sifr[m
Ak'¨aCmo\ ],ó *gró tEk&m"yk&aó0 a'G £E´cDvm (0d-| 1?
214)/ *gr[laoma0g[m&udk tajccHrlvtm;jzihf tkyfpk? tpkta0;? t
odkif;t0dkif; odkYr[kwf tajccsaexkdifrI t"dyÜm,frsm;jzihf okH;EIef;onf/
1
r[m0Ho 9? 2/ tEk&m"onf tdE´d,ajrmufydkif;rS &,lonhf tpDtpOfjzihf
wnfaqmufcJhykH&aomaMumihf ,if;udk txl;jyK azmfjy jcif;jzpfonf/
2
r[m0Ho 10? 73-74 *gxm/
 tcef; 2
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH
(1) vlrIa&;tajctae
bDpD okH;&mpkwGif oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ NrdKUawmfrSm tEk&m"yk& jzpfonf/
rlvtEk&m"½Gmtm; NrdKUawmftjzpfodkY wdk;wufatmif aqmif½Guf
cJholrSm y@Kumb, (377-307 bDpD) jzpfNyD;1 ¤if;taejzihf
tvGef aumif;rGefpGm wnfaqmufcJhykH&onf/ y@Kumb,rif;
rwdkifrDu oD[dkVfwGif NrdKUawmftaejzihf txl;jyKac:a0:Edkifonfh
ae&m r&Sdao;acs/ vltrsm;aexkdifonhf tcsuftjcmae&m tm;
vkH;udk *gr(½Gm)[k ac:a0:onf/ odkY&mwGif r[m0Ho\ a&S;OD;
u@ü *gre*&[laom pum;vkH;rsm;udk aus;½GmNrdKUBuD; NrdKUi,f[k
2
rcGJjcm;bJ okH;EIef;cJhNyD; ae&ma'owpfck\ t½G,ftpm; tus,f
t0ef;ESifh ywfoufí qkH;jzwfrIwpf&yf&&Sd&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ tEk
&m"yk&NrdKUawmf rxif&Sm;vmrD tcsdefwdktwGif; tpdk;& ½kH;pdkufNrdKU
1
r[m0Ho? tcef; 10? 75 *gxm/
2
*grESihf e*&[laom ygVdtokH;ESpfrsKd;rSm xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jcm;em;rI&Sdonf/
*gr[lonf aus;½Gm? e*&[lonf NrdKU jzpfonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf awe acg ye
ora,e oked"0óum&m r*"r[mrwåm yg#vd*gar e*&H rmayEÅd
0ZÆDeH y#dAm[m, = xdktcsdefü oked"ESifh 0óum &trnf&onhf r*"
EdkifiH\ trwfcsKyfESpfa,mufwdkYonf 0ZÆDwkdif;om;wdkYudk xdef;csKyfEdkif&ef
yg#vd½Gmü NrdKUwpfNrdKUudk wnfaqmufaeMuonf} ('D 2? 53)/ odkY&mwGif
r[m0Ho a&S;OD;u@rsm;ü ,if;cGJjcm;rIudk todtrSwf rjyKcJhacs/ ykHpHtm;
jzihf r[m0Ho tcef; 7? *gxmtrSwf 41 wGif 0dZ,EdkifiHawmf\ trwf
rsm;onf a'otrsKd;rsdK;ü aus;½Gm rsm;pGmwdkYudk wnfaqmufMuonf[k qdk
72 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 69
&onf/ ,if;Xme t&m&Sd\wm0efrmS ntcsdef tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfrI Oywdó*grü {uxlPdu[kac:onhf xif&Sm;onhf taqmuf
udk pDrHa&;jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí NrdKUawmfü e*&*kwådvrsm; &Sd ttkH wpfcktaMumif;udkvnf; od&onf/ {uxlPdu [laom
1
vmcJhonf / ,if;onf aESmif;acwfrsm;ü NrdKUawmf0ef\ a&SUajy; trnfemrt& wdkifwpfvkH;wnf;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onhf ,if;
ykHpH jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ tdrfudk y@Kumb,\ OD;av;awmfrsm;u ¤if;wdkY\ nDrawmf
tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfteD;ü yef;jcHESpfck&Sdonf/ eE´e0e(aemif pdwåmtm; om;awmf xGef;um;jcif;rS umuG,f&ef tusOf;csvdkí
tcg aZmwd0e[k ac:wGifcJhonf)onf awmifzuf*dwf tjyif wnfaqmufcJhaomfvnf; ,if;onf ratmifjrifonhf BudK;pm;rI
avmufwGif NrdKUawmfESihf qufvkeD; jzpfonf/ t&Sifr[dE´ oD[dkVf om jzpfonf/ ,if;taqmufttkHudk av0ifavxGuf jywif;
1
uRef;odkY a&mufNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD&ufrsm;twGif; w&m;trsm; ayguf (*0u©)rsm;jzihf wnfaqmufxm;onf /
2
pkudka[mcJhonfrSm þeE´0efO,smOfwGif jzpfonf / r[marC a'0geHyd,wdó rif;BuD;vufxuf (bDpD 247-207)üyif
0eO,smOfrSm y@Kumb,\om;awmf rk#od0rif; wnfaxmif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU½Sd taqmufttkH tenf;i,frSm tm;vkH;eD;yg; xyf
3
cJhNyD; opfoD; yef;rmefrsm; xGufonf / þO,smOfrSm NrdKUawmfESihf wlnDpGm &Sdaeao;ykH&onf/ taqmufttkH ypönf;rsm;ESihf tawGU
reD;ra0;wGif&SdNyD; NrdKUawmfta&SUbuf*dwf tjyifbufavmufwGif tBuKH&ihfusihfonfh Adokumynm&Sifrsm; csKdUwJhaezG,f&Sdonf/ ykHpH
4
wnf&Sdonf / ,if;O,smOfxJwGif bk&iftwGuf wnfaqmufxm; tm;jzifh a'0geHyd,wdórif;onf t&Sifr[dE´twGuf oihfwihf
aom bk&ifhtdrfawmf(&mZa*[) &Sdonf/ t&Sifr[mr[dE´rax&f avsmufywfonhf aep&mtaqmufttkHwpfckudk rawGUEdkifjcif;
tdE´d,rS <ua&mufNyD;aemuf &ufaygif;rsm;pGm oDwif;okH;cJhonf jzpfonf/ rif;BuD;onf tvsiftjrefyif ½THUtdrfwpfckaqmufvkyf
5
rSm þbk&ifhtdrfawmfü jzpfonf / yef;jcHwGif;ü om,monhf a& vsuf ,if;udk tjyifu rD;½IdUNyD; ajcmufatmif jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;
avSmifuefrsm; a&tdkifrsm;&Sdonf/ O,smOf0if;twGif; uuk"0gyd tdrfudk ajcmufaoGUatmif rD;½IdUonhf taMumif;aMumihf eH&Hrsm;
6
trnf&Sd a&avSmifuefi,fESihf bk&ifhtdrfawmf ajrmufzufü rnf;eufvmNyD; ausmif;udkvnf; umVygom'y&da0P ]jymom'f
7 2
r½kwåtrnf&Sd a&tdkif&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf / eufausmif;}[k ac:wGifcJhjcif; jzpfonf / ,if;ausmif;udk rnfodkY
,if;O,smOfxJü (y@Kumb,\) OD;av;awmf tEk½k'¨rif;
8 1
wl;azmfcJhonfh a&avSmifuefwpfck wnf&SdNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; 2
r[m0Ho 10;95-102/
y@Kumb,rif;onf NrdKUawmftm; a&jzefYjzL;&ef a&avSmifuef r[m0Ho 25;203? 204/
9
wpfck xyfrHwl;azmfcJhonf / NrdKUawmfjyifbufü y@Kumb,rif; ygarmu© *dkif*g (Geiger)u ]oDCH Ouúm, oku©maywGme rwådum}
0gusudk ]rif;BuD;onf ½THUtkwfrsm;udk rD;jzihf tvsiftjref ajcmufatmif jyK
1 2 vkyfap\} (r[m0Ho? t*Fvfyfbmomjyef/ He had the bricks of cla dried
r[m0Ho 10;80-81/ r[m0Ho 15;1/ speedily with fire.)[k bmomjyefxm;onf/ odkYwap rwådum [laom a0g
3 4
r[m0Ho 11;2/ r[m0Ho 15;8? 11/ [m&onf ]tkwf}teufudk ra[mbJ ]&THU? ½THUap;}udkom a[monf/ t
5 6
r[m0Ho 1;12? 30/ r[m0Ho 15;52/ u,fí ]tkwf} teufudk qdkvdkcJhvQif yk'ftrSefjzpfonhf ]£|dum} yk'fudk t
7
r[m0Ho 15;30/ r[m0Ho#Dum? pm-344/ vG,fwul okH;EIef;cJhEkdifonf/ umVygom'y&da0Pausmif;onf opfom;
8
r[m0Ho 10;88/ acsmif; ½THUap;jzihf aqmufvkyfonfh taqmufttkH jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ jref
9
r[m0Ho 9;11/ jref NyD;atmifaqmufvkyfvdkí odkYr[kwf taqmufttkH jyKvkyfNyD; eH&Hrsm;
ajcmufae[efjzpfapvkdí ½THUap;udk rD;`rIduf tajcmufcHvdkufykH&onf/ a'0g
70 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
wnfaqmufcJhonf [laomtcsufrSm &Sif;vif;rIr&Sdacs/ odkYwap
ausmif;aqmuf&ef zkwfNyD;tkwfrsm;udk r&Edkif? tenf;qkH; NrdKUawmf
twGif;ü vG,fulpGm r&EdkifonfrSm aocsmonf/
tu,fí ydkrdkoifhavsmfonhf ae&mxkdifcif;udk ay;&ef tajc
tae&SdvQif a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;taejzihf bk&if taomu\
om;awmf tdE´d,\txl;{nfhonf bk&ihfomoemjyK yk*¾Kdvftm;
,if;odkYaom oDwif;okH;p&mausmif;rsKd;udk ay;tyfrnf r[kwfay/
a'0geHyd,wdóonf t&Sifr[dE´tm; tvGefav;pm;awmf
rlí tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm; ydkifqkdifNyD;jzpfonhf tdrfwpfckudk oljrwf
yk*¾Kdvftm; vª'gef;vdkpdwfr&Sd[k jiif;qdkEdkifonf/ odkYwap ,if;odkY
jzpfzG,fr&Sd/ taMumif;rl a'0geHyd,wdóonf t&Sifr[dE´ <u
a&mufNyD; 'kwd,aeYwGif t&Sifjrwftm; r[marC0etwGif;&Sd
tdrfwpfaqmifü wpfnwm oDwif;oHk;&ef yihfzdwfonf/ t&Sif
1
jrwfuvnf; vufcHonf / ,if;tdrfrSm tenf;qkH; bk&if? rdzk&m;
ESihf eef;awmf ta>ct&Hrsm;jzpfonhf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm; tokH;jyK
NyD;jzpfrnfrSm oHo, jzpfzG,frvdkacs/
NrdKUawmfü vltrsm; pnf;½kH;pka0;&eftwGuf cef;rBuD; &SdykHr&
acs/ NrdKUaevltrsm; t&Sifr[dE´udk zl;ajrmfNyD; w&m;emvdkMuaom
tcg rif;BuD;onf eef;awmfOypmtwGif;ü vkHavmufonhf cef;r
wpfckr&Sdonfudk odjrifojzihf bk&ifhpD;awmfqifxm;onhf cef;rudk
eHyd,wdórif;BuD;tm; xlyg½kHapwD wnfaqmufrnhf tkwfrsm; jyKvkyf
&ef tvkyform;rsm; &&SdvkdaMumif; taMumif;Mum;vkdufonf (r[m0Ho
17;38)/ odkYjzpfí xkdtcsdefu tkwfjyKvkyfenf;udk wwfodNyD;jzpfonf/
r[m0Housrf;taejzihf umVygom'y&da0P trnfESihfywfoufí xif
aMu;jzihf &Sif;vif;rIudk xnhfoGif;cJhjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ tac:ta0:
rsm;ESihfywfoufí ,if;odkY pdwfrSef;jzihf &Sif;vif;rIrsm;rSm tawmfxif&Sm;
onf (ykHpHtm;jzihf vAk*gr&Si;f vif;csuf? r[m0Ho 10;72/ rPdol&d,
ESifh ol&edr®v &Sif;vif;csuf? &o0g[deD 2? pm -26? 71? 84/ vdpä0D? 0ZÆD
ESihf a0omvD &Sif;vif;csufrsm;? okwåed-| 1? 264)/
1 2
r[m0Ho 15;12? 13/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 71
&Sif;vif;&efESihf vltrsm;pk½kH;Edkifa&;twGuf jyifqif&ef trdefYay;cJh
1
onf / bk&ifh &[ef;awmf (\w&m;)udk em,l&ef vltrsm;pk½kH;
vmMuonfrSm ,if; (bk&ihfqifawmftdrf) wGif jzpfonf/ t&Sif
r[dE´\y&dowfrSm ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmojzihf w&m;pcef;udk qifawmf
tdrfrS NrdKUawmfawmifzuf*dwf jyifzuf&Sd t&dyfaumif;? at;csrf;
NyD; pdrf;vef;xlxJonhf bk&ifhO,smOftwGif; avaumif;avoefY
2
rsm;&&Sdonhf arGUavsmfzG,f eE´eO,smOfodkY ajymif;a½TUcJhonf /
,if; tajccHtcsufrsm;t& xkdtcsdefu tEk&m"NrdKUawmfü
taqmufttkHrsm; taxGaxG vdktyfcsuf&SdcJhykH&onf/ avm[
ygom'uJhodkYaom taqmufttkHBuD;rsm; oD[dkVfNrdKUawmfü ay:
aygufvmonfrSm Ak'¨0g'wnf&dSNyD;aemufrSom jzpfonf/ y@K
umb, wnfaqmufcJhaom bmoma&;taqmufttkH tawmf
rsm;rsm; &SdcJhNyD;jzpfonfqdkaomfvnf; vloltrsm;tjym; pka0;Edkif
avmufonhf taqmufttkHMuD; wpfck&SdcJhonhf taxuftxm;
r&Sdacs/ þtcsufonf vltrsm;tjym; pk½kH;rI r&SdcJh? &SdcJhonf qdk
vQifawmif ,if;pk½kH;rIrsm;udk [if;vif;jyifae&mü usif;ycJhMu
aMumif; ñTefjyonf/ oD[dkVfom;rsm;onf bmoma&; w&m;rsm;
Mum;em&efuJhodkYaom txl;&nf½G,fcsufjzihf vlolpk½kH; pnf;a0;cJh
MuonfrSm Ak'¨0g' a&muf&SdNyD;aemufrSom jzpfzG,fonf/
tEk&m"NrdKUawmfü NrKdUawmfoefY&Sif;a&; tajctaeonf t
qihfjrifh trdefYwpf&yf jzpfcJhykH&onf/ y@Kumb,tkyfcsKyfpOf NrdKU
awmf oefY&Sif;a&;twGuf yef;rIdufoGef 500? rdv’m &Sif;vif;ol
200? vlaorsm;udk okomefodkY vTifhypfol (okb &mZm) 150? NrdKU
3
awmfudk apmihfMuyfol 150 &Sdonf /
y@Kumb,onf rdrdudka&m rdcifudkyg ulnDcJhNyD; rdrdtm;
xD;eef;udk ay;tyfcJhol OD;av;awmf tb,twGuf e*&*kwådv
(NrdKUapmihf)[kac:onhf &mxl;Xmetopfwpfck wDxGifcJhaMumif; od
1
r[m0Ho 14;61/ 0d-| 1? 59/
3
r[m0Ho 15;1-2/ r[m0Ho 10;91-92/
76 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
a&S;tusqkH; aus;½GmtcsKdU tajccsNyD;jzpfí tEk&m"yk&NrdKU
awmf\ taemufzufESihf taemufajrmufzuf&Sd e,fy,frsm;ü
vnf; vlOD;a& wdk;wuf pnfum;aeNyDjzpfonf/ ajrmufzufESifh
taemufzuf urf;ajcwpfavQmuf wnf&Sdaom ausmfMum;onhf
yifv,fqdyfurf;av;ckjzihf NrdKUawmfudk qufoG,fxm;onfh vrf;
aMumif;av;ck&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm ajrmufzufü r[mwdw¬ (refem
NrdKUteD;&Sd rmawmw odkYr[kwf refwdkif)? ZrÁKaumvywåe? a*g
P*grywåe (ta&SUzsm; urf;ajcbuf[k ,lq&onf) ESihf r[m
uE´&jrpf\ ajrmufzuf&Sd yifv,fqdyf (ajrmufydkif;wGif jzpfEdkif
onf)wdkYjzpfonf/ ,if;av;ckteuf aemufqkH; av;ckudk twd
tus razmfjyEdkifao;bJ&Sdonf/ tqdkyg yifv,fqdyfurf; 0ef;
usif a'orsm;ü vloltajccsaexkdifMurnfudk oHo,jzpfzG,f
rvdkbJ ,if;a&vrf;rsm; wpfavQmuf BuD;i,fr[l aus;½Gmrsm;pGm
wnf&SdMurnf jzpfonf/ ZrÁKaumvywåerS tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf
odkY aAm"dyifyGm;udk aqmif,laomtcg ,if;c&D;pOfwGif aus;½Gm
rsm;pGmwdkYü &yfem;cJhonf/ (odkYwap) wd0uútrnf&onhf ykPÖm;
½Gmwpf½Gmudkom txift&Sm; azmfjyonf/
aemuf tajccsaexdkifonhf ae&mwpfckrSm uvsmPD (,ck
acwf auvPd,)t&yfwGif jzpfonf/ a'0geHyd,wdó aemuf
&mpkESpfwpfck tvGef qdkvkdonfrSm bDpDESpf&mpkwGif auvPd,ü
rif;EdkifiHwpfck &SdcJhaMumif; twdtus od&onf/ 'k|*grPd\
r,fawmf (uvsmPDbk&if wdó\orD;awmf)jzpfol emrnfausmf
3
0d[m&r[ma'0Donf ,if; uvsmPDrif;rsKd;rS jzpfonf / &mZm
1 r[m0Ho 10? 94/
t&Sifr[dE´onf a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;tm; xdkae&mwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmf
jrwfu em*wdkYtm; atmifEdkifykH taMumif;udk ajymjyonf (r[m0Ho?
19;35)/ ,if;jzihf ZrÁKaumvywåeonf em*'DuRef;wGif &SdaMumif; azmfjy
onf/ r[m0Housrf;t& azmjfyNyD; jzpf&yfonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf em*'Dy
odkY 'kwd,tBudrf <uawmfrlpOfwGif jzpfonf/
2 3
r[m0Ho 19;37 *gxm/ r[m0Ho 12?;12/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 73
wnfaqmufcJhonfh r[mok omeac: A[dkokomefBuD; wpfck&SdNyD;
1
,if;okomefxJü ao'PfuGyfrsufonhf ae&mvnf; &Sdonf /
NrdKUawmfü tvkyfvkyfMuonfh p@mv (okb&mZm)wdkY ae
xkdifonhf p@mv*gronf A[dkokomef\ taemufajrmufbuf
2 3
wGif &Sdonf / tqdkyg p@mvaus;½GmwGif r[m0Ho üay;xm;
onhf ta&twGuft& y@Kumb,rif;vufxufu tenf;qkH;
vlOD;a& 2000 cefY &SdcJhykH&onf/ ,if;½Gm\ ta&SUajrmufzufwGif
4
eDpokomeac:onhf p@mvrsm;twGuf okomefwpfck&Sdonf /
a'0geHyd,wdóacwfwGif NrdKUawmfteD; jrif;aZmif; wpfc&k Sd
5
aMumif; azmfjyonf / y@Kumb,rif; wnfaqmufcJhonhf qif
6
ajczkH; aus;½Gm ('Gg&*gr)vnf; av;½Gm&Sdonf /
bDpDokH;&mpkwGif awmifukef;a'orsm;ESihf ta&SUbufurf;
7
ajc rS wpfyg; oD[dkVfwpfuRe;f vkH;onf vufawGUtm;jzihf tvGef
xlxyfzG,f r&Sdaomfvnf; vlOD;a& trsm;tjym; aexdkifcJhMuykH&
onf/ vlaexkdifí tqifajyaom ae&mtm;vkH;eD;yg; avmufudk
vlwdkY odrf;ydkuf aexkdifMuNyD; jzpfonf/ [ife&Dygum (Henry
Parker)u r[m*grESihf ,if;\ywf0ef;usif aus;½Gmrsm;udk oD[dkVf
uRef;odkY yxqkH;0ifa&muf aexdkifonhf a&S;OD; tm&d,efvlrsKd;rsm;
yxrqkH; tajccscJhonhf ae&mrsm;tjzpf jiif;qdkonf/ (¤if;t
vdkt&) awmifykdif;&Sd ud&dE´ (Kirinda) t&yfonf ,if;vlrsKd;wdkY
1
2
r[m0Ho 10;80/ r[maAm"d0Ho? pm-84/
r[m0Ho 10;93/
3
r[m0Ho 10;91-92/
4
5
r[maAm"d0Ho? pm – 85/
6
r[m0Ho 10;88/
7
&o0g[deDusrf;ü em*'Dy? Owå&yó? 'u©dPyóESihf ypädryórsm;udk
&nfñGef;xm;onf/ odkYwap ygpDeyóudk azmfjy rxm;ay/ ,if;odkY r
azmfjyojzihf at'D yxr&mpk ukefcgeD;tcsdefxd oD[dkVfuRef; ta&SUydkif;
a'orsm;ü vlOD;a& rwdk;yGm;ao; aMumif; azmfjyonf/
74 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
yxrqkH; aexkdifcJhonhf ae&mtppf jzpfonf/ [ife&Dygumu
t"duvlrsKd;rsm; t"dutajccsaexkdifonfh t&yftm;vkH;udk *gr
1
½Gm[k ac:a0:cJhNyD; NrdKUawmfonf r[m*grjzpfvm\[k qdkonf /
uREkfyfwdkYtaejzihf ,if;wifjycsufudk oabmwlonfjzpfap
rwlonfjzpfap awmifydkif;&Sd 0v0g**F? ud&dE´dMo,? rPd**F ESihf
ukHAkuúHMo, jrpfrsm;wnf&Sdonhf {&d,monf oD[dkVfuRef;ü yxr
OD;qkH; vltajccs aexdkifcJhonhf a'ojzpfonfudkrl oHo, jzpf
zG,frvdkacs/ bDpDokH;&mpkwGif umZ&*gr (,ckacwf uw&*gr)ü
cwåd,vlrsKd;pk wpfpk&SdcJhonf/ ,if;cwåd,rsKd;EG,frS udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;onf t&SifroHCrdwåm tdE´d,rS ,laqmifvmonhf r[m
aAm"dudkif;ylaZmfyGJ tcrf;tem;rsm;odkY wufa&mufcJhonhf xif&Sm;
2
aomyk*¾Kdvfrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhMuonf / yxrOD;qkH;aom aAm"dyif
3
i,fudk umZ&*grü pdkufysKd;cJhonf / a'0geHyd,wdó\ tpfudk
&ifcGifydkufbk&if r[mem*onf bk&ifr\ opömazmuf tEÅ&m,f
rSvGwfajrmuf&ef rdom;pkESihftwl tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfrS a&m[P
4
t&yfodkY xGufajy;NyD; r[m*grudk tkyfcsKyfcJhonf / r[mem*
onf tEÅ&m,f&SdpOf r[m*grodkY csufjcif;xGufoGm;onhf tcsuf
aMumihf xdkt&yf&Sd cwåd,wdkYonf tEk&m"yk&&Sd bk&ifhrdom;pkESihf
qufoG,frI&SdaMumif; qdkEdkifonf/ oD[dkVfordkif; wpfavQmufwGif
a&m[P t&yftm; vGwfvyfrItwGuf aemufqkH; ckdudk;&m vGwf
ajrmufe,fajrtjzpf awGU&onf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü wdkif;wpf
yg;om;wdkY usL;ausmf0ifa&mufcsdef odkYr[kwf jynfwGif;a&;½IyfaxG;
aecsdefwdkif;ü bk&ifrif;rsm;? trwfrsm;? &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf vGwf
vyfrIESihf tumtuG,fudk tvdk&Sdol tjcm;aom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf
awmifydkif;a'oü ckdvIHcJhMuonf/
1 1
2
Paker: Ancient Ceylon (1909), p. 240-241.
r[maAm"d0Ho 19;54/
3 4
,if; 19;62/
4 6
,if; 22;2-8/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 75
xdkYjyif ,aeYwdkif ae&mtwdtusudk razmfxkwfEdkifao;
onhf pE´e*gr[kac:onhf cwåd,wdkY aexkdifcJhonhf tjcm;ae&m
wpfck vnf;&Sdonf/ a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxuf tEk&m"yk&
NrdKUawmfü r[maAm"dyif ylaZmfyGJrsm;odkY wufa&mufcJhonfh
1
cwåd, udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ü pE´e*grrSvnf; yg0ifcJhonf / ,if;
2
*grüvnf; yxrqkH; r[maAm"dyifyGm;udk pdkufysKd;cJhonf /
vkHNcKHrItwGuf r[mem*rif;om; r[m*grodkY c&D;xGufjcif;
jzihf tEk&m"yk&ESihf r[m*grwdkYtMum; qufoG,frI&SdaMumif; azmf
jyonf/ ,if;a'oESpfckudk qufoG,fonhf vrf;onf apwd,*d&d
(,cktac: r[dEÅavh)? upäuwdw¬ (rm*aEÅmw) odkYr[kwf 0¹
rmeuwdw¬ (o[ówdw¬ odkYr[kwf '[oawmw? tó
r@vwdw¬ [kvnf; ac:onf)? r[d,*FP (,ckacwf tvkw
Ek0&)? 'DC0gydESifh *kwå[mvu (Akwåv) a'owdkYudk jzwfoGm;&
3
onf / ,if;vrf;\ trsm;qkH;tydkif;ü vloljywfonhf awm
awmifrsm;wnf&Sdaomfvnf; (tEÅ&mra*¾ t*grum&an) vrf;
wpfavQmufwGif vlol tajccsaexkdifonhf a'otrsm;tjym;&Sd
4
rnfudk oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs /
tEk&m"yk&ESihf rdkif 60 odkYr[kwf 70 cefYtwGif;&Sd c½kdife,f
y,frsm;ü vloltrsm;tjym; aexdkifcJhMuykH&onf/ OD;av;rsm;udk
qefYusif awmfvSefonhf ppfqifa&;pDrHcsufü y@Kumb,onf
e,fpGefZeyk'f (ypöEÅ*gr)rsm;udk odrf;oGif;&ef awmifzuf bdEÅEé
(Bintanna)c½kdif a'gvyAÁw (,aeYacwf a'gvv a0v jzpfzG,f
5
&Sdonf)txd qkwfcGmcJh&aMumif; azmfjyonf / odkYjzihf tenf;qkH;
tEk&m"yk&ESifh a'gvyAÁwtMum;&Sd c½dkife,fy,frsm;ü vlol
6
aumif;pGm tajccsaexdkif pnfum;aeNyDjzpfonf /
2
r[m0Ho 19;54/ ,if;? 19;64/
4
&o0g[deD 2? pm- 45? 48 ponf/ r[m0Ho 25;6-7/
5
&o0g[deD 2? pm – 173/ Geiger: Mhavamsa Tran. p. 289.
r[m0Ho 9;27/
80 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
twGufvnf; xif&Sm;onhf 0goemwpfckjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí
Or®m'pdwå\ tpfudkrsm;? y@Kumb,\ OD;av;rsm;onf wkrÁ&
1 1
awmü trJvdkufMujcif; jzpfonf / a'0geHyd,wdórif; vuf
xufwGif trJvdkufjcif;onf ausmfMum;onhf bk&ifhtm;upm;
wpfrsKd;jzpfvmonf/ a'0geHyd,wdó\ ausmfMum;onhf rdóu
awmif (aemiftcg r[dEÅavh)odkY trJvdkuf taysmfc&D;rsm;udk BuD;
2
us,fonhf aysmfyGJpm;c&D;rsm;tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf / ,if;rif;
BuD;onf rif;cpm;a,musfm;rsm;ESihftwl NrdKUawmfrS a0;uGmonhf
3
awmifukef;rsm;odkY tajy;tvTm; oGm;avh&Sdonf / vkdufygolrsm;
ESihftwl tpm;pmudk o,f,loGm;NyD; naecsrf;wGif rif;BuD;tm;
4
awmifukef;wGif naepmauR;arG;onf / trJvdkufjcif;onf owf
jzwfjcif; odkYr[kwf tpm;tpmtwGufom &nf½G,fonf r[kwf
5
bJ tm;upm; wpfrsKd;vnf;jzpfonf (rd*0H uDVdwkH t*g) / odkYjzpf
í a'0geHyd,wdóonf csKHEG,fydwfaygif;wdkYudk pm;onhf owd
ynmrJhol wd&pämefowå0gtm; owfjzwf&ef roihfavsmf (yrwåH
wH e ,kwåH 0dZÑdwkH)[k qifjcifrdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí rif;BuD;
onf rdrd\av;BudK;udk acgufodrf;NyD; om;orifrsm;tm; touf
ab;rS vGwfajrmufrItwGuf aumif;jrwfonhf tcGifhta&;wpf
6
&yfudk ay;cJhonf /
1
r[m0Ho 10;2/
2
bk&if tmv0uonf wpfywfvQifwpfBudrf trJvdkufoGm;aMumif; rSwf
om;&onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf (Sāratthasamussaya, p. 211)/
taomuausmufpm trSwf 8 ü taomurif; rwdkifrD tdE´d,a&S;bk&if
rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ aysmf½TifrItwGuf trJvdkufoGm;avh&SdaMumif; qdkonf/
r[m0Ho 5;154 *gxmü taomu\ nDawmf wdórif;om;onf
awmvdkufxGufjcif;udk ESpfoufaMumif; jyqdkonf/
3
r[m0Ho 14;2/
4
,if; 14;24/
5
,if; 14;1-2/
6
,if; 15;3-4/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 77
0vd,(oDbmoma&;)usrf;ü tEk&m"yk&rS xGufajy;vmol a'0g
eHyd,wdó\nD r[mem*\om; ,#mvwdóonf auvPd
,udk tkyfcsKyfNyD; apwDwpfql wnfaMumif;qdkonf / ,if;rif;rsKd;
onf oD[dkVfuRef;ü a&S;tusqkH; tajccsolrsm;ü yg0ifaMumif;
,lqvQif tawmfyif aMumif;usKd; ckdifvkHonf/
r[m0Ho#Dumü oD[dkVfuRef;odkY a&muf&SdvmMuonhf a&S;OD;
tm&d,efvlrsKd;rsm;onf a&udk vG,fulpGm&Edkifonfh ae&ma'o
2
rsm;ü tajccsaexkdifcJhMuaMumif; jyqdkonf / ,if;rSm t"du
tm;jzihf oD[dkVfuRef;ü tajccHjrpfrsm; teD;wGif jzpfonf/ tEk
&m"yk&NrdKUawmfESihf Oywdó? OaZÆeD? O½ka0vESihf 0dZdwuJhodkY
aom NrdKUawmfjyifzuf&Sd a&S;OD; aus;½Gmrsm;onf u'rÁe'D (rv
3
0wkMo,)? *rÇD&e'DESihf uvmMo, jrpfurf;wGif wnf&SdMuonf /
,if;aemuf txl;ojzihf upäuwdw¬(rm*aEÅmw) 0ef;usif&Sd r[
0gvd**F (Mahavāliganga)ESihf trÁe**F t&yfrsm;wGif tajccsae
xdkifcJhMuonf/ awmifydkif; tajccsaexdkifrIrsm;ü ukrÁKuúHMo,
(Kumbukkanoya)? arPdu**F(uyÜuE´&)? ud&dE´dMo,ESihf 0va0
**F[laom jrpfav;cktwGif; yg0ifonf/ aemufxyf tajccs
aexdkifonhf ae&mwpfckrSm auvPd**F jrpf0Srf;a'o jzpfonf/
jrpfa&udk vG,fvG,fulul r&Edkifonhf ae&mrsm;ü tajccsaexdkif
Edkif&ef qnfajrmif; wmwrHBuD;rsm; wnfaqmufMuonf/ okdYjzpf
í tEk&m"rif;ESihf y@Kumb,rif;wdkY wnfaqmufcJhonhf a&
avSmifuefrsm;ESihf ywfoufí ordkif;OD;wGif tawmftwef cdkifvkH
4
rI&Sdonf / aexdkifrnfha'oü a&tvkHtavmuf &&Sda&;twGuf
,if; pdk;&drfrIonf a&S;OD;tajccs aexdkifolrsm; (a&m aESmif;acwf
1
Rājāvaliya, p. 17.
2
r[m0Ho#Dum? pm-261/ wo®ð wo®ð orÜEéovdvmoa, blrdyÜa'ao
*gar eda0o,kH/
3
r[m0Ho 7;43/
4
r[m0Ho 9;11/ 10?;85? 88/
78 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;yg) ,if;wdkY\ t"du oufarG;0rf;ausmif; tae
jzihf pdkufysKd;a&;udk trSDjyKaMumif; oufaojyonf/ r[m0Ho
1
usrf;ü u@Kumb,\ OD;av;awmf *d&du@od0onf 100
u&Do ({u 800 cefY) ajr{&d,mudk pdkufysKd;cJhaMumif; qdkonf/
aumufodrf;csdefudk vlwdkif; vlwef;pm;edrfhjrifhr[l yg0ifqifETJonhf
yGJawmfBuD;tjzpf ,lqonf/ *d&du@od0rif;\ ½kyfqif;Mueftif
ESihf jynfhpkHonfh orD;awmf ygvD (aemiftcg ok0PÖygvD)onf
olYcrnf;awmfESifh aumufodrf;olrsm;twGuf pm;aomufzG,f&m
rsm; o,faqmifvsuf a0g,mOfawmfpD;NyD; ta>ct&Hrsm;ESifhtwl
2
v,fxJodkY udk,fwdkif xGuf<uawmfrlonf /
pdkufysKd;a&; vkyfaqmifolrsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif; a&S;OD;tajccs
aexdkifolrsm;onf uRJEGm;arG;jrLjcif;jzihf pdkufysKd;a&;udk aqmif
½GufMuonf/ 'Gg&r@vac:onhf aus;½GmwGif aexdkifol EGm;
ausmif;om;rsm; (a*gygvum) taMumif;udk azmfjycsufyg&Sdonf/
3
r[dEÅavht&yf teD;&Sd ,if;½Gmonf t"dutm;jzifh EGm;ausmif;
4
om;rsm;jzihf wnfaqmuf zGJUpnfxm;ykH&onf / 'DC*grPdESihf
(Or®m') pdwåwdkY\tdrfü t,kHMunf&qkH;aom uRefrsm;teuf wpf
a,mufrSm pdwå[kac:onfh EGm;ausmif;om; (a*gygvuH pdwåH)jzpf
5
onf / EGm;ausmif;jcif;onf ,aeYwkdifyif &Sdaeao;ojzihf a&S;
1
r[m0Ho 10;29-31/
2
oka'¨g'erif; (Ak'¨\ crnf;awmf)BuD;\ crf;em;onhf jzpf&yfwpfcktjzpf
usif;ycJhonhf v,fxGefr*Fvm (0yÜer*Fvm) yGJawmftm; trSwf&apEdkif
onhf qufpyfywfoufrIrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf/ ,if;tcrf;t
em;odkY rif;om;i,f od'¨w¬udkyif v,fxJodkY ,laqmifoGm;ao;onf/
pdkufysKd;a&;ESihf ywfoufonhf trSwfw&yGJawmfrsm;udk *&drsm;ESihf a&mr
vlrsKd;wdkY usif;yMuouJhodkYyif ousvlrsKd;rsm;vnf; yGJawmfrsm; usif;yMu
zG,f&Sdonf/ *d&du@od0rif;vnf; ousrsKd;jzpfNyD; oka'¨g'erif;BuD;ESihf rd
om;pk qufEG,fywfoufrI&Sdonf (r[m0Ho 7;18)/
3 r[m0Ho 10;14-16/ Am&PoD&mZmyd t*Fg&yuúH rHoH cg'dómrDwd
r[m0Ho 23;23/
4 5
r[m0Ho 10;13/ ,if; 9;22/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 79
acwfaus;½Gmrsm;ü txif&Sm;qkH; oufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyf
wpfckjzpfonf/
trJvdkufjcif;onf pdkufysKd;a&; odkYr[kwf EGm;ausmif;jcif;uJh
odkYyif ta&;ygykH&onf/ awmBuD;rsufrnf;twGif; jyefYusJaeonhf
aus;½Gmrsm;ü aexkdifMuolrsm;tzdkY trJvdkufjcif;udk oufarG;0rf;
ausmif;rI enf;vrf;tjzpf xifjrifMuonfrSm obm0usonf/
trJvkdufjcif;onf y@Kumb,rif;tzdkY eDpokomeESihf ygomP
awmifwdkY tMum;ü trJvdkuform;rsm;twGuf wJwef;wpfck
1
aqmufay;cJh&onftxd ta&;ygonf / ,if;trJvdkuform;rsm;
onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfodkY tom;rsm; ykHrSef jzefYjzL;ay;zG,f&Sd
onf/ Asm"a'0(trJvdkufolrsm;\ewf)[kac:onhf ewfom;wpf
a,mufonf trJvkdufolrsm;\ oufpGefYqHzsm; vkyf&yfrsm;ESihf
2
ywfouffí ñTefMum;rIjyKonf /
3
[ife&Dygum u ,aeYwdkifatmifyif 0Eéd, (vlrsKd;)wdkYonf
trJvdkufrxGufrD wpfaeYwGif ¤if;wdkY aus;½Gm&Sd a&uefwGif a&
csKd;vsuf udk,fhudk,fudk pifMu,fatmifvkyfNyD; ¤if;wdkY arQmfvifh
onhftwkdif; trJvdkuf&mü atmifjrifap&ef yJGvrf;wpfck usif;y
Muonf[k okH;oyfcJhonf/ ,if;onf y@Kumb,acwf Asm"
a'0 tpGJtvrf;a[mif;udk qufcHrIwpf&yf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
tom;uifrSm txl;pm;aomufzG,fwpfrsKd; jzpfykH&onf/
rMumcPyif trJvdkufNyD;aemuf om;aumif&onhf ae&mwGif
tom;udk rD;awmufjzihf uifMuonf/ ,if;odkY jyifqifonhf
4
tom;udk t*Fg&rHo[kac:onf / trJvdkufjcif;onf qif;&Jom;
rsm;twGuf oufarG;0rf;ausmif; wpfckjzpfouJhodkY csrf;omolrsm;
1
r[m0Ho 10;95 - tm0goygvd Asm"meH w'g tmod eda0odwm/
2
,if;? 10;89/
3
Parker : Ancient Ceylon, p. 168.
4
a'0ð tm'g, t&nH y0da|m (tbd-| 2? 452)/ a&m[P Zeyk'frS rkqdk;
wpfa,mufvnf; t*Fg&yuúrHoudk pm;okH;onf (tH-| 1? 27)/
84 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
bk&ifrsm;ü oifhavsmfonhf bdodufcHrIrsm; r&SdcJhacs/ tenf;ESihf
trsm;rSm a'oqdkif&m acgif;aqmifrsm; odkYr[kwf *grPdrsm; jzpf
Muonfh a&S;OD;bk&ifrsm;onf NyD;jynhfpkHonhf bdodufcHrIESihf ywf
oufí t,ltqrsm; &SdykHr&acs/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf rdrd
udk,fudkrdrd tkyfcsKyfol tmPmydkifrsm;tjzpf ,lqMuaomtcg
rif;crf;rif;em;taejzihf usif;yonhf tcrf;tem; wpfck&SdcJhonf/
r[m0Housrf;wGif azmfjyonfhtwdkif; y@Kumb,rif;\ xD;
eef;odrf; rSwfwrf;wdkt& ,if;tcrf;tem;udk wpfaphwpfapmif;
1
od&Sd&onf /
y@Kumb,onf xD;jzL odkYr[kwf OD;av;awmfrsm;\ EdkifiH
awmfxD;jzLudk ,laqmifvmzdkY trdefYay;NyD; tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd obm
0tkdif(Zmwó&)wGif ,if;xD;jzLtm; aq;aMum okwfoifap
onf/ ,if;aemuf ,if;xD;jzLudk rdrdtm;aqmif;rdk;apNyD; ,if;a&
tdkifrS a&Munfjzihf rdrd\ bdodufcHr*Fvmudk tav;teuf yuf
zsef;vsuf ok0PÖygvDtm; Muif,mawmfrdzk&m;tjzpf wifa`rSmuf
onf/ ,if;azmfjycsufrSm OD;av;awmfrsm; bdodufcHpOfuvnf;
tqdkyg EdkifiHawmfxD;jzLawmfyif tokH;jyKcJhaMumif; ñTefjyonf/
bdodufcH&mü ta&;tBuD;qkH;udpörsm;teuf wpfckrSm t
crf;tem;twGif; bk&iftaejzihf rdzk&m;wifa`rSmufrnfh cwåd,
tEG,f trsKd;orD; &Sd&jcif;jzpfonf/ 0dZ,rif;om;\ pDrHcefYcGJol
rsm;u wnfaqmufrI trsm;tjym; wnfaqmufNyD;aemuf 0ef
BuD;rsm;taejzihf 0dZ,tm; bk&iftjzpf wifa`rSmufvdkaMumif;
avQmufwifMuaomfvnf; rif;om;u wpfcsdefwnf;wGif cwåd,
rsKd; owdkYorD;udk rwifa`rSmufEdkifoa½GU ,if;odkY rjyKvdkao;
aMumif; jiif;qdkcJhonf/ trwfrsm;onf tdE´d,awmifydkif;&Sd r"k&m
NrdKUodkY ,if;udpötwGuf bk&ifhrsKd;EG,frS rdzk&m;avmif;&&Sd&ef oHw
2
refrsm; apvTwfMuonf / 0dZ,rif;udk qufcHol y@Kumb,
1 2
r[m0Ho 10;77-78/ r[m0Ho 7;46-50/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 81
a&S;OD;tajccsaexkdifolrsm;onf t"dutm;jzihf v,f,majr
tvkyfudk vkyfudkifMuNyD; EdkifiHtESHYtjym;ü ae&mopfrsm; &SmazG
aexkdifMu&aomaMumihf yef;csDyef;yk tEkynmrsm;rSm rsm;pGm wdk;
wufykHr&acs/ odkYwap r"k&mbk&ifonf 0dZ,rif; vufxufü
]tpnf;t½kH; q,hf&SpfckrS rdom;pkwpfaxmif} ydkYay;vdkufaMumif;
1 2
qdkonf / r"k&mrSvmcJhonhf tjcm;rsm;pGmaom rdom;pkrsm; onf
EdkifiHwdk;wufrIudk taxmuftuljyKcJhNyD; vlOD;a& wdk;jrifhaponf/
3
a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxuf ukrÇum&tm0g# (tkd;xdrf;
onf\wGif;)[k trnf&onhf xif&Sm;onhf ae&mwpfck&Sdonf/
,if;wGif;onf tdk;xdrf;onfwdkY tkd;jyKvkyf&ef ajrap;rsm; wl;azmf
&,laMumifh jzpfonhfwGif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxuf ur®m&a'0[kac:onhf ewf
a'0gwpfrsKd;taMumif; azmfjyxm;onfrSm aMumif;usKd;qDavsmf
zG,f&Sdonf/ ur®m&a'0[lonf ]yef;yJorm;ewf}[k t"dyÜm,f&f
EkdifNyD; a,bk,stm;jzihf ]ukefypönf; xkwfvkyfolrsm;\ ewf}[k
t"dyÜm,f csJUxGif,q l Edkifonf/ ur®m&a'0 oifMum;a&;Xmejzihf
xdktcsdefu yef;yJtvkyf½kHonf tvGefta&;ygaMumif; azmfjy
onf/ ,if;odkYjzpf&onfrSm trJvdkuf&efESihf awmawmifteD;
wGif aexdkifMuol aus;½Gmom;rsm;tzdkY rdrdukd,fudk umuG,f&ef
vufeufrsm; rjzpfrae vkdtyfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
r[m0Housrf;ü y@Kumb,rif;onf tbdufodufcHNyD;
aemuf q,fESpftMumwGif oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH;&Sd aus;½Gmrsm;\
4
e,fedrdwfrsm;udk wnfaqmuf owfrSwfay;aMumif; azmfjyonf /
&mZ0if usrf;rsm;ü azmfjyoa½GU ,if;aus;½Gmrsm;pkudk ,if;wdkY\
1
,if; 7;57/
2
,if; 7;56/
3
r[maAm"d0Ho? pm - 84/ r[modrfawmfBuD;\ e,fedrdwftydkif;tjcm;
onf tqdkyg wGif; odkYr[kwf usif;udk jzwfausmfoGm;onf/
4
r[m0Ho 10;103/
82 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
acgif;aqmifemrnfrsm;udk taMumif;jyí ac:a0:xm;onf/ ykHpH
tm;jzihf Oywdó½Gm? O½ka0v½Gm? &mr½Gm? 0dZdw½Gm? y@Kv½Gm
ponfwkdYjzpfonf/
0dZ,rif;acwfavmuf a&S;usonhfumvuyif Zey' odkYr
[kwf c½kdife,frsm; wnfaqmufxm;onfh &nfñTef;csufrsm;udk
1
vnf;awGU&onf / y@Kumb,acwfü &nfñTef;xm;onhf c½dkif
e,frsm;teuf *d&du@a'otrnf&dS c½dkifwpfckvnf; yg0ifcJh
onf/ ,if;c½dkifudk ,if;c½dkifrS tcGefrsm;udk pm;&ol y@Kum
2
b,rif;\ om;awmf *d&du@od0 udk taMumif;jyKí rSnfhac:
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
oD[dkVfuRef;ü Ak'¨0g'rwkdifrDu bk&if[laom a0g[m&ESihf
wlnDaom t"dyÜm,f&Sdonhf bk&ifrsKd;&SdcJhykHr&bJ a'otoD;oD;udk
cGJa0tkyfcsKyfonhf a'oqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfolrsm;&Sdonfh A[dktpdk;&
wpf&yfvnf; &SdykHr&acs/ qufoG,fa&; enf;vrf;rsm;tm; tvGef
uefYowfxm;onfudkawGU&í tEk&m"yk&ESihf r[m*gr odkYr[kwf
uvsmPD NrdKUrsm;tMum; tpOftNrJ ykHrSefqufoG,frIudk xdef;
odrf;xm;&ef rjzpfEdkifcJhacs/ odkYjzpfí a'otoD;oD;rS acgif;
aqmifrsm;onf tvdktavsmufyif xdka'orsm;\ tkyfcsKyfol
bk&ifrif;rsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/ ,if;azmfjyyg a'oqdkif&m tkyf
csKyfolrsm;ESihfywfoufí owif;tpte tenf;i,frQom od&
odkYr[kwf vkH;0 rod&acs/ odkYwap aus;vufa'oa&;&mrsm;udk
aumif;rGefpGm pDrHcefYcGJonhf aus;½GmtzGJUtpnf; odkYr[kwf tkyf
csKyfa&; taqmufttkHqdkif&m pepfwpfck&SdcJhaMumif; jyqdk&ef
tawmfyif aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonf/
tufpf y&e0dwe(S. Paranavitana)yk*¾Kdvfu c&pfESpf rwdkifrD
*lxGif;pmtrsm;tjym;ü y½kru (Parumaka)[laom bGJUjzihf txl;
1
,if; 7;46/
2
trnf&if;rSm od0jzpfEdkiNf yD; *d&du@rSm ,if;NrdKUudk tkyfcsKyfoljzpf aom
aMumihf a&SUrS qufac:xm;jcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 83
jyKxm;onhf yk*¾vdutvª&Sifrsm;\ trnfemrrsm; yg0ifaMumif;
qdkonf/ ouúwa0g[m& jyrkc (Pramukha) ygVda0g[m& yrkc
(Pamukha) [laom rl&if;a0g[m&rS qif;oufaom y½kru
(Parumaka)[lonf bGJUxl;*kPfxl;jzpfNyD; a&S;acwfrsm;wGif ,if;
*kPfxl;jzihf todkif;t0dkif; tzGJUtpnf;wpfck\ acgif;aqmif em
rnf xif&Sm;onf/ a&S;acwf oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;\ txif&Sm;qkH;
aom aemufxyf xD;okH;eef;okH; bGJUxl;jzpfonhf *grPdonf a0'
a0g[m& j*mrPDESihfwlNyD; aus;½GmtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU\ acgif;
aqmifjzpfonf/ ,if;a0g[m&rsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmvsuf y&e0d
weyk*¾Kdvfu ,if;*lxGif;ausmufpmrsm;wGif awGU&onfh aZX
(aZ|)[laom a0g[m&vnf; rlvyk'f&if;wlNyD; tzGJUtpnf;wpfck
\ acgif;aqmif odkY[kwf toufBuD;oludk qdkvdkaMumif; cefYrSef;
azmfjyonf/ ,if;(a0g[m&½Iaxmihf)rS y&e0dwe yk*¾Kdvfu þodkY
okH;oyfonf ]xdktrnfemrrsm;onf uREkfyfwdkYtm; a&S;acwfrsm;ü
xif&Sm;jzpfay:cJhonhf bk&ifrif;wdkYtaMumif; em;vnfrItwGuf
tawG;tjrifwpf&yfudk ay;ojzihf pdwf0ifpm;zG,fvnf;aumif;\/
tu,fí ,if;a0g[m& zGifhqdkcsufrsm;u uREkfyfwdkYtm; wpfckck
ajymjyonfqdkvQif oD&dvuFm a&S;OD;bk&ifrsm;onf wpfqifhcHjzpf
aomfvnf; xif&Sm;onhf tpnf;ta0;rsm;\ acgif;aqmifrsm;
jzpfMuvsuf aemiftcg ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf tifydkif,mbk&if tjzpf
,lqvmaomtcg t"dyÜm,frJh jzpfoGm;onhf a&S;trnfa[mif;
rsm;udk udk,fydkifi,f emrnftjzpf qufvufí tokH;jyKMu\/
oD&dvuFm bk&ifrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtaejzihf cwåd,rsKd;½dk;rsm; jzpf
aMumif; qdkMuaomfvnf; ,if;odkYr[kwfbJ a0órsKd;rsm;om jzpf
EdkifzG,f&Sd\/ ordkif;wifacwfrsm;twGif; tdE´d,bk&ifh rdom;pkrsm;
1
teuf tausmfMum;qkH;tcsKdUrSm a0órsKd;½dk;rsm;jzpfMu\} /
a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD; rwdkifrD Ak'¨0g'tBudK oD&dvuFmü
1
Epigraphia Zeylanica, p. 123.
88 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
eef;NrdKUudk wrÁyPÖdrS Oywdó½GmodkY a½TUajymif;cJhonf[laom t
csufESihf y@K0goka'0 rif;vufxufxd tkyfcsKyfa&;udk ,if;NrdKUu
yif pDrHcJhonf[laomtcsufrsm;u yka&m[dwfonf ta&;tyg
qkH;jzpfNyD; trwftm;vkH;udk MoZmoufa&mufrI&SdaMumif; azmfjy
onf/ yka&m[dwfonf rsm;aomtm;jzihf jAm[®Pjzpfonf/ y@K
umb,rif;onf ¤if;\q&mjzpfol y@KvjA[®P\om; pE´
1
tm; yka&m[dwftjzpf cefYtyfcJhonf / a'0geHyd,wdórif;ü t
aomurif;xHodkY oGm;cJhaom nDawmft&d|rif;om;ESihftwl vdkuf
2
ygoGm;onhf yka&m[dwfwpfa,muf&Sdonf /
vlxktm;vkH;\ acgif;aqmifjzpfonhf bk&ifrif;tjyif Ak'¨
0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef; vlUtzGJUtpnf;udk bmoma&;qdkif&mrsm;
ESihf avmuDa&;&m aqmif½Gufolrsm;[k u@ESpfrsKd; cGJjcm;Edkif
onf/ bmoma&;qdkif&m *kdPf;*Ptrsm;tjym;&SdNyD; ,if;wdkYonf
3
xD;eef;udk OD;aqmifrIjyKonf / avmuDa&; aqmif½Gufolrsm;udk cGJ
jcm;vQif xkH;pHtwdkif; cwåd, odkYr[kwf tkyfcsKyfolrsm;? jAm[®P
rsm; odkYr[kwf ynmwwf a[majym oifMum;olrsm;? a0órsKd;ü
yg0ifEdkifonfh v,form;rsm;ESihf odk;EGm;xdef;ausmif;olrsm;? p@m
v odkYr[kwf aus;uRef tvkyfvkyfMuonhf edrhfus csKdUwJholrsm;[k
t"dutm;jzihf av;rsKd; cGJjcm;Edkio
f nf/ tjzpfEdkifqkH; tjcm;trsKd;
ZmwftoD;oD;ü yg0ifonhf vlYtzGJUtpnf; rsKd;pkH taMumif;udk
4
vnf; azmfjyonf /
jAm[®Prsm;rSm csrf;omNyD; ynmwwfMuvsuf ¤if;wdkYonf
aus;½Gm vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ü t&Sdeft0g&SdNyD; av;pm;jcif;cHMu&
1
r[m0Ho 10;79/
2
,if; 11;20/
3
þ,lqcsufESihf ywfoufonhf aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk a&SUtcef;wGif awGU&rnf/
4 2
,if;vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk wdwdusus cGJjcm; owfrSwfxm;
jcif; r&Sdacs/ ykHpHtm;jzihf cwåd,rsKd;jzpfol y@Kumb,rif;\ OD;av;awmf
*d&du@od0onf aumowpf&m xGef,ufpdkufysKd;aMumif; jyqdkonf/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 85
onfvnf; rdzk&m;taejzihf cwåd,EG,f rif;orD;udk r&rcsif; bd
1
odufcH&ef qE´r&SdcJhacs / ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;u bk&ifbdodufcHrIwGif
rif;rsKd;rif;EG,f owdkYorD;rSm rjzpfrae vdktyfaom t&mjzpf
aMumif; azmfjyonf/
2
r[m0Ho#Dumusrf; ü oD[dkVfodkY jynhfpkHoifhjrwfonhf bd
odufcHrIykHpHudk ydkYay;cJholrSm taomu rif;jzpfaMumif; twdtus
azmfjyonf/ a'0geHyd,wdórif;onf y@Kumb,udk qufcH
NyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD yg#vdykwåNrdKU½Sd taomurif;BuD;xH tzdk;
wef vufaqmiftrsm;tjym; ydkYay;cJhonf/ taomurif;tae
jzifh oD[dkVf&Sd taqGawmf rif;w&m;xH rdrdjyefay;&rnfh oihfawmf
aom vufaqmifypönf; a½G;cs,frt I wGuf tcuftcJESihf BuKHcJh
onf/ oD[dkVfoHwrefrsm;tm; pkHprf;aomtcg bk&iftaomu
onf oD[dkVfbk&ifrSm vkyfief;wpfcjk zihf tmPmydkifpdk;jcif;rS wpf
yg; rdrd(taomu)uJhodkY bdodufcHtcrf;tem; r&SdaMumif; odcJh
4
onf / odkYjzpfí taomurif;onf taqGawmf oD[dkVfrif;xHoYdk
NyD;jynhfpkHonhf bdodufcHr*FvmtwGuf vdktyfcsuf tm;vkH;udk ydkY
ay;&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf/ odkYjzihf taomuonf ],yfawmif? oif;
uspf(o&zl)? oefvsuf? xD;jzL? ajceif; (zdeyf)? acgif;aygif;? em;\
a!mif;? pvG,f? a&waumif;? pE´ul;eD? tpmrcs&ao;onhf
(topfusyfcRwf) 0wfvJawmfwpfpkH? tzdk;wef vufokwfy0g?
em*wdkY ,laqmifvmonhf rsufpOf;? t½kPfa&mif ajrnuf(ajreD)?
taemwwåa&pif? **Fgjrpfa&? r*Fvmtcrf;tem;wGif tokH;jyK
onhf c&koif;? t½G,fa&muf owdkYorD;unm? a½Ttdk; a½Tyef;uef
rsm;? tzdk;wef a0g,mOfawmf? zefcg;oD; oQpfoQm;oD;ESihf tzdk;wef
awmf0if aq;0g;rsm;? aus;iSufwdkY o,f,lvmonfh oav;qef
1
,if; 7;17/
r[m0Ho#D? pm - 306/
3
e tnH tbdaouy&d[m&H emr tw¬d? au0vH e0,|dum {0 ud&
aom &ZÆH uma&wd (r[m0Ho#D? pm 186)/
86 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
vSnf;tpnf; ajcmufq,fwdkuf? xdkYjyif bk&ifwpfyg; bdodufcH&m
1 1
ü vdktyfEdkifonhf t&mtm;vkH;}udk ay;ydkYcJhonf /
aejynfawmfodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg oD[dkVftrwfBuD;rsm;
onf bk&iftaomu oifMum;vdkufonhftwdkif; a'0geHyd,
wdórif;BuD;tm; jynhfpkHonhf tcrf;tem;jzihf 'kwd,tBudrf bd
2
odufcHMuonf /
þqufpyfrIwGif ,if;oufa&mufrI taMumif;udk rnfonhf
&mZ0ifusrf; odkYr[kwf rnfonfhusrf;wGifrS rSwfwrf; rjyKcJhaomf
vnf; ]a'0geHyd,}[laom *kPfjyKbGJUtrnfudkyif ]wdó}[laom
trnfrQom&Sdonhf oD[dkVfbk&iftm; {u&mZfwpfyg;tjzpf *kPf
jyKonhftaejzihf taomurif;u ay;tyfcJhaMumif; vufcH&ef
aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonf/ a'0geHyd,wdórwdkifrD oD[dkVfbk&if
rsm;onf ,if;a&SUqufyk'f (a'0geHyd,)udk tokH; rjyKcJhMuacs/
a'0geHyd, ]ewfwdkY cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;cH&ol}[laom bGJUonf
tdE´d,ü taomurif;BuD; rwdkifrDuyif tokH;jyKcJhaom bGJYjzpfNyD;
,if;a0g[m&udk acwfpum;jzihf ]jynhf&Sifrif;BuD;}[k vGwfvyfpGm
bmomjyefqdkEdkifonf/ taomuausmufpmtrSwf 8 wGif ]twd
MuwH tw&H a'0geHyd, 0d[m& ,Mw er edMurðok}[k yg&Sd
onf/ bDtrf b½l;0g; t*Fvdyfbmomjyeft& ]a&Stcgwkef;u
3
bk&ifrif;rsm;onf taysmfc&D;rsm; oGm;cJhMu\} / a'0geHyd, yk'f
udk bk&ifrif;rsm;[k omreftm;jzihfom bmomjyefqdkonf/ rlum
*sD (Mookerji)url ,if;pum;vkH;udk ]t&Sifrif;rsm;} (Their Sacred
Majesties)[k bmomjyefqdkvdkonf/ ,if;azmfjycsufonf ]a'0geH
yd,wdó}[laom bJGUtrnfudk taomurif;BuD;tm; qufcH
olrsm;vnf; tokH;jyKcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,if; ]a'0geHyd,)bGJU
udk bk&iftaomu\ ajr;awmf 'o&xrif; udk,fwdkif em*&ZÆKed
1 r&SdcJhaomaMumihfjzpf\} [kqdkonf/ rlum*sD\ Asoka, pp. 108-109 ESihf
r[m0Ho 11;28-32/
2 b½l;0g;\ Inscriptions of Asoka, II, pp. 219-220 wdkYudk Munhfyg/
r[m0Ho 11;41/
3 E.Z. I, pp. 58, 144,148; Ibid. III, pp 154, 156.
Inscriptions of Asoka, II, p. 186.
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 87
awmifukef;&Sd *lxGif;pmrsm;ü tokH;jyKcJhojzihf ,if;(bGJUudk) tokH;
jyKrIonf qufvuf wnf&SdaecJhykH&onf /
a'0geHyd,wdóNyD;aemuf o'¨gwdó (bDpD 77-59)? vZÆd
wdó (bDpD 59-50)? r[mplvdu r[mwdó (bDpD 17-3)? ul#
uPÖwdó (at'D 16-38)ESihf r[mem* (at'D 556-559)
uJhodkYaom oD[dkVfbk&if rsm;pGmwdkYonf ]a'0geHyd,}udk *kPfxl;
2
aqmifbGJUtjzpf tokH;jyKcJhMuonf /
bk&ifhw&m;½kH;rsm;;ü trwfrsm;&Sd&mwGif ]yka&m[dw} (bk&ifh
twkdifyifcH)trwfonf tqihf tjrihfqkH;jzpfonf/ 0dZ,rif;\
yka&m[dwrSm Oywdó*gr (Oywdó&Gm odkYr[kwf NrdKU)udk wnf
3
aqmufcJhol Oywdójzpfonf / 0dZ,rif;uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf xD;
1
See Mookerji : op. cit. pp 12, 150 n. 4.
umvMumaomf ,if;bGJUtrnfonf Ak'¨0g'Dbk&ifrsm;twGuf txl;
jyKbGJUtrnfrsm;tjzpf ,lqcJhykH&NyD; Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfonhf bk&ifrsm;u ,if;
bGJUudk avSmifajymif&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuzG,f &Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí ]od'¨gEÅaumrk'D}
usrf;ü ]a'0geHyd, £wd p rkac} (Siddhāntakaumudi, Bombay, 1929, p.
213.)[kqdkonf/ rlum*sDu ]eE´rif;rsm;? arm&d,rif;rsm;ESifh ok*Frif;rsm;
acwftwGif; jynfpkHaumif;rGefonfh ,if;bJGUonf tvGef xif&Sm;onhf Ak'¨
0g'D {u&mZfbk&ifrsm;udk qefYusifol aESmif;acwf jAm[®P0g'D t,l
onf; bk&ifrsm;\tjrifü raumif;rIwpfcktoGif cHpm;rdMu\}[k ,lq
onf/ odkYwap b½l;0g;url ,if;rSwcf sufudk raxmufcHacs/ b½l;0g;u
]ESdrfhcsaom tjrifonf ba¥m*sd 'D&dSwESihf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;
(Bhaµµoji D²kshita and others)tm; bk&iftaomuudk qefYusifaom
rnfonhf *dkPf;*PpGJ t,lonf;rIaMumifhrS r[kwfacs/ taMumif;rl
,if;bGJUxl;udk (tokH;jyK&ef) wdkufwGef;aomtcg ,if;wdkYtaejzihf
a&S;bk&ifrsm; txl; ojzifh bk&iftaomu\ trnfemrESihf
ywfoufonfh xD;eef;okH;tjzpf a'0geHyd,wdóbGJUuJhodkYaom bGJUtrnf
cefYtyfrIESihfywfoufí ¤if;wdkY rwdkifrD tpOftvmwpf&yf
2
3
r[m0Ho 7;44/
92 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
pyfcJhonfrSm y@Kumb,rif;rS pwifonf /
a&S;acwf tdE´d,ESihf oD[dkVfwdkYtMum; qufEG,frIonf a'0g
eHyd,wdórif;vufxufwGif tjrifhqkH;jzpfonf/ taomurif;
\ BuD;rm;xefjyif;onhf bk&if{u&mZftjzpf ausmfMum;rIonf
ajrmufrSawmif ta&SUrStaemufodkYwkdif jyefYESHYoGm;onf/ rif;BuD;
onf ¤if;\aumif;usKd;vkyfief;rsm;udk tjcm;bk&ifrif;rsm;\ e,f
y,frsm;odkYyif csJUxGifcJhonf/ NyD;cJhaomtcef;ü taomurif;\
vlrIaumif;usKd;ESihf aq;0g;taxmuftyHhrsm;qdkif&m aqmif½Guf
rIrsm;ü oD[dkVfEdkifiH2 yg0ifcJhaMumif;ESihf rif;BuD;\ "r®0dZ,pDrH
udef;onf oD[dkVfuRef;ü atmifjrifaMumif; azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/ þ
onfrSm taomurif;BuD;onf vufeufudkif ppfom;rsm;aMumihf
r[kwfbJ rif;BuD;\ ,Ofaus;rI? vlrIa&;ESihf bmomw&m;qdkif
&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;aMumifh oD[dkVfEdkifiHol EdkifiHom;wdkY\ ESvkH;
om;udk atmifEdkifcJhaMumif; qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ wpfzef rif;BuD;u
¤if;\oHwrefrsm; roGm;a&mufcJhonhf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;onfyif
¤if;\ pnf;urf;rl0g'rsm;udk vdkufemMuaMumif; qdkxm;onf/
a'0geHyd,wdóESifh taomurif;wdkYtMum; &if;ESD;uRrf;0if
onhf qufqHrIwnf&SdcJhaMumif;ESihf bk&ifESpfOD;wdkYtMum; cspfMunf
a&; zvS,fcJhMuaMumif; uREkfyfwdkY azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfonf/ oD[dkVf bk
&ifzufrS ,if;odkYaom azmfa½GysLiSmrI tajctaeonf taomu
rif;BuD;xHrS oD[dkVfEdkifiH&&SdcJhonfh tusKd;w&m;rsm;ESihf taomu
rif;BuD; ydkifqdkifxm;onhf atmifjrifrItay: auseyfaomaMumifh
1
a&m[PNrdKUudk tkyfpdk;cJhol vmrmPdrd[dE´ (Lāmāºi Mihind) trnf&
onf rif;om;wpfyg;onf ¤if;\trsKd;tEG,frSm y@Kumb,rS qif;
oufcJh aMumif;qdkonf (E.Z. III,p. 222)/ pwkw¬ r[dE´bk&ifonf ¤if;\
trsKd; tEG,fudk y@Kumb,ESihf bk&ifoka'¨g'ewdkYrS qif;oufaMumif;?
,if; odkYqkdojzihf ¤if;rSm ousrsKd;ESihf qufEG,faMumif; azmfjyonf (EZ.
III,p. 227)/
2 r[m0Ho 19;54/
wrÁyPÖd[lonfudk oD[dkVfuRef;tjzpf azmjfyjcif;ESihf ywfoufí þusrf;
pmrsufESm 59? atmufrSwfcsuf 1 wGif Munfhyg/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 89
onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf q&mrsm;jzpfNyD; vlxk\twdkifyifcH yk*¾Kdvfrsm;
vnf; jzpfMuonf/ r[m0Housrf;ü rEÅ&rsm;udk uRrf;usifonhf
jAm[®Prsm;u rdzk&m;pdwåm\om;onf xD;eef;udk taMumif;jyKí
OD;av;awmftm;vkH;udk owfypfvdrfhrnf[k aMunmaMumif;azmfjy
1
onf / y@Kumb,udk rdcifu csrf;om<u,f0NyD; a0'usrf;rsm;
udk wwfuRrf;onfh y@Kvtrnf&onhf jAm[®Pwpfa,mufxH
tyfESHcJhonf/ bk&ifrif;wpfyg;twGuf vdktyfonhf 0dZÆmodyÜHynm
&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;NyD; &efoludk wdkufcdkuf&ef ppfwyfwpfck zGJU
Edkifavmufonhf aiGaMu;udk ay;tyfcJhonfrSm ,if; y@Kv
2
jAm[®Pjzpfonf / ZrÁKaumvqdyfurf;rS aAm"dudkif;udk aqmif,l
cJhonhf tpDtpOfü tEk&m"yk&NrdKUodkYtoGm; jAm[®Pwd0uú½GmodkY
t0ifwGif &yfem;cJh&aMumif; azmfjyonf (wd0uúó jAm[®Pó
3
*gr'Gga&) /
,if;&yfem;rIudk trnfemrxkwfazmfí xif&Sm;pGm ñTef;qdk
NyD; tjcm;&yfem;onhf a'orsm;udkrl trnfemr txl;xkwfazmf
jcif;r&SdbJ ]tjcm;rsm;pGmaom ae&mrsm; (Xmaeok awok awok
p)}[kom azmfjyonf/ xdkYjyif jAm[®Pwd0uúudk tEk&m"yk&NrdKU
aAm"dyifylaZmfyGJrsm;odkY wufa&mufonhf xif&Sm;onfh {nfhonf
4
rsm;teuf txl;azmfjyonf / aAm"dudkif; &Spfckteuf wpfckudk
5
þjAm[®P½Gmü pdkufysKd;cJhonf / tjcm;rsKd;EG,frsm;ESihf t"duus
onhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tvkyftudkifrsm;uJhodkYaom &Edkifonhf &nf
ñTef;rIrsm;udk þtcef; tpydkif;ü azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü wefcl;(aZ|) vjynhfaeYwGif
6
usif;yaom xif&Sm;onhf yGJawmfESpfck&Sdonf / wpfckrSm a&yGJ
1
r[m0Ho 9;2/
2
,if; 10;19-26/
3
,if; 19;37/
4
5
,if; 19;61/
6
,if; 19;1/ r[m0Ho-#D? pm – 329/
90 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
obif (ovdvudVdwH = oBuFefyGJawmf ?) jzpfonf/ ,if;yGJawmf
1
rSm vltrsm;twGuf t"du &nf½G,fonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;wGif
'k|*grPdrif;vufxufü rif;BuD;udk,fwkdifyg0ifqifETJcJhonhf wef
cl;vüusif;onhf a&yGJobiftaMumif; azmfjyonf/ wefcl;v
onf yljyif;&moDjzpfí ,if;vwGif a&yGJobifusif;yrIudk BudKqdk
rnfjzpfonf/ aemufyGJawmfwpfckrSm trJvdkufyGJjzpfNyD; ,if;yGJü
vnf; azmfjyNyD;twdkif; bk&ifudk,fwkdif yg0ifonf/ pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh
qufEG,frI&Sdonhf yGJawmfrsm;taMumif;udk azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü pmaya&;&m vIyf&Sm;rI t
aMumif; azmfjycsuf rawGU&onfomru bDpDokH;&mpk rwdkifrD
ausmufpma&;xdk;rIrsm;vnf; wpfpkHwpf&m rawGU&acs/ odkYwap
tenf;qkH; tkyfcsKyfa&;vlwef;pm;ESihf jAm[®Prsm; twGif;ürl
ynma&;udk vspfvsL½Ixm;jcif;r&Sd/ NrdKUawmftaemufzuf&Sd xdk
jAm[®P\ trnfjzihf xif&Sm;onhf ½Gmwpf½GmwGif aexdkifonhf
y@Kvtrnf&onhf jAm[®PxH y@Kumb,rif; ynmoif,l
aMumif; azmfjycsufyg&Sdonf/ y@Kvonf rdrd\om;jzpfol pE´
ESihf y@Kumb,wdkYtm; twwfynmrsm; oifay;&onf[k qdk
2
onf / tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;taMumif; azmfjycsufryg&Sdojzihf
y@Kumb,taejzihf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif jzpfavovm;
[k pOf;pm;&efom &Sdonf/
oD[dkVfü tajccscJhMuonfh a&S;OD;tm&d,ef vlrsm;onf
tdE´d,&Sd ¤if;wdkY\EdkifiHrS tm;vkH; twlwuG xGufvmcJhMuonf
r[kwfacs/ oD[dkVfonf yifrtdE´d,wdkufi,ftwGif; jzpfay:onhf
EdkifiHa&; vlrIa&; pD;yGm;a&; odkYr[kwf bmoma&;paom r[m
ajymif;vJrIwdkif;u oD[dkVfvlrsKd;wdkY\b0udk ododomom vTrf;rdk;cJh
onfxd tdE´d,ESihf eD;pyf&if;ESD;pGm qufEG,frI&Sdonf/ wavrEém&
(Talaimannar) ESihf "Ekoaum'd (Dhanuskodi) wdkYtMum; a&t
1
&o0g[deD 2? pm – 73/
2
r[m0Ho 10;20-23/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 91
enf;i,f tus,ft0ef;om jcm;xm;rIonf ESpfEdkifiHtMum; ykHrSef
qufoG,frIudk tydwftyifr&SdbJ aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif wpfcg
wpf&H tvdk&r®ufBuD;onhf tdE´d,awmifydkif;rS tkyfcsKyfolrsm;
oD[dkVfuRef;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufckdufrIrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; tdE´d,onf
rdcifarwåmjzihf oD[dkVftm; vma&mufulnD&ef tNrJwrf; tqif
oihfjzpfcJhonf/
ESpfEdkifiHtMum; ysLiSmvIdufvSJonhf qufqHrIrsm;rSm a&S;tus
qkH;umvuyif wnf&SdcJhonf/ 0dZ,rif; (bDpD 483-445)ESihf
¤if;\vlrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ ZeD;avmif; owdkYorD;rsm;udk tdE´d,
1
awmifydkif; y@,EdkifiH r"k&mNrdKUrS &&SdcJhMuonf / r"k&mbk&if
onf ¤if;\ om;rufawmf (oD[dVk fbk&if)xHodkY tEkokckrynm
onf rdom;pk wpfaomif;&Spfaxmiftjyif qif jrif; &xm;rsm;ESihf
2
vufrI ynmonfrsm;udk ydkYay;cJhaMumif; od&onf / 0dZ,onf
¤if;\ a,mu©rawmfxHodkY tzdk;wef ykvJ&wemrsm;uJhodkYaom
3
vufaqmifyPÖmrsm; ay;ydkYNyD; cifrif&ifESD;rIudk xdef;odrf;cJhonf /
0dZ,rif;udk qufcHol ¤if;\wlawmf y@K0goka'0onf tdE´d,
4
ajrmufydkif;rS ousrif;orD;udk vufxyfcJhonf / aemufwGif ,if;
orD;\ armifawmfrsm; oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmMuNyD; uRef;oD[dkVf&Sd
5
ae&mtoD;oD;ü tajccsaexdkifMuonf / Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü
xif&Sm;onhf tBuD;jrwfqkH;bk&if y@Kumb,onf tdE´d,
ajrmufydkif;rS a&mufvmMuonhf oustEG,f rif;om; ajcmuf
6
a,mufüyg0ifol 'DCm,k\ ajr;awmfjzpfonf / oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;
¤if;wdkY\ tpOftqufudk Ak'¨\tEG,fjzpfonfh ousrsKd;ESihf quf
1
r[m0Ho 7;48-58? 69-72/
2
,if; 7;56-57/
3
,if; 7;73/
4
,if; 8;18-27/
5
,if; 9;60-11/
6
,if; 9;13-27/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH vlrIa&;tajctae 93
jzpfonfrSm aocsmonf/ oD[dkVfbk&ifay;ydkYcJhonhf tzdk;wefvuf
aqmifypönf;rsm;tay: aus;Zl;wkHYjyefonhf taejzihf taomu
rif;w&m;BuD;u a'0geHydwdórif;\ tbdodufcH tpDt&ifudk
jyifqifay;vsuf rdrd(taomurif;BuD;)udk,fwkdif Ak'¨"r®oHCmudk
udk;uG,fouJhodkY oD[dkVfbk&iftm; Ak'¨0g'Dwpf a,mufjzpfvm&ef
wdkufwGef;onhf owif;aumif;udk ydkYvdkufaomtcg ESpfEdkifiH t
1
jyef tvSef&if;ESD;rIonf txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufoGm;onf /
1
r[m0Ho 11;34-35? 'Dy0Ho 12;5-7/ odkY&mwGif 'Dy0Husrf;vm taom
urif;BuD;\ aemufrSwfwrf; wpfckt&rl taomurif;BuD;onf a'0geH
yd,wdórif;BuD;tm; Ak'¨0g'udk vufcH&ef wdkufwGef;aMumif; razmfjyay/
,if;rSwfwrf;ürl taomurif;BuD;onf a'0geHyd,wdótm; rdrdtae
jzihf Ak'¨"r®oHCmtm; qnf;uyfaMumif;udkom qdkaMumif; jyqdkonf
('Dy0Ho 11;35-36)/ ,if;onf oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzihf wdkufwGef;jcif;
jzpfEdkifonf/
okwåedygwft|uxmü r[m0Hoü azmfjyonfESihf tawmfrsm;rsm; wl
nDonhf azmfjycsufwpfck yg&Sdonf/ ajrmufydkif; u|0g[ebk&ifESifh Am
&mPoDbk&ifwdkYonf taomurif;ESihf a'0geHyd,wdó rif;wdkYuJhodkY vkH;
0rawGUjrifzl;onfh rdwfaqG&if; rsm;jzpfMuonf/ wpfcgaomf u|0g[e
onf rdwfaqG Am&mPoDbk&ifxH tzdk;rjzwfEdkifonhf 0wf½kHrsm;udk
vufaqmifydkYcJhonf/ Am&mPoDbk&ifonf ,if;xuftzdk;wefonhf vuf
aqmifypönf;udk a½G;cs,f&ef cufcJaejcif;ü opöm"r®[laom vufaqmif
udk a½G;cs,fcJhonf/ xdktcsdefum; uóybk&m;&Sif toufxif&Sm; &Sdcsdef
jzpfonf/ Am&mPoDbk&ifonf u|0g[exH avmuü Ak'¨"r®ESihf oHCm
ay:xGef;aeNyDjzpfaMumif; owif;pum;udk ydkYay;cJhonf/ ,if; "r®vuf
aqmifudk &&Sdaomtcg u|0g[ebk&ifonf Ak'¨udk oGm;a&muf zl;ajrmf&ef
qE´ jzpfay:vmonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;\ trwfrsm;ESihf wlawmfu roGm;
a&muf&ef rif;BuD;tm; wm;jrpfvsuf rdrdwdkYukd,fwdkif Ak'¨udkzl;ajrmf&ef oGm;
a&mufcJhMuonf/ (a'0geH yd,wdó\ wlawmfvnf; yg#vdykwfNrdKUawmf
odkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf/) ¤if;wdkY Am&mPoDodkY oGm;aecsdefwGif uóy
bk&m;&Sif y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlojzihf ¤if;wdkY pdwfrcsrf;ajrUjzpfMuonf/
odkYwap &[ef;oHCm rsm;u ¤if;wdkYtm; o&P*kH aqmufwnf&ef
tMuHay;Muonf/ bk&ihf wlawmfuvGJí usefyk*¾Kdvftm;vkH; &[ef;tjzpf
94 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
xdkjyif oD[dkVfbk&ifonf ¤if;\rdwfaqG tdE´d,{u&mZf wkduf
wGef;onhftwdkif; 'kwd,tBudrf bdodufcHtcrf;tem; usif;ycJh
onf/ ,if;odkY aqmif½GufcsufrSm bk&ifESpfyg;\ cspfMunfrI
oauFwjzpfEdkifouJhodkY taomu\ BuD;us,fcrf;em;rIatmufodkY
cdkvIHjcif;ESihf (taomu\) oD[dkVftay: MoZm vTrf;rdk;rIvnf;
jzpfEdkifonf/ ESpfEdkifiHtMum; ,if;odkYpwifcJhonhf cspfMunfrIonf
bk&iftaomutm; ¤if;\om;awmf r[dE´ESihf orD;awmf
oHCrdwåmtm; oD[dkVfü Ak'¨omoemudkwnfaxmif&ef omoem
1
jyKrsm;tjzpf apvTwcf hJonftxd jzpfonf /
cH,lMuonf/ bk&ifhwlawmfonf uóyAk'¨ tokH;jyKawmfrlonhf ]"r®
u&P}(a&ppfawmf)[laom ]y&dabm*"mwk}udk ,laqmifoGm;NyD; "r®0de,
ü vdr®muRrf;usifonfh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf w&m;a[mMum;onf/
u|0g[erif;onf rax&fjrwfxH oGm;a&muf zl;ajrmfNyD; w&m;udk emMum;
vsuf ausmif;wkdufwpfckESihf apwDwpfql wnfaqmufNyD; aAm"dyifwpfyif
pdkufysKd;NyD;aemuf o&P*kHESihf ig;yg;&Spfyg;oDv aqmufwnfMuonf/
tvª'gejyKMuvsuf aovGefaomtcg ewfjynfavmuü jyefvnf arG;zGm;
Muonf (okwåded-|? 469)/
1
ESpfEdkifiHtMum; rMumcP ul;vl;qufqHrIonf tdE´d,ESihf oD[dkVfEdkifiHwdkY
onf tapmqkH; bDpDokH;&mpkuyif yifv,fa&aMumif; qufqHrIrsm; &SdcJh
aMumif; t"dyÜm,faumuf,l&ef aMumif;usKd;avsmfuefaMumif; azmfjyonf/

00000000
100 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
pdwåESihf umVa0v bDvl;ESpfa,mufyif jzpfonf/
þjzpf&yfu pdwåESihf umVa0v bDvl;ESpfa,mufrSm Xmae
odkYr[kwf 0g'´gvlrsKd; acgif;aqmif ESpfa,mufvnf; r[kwf? trSef
aomf y@Kumb,udk,fwdkif odolrsm;yifr[kwfbJ tpGJtvrf;
aMumihf ,aeYwdkif wnf&Sdaeonhf bDv;l ESihf 0dnmOfowå0grsm;
uJhodkY vltrsm;\ pdwftm½kHwGif wnf&Sdaeonhf aoolrsm;\
0dnmOfowå0grsm; jzpfMuonf/
,u©(bDvl;)owå0g tpGJtvrf;ESihftwl a&S;OD;aexdkifolwdkY
\ tjcm;,Ofaus;rIrsm;uJhodkY Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü xif&Sm;cJh
cJhaom bdk;bGm;bDbifwdkYudk udk;uG,frI odkYr[kwf aooGm;olwdkY\
0dnmOfrsm;udk t½dktaoay;rI taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;&ef vdktyf
1
onf / y@Kumb,ESihf xdkacwf jynfolwdkYonf opömwnfwHhNyD;
rdrdwdkY cspfjrwfEdk;olrsm; aovGefNyD;aemuf ,u©rsm;tjzpf jyef
vnfarG;zGm;NyD; b0a[mif;rS rdwfaqGrsm;ESihf acgif;aqmifrsm;
tm; qufvuf apmihfa&Smufonf[laom ,kHMunfrI &SdcJhykH&onf/
pdwåESihf umVa0vwdkYESpfa,mufrSm ,if;odkYaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;jzpfMu
onf/ xdkYtwl y@Kumb,rdom;pk\ opömapmihfodaom aus;
uReftrsKd;orD;jzpfcJhol pdwåmonf ,u©deD(bDvl;r)tjzpf jyefvnf
arG;zGm;onf/ y@Kumb,onf b0a[mif;(vljzpfpOf)u aus;
Zl;&SdcJhzl;aomaMumihf NrdKUawmfawmifzuf*dwfwGif ,if; bDvl;r
2
twGuf aexkdifp&mtdrf aqmufvkyfay;aMumif; od&onf /
1
Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics rS Ancestor Worship and Cult of the
Dead udkvnf; ½Iyg/
2
r[m0Ho 10;85/ ,u©[laom a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,frSm av;pm;xdkuf
NyD; a'0 (ewf)wdkYavmuf tqifhrjrihfonhf vlom;vGef (ur®Zd'¨dwefcdk;&Sd
onfh) owå0gjzpfonf/ apmapmydkif; ygVdpmaywGif ,u©[laom a0g[m&
onf Ak'¨[laomt"dyÜm,f (r 2? 49)? ewfwdkYbk&if ouú(odMum;)rif; (r
1? 256/ 'D 2? 208)ESihf tjcm;ewfa'0gwdu kY dkvnf; ('D 2? 205) &nfñTef;
onf/ Ak'¨tm; Munfñdkol bk&if AdrÁdom&onf Ze0ob,u©trnfjzihf
arG;zGm;cJhonf('D 2? 166)/ t"dyÜm,f qGJokH;onhftaejzihf Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD
tcef; 3
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEkdifiH
(2) bmoma&;tajctae
1
bDpD okH;&mpk Ak'¨0g' oD[dkVfuRef;odkY Ak'¨ra&mufvmrD uRef;oD
[dkVfü pepfwus zGJUpnf;xm;onhf trsKd;om; odkYr[kwf EdkifiHawmf
bmomw&m; r&Sdao;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ w½kwfbk&m;zl;c&D;
onf [l,ifqef (Hiuen Tsiang)\ tvdkt&aomf ]a&S;acwf
oD[dkVfEdkifiHonf ukd,fusifhoDvraumif;onfh bmomw&m;udk pGJ
2
vef;cJh\} [kjzpfonf/ &mZ0ifusrf;udk taotcsm avhvmygu
,if;udk;uG,frIrsm;rSm a&S;OD;vlwdkY\ obm0w&m;ESihf wd&pämef
udk;uG,frIqdkif&m t,lonf;rIrsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&rnfjzpfonf/
0dZ,rif;taMumif;ü ,u©(bDvl;) ,u©deD(bDvl;r)rsm;uJhodYk
aom 0dnmOfavmuom;rsm;taMumif; azmfjycsufrsm;awGU&aomf
vnf; bDpDav;&mpk y@Kumb,rif;acwfodkY a&mufonfhwdkif
rnfonhfudk;uG,frI odkYr[kwf tpGef;a&mufrIykHpHudkrQ azmfjyxm;
jcif;r&Sdacs/ &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif awGU&onhf y@Kumb,\
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;pGmwGif xdktcsdefu acwfpm;aeonhf udk;uG,f
rIykHpHrsm;ESihfywfoufonhf ,lqcsuftcsKdU &Edkifonf/ y@Kumb
1
þtcef;ü &nfñTef;xm;onhf JRAS (CB) wGif tufpf y&e0dwe (S.
Paranavitana) a&;om;onhf tzdk;wefonhf Pre-Buddhist Religious
Beliefs in Ceylon [laom pmwrf;udk Munhfyg/
2
Hiuen Tsiang : Bk. XI, p. 246. (odkY&mwGif rSwfwrf;a&;ol [l,ifqef
onf oD[dkVfuRef;odkY a&mufzl;cJhjcif; r&Sdacs/)
98 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
,onf a&S;acwf tdE´d,ESihf oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;\ xkH;wrf;pOfvm
rsm;udk vdkufemNyD; rdrdacwfwGif xif&Sm;onfh tpGef;a&muf *dkPf;
rsm;ESihf bmomw&m;rsm;udk wef;wl vGwfvyfrIESifh pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf
jcif;rsm;jzihf OD;aqmifcJh&zG,f&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;\udk,fydkif ,kH
MunfrI bmjzpfonf[laomtcsufrSm rod&bJ&Sdonf/ ¤if;tae
jzihf rnfonhfudk;uG,frI ykHpHudkrQ pdwfwdrf;ñGwfjcif;r&SdbJ þ,kH
Munfcsufwpfck aumif;ouJhodkY tjcm;wpfckvnf; aumif;onf
[kyif ,lqcJhzG,f&Sdonf/
bDvl;rsm;udk udk;uG,frIrSm xif&Sm;NyD; xdktcsdefu vTrf;rdk;ae
onhf ,kHMunfpGJvrf;rIwpfck jzpfaeykH&onf/ eef;wufNyD;aemuf
rsm;rMumrDwGif y@Kumb,onf NrdKUawmfta&SUzufü umVa0
1
v bDvl;ESihf tb,a&uef tedrhfydkif; axmihfpGef;&Sd pdwå&mZ
1
bDvl;udk ESdrfeif;atmifjrifcJh&aMumif; qdkxm;onf / [ife&Dygum
1
umVa0v ewfuGef;onf tenf;qkH; at'Dav;&mpktxd wnf&SdcJhonf/
r[maoerif;onf ,if;umVa0vewfuGef;ae&mü apwDwpf qlwnfcJh
aMumif; tqdk&Sdonf/ umVa0va*[ó Xmae xlyH p uma&od
(r[m0Ho 37;44)/
a0omvDNrdKU&Sd Oa'e? a*gwru? owårÁ? A[kykwå? om&E´'ESihf
pmygv ('D 2? 98)apwDrsm;uJhodkY abm**gr &Sd tmeE´apwD ('D 2? 78)ESihf
tmV0D&Sd t*¾gV0apwD (okwåed-|2? 78)rsm;rSm rlvu ,u© (bDvl;)trsKd;
rsKd;\ ewfuGef;rsm;jzpfNyD; aemiftcg ,if;wdkY\ trnfjzihf ,if;ewfuGef;
rsm;udk trnfrSnfhac:Muonf/ odkYwap Ak'¨yGifhawmfrlNyD;aemufwGif ,if;
ewfuGef;rsm;ae&mrsm;ü Ak'¨ESihf Ak'¨om0ursm; oDwif;okH;rnfh 0d[m&
(ausmif;wdkuf)rsm; wnfaqmufcJhMuNyD; rlvemrnfrsm;twdkif;yif ac:a0:
cJhMuonf (okwåed-| 2? 78/ tH-| 2/ 151/ 'D-| 2? 111)/ Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwf udk,fwdkifyif tdE´d,EdkifiHwpfvTm; ysHUBuJaeonhf apwDrsm;udk
a,bk,stm;jzihf &nfñTef;awmfrlcJhonf (r 1? 25/ "r®y'? tcef; 14?
10 *gxm)/ xkH;pHtm;jzihf apwD, (apwD)rsm;rSm ewfrsm;ESihf ,u©rsm;
aexdkifonhf ae&mrsm;tjzpf,lqMuNyD; vltrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ tcuftcJ
rsm;twGuf ulnDrpap&ef ,if;ewfueG f;rsm;ü ylaZmfyocJhMuonf/
2
Ancient Ceylon, p. 26.
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 99
(Henry Parker)u ,if;bDvl;ESpfa,mufrSm 0g'´g (vāddā) vlrsKd;
wdkY\ xif&Sm;onhf acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfNyD; ]EdkifiHa&;em;vnfonhf
bk&if (y@Kumb,)onf ,if;bDvl;ESpfa,mufwdkY\ t&Sdeft0g
MoZmaMumifh rdrd\atmifEdkifrIudk rvTJraoG todtrSwfjyK&rnf
udk od&SdcJhaMumif;} ,lqcJhonf/ ]þudpöESihfywfoufí ¤if;
(y@Kumb,)\ EdkifiHa&; tajrmftjrif&SdrIonf EdkifiHawmftm;
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumonfxd aoG;acsmif;pD;rI rvkHNcKHrIwdkYrS u,f
wifcJhonfrSm ,kHrSm;zG,fr&SdbJ 0g'´gvlrsKd;wdkYtm; rdrd\vkyfaqmif
rIrsm;udk ESpfoufonhf Nidrf;csrf;onfh Xmaersm;tjzpf ajymif;
1
vJypfEdkifcJh\} [k ¤if; ([ife&Dygum)u wifjycJhonf/ þonfrSm
oD[dkVfuRef;odkY tm&d,efvlrsKd;wdkY 0ifa&mufrvmrD aexdkifcJhMu
aom a&S;OD;vlrsKd;rsm;tjzpf &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ü &nfñTef;cJhonhf
,u©(bDvl;)rsm;tm; y@Kumb,\ vdr®myg;eyfpGm ajz&Sif;wwf
ykH taMumif;,kwådtwGuf erlemwpfck jzpfonf/
odkYwap azmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí a&Smif
z,fz,fvkyf&ef taMumif; r&Sdacs/ Or®m'pdwåm rif;orD;tm;
opömazmufvkyfBuHowfjzwfrnfh tBuHtpnfudk oabmwlvuf
cHrnf r[kwfaomaMumihf rif;orD;\ vl,kHaus;uRefrsm; jzpfMu
onfh pdwåESihf umVa0vwdkYudk armifawmf rif;om;rsm;u owf
ypfcJhaMumif;ESihf ,if;uRefrsm;onf ,u©rsm;tjzpf jyefvnf arG;
zGm;NyD; y@Kumb, rif;om;jzpfvmrnfh oli,fudk rdcif0rf;ü
&SdpOfuyif apmihfa&SmufcJhaMumif; r[m0Housrf;ü twdtus
1
qdkonf / 0HykavG½dkif; toGifudkjyNyD; OD;av;awmfrsm;\ tm½kH pl;
pdkufrIudk ajymif;ypfjcif;jzihf uRefrdef;ri,ftm; rif;om;ol i,fudk
xnhfxm;onhf awmif;jzihf xGufajy;cGihf&atmif zefwD;ay;vsuf
OD;av;awmfrsm;\ &ufpufonhfvufrS u,fwifcJhonfrSmvnf;
2
pdwåESihf umVa0v bDvl;ESpfa,mufyif jzpfonf /
1
r[m0Ho 9;22-23/ 2
r[m0Ho 10;1-5/
104 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
¤if;\ ,kHMunfcsuft& ¤if;tay: aus;Zl;&SdNyD; ulnDchJMuaom
,u©ESihf ,u©deDrsm;twGuf ewfuGef; odkYr[kwf apwd,rsm;
aqmufvkyfay;onf[kom qdkvdkonf/
1
r[m0Housrf;ü ]yGJawmf aeYrsm;ü y@Kumb,onf pdwå
&mZESihftwl xdkifckHwpfckHwnf;wGif xdkifNyD; vlrsm;udka&m ewfrsm;
udkyg rdrda&SUü uckefapvsuf aysmf½Tif cHpm;\}[k qdkonf/ xdkYjyif
2
r[m0Housrf;ü yif yuwdrsufpdjzihf jrif&onfh umVa0vESihf
pdwå&mZwdkYESihf (umVa0v pdawå[d 'dórmae[d) twl rif;BuD;
onf ,u© blwwdkYESihf (,u©blw o[m, 0g) rdwfaqG jzpf
vsuf pnf;pdrfudk rQa0cHpm;aMumif;vnf; jyqdkonf/
txufyg uAsmqefqef azmfjycsufrsm;rS ,u©wdkYonf vl
wdkYjrifEdkifonhf ykHpHjzihfay:vmjcif;ESihf y@Kumb,onf vlxka&SU
arSmufü ¤if;wdkYESihf twlxdkifonf[laom tcsufudk em;vnf&ef
rvdkawmhacs/ ygum(Parker)u yuwdrsufpdjzihf jrifEdkifonhf
umVa0vESifhpdwå[laom pum;vkH;rsm;jzihf ]av;pm;xdkufonhf
at'Dig;&mpk orkdif;ynm&Sif\ vufudk xkwfazmfjyo\}[k ,lq
2
onf / aemufjzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonhf &Sif;jyrIwpfckrSm rdrd\ BuD;us,f
crf;em;rIudk txl;jyKazmfjy&ef y@Kumb,onf ,if;,u©wdkY\
½kyfwkrsm;udk rdrdESihftqihfwl xdkifckHab;ü csxm;zG,f&Sd\[k jzpf
onf/ tu,fí uREkfyfwdkY taejzihf ]twkcdk; rsufvSnfh (Imitative
magic)}tjzpf xif&Sm;onhf a&S;OD;vlom;wdkY\ tawG;tjrif wpf
&yfudk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;cJhvQif y@Kumb,\ ,if;tjyKtrludk
vG,fulpGm ESpfoufvufcEH dkifonf/ ],if;odkY jyKvkyfcsuf\ aemuf
uG,fwGif wdrfjrKyfaeNyD; us,fjyefYonfh tqifhtwef;wpfckudk jzpf
ay:apaomt"dyÜm,frSm tu,fí uREfkyfwdkYonf uREkfyfwdkY\qE´
1
r[m0Ho 10;87-88 *gxm/
2
,if; 10;104/
3 1
Anchent Ceylon p. 26 n. 1.
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 101
azmfjyyg tcsufrsm;onf aoolrsm;taejzihf &Hzef&Hcg ,u©
odkYr[kwf ,u©deDrsm;tjzpf jyefvnf arG;zGm;NyD; ¤if;wdkYonf rdrd
cspfESpfoufolrsm; vdktyfcsdefwGif tultnDay;&ef vma&mufMu
onf[laom ,kHMunfrIwpf&yf&SdcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ ,if;,kH
MunfrIrsKd;onf a&S;acwftdE´d,wGif Ak'¨rwdkifrDua&m Ak'¨yGifhay:
1
NyD;aemufrSyg xif&Sm;&SdcJhonf / t&Sifr[dE´onf oD[dkVfodkYa&muf
NyD;aemuf 'kwd,aeYwGif aoolrsm;\ 0dnmOfavmuESifh ywf
oufonhf Ak'¨pmayusrf;*ef ESpfckjzpfonhf ayw0w¬KESihf 0drme
2
0w¬KygVdawmfrsm;udk a[mMum;aMumif; od&onf / ,if;onf
t&Sifr[dE´taejzihf oD[dkVfuRef; omoemjyKvkyfief;\ yPmr
tqifhwGif a'ocHrsm;taejzihf t&Sifjrwf\w&m;udk vG,fvG,f
ulul em;vnfNyD; ESpfoufaprnfh w&m;a'oemwpfckrS wpfqifh
¤if;wdkY\ pdwftm½kHudk tokH;csjcif;jzihf a'ocHwdkY\ ESvkH;om;udk
&,lEdkif&ef jcifqifrdcJhzG,f&SdaMumif; ,lqEdkifonf/
oD[dkVfü a&S;OD; aexkdifcJhMuonhf vlrsK;d pk tcsKdUudkvnf; ,u©[k okH;pGJcJh
onfrSm jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfrl ,if;oD[dkVf XmaevlrsKd;rsm;tm; ¤if;
wdkYaovGefNyD;aemuf vlom;r[kwo f nhf ,u©(bDvl;)rsm;tjzpf jyefvnf
arG;zGm;aom qif;ouf vlrsKd;rsm;tjzpf rSwf,lEdkif&monf/ ,u©rsm;udk
udk;uG,fcJhMuNyD; ,u©wdkYtm; ,ZfylaZmfrI rsm;vnf; jyKvkyfcJhMuzG,f&Sdonf/
,if;odkYjzihf ,u©udk udk;uG,folrsm;tm;vnf; udk;uG,fcH,u©wdkY\ trnf
udk,lí ,u©vlrsKd;[k ac:a0:vmcJhykH&onf/ umva½GUaomtcg trnf
emronfomru ¤if;wdkY\ wefcdk; £'¨dyg'fvnf; ajymif;vJoGm;onf([k
rSef;qEdkif&monf)/ &d*fa0' (Ŗgve-da) usrf;vm 'go [laoma0g[m&
onf tm&d,efvlrsKd; r[kwfol Xmaersm;? ewfqdk;rsm;? &u©orsm; [laom
t"dyÜm,frsm;jzihf okH;EIef;rIrsm; ESihf EIdif;,SOfMunhfyg (History of Indian
Literature by M. Winternix, I, p. 78)/ University of Ceylon Review Vol. I,
No. 2 (November, 1943) wGif O.H. de A. Wijeaekera a&;om;onhf The
Philosophical Impart of Vedic Yaksa and Pali Yakkha (p. 23-24) udkvnf;
½Iyg/
ZmwfawmftrSwf 512? 544 ESihf 545 wdkYudk ½Iyg/
2
r[m0Ho 14;58/ 0d-| 1? 47/
102 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
uG,fvGefolrsm;udk udk;uG,frIonf ]vlom;wdkY udk;uG,fonhf
bmomw&m; rsKd;uGJBuD;rsm;teuf wpfckjzpf\/ udk;uG,folrsm;
onf ouf&Sdvlom;wdkY\ vlrIa&;qufqrH Irsm;udk ½dk;&Sif;pGm odrf;
qnf;xm;aMumifh ,if;udk;uG,frI\ tajccHrsm;udk em;vnf&ef r
cufcJay/ uG,fvGefol aqGrsKd;onf ewfa'0g jzpfoGm;NyD; rdrd\ rd
om;pkudk qufvufapmihfa&Smuf½kHjzpfNyD; b0a[mif;uuJhodkY aqG
rsKd;rsm;xHrS pm;0wfaea&;rIudk &&Sdjcif;ü uG,fvGefol acgif;aqmif
onf ¤if;\trsKd;udk apmihfa&SmufqJjzpfvsuf rdwfaqGrsm;udk ul
nDjcif; &efolrsm;udk ESdrfeif;jcif;rsm;jzihf rdrd\t&Sdeft0gudk &,l
xm;qJjzpfonfomru trSefukd ay;tyfNyD; trSm;udk jypf'Pf
1
cwfqJjzpf\} / ,if;,kHMunfrIonf oD[dkVfü A@m& tpGJtvrf;
(Baº¹āra-cult)[k ,aeYacwfwdkif wnf&Sdjzpfonf/ ,if;pGJvrf;rI
rSm ,aeYwdkif oD[dkVfuRef; tcsKdUa'orsm;ü jyKvkyfqJjzpfonfh
uG,fvGefNyD; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf xif&Sm;onhf aqGrsKd;rsm;udk ½dk
aoudk;uG,fjcif; jzpfonf/ rdaEé&d, t&yf&Sd {&mruefBuD;udk
wnfaqmufcJhol r[maoe(at'D 4 &mpk)rif;ewftm; ukd;uG,f
onhf rdaEé&d,a'a,sm (Minněriya-Deyyo) udk;uG,frIudk erlem
tjzpf azmfjyEdkif&monf/ aus;vufvlwdkYonf aooltcsKdUrSm
a*0v,u© (gevala-yakās = tdrfaeewf)rsm;tjzpf jyefvnfarG;
zGm;onf[k ,kHMunfMuNyD; ¤if;ewfwdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ pdwfaepdwf
xm;tvdkuf apwemaumif; odkYr[kwf qdk;EdkifMuonf/ ,u©
(yakkha) rS qif;oufvmonhf oD[dkVfa0g[m& ,um (yakā)udk
0g'´g (Vāddās) vlrsKd;rsm; twGif;rSmyif tusKd;jyKoljzpfap rjyKol
2 uk½k"r®Zmwfawmf (ZmwfawmftrSwf 276)vm pdwå&mZESihf r[m0Hovm
jzpfap yk&doewfrsm;tm;vkH;udk &nfñTef;onf / ,aeYwkdifyif
aus;vuf½Gmom;tcsKdU wJi,frsm;aqmufNyD; xdkae&mwGif aool
rsm;(0ifpm;onhf)ewfrsm;tm; ylaZmfyorIrSm xif&Sm;qJ jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí pdwå&mZESihf umVa0vwdkYrSm Xmae0g'´gvlrsKd;acgif;
1
Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol I, p. 425.
2
Parker : op. cit. p. 134.
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 103
aqmifr[kwfbJ uG,fvGefolewfrsm;udk t½dktaojyKjcif;jzihf xdk
tcsdefu xif&Sm;onhf ,kHMunfrIaemufodkY vkdufcJhjcif;om jzpf
aMumif; ,lqygu rSefuefzG,f&Sdonf/
txufwGif awGU&onfhtwdkif; y@Kumb,onf pdwå&mZ?
umVa0v ,u©ESpfa,mufESihf ,cifb0u ¤if;rdcif\ tvkyf
tauR;jzpfcJhol pdwåm,u©deDtm;vnf; aexdkdifp&mrsm;ay;cJhonf/
xdk,u©rsm;tjyif y@Kumb,onf 0v0grkcD (Valavā-mukh²)
,u©deDtm;vnf; eef;awmfy&d0kPftwGif; ewfuGef; aqmufvkyf
ay;NyD; ,if;,u©wdkYtm; ESpfpOf ylaZmfyorIrsm;jyKcJhaMumif; t&dyf
1
ta,mifvnf; awGU&onf / 0v0grkcD [lonf jrif;rykHtoGifjzihf
,lqxm;onhf apwd,m trnf&Sdaom ,u©deD\ bGJUtrnfjzpf
onf/ y@Kumb,onf ,if;jrif;rudk zrf;,l&&SdcJhNyD; xdef;
odrf;xm;cJhonf/ jrif;ronf y@Kumb,\ OD;av;awmfrsm;udk
2
wdkufckdufonhf ppfyGJrsm;wGif tvGef tultnDay;cJhonf / odkYjzpf
ívnf; y@Kumb,onf jrif;rukd txl;aus;Zl;wifav;pm;NyD;
3
eef;awmf0if;twGif; aexdkifp&m aqmufvkyfay;jcif;jzpfonf /
odkYjzihf y@Kumb,onf ae&ma'otoD;oD;ü ,u©rsm;
ESihf ,u©deDrsm;udk twnfwusjzpfaponf[laom r[m0Hoazmf
jycsufrSm ,aeYacwf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;wdkY a'0gv, odkYr[kwf ewf
uGef;rsm; aqmufvkyfNyD; ewfrsKd;pkHtm; ylaZmfyorI jyKMuouJhodkY
1
r[m0Ho 10;86/
2
,if; 10;53/
3
pdwå&mZwdkYudk EIdif;,SOfavhvmygu pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf/ pdwå&mZ
,u©onf a&S;acwf tdE´d,&Sd xif&mS ;aom ,kHMunfpGJvrf;onhf t&m0w¬K
(ZmwutrSwf? 276) jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif y'rmP0 Zmwfawmf (Zmwfawmf
trSwf? 432)vm tórkcD ,u©deDESihf r[m0Hovm 0v0grkcD ,u©deD
wdkYudkvnf; EdIif;,SOfyg/ xdkYtwlyif ,if;Zmwfawmfukd r[m0Hovm
oD[Am[kjzpf&yfESihfvnf; EdIif;,SOfMunhfyg/ (G.C. Mendis \ The vijaya
Legend, Paranvitana Felicitation Volume, p. 263 udkvnf; ½Iyg/
108 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
odkYwap tenf;qkH; at'D 10 &mpk Ak'¨0g'Drsm;u t&Sifr[dE´
onf wdóa&uefwGif aexdkifonhf &u©owpfa,mufudk Ak'¨
0g'odkY oGwfoGif;cJhaMumif; ,kHMunfMuonf/ þ&u©oonf Ak'¨
0g'D jzpfoGm;NyD;aemuf Ak'¨0g'ESihf avmuaumif;usKd;twGuf
aqmif½GufcJhaMumif; qdkxm;aomfvnf; ,if;&u©o\ b0t
1
aMumif; bmrQrod&acs /
orEÅul# (Adam's Peak)wGifaeonhf ewfonfvnf; Ak'¨
0g'rwdkifrD ewfwpfa,muf jzpfonf/ þewfonf rlvblwtm;
jzihf ,u©jzpfzG,f&SdNyD; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oD[dkVfodkY yxrtBudrf <u
a&mufawmfrlpOftwGif; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ¤if;tm; Ak'¨tjzpfodYk
oGwfoGif;NyD;aemuf ¤if;\tqifhtwef; ewfa'0g tjzpfodkY `rSihf
wifcJhykH&onf/ tm#mem#d,okwfü okre[kac:onhf ,u©wpf
a,muf &SdonfrSmvnf; rSwfom;zG,faumif;onf/ aESmif;acwf
rsm;wdkifatmif okreewfudk r[m,me bk&m;avmif; okreb`'´
2
tjzpf awGU&onf /
oD[dkVfuRef;om;wdkY Ak'¨0g'udk vufcH,kHMunfvmonhfaemuf
ydkif;üyif oD[dkVfuRef;om;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ ½dk;&mewfa'0gwdkYudk
qufvufí t½dktaojyKvdkcJhMuonf/ odkYwap Ak'¨0g'Drsm; jzpf
vmjcif;ü ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfonfh ewfrsm;udk ½dkao
udk;uG,fvdkpdwf r&SdMuacs/ odkYjzpfí ¤if;wdkYonf ,if; ewfrsm;udk
Ak'¨0g'DtjzpfodkY oGwfoGif;ay;MuNyD; okreewfuJhodkYyif jrifhjrwf
onhf ae&mü xm;Muonf/ a'oqdkif&m ewftrsm;pkESihf ywf
oufí xdkenf;ESifESifyif jzpfMuonf/ Ak'0¨ g'D r[kwfol ta&;
rygonfh ewftcsKdUvnf; &SdEdkifao;onf/ odkYwap Ak'¨0g'udk
jzefYa0ay;Muol ta&;ygonhf ewftrsm;pkrSm rMumrD Ak'¨0g'D
1 R.R. Marrett \ Man in the Making pmtkyfyg
E.Z. I, p.23ff.; JRAS(CB), Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 305.
2
CJSe. Section G. Vol. II, Pt, I, p. 64. (S. Paranavitana \ The God of
Adam's Peak, an Artibus Asise Supplementum.udkvnf; ½Iyg/)
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 105
udk ,if;odkYaom qifwljzpf&yfrsKd;wGif ESpfoufapEdkifvQif rlvjzpf
&yfonf ,if;qifwljzpf&yfodkY vdkuf&rnfjzpf\}/ ,if;onf ]½kyf
wkqif;wkwGif&Sdaom wefcdk;u wpfpkHwpfa,muftm; xdkt&m
1
0w¬Ktay: wefcdk;udkay;onfqdkaom ,kHMunfrIwpfrsKd; jzpf\} /
y@Kumb,wGif rdwfaqGtjzpfjzihf ,u©rsm; blwrsm;ESihf ujy
azsmfajzrnfh ewfa'0grsm;ESihf vltrsm; &Sd\[laom azmfjycsuf
onf þjzpf&yfü tHhMozG,f r[kwfacs/ y@Kumb,onf
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü tBu;D us,fqkH;ESihf tpGrf;EdkifqkH;
bk&ifwpfyg;jzpfonfrSm aocsmonf/ odkYjzpfí y@Kumb,\
b0onf twdwfu BuD;us,fNyD; pGrf;tm;&Sdol tm;vkH;eD;yg;\
jzpf&yfrsm;uJhodkYyif vlom;vGef yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ pdwful;,Of jzpf&yf
rsm;jzihf 0ef;&Hxm;onf/ Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfESihf wynhfom0ursm;
onf a'0grsm;? ,u©rsm;ESihf blwrsm;udk rMumcP awGUqkHMu
onf? 0dZ,rif;onf ,u©rsm;udk atmifEdkifonf? taomu
rif;wGif tvdk&SdcsdefwGif ac:,lí&onhf aus;uRefrsm;tjzpf ,u©
ESihf em*rsm;&Sdonf? od&doHCaAm"drif;onf tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;
onhf ,u©wpfa,mufudk atmifEdkifcJhonf? r[maoerif;onf
ewfwdkYtm; pdefac:cJhonf? at'D 15 &mpk uAsmq&m ynm&Sif
BuD;jzpfol awm#*rk 0 od&d &m[kvonfyif ¤if;ydkifEdkifonfh
2
,u©rsm; &Sd&rnf[k ,kHMunfcH&jcif;twGuf vlodrsm;onf /
y@Kumb,onf rdrdü wefcdk;&Sifrsm;\ ulnDrI&Sdonf[k
½dk;om;pGm ,kHMunfcJhEdkifzG,f&SdNyD; ,if;odkY,kHMunfojzifh ewfuGef;
trsm;tjym; aqmufvkyfvsuf ¤if;wdkYulnDrItwGuf aus;Zl;qyf
onhftaejzihf ¤if;wdkYtm; wkHYjyefaxmufyhHrIrsm; jyKcJhykH&onf/ xdkY
jyif ¤if;taejzihf rdrdrSm axmufyhHulnDonfh ,u©wdkY\ cGeftm;
1
tcef; 2 ESihf 3 udk ½Iyg/
2
tvufpE´o*&dwfonf ¤if;\ b0wpfqifhwGif rufqD'kef (Macedon)
NrdKUom; zdvpf (Philip)\om; r[kwfbJ ewfbk&m;wpfql\ om;jzpfNyD;
¤if;onf vlom;vGef wefckd;rsm;udk ydkifqdkifxm;aMumif; tqdk&Sdonf/
106 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&SdaMumif; jynfolrsm;udk jyovsuf rdrd\ pdk;ydkifjcif;ESihf BuD;us,f
jcif;rsm;jzihf jynfolrsm;tm; ESpfoufaprnfh EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,f
wpfck tjzpfvnf; ,lqcJhzG,f&Sdonf/
tqdkyg ,u©rsm;tjyif tvGefta&;rygonhf ,u©trsm;
tjym;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ Owå&0d[m&t|uxmusrf;udk udk;um;
1
onhf r[m0Ho#Dumusrf; t& ZkwdE¨&ac:onfh ,u©wpfOD;&SdNyD;
¤if;onf apwd,m odkYr[kwf 0v0grkcD,u©deD\ cifyGef;jzpfvsuf
olonf od&Do0w¬KNrdKU wdkufyGJwGif usqkH;cJhonf/ þ,u©onf
oD[dkVfuRef; ta&SUzsm;&Sd "kr&|awmif(O'krÁ&awmif[kvnf; ac:
onf? ,aeYacwf 'drÁKvm*vawmif)wGif aexdkifonf/ y@Kum
b,taMumif;ü ta&;ygonhfae&mwGif&Sdol 0v0grkcD ,u©deD\
cifyGef;ESihfywfoufNyD; tjcm; bmrSrod&acs/
y@Kumb,onf ra[o,u©twGuf ewfuGef;wpfck
2
aqmufvkyfay;aMumif; od&onf / ,if;ewfESihf ywfoufonfh
aemufxyf bmrS rod&acs/ odkYwap ,if;ewfaexdkifonfh ewf
uGef;onf a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxufwdkif wnf&SdcJhykH&onf/
taMumif;rl xlyg&mrapwDawmfwGif Xmyemrnfh Ak'¨"mwfawmf
rsm;udk o,f,lvmonhf qifonf ra[ZewfuGef;odkY a&muf
3 6
onfxd qufoGm;cJhaMumif; qdkxm;aomaMumihfjzpfonf / aemuf
ydkif;ü ,if;ewfuGef;taMumif; azmfjycsuf wpfpkHwpf&m r&Sdawmh
acs/ þonfrSm xlyg&mapwDawmf ywfvnfü jzpfay:vmonfh
Ak'¨bmomtaqmufttkHrsm;tMum; aysmufuG,foGm;ykH&onf/
a'0geHyd,wdórif;vufxuf ur®m&a'0[k ac:onhf
4
aqmufvkyfa&;qdkif&mewf wpfrsKd;taMumif;udk azmfjyxm;onf /
,if;ewftaMumif;udk NyD;cJhonhf tcef;wGif aqG;aEG;cJhNyDjzpfonf/
1
r[m0Ho#D? 289/
2 CB. Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 309)/
r[m0Ho 10;90/
3
,if; 17;30/ r[m0Ho#D? pm-378/
4
r[maAm"d0Ho? pm-84/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 107
'k|*grPdrif;vufxufü yk&a'0trnf&Sd ewfwpfa,muf t
1
aMumif; azmfjyonf / tqdkyg ]NrdKUudkapmihfaeonhfewf}onf bDpD
ESpf&mpkwGif yxrtBudrf &nffñTef;cJhaomfvnf; ,if;rwdkifrDuyif
wnf&SdaecJhzG,f&dSonf/ xdkYjyif t&d|awmif (&dXd*vawmif)wGif
aexdkifonfh Z,aoetrnf&Sdonhf ,u©wpfa,muf &Sdonf/ pD;
csif;wdkufyJGwpfckwGif ¤if;udk 'k|*grPdrif;BuD;\ AkdvfcsKyfjzpfol
2
a*gX£rÁ&u ESdrfeif;cJhonf / NrdKUawmftaemufzuf *dwfteD;
y@Kumb,rif; ae&mcsxm;ay;cJhonhf ypädr&mZdeD ]taemuf
3
rdzk&m;}trnf&Sd ewforD;wpfa,mufvnf; &Sdonf / þewforD;
4
\ vkyfaqmifrIESihf ywfoufNyD; bmrQ rod&acs /
t&Sifr[dE´ <ua&mufcJhNyD; oD[dkVf&Sd vlom;vGef wefckd;&Sif
ewfwdkYtcsKdUudk Ak'¨0g'DtjzpfodkY ajymif;vJcJhaMumif; arQmfvihfjcif;
rSm obm0omvQif jzpfonf/ tjcm;urÇmh tpdwftydkif;odkY oGm;
cJhMuonhf t&Sifjrwf\ rdwfaqGESpfyg;onf ,u©ESihf em*rsm;udk
atmifEdkifNyD; Ak'¨0g'DjzpfapcJhaMumif;qdkonf/ uo®d&a'oodk oGm;
a&mufcJhonfh rZÑEÅdu(Majjhantika)rax&fonf ,u©rsm; em*rsm;
5
*E¨AÁrsm;ESihf ukrÇ@rsm;udk atmifEdkifcJhaMumif; qdkonf / ok0PÖ
blrdodkY oGm;cJhonhf t&SifaomPrax&fonf ,u©deDwpfa,muf
udk ESdrfeif;cJhonf / t&Sifr[dE´onf ,u©ESifh em*wdkYjzihf pkNyKHae
onhf EdkifiHwpfckodkY vmcJh&aomfvnf; t&Sifjrwftaejzihf rnf
onhf ,u©wdkYudkrQ Ak'¨0g'odkY ul;ajymif;apcJhaMumif; qdkrxm;acs/
1
r[m0Ho 25?;87/
2
&o0g[deD 2? pm-89/
3
r[m0Ho 10;89/
4
y&0dweyk*¾Kdvfu ,if;taemufrdz&k m;onf [l,ifqef azmfjyonhf t
aemufzuf trsKd;orD;rsm;\ rdzk&m;jzpfykH&aMumif; ,lqcJhonf/ (JRAS.
5
r[m0Ho 9;11-28/ 0d-| 1? 49/
6
r[m0Ho 9;44-45/ 0d-| 1? 52/
112 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
vufcHvQif ,if; (aomw¬domv)onf tapmqkH; bDpDav;&mpk
tcsdefu tEk&m&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd jAm[®PwdkY aomw¬d0peudk ½Gwfqdk
onhf ae&mcef;raqmif wpfckjzpfvdrfhrnf/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü ed*P² (t0wfrpnf;ol)wdkY wnf&SdcJh
onhf taxmuftxm;vnf; awGU&onf/ a&S;OD; ygVdpmayü
ed*P²[laom a0g[m&onf Zdeudk &nfñTef;NyD; *sdef;0g'udk wnf
1
axmifol r[m0D&udk ed*P²em#ykwå [kac:onf / at'D ig;&mpk
t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf ygVdordkif;usrf;rsm;üyif ed*P²[laomyk'f
2
tm; Zdeudk&nfñTef;cJhonf /
y@Kumb,acwfwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü aZmwd,? *d&dESihf
ukrÇ@[k xif&Sm;onhf ed*P² okH;a,muf&Sdonf/ y@Kumb,
onf ed*P²aZmwd,twGuf Zmwferd fhwdkY okomef\ ta&SUpl;pl;
wGif ocFrf;ausmif;wpfck aqmufvkyfay;cJhonf/ *d&dtrnf&Sd
ed*P²vnf; xdktae&müyif aeoGm;cJhonf/ y@Kumb,onf
ukbrÇ@ ed*P²twGuf a'0ukv (0wfausmif;)wpfck wnf
aqmufay;aMumif; od&NyD; ,if;0wfausmif;udk ,if;ed*P²\
3
trnfjzihf ac:a0:Muonf / tqdkyg ed*P² okH;a,mufwdkY\
MunhfrIESihfqdkifonhf tpDt&ifwpfrsKd; odkYr[kwf (usufNyD;xrif;udk ajrBuD;
ay:wGif BuJjzef;jcif;? rEÅ&m;wpfrsKd;udk xyfcgxyfcg ½Gwfqdkí qkawmif;
jcif;? ,if;odkYjyKpOf 0efaqmifc ay;tyfjcif; odkYr[kwf yef;eHYom tom;csKd
ponfh tydkvufaqmifrsm;jzihf jAm[®PwdkYudk ylaZmfyojcif;rsm;jzihf) t
av;teufvkyf&onhf tpDt&ifrsKd; jzpfonf/ Monier Willians \ Skt.
Eng. Dict. S.v. Svasti. udkvnf; ½Iyg/
1 MunfrItaMumif; azmfjyrxm;onfrSm tHhMozG,faumif;onf/ odkYwap
r 2? 35 (Oygvdokwå)/
2
ed*P²[laom a0g[m&udk Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfonhf t,l0g'tm;vkH;udk &nf
ñTef;cJhonfrSm aESmif;acwf ygVdpmaywGifom jzpfonf/ Oyrm at'D 12
&mpk a&;om;onhf 'gXm0HowGif ,if;a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,frSm aocsmrI
r&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ ,if;onf a0PÖ0 (209-210 *gxm)udk qdkonf
rSm aocsmonf/ odkY&mwGif *gxmtrSwf 155 ürl ed*P²wdkYonf &SD0ESihf
jA[®mudk ,kHMunfonf[k qdkxm;onf/
3
r[m0Ho 97;99/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 109
1
rsm; jzpfvmMuonf /
,u©,kHMunfrIrsm;tjyif Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü opfyifudk;
uG,frI&SdaMumif; &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ü taxmuftxm;rsm; awGU&
onf/ a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g' ygVdawmfusrf;rsm;ü opfyifudk;uG,frIudk
xif&Sm;onhf ,kHMunfrIwpfcktjzpf azmfjyNyD; tcsKdUopfyifrsm;udk
2
]apwd, = apwD}[k ac:a0:xm;onf / aESmif;acwf yef;ykvuf
&mrsm;üyif tcsKdUopfyifrsm;udk ]apwd,}rsm; pm&if;ü azmfjy
3
onf / rdk[if*sKd'½dk (Mohenjodaro)ESihf [m&yÜ (Harappa)NrdKUrsm;&Sd
tdE´KNrdKUjy,Ofaus;rIwGif opfyifudk;uG,frIudk xif&Sm;pGm awGU&
onf/ rdk[if*sKd'½dkwGifvnf; aAm"dyifudk &Sdckd;udk;uG,fMuaMumif;
4
,lqMuonf /
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü ½dkaop&mtjzpf,lqcH&onfh opf
yifESpfyif&SdaMumif; aocsmonhf taxmuftxm;&Sdonf/ wpfyif
rSm ,aeYacwfwdkifatmifyif a,bk,stm;jzihf ½dkaop&mtjzpf
ESihf ewfwdkYaexdkifonhfae&mtjzpf ,lqcH&onfh yanmifyif jzpf
onf/ y@Kumb,onf NrdKUawmf taemufzuf*dwf&Sd yanmif
yifwGif ,u©wdkY\bk&if a0ó&0Ptm; ae&may;aMumif; od&
onf / aemuft½dktaocH opfyifrSm xef;yif (Palmyrah) jzpf
5
onf/ y@Kumb,rif;onf Asm"a'0ewf ]rkqdk;ewf}tm; NrdKU
awmf taemufzuf *dwfteD; xef;yifwGif ae&mcsxm;ay;
1
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü ,kMH unfrI trsKd;rsKd;&Sdaeonhfteuf em*,kH
xkH;pHr[kwfbJ ,aeYwdkif oD[dkVfaus;½Gmrsm;ü a>ra[mufrsm;ukd t½dkt
aoay;aejcif;u a&S;acwfoD[dkVf&Sd ,kHMunfrIrsm;teuf a>ra[mufrsm;
twGuf ae&m&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/
2
r 1? 25/ 'Dy0Ho 14;10/
3
Ananda K. Coomaraswamy : History of Indian and Indonesian Art, p. 47.
4
Sir John Marshall : Mohendaro and the Indus Civilization, Vol. I, p. 63 ff.
5
r[m0Ho 10;89/
110 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
onf / [ife&Dygumu tqdkyg rkqdk;rsm;ewfonf tdE´d,awmif
ydkif;rS Xmae (a&S;OD;vl)rsm;\ awmifukef;ewf (Hill God)ESihf wl
aMumif;ESihf tvGefa&S;usonhf tcsdefu oD[dkVfü yxrqkH;vm
2
a&muf aexdkifolrsm;vnf; xdkodkYyif jzpfaMumif; ,lqcJhonf /
odkYwap azmfjyyg wpfoD;wpfjcm;jzpfonhf erlemrSwpfyg; ½dkao
p&m opfyifrsm;ü xef;yifudk xnfhoGif;cJhonf[laomtcsuf?
,if;(xef;yif)udk ,aeY aus;vufaeolwdkYtwGif; t½dktaojyK
&m opfyiftjzpf ,lqMuonf[laom tcsufrsm;udk azmfjy&ef
3
oihfavsmfonhf taxmuftxm; r&Sdacs /
1
Asm"a'0ó wmvuH/ r[m0Ho 10;89/ 0DvsH*dkif*gu Asm"da'0ó [k
zwfonf/ rmvmvmaqau&vnf; ,if;odkYyif zwfonf/ odkYwap xdk
tcsdefwGif trJvdkufjcif;rSm ta&;ygonhf oufarG;0rf;ausmif;wpfck jzpf
onf[laomtcsufESihf y@Kumb,onf rkqdk;rsm; aexdkifrnfh tdrfwef;
rsm; aqmufvkyfay;onf (tm0goygvd Asm"meH? r[m0Ho 10;95) [l
aomtcsufwdkYudk xnfhoGif;pOfpm;ygu okr*FvESifh Awk0EÅK'a0 (Batu-
wantudave)wdkY wnf;jzwfonhf r[m0Housrf;ü azmfjyaom ]Asm"a'0}
trnfonf ydkí aMumif;usKd; qDavsmfonf/
2
3
Ancient Ceylon, p. 177.
y&e0dweurl Ak'¨vufxufu a&S;acwftEd ´d,wGif xef;yifudk t½dkt
aojyKp&m opfyiftjzpf ,lqcJhzG,f&Sdonf[k ,lqonf/ ,if;,lqcsuf
udk axmufcH&eftwGuf xdkyk*¾Kdvfu Oyrmwpfck xkwfjyonf/ ,if;rSm
qAÁ*¾D&[ef;rsm; zdeyfcsKyf&ef xef;½GuftwGuf xef;yifudk ckwfjcif;tm;
(Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu) wm;jrpfcJhonf/ y&e0dweu vltrsm;onf xef;yif
ü {ud`E´d, (½kyfZD0dwda`E´) &Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf[k qdkonf (JRAS.
CB., Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 318.)/ odkYwap ,if;azmfjycsufrSm xef;yifESihf
ywfoufí &Sif;vif;jywfom;onhf ,lqcsufudk ray;acs/ taMumif;rl
a&S;acwf tdE´d,ü xef;yifudkomr[kwf jrufyifrsm;tygt0if tyiftm;
vkH;wGif {ud`E´d, (ZD0dwda`E´)&Sdonf[laom t,ltrSm xif&Sm;aMumihfjzpf
onf/ tmV0DNrdKU? t*¾gV0apwDü oDwif;okH;Muaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
ausmif;ocFrf;rsm; aqmufvkyf&ef opfyifrsm;udk ckwfvSJMuonf/ (opfyif
\ trnfudk azmfjyrxm;ay/) þjzpf&yfü okH;EIef;azmfjycsufrSm twlwl
jzpfonf ]{ud`E´d,H orPm ousykwåd,m ZD0H 0da[aXóEÅd? ZD0ondaem
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 111
txufwGif azmfjyNyD;onfh ,kHMunfpGJvrf;rIrsm;tjyif tjcm;
bmomw&m;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ y&e0dweyk*¾Kdvfu a&S;t
usqkH; ausmufpmrsm;ü Ak'¨0g'a&muf&SdNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrDwGif
oD[dkVfuRef;ü jAm[®Prsm; wnf&SdrItwGuf taxmufrsm;&Sd
aMumif;ESihf odkYjzpfí jAm[®PwdkYonf Ak'¨0g'ra&mufrDüvnf;
1
wnf&SdcJh&rnf[k qdkonf / NyD;cJhaom tcef;ü vlYtzGJUtpnf;
twGif; jAm[®PwdkY\ tcef;u@taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;cJhNyD;jzpf
onf/ xdktcsdefu tEk&m"yk&NrdKUwGif jAm[®P0g'qdkif&m pmoif
ausmif; trsm;tjym;&SdcJhonf/
r[maAm"d0Housrf;wGif 'd ,0gotrnf&Sd jAm[®P ydkifqdkif
(aexdkif)onhf a'0a*[ (ewfuGe;f ) tm; r[modrfe,fedrdwfudk
rSwfom;vsuf a'0geHyd,wdórif; vufxufwkdif xdef;odrf;xm;
2
aMumif; qdkonf / tjzpfEdkifqkH;rSm ,if;onf jAm[®P,kHMunfrI
qdkif&m a'0gv, odkYr[kwf ewfuGef;jzpfonf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd
y@Kumb,\ taqmufttkHrsm;wGif jAm[®Pbk&m;ausmif;
jzpfzG,f&Sdonhf jAm[®PwdkY aexdkifp&mae&m (jAm[®P0w¬K)ukd
3
vnf; xnhfoGif;cJhonf / y@Kumb,onf aomw¬ domv [k
ac:onhf taqmufttkHwpfckudkvnf; aqmufvkyfapaMumif;
4
qdkonf / r[m0Ho#Dumusrf;wGif ,if; (aomw¬domv) a0g
[m&twGuf t"dyÜm,f ESpfrsKd;zGifh&mwGif wpfrsKd;rSm jAmPwdkY
aomw¬d0peudk a[mMum;onhf cef;r[kjzpfonf? aemufwpfrsKd;
5
rSm aq;½kH[k jzpfonf / tu,fí yxrt"dyÜm,f zGifhqdkcsufudk
1
ZD0ondaem [d rEkóm ½ku©o®ð (0d 1? 237)}/ awGUjrifaeus jrufyif
rsm;udkyif ½kyfZD0dwda`E´&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
2
JRAS. (CB), Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 322.
r[maAm"d0Ho? pm- 85/
3
r[m0Ho 10;102/
4
,if; 10;102/
5
r[m0Ho#D? pm 296/ aomw¬domvm emr jAm[®PmeH 0peomvm
*dvmeomvm 0g/ aomw¬d0pe[lonf ,Zfyal Zmf&ef jyifqifonhf ,kH
116 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rnfrsm;udkvnf; awGU&onf/ tcsKdU eu©wftrnfrsm; aemufodkY
vdkufírSnhfac:xm;onfh uoQPBuD#m (kşaºakr²¹ā)uJhodkYaom
jynfolYyGJawmfrsm;udk usif;yMuonf/ r[m0Husrf;ü y@Kumb,
onf qP(saºa)tcsdeftcgtwGif; pdwå&mZewfESihftwl xdkif
1
aMumif; jyqdkonf / þü qP(ouúw kşaºa )[laom a0g
[m&onf r*Fvm&Sdaom tcsdet f cg tcdkuftwefYü usif;yonhf
yGJawmf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ r[m0Ho#Dumusrf;ü a'0geHyd,
wdórif;vufxufüvnf; a&obifyGJawmfudk eu©wfwm&mwpf
2
ckudk taMumif;jyKí usif;yaMumif;zGifhqdkonf / edrdwfzwfolrsm;
aA'ifq&mrsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf &nfñTef;csuf rsm;pGm awGU&
onf/ y@K0goka'0 a&mufvmrIudk aA'ifq&mwdkY BudKwifa[m
3
Mum;cJhonf / xdktwl b'´upömem a&mufvmrIudkvnf; aA'if
4
q&mwdkY BudKa[mcJhonf / rEÅ&m; uRrf;usifMuonfh jAm[®Prsm;
u pdwåm\om;onf xD;eef;udk taMumif;jyKí ¤if;\OD;av;
5
awmfrsm;udk owfjzwfrnfjzpfaMumif; BudKwifa[mMum;cJhonf /
y@Kumb,onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUwnf udpöESihfywfoufí aA'if
6 4
q&m [l;&m;q&mrsm;ESihf wdkifyifcJhonf / [l;&m;q&mrsm;onf
t&Sifr[dE´ESihf tjcm;rax&frsm;twGuf ae&mxdkifcif;rsm; jzefY
cif;onfudk jrifaomtcg ¤if;wdkYu EdkifiHawmfudk xdkrax&fwdYk
atmifEdkifNyDjzpfaMumif;ESihf xdkrax&frsm;taejzihf EdkifiHawmf\
7 5
t&Sifocifrsm;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k a[mudef;xkwfcJhMuonf /
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfwGif ae&mXme toDoD;ü ,kHMunfol
tkyfpk tenf;i,fESihftwl ,kHMunfrIESihf pGJvrf;rItaxGaxG &SdcJh
1
r[m0Ho 10;87/
2
r[m0Ho#D? pm - 329/
3 3
r[maAm"d0Ho 8;14/
4
r[m0Ho#D? pm -272/
5
r[m0Ho 9;2 /
6
r[m0Ho 10;76/ 7
r[m0Ho 10;75/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 113
0wfausmif;rsm;onf a'0geHy, d wdórif;vufxufwkdif wnf&Sd
aecJhNyD; ,if;wdkYrSm r[modrfawmfBuD; e,fedrdwftwGif; yg0ifcJh
1
onf / ,if; (ed*P²0wfausmif;) okH;ckteuf *d&d\ ausmif;onf
ta&;tygqkH;ESihf tcsrf;omqkH; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ r[m0Ho#Dum
usrf;wGif bk&ifudk qefYusif vkyfMuHcJhMuonfh wdó? tb,ESifh
Owå& trnf&Sd cv’m#em* (Khallāµanāga)\ wlawmfarmif okH;
a,mufonf ,if;(*d&d\0wfausmif;)twGif;&Sd rD;vQHxJodkY ckefcs
2
NyD; udk,hfudk,fudk tqkH;pD&ifoGm;cJhMuaMumif; qdkonf / aemuf
wufbk&if 0¥*grPdtb,rif;onf ,if;0wfausmif;udk zsuf
qD;ypfNyD; xdkae&mwGif tb,*d&dausmif;udk wnfaqmufcJhonf/
aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif ed*P²wdkY\ 0wfausmif; r&SdawmhaMumif;ESihf
tEk&m"yk&NrdKU odkYr[kwf oD[dkVfuRef; rnfonhfae&mwGifrS *sdef;
bk&m;ausmif; t<uif;tusef&SdaMumif; ñTefjy&ef a&S;a[mif; t
3
axmuftxm; r&SdawmhaMumif; od&onf / tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd *d&d
ed*P²ausmif;jzpfykH odkYr[kwf a&S;acwftdE´d,&Sd ,u©(ewfbDvl;)
ewfuGef;a[mif;rsm;\ jzpfykHuJhodkYyif *sdef;bk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk Ak'¨
bmomausmif;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;ypfjcif;rSm xif&Sm;onf /
xdktcsdefu oD[dkVfwGif oQD00g'wnf&SdcJhaMumif; ,kHMunf&
onhf taxmuftxm;&Sdonf/ ,if;odkYjzpfí r[m0Housrf;ü
y@Kumb,onf od0duomvmwpfck wnfaqmufcJhaMumif;
qdk onf / r[m0Ho#Dumü aomw¬domvm[laom a0g[m&ESihf
ywfoufí t"dyÜm,fESpfrsKd; zGihfqdkonf/ yxr t"dyÜm,frSm od0
1
r[maAm"d0Ho? pm - 84/
2
r[m0Ho#Dum? pmrsufESm 612 wGif ¤if;wdkY rD;xJckefcsonhfae&mrSm ,ck
awGU&onhf tb,*d&dbk&m;wnf&Sdonhf ae&mjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/
JRAS. (CB), Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 326.
4
tvGefa&S;usonhf tcsdefu oD[dkVfuRef;odkY *sdef;bkef;BuD;rsm; vma&muf
cJhrI jzpfEdkifacsESihf ywfoufNyD; JRAS. (CB), Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 324, ESihf
Lewis Rice, Mysores and Coorg, p. 3 ff. wdkYudkvnf; ½Iyg/
5
r[m0Ho 10;102/
114 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 115
1
jA[®m\ t*FgZmwf (oD0vd*F)wnf&Sdonhf taqmifjzpfaMumif; oDrm\ b,fzufwGif &Sdonf / y&dAÁmZursm;ESihf yAÁZdwrsm;onf
1
ESihf 'kwd, zGifhqdkcsufrSm arG;zGm;&mtdrf[k jzpfonf / y&e0dwe Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü rsm;pGm&SdNyD; xif&Sm;aMumif; ordkif;
yk*¾Kdvfu od0dumESihf aomw¬domvm[laom a0g[m&rsm;udk bm usrf;rsm;ü ,if;wdkYudk &nfñTef;csuftcsKdUrS jrifawGUEdkifonf/
oma&;oabmygonhf tjcm;taqmufttkHrsm;ESifh twl azmfjy OyÜv0PÖmtrnf&Sd ewforD;onf 0dZ,rif;ESihf ¤if;\toif; t
xm;ojzihf yxr,lqcsufrSm vufcHEdkifzG,f&SdaMumif; ,lq yif;rsm;udkulnD&ef y&dAÁmZutoGifjzihf oD[dkVfuRef; odkYa&mufvm
2 2
onf / ,if;odkYjzpfonfqdkvQif þae&mü a&S;acwf oD[dkVfwGif cJhonf / y@K0goka'0vnf; y&dAÁmZutoGifjzihf oD[dkVfuRef;
3
vdift*Fgudk udk;uG,frItwGuf erlemwpfck&Sdonf/ r[m0Ho#Dum odkY a&mufvmonf / b'´upömemESihf trsKd;orD; 32 a,muf
usrf;wGif r[memrrif; (at'D 334-362)onf oD[dkVfuRef; ae onf y&dAÁmZdum (y&dAdkZfrrsm;)toGif 0wfqifNyD; oD[dkVfuRef;odkY
4
&m tm;vkH;ü&Sdonfh oD0vd*Frsm;udk zsufqD;ypfaMumif; qdkojzihf a&mufvmcJhMuonf / ,if;jzpf&yfu yAÁZdwESihf y&dAÁmZursm;udk
at'Dav;&mpkü oD0vdift*Fgudk udk;uG,frI us,fus,fjyefYjyefY &Sd oD[dkVfuRef;om;wdkY odMuNyD; vlodrsm;vsuf vkHNcKHrItwGuf ESpf
3
EdkifaMumif; ,lq&onf / oufjcif; &SdMuonfudk azmfjyonf/
oD[dkVfuRef;ü orPrsm;tjzpf vlodrsm;onhf y&dAÁZuESihf wmyo[kac:onhf bmoma&;tkyfpkwpfck taMumif;udk
tmZD0ursm;? ygo@rsm;? yAÁZdwrsm;ESihf tjcm;&aoh&[ef;rsm; vnf; azmfjyonf/ y@Kumb,onf rkqdk;&yfuGufwef;vsm;
\ ta&twGufudk wlnDpGm awGU&Sd&onf/ r[m0Housrf;ü y@K tvGef ajrmufzufwGif tqdkyg wmyorsm;twGufvnf; ausmif;
5
umb,onf y&dAÁmZursm;twGuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wpfckESihf wdkufwpfck wnfaqmuf ay;aMumif;qdkonf / wmyo[laom
tmZD0ursm;twGuf tdrfwpfaqmif wnfaqmufay;aMumif; qdk a0g[m&jzihf rnfonfudkqdkvdkaMumif; uGJjym;pGm rod&acs/ ,if;
4
onf / *d&ded*P²ESihf aZmwd,ed*P²wdkYaexdkifonhf ywf0ef;usif bmoma&; tkyfpkrsm;pGmtjyif rdpäm'd|dt,l&Sdol rdom;pkig;&m
5 6
wGif ygo@ESihf orPtrsm;tjym; aexdkifMuonf / r[m vnf; rkqdk;wef;vsm;vdkif;\ ta&SUzufwGif aexdkifcJhonf / y@K
aAm"d0Housrf;t& a'0geHy, d wdórif;vufxuf y&dAÁmZu umb,acwf oD[dkVfom;wdkYtjrifü rdpäm'd|d[lonf ,aeYacwf
rsm;pGmtwGuf tm&mr(ausmif;wdkuf)rsm;&SdNyD; ,if;wdkYonf r[m uREfkyfwdkYtzdkY pdwf0ifpm;zG,f wdrfjrKyfonfht&m wpfckjzpfonf/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfuRef;ü bmoma&;,kHMunfrI acgif;pOf
1
od0dumomvm emr od0vd*Fywd|mydwm omvm? 0dZm,eC&H 0g/ jzihf wdkuf½dkuf oGif;,lEdkifzG,fr&Sdonhf tjcm;,kHMunfrIrsm;vnf;
r[m0Ho#D? 296/ &SdcJhao;onf/ ,if;rSm aA'ifudk ,kHMunfrIjzpfonf/ vlom;wdkY\
2
JRAS. (CB), Vol. XXXI, No. 82, p. 326.
3 eu©wfwm&mtrnfudk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkrIonf a0'acwfrS tavh
rarQmfvihfbJ y@Kumb,\ OD;av;rsm;teuf wpfa,muf\ trnf
emronf *d&du@od0? qdkvdkonfrSm *d&du@c½dkife,f\ oD0 jzpfonf
tusihf jzpfonf/ a&S;acwf a&m[PESihf tEk&m"uJhodkYaom t
(r[m0Ho 10;29)/ ,if;onf xdkacwf oD[dkVfü od0vd*F wnf&SdrIudk 1
azmfjyEdkifonfh oG,f0dkufonhf taxmuftxm; wpfcktjzpf ,lqEdkifyg r[maAm"d0Ho? pm- 84-95/
2 3
rnfavm/ r[m0Ho 7;6/ ,if; 8;11/
4 4 5
r[m0Ho 10;101-102/ r[m0Ho 8;24/ ,if; 10;90/
5 6
,if; 10;98/ ,if; 10;100/
120 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[dkVfEdkifiH bmoma&;tajctae 117
ns)vlrsKd;rsm;onf rlvtm;jzifh jrwfAk'¨\ wpfb0wm vkyfaqmif onf/ odkYwap uREkfyfwdkYawGU&rnf jzpfonhftwdkif; ,if;wdkYwGif
csufrsm;ü awGU&onhf r"sma'o (Madhyadeŝe)rS tajccsaexdkif oD[dkVfü t&Sdeft0g&SdrIESifh ywfoufí Ak'¨0g' pnf;½kH;ouJhodkY
1
cJhMuonfh tm&d,eftEG,f cwåd,rsm;jzpfMuonf / apmapmydkif; pepfwus zGJUpnf;cJhonhf rnfonhf ,kHMunfrItkyfpk taMumif;rQ
u oD[dkVfuRef;odkY a&mufvmMuonhf yef*syfrdom;pkrsm;onf o taxmuftxm; rawGU&acs/
bm0tm;jzihf Ak'¨ESihf"r®taMumif; A[kokwtcsKdUudk ,laqmifcJh
rnfjzpfNyD; ,if;wdkYtxJrStcsKdUrSm Ak'¨0g'Drsm; jzpfEdkifonf/ 00000000

taomurif;\ vlrIa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf oD[dkVfodkYwkdif

a&muf&SdoGm;aMumif; awGU&Sd&NyD; rif;BuD;\ 'lw(oHwref)rsm;
onf t&Sifr[dE´rwkdifrD oD[dkVfodkY tvnftywf a&muf&SdcJhzG,f
&Sdonf/ xdk{nfhonfrsm;onf taomurif;\ Ak'¨0g'a&;&m
aqmif½GufrIrsm;taMumif; oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;tm; ajymjyMurnfrSm
2
tvGefyif jzpfEdkifonf/ tdwfcsf tdk'ifbwf (H. Oldenberg) u
aumif;rGefonhf taMumif;jycsufrygbJ oD[dkVfordkif;usrf;rsm;ü
azmfjyouJhodkY Ak'¨0g'udk oD[dkVfuRef;odkY t&Sifr[dE´,laqmifvm
cJhonfr[kwfbJ tdrfeD;csif; uvd*Fwdkif;rSwpfqihf wjznf;jznf;
jyefYESHYcJhaMumif; ,lqonf/ odkYwap y@Kumb, wnfaxmifcJh
onhf bmoma&; taqmufttkHrsm;teuf Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m t
aqmufttkH wpfckwavrQ wnfaqmufaMumif; azmfjycsuf r
3
awGU&onfrSm xl;qef;onf / ,if;odkY razmfjybJxm;jcif;rSm t
&Sifr[dE´tay: vkH;0tm½kH pl;pkdufap&efESihf ,if;odkYjyKjcif;jzihf
*kPf,lxdkufonhf txif&Sm;qkH;aom yk*¾Kdvf bk&iftaomuESihf
oD[dkVfuRef;odkY Ak'¨0g'udk o,f,lvmoludk qufoG,f&ef Ak'¨0g'
ordkif;usrf;tzdkY obm0tm;jzihf pdwfñGwfrIaMumifh jzpfzG,f&Sd
aMumif; tdk'ifbwfESihf rmvmvmaqau&wdkY ESpfa,mufvkH;yif
4
oabmwlMuonf / odkYwap ordkif;usrf;rsm;ü ,if;odkY odvsuf
1
PLC, p. 17; D.r. Bhandarkar : Carmichael Lectures (1918), p. 9.
2
Vinaya Pitaka, intro, p. 1.
3
r[m0Ho 10;96-102/
4
Vinaya, Intro. p. lii; PLC. p. 10.
 tcef; 4
Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif;

oD[dkVfuRef;odkY Ak'¨0g'udk ydkYay;cJholrSm bDpD okH;&mpk tv,f

avmufwGif oD[dkVfodkY<ua&mufvmonfh taomurif;\ om;
1
awmf t&Sifr[dE´jzpfonf[k[k ,kHMunf&onf / ,if;onf
oD[dkVfodkY Ak'¨0g' a&muf&SdvmrItwGuf w&m;0ifxkwfjyefrItjzpf
,lq Edkifaomfvnf; Ak'¨? Ak'¨"r®taMumif;ESihf pGrf;tm;&Sif Ak'¨0g'D
tdE´d,{u&mZf\ vIyf&Sm;rItaMumif; owif;rsm;udk (t&Sifr[dE´
ra&mufrD) apmapmydkif;uyif oD[dkVfuRef;odkY ra&muf&SdcJhao;[k
,kHMunf&ef taMumif;r&Sdacs/ 0dZ,rif;vufxufü oD[dkVf
tdE´d,ESpfEdkifiHtMum; tqufrjywf tjyeftvSefqufoG,frIrsm;
wnf&SdcJhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ tdE´d,awmifydkif; yef*syf (Pāº¹ya-
1
'Dy0Ho 7;18-19/ 11;39-54/ 0d-| 1? 38-76/ r[m0Ho 5;195/ 13;
15 *gxm/ w½kwfbk&m;zl;c&D;onf &[ef;awmf [l,ifqefu Ak'¨0g'udk
]ra[`E´ [kac:onhf taomur[m&mZm\ nDawmf}u oD[dkVfuRef;odkY
aqmif,lcJhaMumif; qdkonf (Hiuen Tsiang, Bk. XI, p. 246.)/ odkY&mwGif
,if;azmfjycsuftay: txl;tav;jyK&ef taMumif;r&Sdacs/ [l,ifqef
onf ¤if;\ owif;tcsuftvufudk wpfqifhpum;tm;jzihf &,lpkaqmif;
cJhonf/ ygVdbmomrSwfwrf;rsm;rSm rsm;pGmydkrdk av;pm;xdkufonf/ r[dE´
onf oD[dkVfodkY <ua&mufvmNyD; oD[dkVfrSmyif omoemhwm0efudk xrf;
aqmifNyD; oD[dkVfrSmyif ysHvGefawmfrlonf/ t&Sifr[dE´ESihf ywfoufí
oD[dkVfvlxkonf tjcm;rnfonhf EdkifiHom;xufrqdk obm0tm;jzihf ydkrdk
&ifESD;rI&SdNyD; ckdifvkHonhf owif;tcsuf tvuf &Sdvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/
124 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
0drme0w¬KrS jzpf&yf0w¬Krsm;udk a[mMum;onf/ ,if;a[mMum;
csufonf uG,fvGefol 0dnmOfavmuom;rsm;udk ,kHMunfNyD;jzpf
1
onfh bk&ifhy&dowftm; ESpfoufaprnfrSm aocsmNyD; ¤if;wdkY
tm; Ak'¨0g'tay:oabmwl vufcHEdkifaprnfjzpfonf/ ,if;
a[mMum;csufonf ydkrdkESpfoufvufcHzG,f trlt&mjzihf eef;wGif;
2
olwdkYtm; &Sif;jyonf/ t&Sifr[dE´onf opöoH,kwfygVdawmf
jzihf Ak'¨0g'\ opömav;yg;udkjyvsuf rdrd\w&m;udk tqkH;owf
vdkufonf/ þokwåefü t&Sifjrwftaejzihf tqkH;rxif usifvnf
&rnfh arG;aooHo&m\ aMumufrufzG,f aumif;ykHudkvnf; y&d
owftm; azmfjycGifh&vdkufonf/
wdk;yGm;vmaeonhf y&dowftm; tjcm;aom a'oemtpD
t&Dudk a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ þw&m; a'oemrsm;twGuf a½G;
cs,fonfh okwåefrsm;rSm txl;ojzihf emMum;olrsm;\ pdwfydkif;
qdkif&m &&SdrIESihf ,kHMunfrIrsm;aMumifh xl;jcm;Muonf/ yxrqkH;
rSm aumif;uH raumif;uHwdkY\ tusKd;ay;? raumif;rIjyKolwdkYudk
apmihfBudKaeonhf qif;&J'ku©ESihf i&Jom;wdkY\ ESdyfpufykHudk azmfjy
3
csufrsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf a'0'lwokwf (r 3? 191) jzpfonf/
,if;okwåefrSm raumif;rI\ tusKd;qufrsm;udk aMumuf½GHUjcif;jzihf
4
raumif;rIudk jyKjcif;rS&yfpJ&ef vlwdkYudkqGJaqmif&ef ñTefjyonf /
,if;aemuf vl,kwfrmonf raumif;rIudk jyKjcif;aMumihf þb0
aemifb0wGif qif;&J'ku©udk cHpm;&ykHudk oifMum;onfh Amv
5
y@dwokwf (r 3? 178) awmfudk a[mMum;onf/ olawmf
aumif;rlum; xdkodkYr[kwfbJ raumif;rIrS a&SmifMuOfNyD; aumif;rI
udkjyKvsuf þb0 aemifb0wGif csrf;omonf/ w&m;awmfrsm;
onf uH\tusKd;udk þb0wGif rnfodkYcHpm;&rnfqdkonhf tcsuf
1 2
r[m0Ho 14;55-58/
2 3
opömav;yg;udk azmfjyonhf oH,kwåedum,f\ aemufqkH;ydkif; jzpfonf/
3
r[m0Ho 14;63/
4 5
'Dy0Ho 13;7-8/ bDwð oawå ygykPðok/ 5 r[m0Ho 15;3-4/
Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 121
tm;xkwfrIwpf&yf &SdcJhonf[k azmfjyjcif;rSm vufcHavmufonhf
oabmr&Sday/ Ak'¨0g'taMumif; jynfoltrsm; odNyD;jzpfvsuf
oD[dkVfuRef; ae&mtEHSYwGif Ak'¨0g'DtcsKdUyif &SdNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; t
&Sifr[dE´a&mufrvmrD bmomw&m;wpfckudk twdtus wnf
aqmuf&ef bdu©Krsm;r&Sdao;onhftwGuf bmoma&; taqmuf
ttkHwpfck wnfaqmuf&ef rvdktyfaomaMumifh jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
t&Sifr[dE´onf tjcm;rax&fav;yg;ESihftwl oD[dkVfodkY <u
vmcJhonf/ ¤if;rax&fwdkYudk ac:,lvmjcif;twGuf t&Sifjrwf\
&nf½G,fcsufrSm tvdk&Sdolrsm;tm; OyorÜ'uHaqmifEdkif&ef jzpf
1 2
onfrSm aocsmonf / ckepfOD;yg0ifonhf t&Sifr[dE´tzGJUwGif
ESrawmf oHCrdwåm\om; okreomraPESihf rdcif\ tpfrawmf
(BuD;awmf)orD;\om; b@KuOyoumwdkY ESpfa,mufrSm t&Sif
r[dE´\ aqGrsKd;&if;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ t&SifjrwfwdkY\ tzGJUwGif
¤if;wdkY ESpfa,muf yg0ifrIrSm oD[kdVfESihf &if;ESD;rIESihf cspfMunfrIudk
xl;jcm;pGm azmfjyonf/
ygVdordkif;usrf;rsm;ü t&Sifr[dE´ESihf awmvdkuftcrf;tem;
wpf&yfwGif a&mufaeonhf a'0geHyd,wdówdkY yxrqkH;tBudrf
awGUqkHrIonf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU ta&SUzuf&Sd ,cktcg r[dEÅavh[k
ac:onhf rdóuawmifay:wGif wefcl;vjynhfaeYü jzpfaMumif;
3
rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf /
rdwfaqGawmf bk&iftaomuxHrS Ak'¨0g'taMumif; od&SdNyD;
jzpfonfh a'0geHyd,wdórif;onf Ak'¨0g'omoemjyK yk*¾Kdvfrsm;
tm; tBuD;jrwfqkH;aom Muifemav;pm;rIjzihf BudKqdkcJhonf/ ¤if;
1
0d 3? 287/ tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 oAÁypöEÅdarok Zeya'ok 0de,"&
yÍöare *aPe OyorÜ'H/
'Dy0Ho 12;34-36/ 0d-| 1? 52/ r[m0Ho 8;16/
'Dy0Ho 12;40/ 0d-| 1? 52/ r[m0Ho 13;18-20/ ta&;ygonhf
Ak'¨0g'ordkif; jzpf&yfrSeforQ vjynfhaeYüjzpfonfrSm xkH;pHyifjzpfaMumif;
cefYrSef;&onf/
122 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
wdkY\ yxqkH;aom pum;pjrnfajymqdkpOftwGif; bk&if\ tod
ÓPfESihf em;vnfrIpGrf;&nfudk cefYrSef;&ef t&Sifr[dE´onf rif;
BuD;tm; ar;cGef;tcsKdU ar;jref;onf/ ordkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wiftyf
onhf yxrqkH;aom ÓPf&nfprf;rItjzpf ,lqEdkifNyD; ½kwfw&uf
MunfhvQif ½dk;&Sif;vG,fulonfxif&aomfvnf; ,if;prf;oyfrIudk
1
ajzqdk&ef &Sif;vif;NyD; pl;&Sxufjrufonfh pdwf"mwfvkdonf /
t&Sifr[dE´onf a'0geHyd,wdótaejzihf Ak'¨\"r®udk em;
vnfEdkifonhf todynm&SdaMumif; ,kHMunfoGm;ojzihf rif;BuD;
tm; qufvufí plV[w¬dya'gyrokwf(r 1? 232)udk a[mMum;
2
awmfrlonf /
t&Sifr[dE´onf rdrd\ yxrqkH;w&m;tjzpf ,if;okwåefudk
a½G;cs,fjcif;rSm tvGefoihfavsmfonf/ ,if;okwåefü Ak'¨"r®oHC
ESihfywfoufí &Sif;vif;onhf tawG;tjrifwpf&yfudkay;NyD; Ak'¨
0g'Dtjzpf cH,lykHESihf &[ef;jyKykH taMumif;udk &Sif;jyonf/ ,if;
okwåefonf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;\ ½dk;om;jrifhjrwfonhf b0t
aMumif;? avhusihftm;xkwfNyD;onhf w&m;"r®ESihf &&SdNyD;jzpfonhf
"r®tqifh t&nftaoG;? apmihfpnf;onhfw&m;rsm;? b0wdk;wuf
rI tqihftrsKd;rsKd;? Ak'¨0g'\ aemufqkH;yef;wdkifjzpfonhf aAm"d
ÓPfudk &&SdrIwdkYudkvnf; tao;pdwf azmfjyonf/ ,if;okwåef
wGif opömav;yg;uJhodkYaom tajccHAk'¨w&m;awmf tm;vkH;eD;yg;
yg0ifonf/ Ak'¨0g' taxGaxG A[kokwtjyif t&Sifr[dE´tae
jzihf Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m usihfBurH ItaMumif; bmrQrodao;onhf tdrf
&Sif rif;BuD;tm; ¤if;\ {nfhonfopfrsm;udk rnfodkY qufqH&rnf
1
r[m0Ho 14;16-21/ 0d-| 1? 57/ 'Dy0Ho 12;53/ þjzpf&yfESihf ywf
oufí pdwf0ifpm;zG,fwpfcsufrSm t&Sifr[dE´onf Ak'¨0g'tm; 0dbZÆ0g'
tjzpf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcJhonfh wwd,oHCm,emwifNyD;í rMumrD <uvm
cJhaMumif;ESihf ,if;odkYjzpfí t&Sifjrwf\ ,kwådqDavsmfrIESihf cGJjcrf;pdwf
jzmrItay: pdwftm;xufoefrIudk owdrloihfonf/
2
'Dy0Ho 12;53/ 0d-| 1? 57/ r[m0Ho 14;22/
Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 123
udk odEdkif&ef oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf ¤if;wdkY\ aexdkifrIb0ESihf ywf
oufonhf tawG;tjrifudk ydkYaqmifay;&ef vdktyfonf/ w&m;
a'oemtqkH;wGif a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;ESihf a>c&Hoif;yif;rsm;
1
onf ,kHMunfrItopfudk cH,l&ef vdkvdkvm;vm; >rufqdkMuonf /
a'0geHyd,wdótaejzihf rdwfaqGawmfbk&if taomu\
om;awmftm; rdrd\{nhfonftjzpf vufcH&rItwGuf aysmf½Tif
vdkufrnfhjzpfykHudk em;vnf&ef tcuftcJr&Sdygacs/ rif;BuD;onf
tm;vkH;udk NrdKUawmfodkY yihfzdwfcJhaomfvnf; {nfhonf&[ef;awmf
2
rsm;taejzihf awmifay:wGif aexkdif&efom ESpfoufMuonf /
aemufaeYeHeufwGif t&Sifr[dE´ESihf aemufyg&[ef;awmfrsm;
onf tEk½m"yk&NrdKUawmfodkY 0ifa&mufawmfrlMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY
tm; rif;BuD;u BudKqdkvufcHcJhNyD; eef;awmfxJodkY yifh,loGm;onf/
t&Sifr[dE´ <ua&mufvmrItwGuf tpDtpOfrsm;udk aqmif½Guf
ay;Muonfh edrdwfzwfolrsm;u omoemjyKtzGJU\ tvkH;pkHjynhfpkH
3
atmifjrifrIudk a[mMum;Muonf / rif;BuD;\tjywftowf azmf
a½GysLiSmpGm vufcHrIaMumifhyif t&Sifr[dE´udk,fwdkifvnf; Ak'¨om
oemawmf ckdifrmpGm wnfwHhrnfjzpfaMumif; ,kHMunfcJhonf/
qGrf;bkOf;ay;NyD;aemuf t&Sifr[dE´onf eef;wGif;oleef;wGif;
om;wdkYtm; "r®pum; >rufMum;awmfrlonf/ ,if;tcrf;tem;ü
t&Sifjrwfonf bk&ihfeef;awmfrS trsKd;orD;rsm; t"duyg0ifonhf
,if;y&dowfESihf oihfawmfrnhf taMumif;t&mudk a½G;cs,fcJh
4
onf / yxrqkH; rdrdwdkYjyKonhf uHtavsmuf uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf
aywavmuESihf ewfjynfavmuwGif jzpfaeMuonfh 0dnmOf
avmuom;rsm;taMumif;qdkjyonfh ygVdawmfESpfckjzpfonhf ayw
1
'Dy0Ho 12;54/ 0d-| 1? 57/ r[m0Ho 14;23/
2
r[m0Ho 14;26/
3
r[m0Ho 14;53/ 0d-| 1? 46/
4
0d-| 1? 58/
128 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rsm; csrSwfNyD;rSom Ak'¨0g'wnfwHhvdrhfrnf[k wlnDpGmqdkMuonf/
1
orEÅygom'dum ürl ,if;ESihfrwlonhf tajzudk rSwfwrf;wif
xm;onf - ]tdk rif;BuD;? Ak'¨omoemawmf wnfwHhygNyD/ odkYw
ap ,if;\ tjrpfrsm;rSm aumif;pGm rwG,fao;}[k rax&fu
ajzMum;onf/ rif;BuD;u ]rnfonhftcsdefwGif tjrpfaumif;pGm
wnfwHhygrnfenf;}[k ar;onf/ t&Sifr[dE´\tajzrSm tvGef
rSwfom;zG,faumif;onf - ]oD[dkVfuRef;om; rdbESpfyg;rS oD[dkVf
rSm arG;zGm;onhf trsKd;om;wpfa,muf oD[dkVfwGif &[ef;jyKNyD;
&[ef;0denf;udk oif,l? ½GwftHNyD;aemufrSom Ak'¨omoemawmf
\ tjrpf euf½Idif;pGm wnfwHhyg\}/
t&Sifr[dE´onf þta&;ygonhf azmfjycsufudk rnfonhf
usrf;*ef taxmuftxm;jzihfqdkonfudk uREfkyfwdkY rod&acs/ odkY
wap aocsmonfrSm t&Sifjrwftaejzihf oD[dkVfü Ak'¨omoem
awmf wnfwHhrItwGuf wm0ef&SdMuonhf rdrdtm;jzpfap wdkif;ol
jynfom;rsm;tm;jzpfap txl;t&Sdeft0g odkYr[kwf tcGifhta&;
udk rnfonhf txl;t&Sdeft0g odkYr[kwf oD;jcm;vkyfydkifcGifhudkrS
rdrdudk,fwdkifudkjzpfap EdkifiHom;rsm;udkjzpfap csKyfudkifxm;&ef qE´
r&Sd[laomtcsuf jzpfonf/ t&Sifjrwftaejzihf trdefYtmPm
jzihf owfrSwfonhf pdwf0ifpm;rIrsKd;udk zefwD;&ef odkYr[kwf bk&if
\ tm;ay;csD;`rSifhrI oabmxm;wpf&yfudk cH,l&ef &SmazGpOf;pm;
jcif; rjyKcJhacs/ t&Sifjrwf\ vkH;0 pdk;&drfrIrSm oD[dkVfuRef;ü Ak'¨
0g' ckdifrmpGm wnfwHhrI pdwfcs&ap&efESihf uRef;oluRef;om;wdkY
tusKd;jzpfxGef;rI qufvuf wnf&Sdap&efom jzpfonf/ tu,fí
t&Sifjrwf\ NyD;ajrmufrIudk atmifjrifrI[k ac:EdkifvQif ,if;onf
rMuHpnfEdkifonhf tjrihfqkH; tajctae\ udk,fusihfw&m;? pdwf
ydkif;b0ESihf ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m atmifjrifrIrsm;omjzpfNyD; EdkifiHa&;
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m &,ljcif;rsKd; r[kwfacs/
1
0d-| 1? 75/
Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 125
udkomru aemifb0wGif rnfodkYjzpfrnfqdkonfudkyg azmfjyonf/
t&Sifr[dE´onf "r®topfudk tpysKd;ay;NyD; aysmf½Tifonhfb0
twGuf vdktyfcsuftaejzihf bmomw&m;\ udk,fusihf w&m;
a&;&mtydkif;udk txl;jyKa[mMum;awmfrlonf/ ,if;onf y&d
owftm; pdwfydkif;b0 wdk;wufrt I wGuf rsufESmpmopfrsm;udk
zGifhvsuf tawG;tjrifopf wpfckqDodkYydkY aqmifay;cJhonf/
bk&ifrif;\ awmif;yefavsmufxm;rIaMumihf t&Sifr[dE´ESihf
oDwif;okH;azmfrsm;onf NrdKUawmfESihf ra0;vGef; reD;vGef;onhf
r[marC0efO,smOf&Sd bk&ihfem;aeaqmifwGif oDwif;okH;aexdkif
1
Muonf / a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;onf rax&frsm;xHodkY oGm;
a&mufzl;ajrmfNyD; xdkae&mudk ESpfouf rESpfouf pkHprf;ojzihf t
&Sifr[dE´xHrS þae&mrSm ESpfvdkzG,f aecsifp&mjzpfaMumif; od&
aomtcg ,if;r[marC0efO,smOfudk tvª'ge txdrf;trSwf
tjzpf t&Sifr[dE´\ vufay:wGif a&cGufrS a&udk oGef;csvsuf
2
oHCmtm; vª'gef;vdkufonf /
þvª'gef;rIonf bmomw&m;tay: twGif;u MunfñdkrI
bk&ifrif;w&m;ü trSefwu,f&SdaMumif; azmfjyvsuf &[ef;awmf
rsm;\ pdwfydkif;avhusihfrIb0twGuf vkdtyfaom ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m
jynhfpkHrIudk aocsmaponf/ odkYjzpfí t&Sifr[dE´onf oD[dkVfü
Ak'¨0g'udk wnfaxmifrnfjzpfaMumif; ta&;tygqkH; jzpfonhf
3
aMunmrI wpf&yfudk wdkif;jynfod aMunmvdkufjcif;jzpfonf /
r[marC0efO,smOfudk oHCmawmftm; vª'gef;NyD;aemuf
t&Sifr[dE´onf csufcsif;yif aemiftcgax&0g'\ cHwyfuwkwf
ozG,fjzpfNyD; oD[dkVfuRef;ü Ak'¨0g',Ofaus;rIESifh pmayoifMum;
1
r[m0Ho? 15? 8/ 2
,if;? 15? 14-15? 24-25/
3
0d-| 1? 61/ odkY&mwGif r[m0Ho 15;26 ü ]Ak'¨0g'tajcuscJhNyD} (ywd|dwH
'DyrSd omoeó)[kqdkonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;odkYazmfjycsufonf odrf
orkwfNyD;rSom Ak'¨omoem wnfwhHrnfjzpfaMumif; jyqdkaom *gxm
trSww f 180-181
acwf dkifatmif wdaemuf
kYESihf nDñ Gwo
jyef frIrGm&S;onh
d/ f tavhtusihfjzpf onf/
a&S;acwf a&m[PESihf tEk&m"uJhodkYaom
126 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&m XmeBuD;jzpfaom emrnfausmf r[m0d[m&ausmif; wkdufjzpf
vmrnfh Ak'¨0g'A[dkXmecsKyfudk pwifpDrHcJhonf/ aemiftcg jrifh
jrwfaom tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf[k ac:a0:vmMurIudk rlvuyif
t&Sifr[dE´ pDrHcsrSwfcJhaMumif; rSwf,l&ef tvGef aumif;rGef vkH
avmufaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; &Sdonf/ xdktcsdefu oD[dkVf
uRef;wGif t&Sifr[dE´xuf ydkrdkynmwwfaom? pifMu,f ,Of
aus;aom? us,fus,fjyefYjyefY c&D;oGm;NyD; A[kokwESihf jynfhpkHol
wpfOD;wavrQ r&Sdacs/ t&Sifr[dE´onf BuD;us,f crf;em;vS
aom r*"{u&mZf\NrdKUawmf yg#vdykwåuJhodkYaom NrdKUBuD;rsm;
wGif oDwif;okH;aexdkifzl;NyD;? zciftaomurif;BuD; wnfaxmif
onhf taomum&mrausmif;wdkufESihf rdcifwnfaxmifonhf
a0'domt&yfrS apwd,*d&dausmif;wdkuf (,ckqefcsDapwD) uJhodkY
aom ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;udk awGUjrifzl;onf/ odkYjzpfí tm&mr
(ausmif;wdkuf)BuD;wpfckudk ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm pDrHEdkifol wpfOD;
wavrQ r&Sdygacs/ ordkif;usrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyonhf wefcdk;jym#d
[mrsm;? txl;tqef; jzpf&yfrsm;? uAsmqefqef rGrf;rHcs,forI
rsm;ESihf ykHBuD;csJUazmfjyrIrsm;udk z,f&Sm;vdkufaomtcg t&Sifr[dE´
onf a'0geHyd,wdó rif;BuD;ESifhtwl r[marC0eO,smOf
twGif; vSnfhvnfjcif;? oHCmh0denf;ESihf nDñGwfonhf rmvu
wpfcktwGuf oifhwihf avsmufywfonhfae&m? (oHCmawmfrsm;
oufaomihfoufom&Sd&ef) a&aEG;cef; yg&Sdonhf a&uef? aAm"dyif
pdkufysKd;jcif;? oHCmawmfrsm; Oykofaqmif(odrf)? oHCmawmfrsm;
tm; vª'gef;onhf tvªypönf;rsm;udk cGJa0rnhfae&m? nDrlpnf;a0;
&m qGrf;pm;aqmifESifh r[mapwDawmf ae&mrsm;twGuf ae&m
1
owfrSwfjcif;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY awGUjrif&onf / þü r[m0d[m&
1
r[m0Ho 15;27-172/ azmfjyyg ae&mrsm;rSm xkdtcsdefu tm&mr
(ausmif;wdkuf)wpfcktwGuf t"duusonhfae&mrsm; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ y#d
rmC& qif;wkawmfaqmif rygonfudk owdrloihfonf/ aemufxyf
a0zefokH;oyfrIrsm;udk þusrf;tcef; 7 wGif awGU&ygvdrfhrnf/
Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 127
ausmif;wdkuf (\ajrae&m)udk tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü a½G;cs,fonfudk
awGU&onf/
1
r[marC0efO,smOfudk vufcHNyD;aemuf t*¾dcaE¨myrokwf
udk a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ ,if;okweå fjzihf &[ef;wpfyg;onf rdrd
tm; ypönf;av;yg;jzihf axmufyHhMuonfh'um'umrrsm; aumif;
usKd;csrf;om &ap&efESihf udk,fwdkifvnf; aemufqkH;yef;wdkif jzpf
onfh edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufjyKEdkif&ef udk,fusihfoDvESihf jynfhpk&H
rnfjzpfNyD; jrifhjrwfonhfb0jzihf aexdkif&rnfudk oifMum;onf/
qdkvdkonfrSm udk,fwdkiftusKd;twGuf jzpfouJhodkY tjcm;yk*¾Kdvf
rsm;twGufvnf;jzpfaMumif; qdkvdkonf/ tvª'geBuD; wpfckjyKNyD;
aemuf þtcsdefü ,if;okwåefudk a[mMum;jcif;rSm rif;BuD; tae
jzihf tvGef azmfa½G{nfhcHrIudk ay;tyfcH&onhf &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf ,if;odkYaom tvªudk cH,lxdkufaMumif;ESihf rif;BuD;udk,fwdkif
vnf; rdrd\aumif;rItwGuf xyfwltusKd;&rnfjzpfaMumif; wdkuf
wGef;rI wpf&yf jzpfykH&onf/
,if;aemuf rsm;rMumjrihfrDwGif a'0geHyd,wdóonf t&Sif
r[dE´tm; Ak'¨0g'onf oD[dkVfuRef;ü wnfwHhNyDavm[k ar;jref;
2
awmfrlonf / ygVdusrf;rsm;ü t&Sifr[dE´\ tajzESihfywfoufí
3
rSwfwrf;rsm; uGJjym;Muonf/ 'Dy0Housrf; ESihf r[m0Housrf;wdkYü
t&Sifr[dE´\tajzrSm jrwfAk'¨\ a[mMum;csufrsm;t& (oHCm
awmfrsm;) OykofjyK&ef odrfwpfckESihf tjcm;aom oHCmhpnf;rsOf;
1
r[m0Ho? 15;176/
2
þae&mwGif vGefcJhaomaeYu oHCmawmftm; r[marC0eudk vª'gef;
aomtcg t&Sifr[dE´onf Ak'¨0g' wnfwHhvdrfhrnf[k rdefYqdkcJhonfudk
owd&oifhonff/ ,ckwpfzef bk&ifu Ak'¨0g'wnfwHhNyDavm[k pkHprf;ar;
jref;jyefonf/ orEÅygom'dum tvdkt& ,if;ar;cGef;udk tvGef aemuf
usNyD;rS ar;onf/
3
'Dy0Ho 14;21-25/ 'Dy0Hoü tm&mr[laom a0g[m&tpm; oHCm&mr
ESihf 0d[m&[laom a0g[m&rsm;udk okH;onf/
132 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 129
27 &ufajrmufwGif t&Sifr[dE´onf tEk&m"NrdKUawmfrS eD;pyfaom ywfoufrI&Sdonfh ay;xm;NyD; yx0D0ifa'owpf
xGufcGmNyD; 0gqdk&eftwGuf r[domouawmifodkY <uawmfrl ckwGif ]Ak'¨0g'wnfwHhrI} ,lqcsufonf jrwfAk'¨\ oifMum;csuf
1
onf / xdkaeYrSmyif rif;BuD;\ wlawmfarmif trwfBuD;jzpfol rsm;ESihf tawmftwef pdrf;aeonf/ ,if;odkYaom udpörsKd;udk
r[mt&d|ESihf ta>ct&H ig;q,hfig;a,muf omoemhabmifoYdk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf vkH;0 >ruf[awmfrrlzl;acs/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu
2
0ifa&mufMuonf / odkYjzpfí &[ef;oHCm ajcmufq,fESpfyg; wynfhom0ursm;tm; ]owå0grsm;pGmwdkY\ aumif;usKd;csrf;om
3
onf r[domouawmifü yxrqkH;0gudk uyfqdkawmfrlMuonf / twGuf} urÇmwpfvTm;wGif "r®udka[mMum;&ef c&D;a'opm&D
1
xdkawmifwGif xdkt&SifjrwfwdkY oDwif;okH;aexdkif&ef taqmuf vSnfhvnfzdkY apvTwfawmfrlonfrSm rSefonf / odkYwap EdkifiH
ttkHrsm;r&Sdojzihf a'0geHyd,wdórif;onf ,aeYacwf uP³u wpfckwGif ]Ak'¨omoemwnfwHha&;} tpDt&if odkYr[kwf txl;
apwd, (Kaºµaka-cetiya) teD;0ef;usif&Sd &Si;f vif;cdkif;NyD; oHCm enf;vrf;wpfckESifh ywfoufonhf ESpfoufrIrsm; odkYr[kwf ñTef
4
awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;aexdkif&ef pDrHay;onf / wpfcsdefwnf;wGif Mum;csufrsm;udk rnfonhfae&mwGifrS a[mMum;awmfrrlacs/ Ak'¨
tEkvmrdzk&m;ESihf ta>ct&Hrsm;u bdu©KeDabmifodkY 0ifa&mufvdk 0g'onf wpfudk,fa& bmomw&m;omjzpfonf/ vlwpfa,muf
5
aMumif; awmif;qdkvmojzihf t&Sifr[dE´\ tBuHjyKcsufjzihf a' onf opömw&m;udk odjrifoGm;onfESihf wpfNydKifeuf ¤if;\ cE¨m
0geHyd,wdóonf r[maAm"dyif\ awmifudkif;ESihftwl t&Sifr udk,fwGif Ak'¨0g' wnfwHhNyD;jzpfonf/ odkYjzifh Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\
oHCmrdwåmtm; ydkYay;&ef bk&iftaomuxHodkY o0PfvTmay;ydkY wynhf&if;csm wpfa,mufjzpfonhf t&SifykPÖonf udk,fusihf
6
vdkufonf / oDv qkwf,kwfNyD; vlqdk;rsm;aMumifh emrnfBuD;onhf trdajr
rdzk&m; tEkvmESihf eef;wGif;olrsm;onf NrdKUawmf\ wpfzuf okemy&EÅwdkif;odkY oGm;NyD; vltajrmuftjrm;udk Ak'¨0g'odkY oGwf
2 3
wGif ¤if;wdkYtwGuf wnfaqmufay;xm;onhf Oygodum0d[m& oGif;ay;onf / rZÑdredum,ft|uxm tvdkt& aemiftcg
[kac:aom trsKd;orD;aqmifwGif aexkdif;NyD; q,fyg;oDvudk jrwfAk'¨udk,fwdkifudk ,if;EdkifiHodkY yifhzdwfcH&onf/ odkYwap xdk
apmihfxdef;&if; t&Sifr oHCrdwåmax&D a&mufvmrnfudk apmifh a'oü ]Ak'¨0g'wnfwHhrI}taMumif; rdefYMum;csuf vkH;0r&Sday/ xkd
7
arQmfaeMuonf / twlyif bk&iftaomuESihf a'0geHyd,wdótaMumif;t&mESihf
cyfqifqifwlonhf u|0g[eEdkifiH jzpf&yfwGif xdka'oü Ak'¨0g'
1
r[m0Ho? 16;2/ 2
,if;? 16;10-11/ wnfwHhrItaMumif; azmfjyjcif; r&Sdacs/
3
,if;? 16? 17/ t&Sifr[dE´ r[domouawmifodkY <ua&mufaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH odkYr[kwf a'owpfckwGif wnfaxmifonhf
aeYrSmyif b@Ku yÍöif;cHNyD; jzpfaMumif; owd&oihfonf (r[m0Ho? taejzihf omoem odkYr[kwf Ak'¨0g'udk wnfwHhapvdkonhf
14? 32/) tawG;tjrif vdktifqE´udk taomubk&ifudk,fwdkif yxrqkH;
4
r[m0Ho? 16? 12/
5
,if;? 15? 16-23/
6
,if;? 18? 1/ (tdE´,EdkifiH\) awmifzufwGif wnf&Sdonfh oD[dkVfodkY 1
0d 3? 27/
r[maAm"dyif\ awmifzufudkif;udk o,f,ljcif;rSm tawmfoihfjrwf 2
r 3? 311 (ykaPÖm0g'okwf)/
vSygonf/ 3
r-| 4? 237
7
,if;? 18? 9-12/
130 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
awG;BuHod&SdcJhykH&onf/ taomurif;BuD;onf Ak'¨bmomudk EdkifiH
awmfbmomtjzpf tokH;jyKvsuf "r®0dZ,[kac:onhf pdwfydkif;
b0 atmifjrifrIBuD;udk pwifcJhonhf yxrqkH;aom bk&ifjzpf
onf/ Ak'¨0g'onf yxrqkH;aom omoemjyK bmomw&m;?
bk&iftaomuonf tjcm;EdkifiHom;rsm;udk Ak'¨0g' tjzpfcH,l&ef
omoemjyKyk*¾Kdvfrsm; apvTwfcJhonfh yxrqkH;aom bk&ifjzpf
onf/ EdkifiHa&;t& rif;BuD;atmifEdkifcJhonfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&
tzGJUrsm; wnfaxmifrnfjzpfaom atmifEdkifolESihf tkyfpdk;olwpf
a,mufuJhodkYyif bk&iftaomuonf pdwfydkif;t& rif;BuD;
atmifEdkif ("r®0dZ,) cJhonhf EdkifiHrsm;ü Ak'¨omoem wnfaxmif
rItwGuf pOfpm;rdcJhykH&onf/ MuH&nfzef&nf tpGrf;tpESihf jynhf
pkHonhfpnf;½kH;olESihf pdwfynm&Sifwpfa,mufjzpfonfhtwkdif; rif;
BuD;onf omrefvlwef;pm;wdkYtMum; Ak'¨omoemawmf wnfwHhrI
udk odomxif&Sm;onhf tajccHykHpHwpfckjzihf ñTefjyrnfjzpfonfh
tcrf;tem; wpfrsKd;udk tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfonf[k ,lqcJhonf/
oD[dkVfü cH,lvdkufonfh tppftrSef tcrf;tem;ESihf ywf
1
oufí usrf;*efrsm;ü azmfjycsuf uGJjym;vsuf&Sdonf/ 'Dy0Ho ESihf
2
r[m0Ho wdkYü odrftydkif;tjcm;udk wnfaxmifNyD;rIjzihf oD[dkVfü
Ak'¨omoem wnfwHhrIudk wlnDpGmqdkMuonf/ a'0geHyd,wdó
onf rdrdESihfwuG eef;wGif;ol eef;wGif;om;rsm;ESihf wdkif;oljynf
3
om;wdkY ]Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ trdefYMo0g'awmftwGif; } aexdkifEdkif
&ef (tEk&m")NrdKUawmf wpfckvkH;udk odrfe,fedrdwftwGif; oGif;vdk
4
aMumif; avQmufxm;ojzihf xdktwdkif; jyKcJhonf /
orEÅygom'dum 0denf;t|uxmtvdkt& omoemwnf
wHhonhf tcrf;tem;udk tvGefaemufusNyD;rS aqmif½Gufonf/
tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü r[maAm"dyifudk pdkufysKd;NyD;rSyif jzpfEdkif
1 2
'Dy0Ho? 14? 21-25/ r[m0Ho? 15? 180-181/
3 4
,if;? 15? 182-183/ ,if;? 15? 184-185/
Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 131
onf/ (a'0geH yd,wdó)bk&if\ wlawmf ,cifEdkifiHawmf t
rwfa[mif;jzpfcJhol t&d|rax&ftm; xdktcrf;tem;ü 0denf;udk
1
jyefqdk&ef t&Sifr[dE´u a½G;cs,fcJhonf / tcrf;tem;ESpfckvkH;udk
jyKvkyfzG,f&Sdaomfvnf; rwlonhf tcsdeftcgESpfrsKd;wGif omo
emwnfwHhrItwGuf aemufxyf tqihfwpfckudk txdrf;trSwfjyK
onhf 'kwd, tcrf;tem; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
usrf;pmESpfrsKd;vkH;wGif pmayt& jcm;em;aomfvnf; twGif;
oabm &nf½G,fcsufrSm wlnDMuonf/ 0denf;udk ½Gwfqdk (ygwd
armufjy) rnhf ae&mtwGuf vkdtyfaomodrfonf oHCmhuHrsm;
udk aqmif½Guf&ef vdktyfonf/ oHCmhy&dowfa&SUarSmufü t&Sif
t&d|rax&f ygwdarmufjyrIonf oHCmhuHaqmif½GufrIESihf wlnD
onf/ odkYjzpfí aemufqkH;wGif omoemwnfwHhrIonf odrfwpfck
ESihf 0denf;udk ½Gwfzwfjcif;r&SdbJ rjzpfEdkifaom oHCmwnfwHh
2
rIqDodkY avsmusoGm;onf /
t&Sifr[dE´onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü 26 &uf oDwif;okH;
awmfrlcJhonf/ xdktcsdeftwGif; t&Sdeft[kefjzihf csDwufaeNyD;
BuD;rm;onhf ajymif;vJrIrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf/ t&Sifjrwfonf bm
omw&m;topf\ wefzdk;rsm;udk vlxkvufcHvmap&ef w&m;
a'oem ajrmufjrm;pGmudk a[mMum;cJhonf/ a'oemtrsm;pkrSm
b0\ rwnfNrJrI (tedpöoabm)? b0oHo&m\ aMumufruf
zG,faumif;ykHESihf b0oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufNyD; edAÁmefudk &&Sd&efvdk
tyfonhf jrifhjrwffonhfb0 taMumif;rsm;ESihf ywfoufonf/
t&Sifjrwf\ w&m;awmfrsm;teuf jrwfAk'¨\ tajccH a[mMum;
3
csufrsm;udk azmfjyonhf "r®puúy0wåeokwåef vnf; yg0ifonf/
1
0d-| 1? 75/
2
'Dy0Hoü rif;BuD;u oHCm&mrudk wnfaxmifNyD;NyDavm[k ar;avsmuf
&m t&Sifr[dE´u odrfwpfck wnfaqmuf rNyD;rcsif; ,if;odkY qdkEdkifrnf
r[kwf[k ajzMum;onf ('Dy0Ho? 14;22)/ ,aeYacwfüyif odrfwpfck
r&SdbJ oHCm&mrwpfck tvkkH;pkH NyD;jynfhpkHonf[k r,lqao;acs/
3
r[m0Ho? 15;199/
136 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
"mwfawmfrsm;udk Xmyemxm;onfh "mwfawmfrsm;udk tEk&m"
yk&NrdKU? apwd,awmifESihf oD[dkVf&Sd tjcm;rsm;pGmaom a'orsm;ü
1
wnfxm;cJhMuonf / aemufESpfwGif t&SifroHCrdwåmonf tEk
2 1
&m"yk&NrdKU? [w¬mVSu bdu©KeDausmif;wdkufü y&dedAÁmefpHonf /
t&Sifr[dE´ oD[dkVfodkY a&muf&Sdjcif;udk oD[dkVf,Ofaus;rI tp
tjzpf owfrSwfEdkifonf/ t&Sifjrwfonf vuFm'DyodkY bmom
w&m;topf (Ak'¨omoem)udkomru xdktcsdefu *kPf&Sdef tjrihf
qkH;jzpfonfh NrKdU,Ofaus;rI wpfckvkH;udkyg ,laqmifvmcJhonf/
oHCmhausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;? apwDawmfrsm;ESihftwl oD[dkVfuRef;
odkY yef;csDyef;yk tEkynmrsm;udkvnf; a&muf&SdapcJhonf/ t&Sif
r[dE´tm; oD[dkVfpmayordkif;\ zciftjzpfvnf; ,lqEdkifonf/
t|uxm usrf;jyKq&mBuD; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo rax&fu
aom tZdwrnfaom &[efk;onf oHCmawmftm; ygwdarmuf ½Gwf
qdkjyol jzpfonf}/ qdkvdkonfrmS tZdwonf touf 30 &SdNyD[k
jzpfonf/ t&Sifr[dE´ oD[dkVfudk <ua&mufawmfrlaom tcg 12 0g&
NyDjzpfonf/ r[mr[dE´aw¬a&m aom? w'g 'Gg'o0ódaum (r[m
0Ho? 13? 1)/ oD[dkVfodkY <ua&mufpOfu oufawmf 32 ESpf t½G,f
&SdaMumif; qdkvkdonf/ xdktwlyif t&Sifr[dE´tm; y&dedAÁmefpHcsdefü o|d
0ódaum (ESpf 60) [k &nfñTef;aomtcg t&Sifjrwfonf oufawmf
80 &SdNyD;jzpfonf/ 0ó[laom ygVda0g[m&onf ]rdk;&moD} ]0gwGif;}
[k t"dyÜm,f&ouJhodkY ]ESpfumv}[kvnf; t"dyÜm,f&onf/ &[ef;
awmfwpfyg;\ ]omoemtouf}udk ukefvGefcJhNyDjzpfaom 0gwGif;umv
rsm;jzihf a&wGufonf/ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;tm; touft½G,f BuD;&ihf
aomtcg a,bk,stm;jzihf ]o|d0ódaum} oufawmf 80 [k &nf
ñTef;onf/ (r-| 1? 161/ 'D-| 1? 170/ 0dok'¨d 1? 37/) þonfrSm
xdk&[ef;tm; touf 80 &SdNyD[k twdtus qdkvkdonf r[kwfbJ
oufawmf BuD;&ihfNyD;[kqdkjcif;omjzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H 0ó[laom
a0g[m&udk omreftm;jzifh ESpfumv[laom t"dyÜm,fjzifhvnf;
okH;EIef;onf/
1 5
r[m0Ho? 20? 44-45/
2 7
,if;? 20? 48-50/
Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 133
oDwif;uRwfNyD;aomtcg t&Sifr[dE´onf odrfarGUEl;nHh
aom oGif[efjzifh a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;tm; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf
\ "mwfawmfrsm;udk Xmyemrnhf apwDwpfqlwnfxm;&ef wdkuf
wGef;awmfrlonf / t&Sifr[dE´ESihf a'0geHyd,wdórif;wdkY\ ul
nDoltjzpfaqmif½GufcJhol okreomraPonf bkd;awmf taom
urif;xHrS oD[dkVfEdkifiHtwGuf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ vuf,mñSyf½dk;
awmfESihf tjcm;"mwfawmfrsm;udk oydwfwpfvkH;tjynhf &&Sdatmif
2
aqmif½GufEdkifcJhonf / xdktcsdefu ,if;"mwfawmfrsm;udk rdóu
awmifay:wGif odrf;qnf;xm;NyD; xdktcsdefrSpí xdkawmifudk
3
apwd,awmif[k ac:wGifcJhonf / jrwfAk'¨\ vuf,mñSyf½dk;
awmfudk xlyg&mrapwDawmfwGif XmyemNyD; ,if;apwDawmfonf
4
oD[dkVfwGif yxrOD;qkH;aom apwDawmfjzpfvmonf /
r[maAm"dudkif;ESihftwl oHCrdwåm oD[dkVfodkY a&mufaom
5
tcg tEkvmESifh eef;wGif;olrsm; bdu©KeD jyKMuonf / Oygodum
0d[m& wdk;wufvmNyD; taqmifrsm;udk wdk;csJUvsuf [w¬mVSu
6
0d[m& odkYr[kwf bdu©KEkyó,[k ac:a0:onf / t&Sifr oHC
7
rdwåmvnf; xdkbdu©KeDausmif;rSmyif oDwif;okH;awmfrlonf /
aAm"dudkif; pdkufysKd;rIudk BuD;us,fonhf tcrf;tem;jzihf
aqmif½Gufonf/ oD[dkVfajrmufydkif;ua&m awmifydkif;uyg tyg
t0if a'otm;vkH;rSm udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ,if;tcrf;tem;odkY
8
wufa&mufMuonf / taomurif;udk,fwdkif aAm"dyifpdkufysKd;
1
r[m0Ho? 17? 1/
2
,if;? 17? 9-21/
3
,if;? 17? 23/ t&Sifr[dE´onf a0'domt&yf&Sd r,fawmf\ausmif;
wdkuf apwd,*d&dtrnf trSwfw&taejzihf ,if;rdóuawmifudk
trnfopfay;cJhEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/
4
,if;? 17? 50/
6
,if;? 17? 65/ ,if;? 19? 69-71/
8
,if;? 19? 68/ r[m0Ho? 19? 54/
134 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
onhf tcrf;tem;odkY wufa&muf&ef rdom;pk0if trsm;tjym;
1 1
apvTwfcJhonf / aemifwGif þaAm"dyifrS yifaygufrsm;udk tEk
&m"yk&NrdKUawmfESihf teD;0ef;usifae&mrsm;? ZrÁKaumvy¥e?
ajrmufydkif;&Sd wd0uújAm[®P½Gm? awmifydkif;&Sd umZ&*gr? pE´e*gr
(rnfonhfae&m[k twdtusrod&ao;) t&yfrsm;wGif pdkufysKd;cJh
2 2
onf / aemifwGif aAm"dyifayguf 32 yifudk oD[dkVfwpfuRef;
3
vkH;odkY ydkYay;cJhonf /
aAm"dudkif;ESihftwl Ak'¨oydwfawmfjzihf Ak'¨"mwfawmfrsm;udk
aqmif,lvmjcif;onf aemiftcg tdE´d,ESihf oD[dkVfESpfEdkifiH
tMum; BuD;rm;onfh ,Ofaus;rI qufEG,fjcif;udk aemufxyf
wdk;csJUvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ aAm"dyifpdkufysKd;jcif;onf uRef;oD[dkVfü
Ak'¨0g'ESifh Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI tjrpfwG,fjcif;\ txdrf;trSwfjzpf
onf/ Ak'¨\ "mwfawmfarGawmfrsm;udk Ak'¨udk,fpm;tjzpf rSwf
,lNyD; ,if;"mwfawmfrsm;udk Xmyemxm;jcif;rSm vuFm'Dyü Ak'¨
&Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwdkif oDwif;okH;awmfrlouJhodkY r*Fvm&Sdonf/
ywå"mwk (Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ oydwfawmf)udk bk&ifhtdrfawmf
4
wGif xdef;odrf;xm;NyD; ,if;onf aemiftcg pG,fawmf"mwfuJh
odkYyif oD[dkVfvlrsKd;wdkY aumif;pGm xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufxm;onhf
trsKd;om; tarGtESpfwpfck jzpfvmcJhonf/
&[ef;oHCm ta&twGuf wdk;wuf rsm;jym;vmojzihf a'0g
eHyd,wdóonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufESifh apwd,yAÁw
ausmif;wkdufrsm;tjyif ausmif;wdkuf trsm;tjym; wnfaqmuf
5
ay;onf/ r[m0Housrf; ü txufwef;vTm rdom;pkrS &[ef;
0wfvmolrsm; aexdkifcJhaomae&monf £ó&orPu (t
6 'Dy0Ho? 17? 95? r[m0Ho? 20? 29-33/
1 2
,if;? 19? 1-4/ ,if;? 19? 60-62/
3 4
,if;? 19? 63-64/ ,if;? 20? 13/
5
r[0Ho? 20? 14-16/
6
tEk&m"yk&teD;wGif ,if; a0ó*d&dqdkaom awmif&Sdonf/ a&S;a[mif;
£ó&orPm&mrudk azmfxkwfrIESihf ywfoufí E.Z.IV, p. 128 ESihf
Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 135
xufwef;vTm &[ef;rsm;ae&m) jzpfvmNyD; a0órsKd;rS &[ef;jyK
vmolwdkY aexkdifcJhonhfae&m a0ó*d&d(a0órsKd;wdkY\awmif)
jzpfvmaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ ,if;onf oD[dkVfoHCm
awmfrsm;tMum; a&S;tusqkH;tcsdefuyif vlrsKd;ESihf tqifhtwef;
cGJjcm;rIwnf&SdcJhaMumif; ,lqoifhoavm/ a'0geHyd,wdóonf
tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü oHCmawmfrsm;okH;aqmif&eftwGuf r[mygVd
[kac:aom trsm;okH; pm;okH;aqmifwpfckukdvnf; wnfaqmuf
cJhonf/ rif;BuD;onf em*'Dy uRef;&Sd ZrÁKaumvy¥t&yfüvnf;
0d[m&wpfckESihf ausmfMum;vSonhf wdór[m0d[m&wdkYudk wnf
3
aqmufcJhonf /
t&Sifr[dE´onf oufawmf 32 ESpft½G,f i,f½G,fpOftcg
oD[dkVfodkY <ua&mufawmfrlonf/ t&Sifjrwfonf a'0geHyd,
wdórif;\ nDi,fjzpfNyD; xD;eef;qufcHol Owåd,bk&if (bDpD
200) eef;pH &SpfESpfajrmufwGif apwd,awmifü 0gqdkawmfrlpOf
4
oufawmf &Spfq,fwGif y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlonf / t&Sifjrwf\
CJSc. G.II, 182 wdkYudk ½Iyg/ r[m0Ho#Dumüvnf; £ó&orPu
0d[m&udk ,cktcg a0ó*d&d,tjzpf vufcHxm;aom uóy*d&d
0d[m½tjzpf azmfjyonf/ (r[m0Ho#D? pm-407/ £ó&orP
ocFgaw uóy*d&d0d[ma&)/ ,if;azmfjycsufonf ausmufpm ta&;
tom;rsm;ESihf nDñGwfonf/
1
rnfonhfae&m[k razmfxkwf&ao;/ odkY&mwGif C.W. Nicholas in
2
J.R.A.S., C.B., New Series, Vol. V, pt. 2.p. 159. wdkYudk ½Iyg/
3
r[m0Ho? 20? 23/ r[m0Ho? 20? 23/
4
'Dy0HoESihf r[m0Housrf;wdkYü t&Sifr[dE´onf o|d0ó ]ESpfajcmuf
q,f} &Sdaomtcg y&dedAÁmefpHvGefaMumif; jyqdkMuonf/ &[ef;awmf
wpfyg;\ b0wGif ESpfta&twGuf [lonfudk ykHrSeftm;jzihf touf
20 t½G,fwGif rdrd&&SdcJhonhf OyorÜ'g (&[ef;tjzpf)rS pwifa&wGuf
avh&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí toufrSefjzpf&ef 20 ESpf xyfí aygif;xnhf&
rnfjzpfonf/ plV0*¾ygVdawmf pm -505 ü tZdawm emr bdu©K 'o
0aóm oHCó ygwdarmu©Ka'´oaum a[mwd ]q,f0g jynfhNyD;
 Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 137
t&Sifr[dE´onf oD[dkVfuRef;odkY yd#uwfokH;ykH\tzGifh t|uxm
usrf;rsm;udk ,laqmifvmcJhNyD; ,if;t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk oD[dkVf
uRef;oluRef;om;wdkY\ tusKd;twGuf oD[dkVfbmomodkY jyefqdk
1
aMumif; rdefYqdkcJhonf / odkYjzifh t&Sifr[dE´onf oD[dkVfEdkifiHom;
wdkYtm; pmaybmompum; wpfckudk zefwD;ay;cJhNyD; ,if;pmay
u@udk crf;em;pGm zGifhvSpfay;cJhonf/ t&Sifjrwftaejzihf t
2
aomuacwf tu©&mudkvnf; tokH;jyKcJhzG,f&Sdonf /
oD[dkVfuRef;wGif t&Sifr[dE´\ omoemjyKvkyfief; xl;jcm;
ajymifajrmufpGm atmifjrifrIESihf xl;jcm;pGm t&Sdeft[kefjzihf Ak'¨
0g' jyefESHYoGm;&jcif;rSm taMumif;w&m; rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ t&Sif
[dE´ a&muf&Sdjcif;onf tdEd́,ESihf oD[dkVfwdkYtMum; vlrIa&;? ,Of
aus;rIESihf oHwrefa&; qufqHrI tpDt&D\ atmifjrifrI &v'f
jzpfonf/ a'0geHyd,wdóonf taomurif;ESihf rdwfaqG jzpf
rIudk arQmfvihfawmihfwaeonf/ oD[dkVfbk&ifESihf ¤if;\aqGawmf
rsKd;awmfrsm; jzpfMuaom ta&;ygonhf trwfrsm; Ak'¨0g'udk
vufcHoGm;Muaomtcg usefyk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSm vG,fuloGm;NyD jzpf
onf/ wpfEdkifiHvkH;eD;yg; jyefYusJaeonhf bmoma&;tkyfpki,f
trsm;tjym; &Sdvihfupm; bmomw&m;topftay: qefYusif
Edkifaom pepfwus pnf;vkH;rI odkY[kwf pGrf;&nf r&SdMuacs/
tjcm;wpfzufwGif Ak'¨0g'onf oD[dkVfEdkifiHom;wdkYtm; ,ck
tcsdefxd ¤if;wdkY odNyD; vdkufem usihfokH;NyD;jzpfonfh bmomw&m;
wdkYxuf rsm;pGm txufwef;usonfh b0jzpfpOfopf wpfrsKd;udk
ay;tyfcJhonf/ ½kd;om;rI ykHpHwpfckrSm trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf
rdrdwdkY\ tcsdefudk `rIyfESHxm;Muonfh &[ef;awmfrsm;\ pifMu,f
1
oD[V'DyH ye tmbwmx 0odem r[m r[daE´e?
xydwm oD[Vbmom, 'Dy0goDeH tw¬m,/
2
oD[dkVftrsKd;orD;rsm;\ b0ESihf tusihfp½dkufudk ykHpHoGif;vsuf ¤if;wdkY
tay: t&SifroHCrdwåm\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIonfvnf; xyfwl xyfrQyif
BuD;rm;vSygonf/
138 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
onhfb0onf bk&ifrif;BuD;udka&m wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;twGufyg
vIHaqmf wuf<urIwpf&yf jzpfcJhonf/ bmomw&m;topfu
oifMum;ay;onhf udk,fusihfw&m;a&;&m pnfurf;csufrsm;onf
aysmf½TifNidrf;csrf;onhf vlrIb0udk jzpfay:aponf/
oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;ESihf Mum;cHqufoG,frIonf omomjyKvkyf
ief;tay: rqdkpavmuf wm;qD;rI&Sdonf/ bDpD 3 &mpk taom
uausmufpmESihf oD[dkVfausmufpm bmompum;rsm;udk EIdif;,SOf
MunfhvQif bmompum;ESpfckrSm tvkH;pkHeD;yg;rQ wlnDMuonfudk
Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;vmjcif; 139
tvGefao;i,fNyD; vltrsm;aexkdifonhf {&d,mtaejzihf bk&ifh
trdefYawmfudk EdkifiHawmfwpf0ef;vkH; tvsiftjref xkwfjyefEkdif
avmufatmif usOf;ajrmif;aomaMumihfayavm/ &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf EdkifiHawmfwpf0ef;vkH; Ak'0¨ g'jyefYyGm;ap&ef ryifyef;EdkifbJ
tokH;cscJhojzihf oD[dkVfü ,if;odkYaom owif;jzefYenf;vrf;rsm;udk
tokH;jyKzG,frvdkaomaMumihf jzpfzG,f&Sdygonf/
00000000

awGUEdkifonf/ tenf;i,f rqdkpavmufom uGJjym;NyD; bmom

pum;wpfckjzihf ajymoltm; xkdyk*¾Kdvfazmfjyonhf t"dyÜm,frsm;udk
rsm;pGm tcuftcJr&SdbJ em;vnf&ef jzpfEdkifonf/
bmomw&m; jyefYyGm;jcif;twGuf a[majymjcif;rSm t"du
enf;pepfjzpfykH&onf/ ylaZmfzG,f&mrsm; jzpfonfh apwDawmfrsm;?
aAm"dyifrsm;yg&Sdonfh ausmif;wkdufBuD;rsm;udk ta&;ygonhf aus;
½Gmrsm;wGif oHCmawmfrsm; oDwif;okH;Edkif&ef wnfaqmufcJhonf/
,if;wdkYonf todynm&,lonhf tcsuftjcmae&mrsm; jzpfvm
NyD; Ak'¨0g'ESihf Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIudk oifMum;ay;onf/ t&Sifr[dE´
onf tdE´d, bk&iftaomu\ omoemjyKenf;ESihf tvm;wl
enf;udk oD[dkVfwGif vkdufemtokH;jyKcJhonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ odkY
wap (oD[dkVfwGif) rawGU&onhf tcsufESpfckrSm odomxif&Sm;
aeonf/ bk&iftaomuonf "r®jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf ausmufpm
wdkifrsm;pGmudk pdkufxlcJhonf/ odkYwap oD[dkVfü ausmufwkH;
ay:rSm odkYr[kwf ausmufwdkifay:rSm a'0geHyd, wdórif;BuD;
pdkufxla&;om;cJhonfh "r®vdyd ("r® ta&;tom;) wpfckwavrQ
,aeYwkdif rawGU&Sdao;ay/ tdE´d,{u&mZf taomu jyKvkyf
ouJhodkY oD[dkVfwGif "r®r[mrwåXmersm;udk zGJUpnf;cJhjcif; r&Sd/
t&Sifr[dE´onf tdE´d,wGif zcrnf;awmf\ enf;vrf;udk vdkuf
emNyD; oD[dkVfü "r®vdyd ("r®ta&;tom;)rsm; xkwfjyef&ef a'0geH
yd,wdótm; tb,faMumifh tMuHrjyKcJhygoenf;/ oD[dkVfonf
144 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
xkH;wrf;pOfvm odkY[kwf ]pm&dw}[lonf tb,fenf;/ a&S;acwf
rsm;wGif tpOftquf qif;oufcJhaom olawmfaumif;wdkY\ xkH;
wrf; (o'gpm&) rsm;onf bmoma&;Oya'ESifh w&m;0if jy|mef;
csufrsm;tjzpf wlnDonhf pm&if;wGif ae&m,lNyD; EdkifiHawmfü
wnf&SdNyD; Oya'\ tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfaeMuonf/ oD[dkVfü
vnf; XmaewdkY\ Oya'onf EdkifiHawmf\ wnf&SdNyD; xkH;wrf;
pOfvmrSvGJí wpfjcm;wpfyg; rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkYjzpfí {Vm&onf
tpdk;&aumif; jzpfa&;twGuf ,if; (wnf&SdNyD; xkH;wrf;rsm;) udk tcef; 5
vdkufemjcif;jzpfonf/ r[m0Housrf;ü þtcsufudk xif&Sm;ap Ak'¨0g' EdkifiH awmfbmom jzpfvmjcif;
onhf om"u trsm;tjym; &Sdao;onf/
bmwd,rif;(at'D 38-66)tm; Ak'¨0g'usihfxkH; tm;vkH;ESihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAmÁ efpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf &mpkESpf ESpfckcefY
qdkifonhf a&S;bk&ifwdkY csrSwfcJhaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; tm;vkH; tMumwGif bk&iftaomuonf Ak'¨0g'tm; EdkifiHawmfbmom
1
udk vkdufemcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf / r[m'gXdu-r[em*rif; (at w&m;tjzpf tokH;jyKcJhonhf yxrqkH;aom bk&ifjzpfaMumif; awGU
'D 67-79)onfvnf; a&S;rif;rsm;ESihf ¤if;\tpfudk csrSwfcJhonhf cJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ odkYwap oD[kdVfwGif Ak'¨0g'pwif a&muf&SdNyD;
1
bmoma&; xkH;wrf;pOfvmtm;vkH;udk apmihfxdef;cJhonf/ r[dE´yGJ aemuf ESpf&ufajrmufaeYrSpwifí EdkifiHawmfbmomw&m; jzpf
awmfudk crf;em;pGm usif;ycJhonhf od&darC0PÖ (at'D 362 cefY) oGm;cJhonf/
u ,if;yGJawmftm; ESpfpOf usif;y&rnf[k wdk;`rSihfcJhonf/ at'D a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;\ t&Sifr[dE´tm; rif;BuD;taejzihf
13 &mpk r[m0Ho 'kwd,ydkif; a&;om;olu ,if;bk&ifhtrdefYudk Ak'¨\ tmPma'oemawmftwGif; aexkdifEdkif&ef NrdKUawmftm;
xdkaeYtxd qufcHolbk&iftm;vkH; tpOfrjywf vkdufemcJhonf[k xnfhoGif;vsuf odrforkwf&ef awmif;yefjcif;rSm tvGefta&;BuD;
2
2
azmfjyonf / a[myd#d*r (Hopiµigama) [kac:aom aus;½Gmtkyf onf / bDpD okH;&mpk xdkaeYtcsderf Spí at'D 19 &mpk oD[dkVf
csKyfa&;ESihf ywfoufaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'tcsKdUudk rSwfwrf;wif (bk&ifwdkY\) tkyfcsKyfa&; qkH;cef;wkdifcJhonftxd Ak'¨0g'Dwpf
xm;aom at'D 10 &mpkü a&;xkd;onhf ausmufpmwpfck wGif
3 a,mufonfom oD[dkVfbk&ifjzpf&ef w&m;0if tcGifhta&;&Sd
a&S;a[mif; Oya'rsm;udk a&S;a[mif; xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;tjzpf onf/ at'D 10 &mpkESpfavmufu ,if;,kHMunfrIonf oD[dkVf
&nfñTef;xm;onf/ 12 &mpk wGif od&dwavem (Siritlenā) bk&ifonf Ak'¨0g'Djzpf&onfomru bk&m;avmif; aAm"dowå
w&m;½kH;\ w&m;0if twGif;a&;rª; odkYr[kwf trwf jzpfonf /
4 (bk&m;jzpfvmrnfhol)vnf; jzpf&onftxd tvGef tm;aumif;
3
cJh onf / pwkw¬ r[dE´rif; vufxuf (at'D 956-972) aZw
1
r[m0Ho? 34? 67/ 1
EdkifiHawmfbmom[lonf EdkifiHawmfu w&m;0ifbmomtjzpf todt
2 3
,if;? 34? 85/ ,if; 37? 88089/ rSwfjyKcHxm;&aom bmomw&m;jzpfaMumif; qdkvdkonf/
3
E.Z. III, p. 75. Badulla Pillar Inscription. (Revised in V, pt. 2, pp. 177- 2
r[m0Ho? 15? 182-183/
4
195) Nks. p. 18. 3
E.Z. 1, pp. 234, 237.
142 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
0em&mr ausmufzsm ausmufxGif;pm wGif ]aAm"dowårsm;rS wpf
yg; rnfolrQ oD&dvuFmbk&if jzpfEdkifrnf r[kwf}? wzef ],if;
aAm"dowårsm;onf oAÁnKAk'¨xHrS azmfjyygtmrcHcsufudk vufcH
&&SdNyD;jzpfonf}[k aMunmcJhonf/
udwådedoQu rv’rif; (at'D 1187-1196) u ¤if;\
ausmufxGif;pmrsm;wGif vuFm'Dyudk Ak'¨0g'u ydkifqdkifonf? odkY
jzpfí apmVrsm; au&mVrsm;uJhodkYaom Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfolrsm;onf
oD[dkVfxD;eef; udk qufcHydkifcGifh r&Sd[k azmfjyxm;onf/
at'D 13 &mpkwGifa&;onhf ylZm0vd,trnf&Sd oD[dkVf
uAsmusrf;wGif ,if;,lqcsufESihfywfoufí ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm azmf
jyxm;onf ]þvuFm'DyuRef;um; Ak'¨0g'EdkifiHjzpf\/ ,if;onf
&wemokH;yg; jynfhaeaom bPfwdkufESihf yrmwl\/ odkYjzpfí
þuRef;ae rdpäm'd|dt,l&Sdolrsm;um; ,cifu ,u©rsm;uJhodkY
wnfNrJvdrfhrnf r[kwf/ oD[dkVftm; Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfolwpfa,muf
twif;tMuyfjyKí acwåtm;jzihf tkyfcsKyfcJhvQifyif &SifawmfAk'¨\
*kPfaus;ZlaMumifh xdk (tkyfcsKyfol)\ tpOftqufonf wnfwHh
vdrfhrnfr[kwf/ odkYjzpfí vuFmonf Ak'¨0g'D bk&ifrsm;twGuf
om oihfwifhavsmufywfojzihf ¤if; (Ak'¨0g'Dbk&if)wdkY\ tpOf
2
tqufvnf; wnfwHhvdrfhrnf} /
uE´DrS rmv0wåcsmwm (Malvatta Chapter*) u yifv,furf;
ajce,frsm;udk tkyfcsKyfcJhonhf udkvrfbdk&Sd 'wfcsftkyfcsKyfa&;t&m
&Sd azmvfcf (Falk: 1765-1785 A.D.) xH a&;om;onhf a&S;acwf
oD[dkVfOya'ESihf oufqdkifonhf ordkif;rSwfwrf; wpfckwGif ]yxr
1
aygVKEé½k0? *vaygw? E.Z. UUm o, 109. ajrmufbuf*dwf ausmuf
xGif;pm/ ,if;? pm-159/
2 3
Pjv. p. 656.
* Malvatta Chapter [lonf *gr0goD*dkPf;[k ac:aom odD&dvuFm ax&
0g'Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;uGJ wpfck jzpfonf/ xdk*dkPf;rS a&;aompm[k ,lq
ygonf (bmom jyefol)/
Ak'¨0g' EdkifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 143
qkH;aom Oya'rSm oD[dkVfbk&ifonf Ak'¨0g'udk rpGefY&? tjcm;
1
bmomw&m;udk rudk;uG,f&[kjzpf\} [kqdkxm;onf /
,if;,kHMunfcsufonf tenf;qkH; 19 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;umv
txd vTrf;rdk;aeaomaMumifh oD[dkVf tkyfcsKyfa&;rª; ba&mif;&pf*f
(Brownrigg)u t*Fvef&Sd 0Dvsrf 0Dvfbmazmhpf (William Wilber-
force) tm; ZGefv 13 &uf? 1816 ckESpf &ufpGJjzihf ay;ydkYcJhonfh
pmt& odEdkifonf/ ,if;pmwGif ]vGwfvyfonhf uE´Dbk&ihfEdkifiH
ESihf Ak'¨bmomtMum; eD;uyfpGm qufEG,frI &SdcJhaMumif; ,ck &&Sd
\/ EdkifiH&yfjcm; tmPm odkYr[kwf MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI tm;vkH;udk
qefYusifNyD; Ak'¨u ¤if;wdkY\ bk&if{u&mZfudk umuG,f&ef pDrHay;
onf[k ,kHMunfMu\}[k jzpfonf/
&Hzef&Hcg oD[dkVfuRef;udk tkyfcsKyfcJhMuonfh '&mAD'D,efvlrsKd;
rsm;yif ¤if;wdkYpdwfxJü BudKufonfjzpfap rBudKufonfjzpfap t
enf;qkH; &mxl;twGuf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;tjzpf cH,lcJhMuonf/ ykHpHtm;
jzihf bDpD 2 &mpkwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKUudk tkyfcsKyfcJhaom apmV
(wdkif;Zmwd) rif;om; {V&onf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; zl;ajrmfNyD;
qGrf;zdwf&ef apwd,awmif (r[dE¦avh) odkY oGm;cJhaMumif; od&
onf/ ]{Vm&onf &wemokH;yg;\ *kPfaus;Zl;BuD;jrwfrIudk rod
aomfvnf; xkH;wrf;pOfvmudk vdkufemNyD; (pm&dwH tEkygv,H)
apwd,awmifodkY oGm;vsuf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGrf;zdwfcJh\}[k
2
r[m0Housrf;ü qdkonf / r[m0Ho ygVdordkif;usrf;jyKq&monf
{Vm&onf Ak'¨0g'tay: trSefwu,f pdwf0ifpm;rIr&Sdaomf
vnf; XmaewdkY\ wnf&SdNyD; xkH;wrf;pOfvmudk vdkufem&onf[k
3
,lqykH&onf /
1
Prabhāsadaya, 1930, May, p. 17.
2
r[m0Ho 21? 21-22/
r[m0Ho#Dum (twGJ2? pm-483)ü {Vm& qif;wkaqmifwpfck
taMumif;udk azmfjyonf ]{Vm&y#drmC&}/ ,if;onf {Vm& wnf
aqmufonhf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfudk xm;&Sdonfh taqmifudk qdkvdkoavm
odkYr[kwf {Vm&udk,fwdkif\ qif;wkudk xm;onfh taqmifudk qdkvdk
oavm[lonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm rod&acs/
148 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
&Sif;vif;pGm aMunmxm;onf / Ak'¨0g'udk umuG,foltjzpfjzihf
rlvu Ak'¨ESihf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;udkom &nfñTef;tokH;jyKonfh a0g
[m&rsm;udkyif oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;twGuf okH;EIef;vmonfxdyif
bk&ifonf (vlxk\) tvGef av;pm;rIudk cH&onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf
Ak'¨odkY r[kwf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm; uG,fvGefrItwGufom tokH;jyK
onhf y&dedAd (y&dedAÁKw) [laom a0g[m&udk at'D 10 &mpkwGif
2
bk&ifwpfyg; uG,fvGefrIudk &nfñTef;í tokH;jyKcJhonf /
xdkenf;twkdif;yif twdtustm;jzihf Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;awmfwpf
yg;udkom &nfñTef;okH;EIef;&onhf vat-himi (OyZÑm,omrd) [l
aom a0g[m&udk BuD;jrwfonhf av;pm;rIay;onhftaejzihf
at'D 8 &mpkcefYrS pNyD; bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf tkyfcsKyfolrsm;tm; ac:
3 1
a0:okH;EIef;cJhonf /
1
þü Ak'¨\ oydwfawmfESihf
E.Z. I, p. 237, tumā pay sivur rak (nu.va)s.
ouFef;[lonf Ak'¨0g'udk udk,fpm;jyKonf/ t*Fvdyf bk&ihfbGJU (trnf)
rSm ]Defender of the Faith = bmomw&m;udk umuG,fol} jzpfonf/
2
E.Z. III, p. 76, 77, sataļosa piriniviyan bahanse.
3 onfh rdpäm'd|dwpfa,mufonf rnfodkYvQif "r®ESihftnD tkyfcsKyf
ykHpHtm;jzihf &móa[v (Rāssahela)ausmufpmudk ½Iyg/ E.Z. IV, p.
173, 174; Kirigallāva Pillar Ins. E.Z. II. p. 3-4; and BadullaPillar Ins. E.Z.
III, p. 75; Kaļudiyapokuºda Ins. E.Z. III, p. 258-269, 264-266.
a0aMurqif;*f (Wickremasinghe) u vat-himi onf ]ypönf;ydkif&Sif}
[k t"dyÜm,f&onfh vastu-svāmin odkYr[kwf ]bmoma&; udpörsm;udk
ñTefMum;ol}[k t"dyÜm,f&onhf vātta-svamin [laomouúwpmvkH;
rsm;rS qif;oufa0g[m&rsm; jzpfzG,f&SdaMumif; qdkonf (E.Z. I, p 35, n.
7.)/ y&e0dwe url qif;oufpum;vkH;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí wpfpkHw&m
rSwfcsufjyKjcif;r&Sd (E.Z. III, p. 86.)/ au ynmudwåd (K. Paňňākitti)
rax&f\ vat-himi onf ]OyZÑmomrd}rS qif;oufa0g[m&jzpf\[k qdk
aom rSwfcsufrSm vufcHEdkifzG,f t&SdqkH;jzpfonf/
at'D 10 &mpkwGif a&;om;cJhonhf The Dhampiyā-Aµuvā-Gǎµapa-
daya usrf; (pm-116? aMumif;a& 10)wGif upajjhāyavatta½ a0g[m&udk
]vat teranaµa kaµayuiu vat}[k edó,jyefqdkxm;onf/ wpfzef ,if;usrf;
(pm-153? aMumif;a& 14) wGifyif aAv|oDotrnfESihfywf oufí
]Ānanda mahaterun vajateru Belaµµhas²sa mahaterun.}[kqdkonf/
Ak'¨0g' EdkifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 145
xkH;wrf;pOfvm[k t"dyÜm,f&aom oD[dkVfpum;vkH; Sirit ESihf ygVd
a0g[m& pm&dwonf tpOftvmüyg0ifaom ,aeYacwf Oya'
[laom t"dyÜm,fjzihf okH;EIef;onhf pum;vkH; rsm;jzpfMuonf/
azmfjyNyD; erlemrsm;rS EdkifiHawmf Oya'\ wpfpdwfwpfa'o
tjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhNyD; bk&ifrif;rsm; csrSwfcJhonhf bmoma&;
tpOftvmrsm;ESihf usihfxkH;rsm;&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;pGm awGUjrifEdkif
onf/ ,if;xkH;wrf;rsm;udk oD[dkVfvlrsKd;jzpfap '&mAD'D,efvlrsKd;
jzpfap oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;taejzifh av;pm; vdkufemcJhMu&onf/
{Vm&rwdkifrD tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü ESpf 30 cefY tkyfcsKyfcJhonhf
aoeESihf *kwådv[laom wrDvfrif; ESpfa,mufonfyif Ak'¨0g'D
rsm; jzpfcJhykH&onf/ ¤if;wdkY\ tkyfcsKyfrIudk &nfñTef;&mwGif r[m
0Housrf; ü "ar®e ]w&m;ojzihf} [laom a0g[m&udk okH;xm;
jcif;rSm ¤if;wdkYonf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;taejzihf odkYr[kwf tenf;qkH; Ak'¨
0g'xkH;pHrsm;ESihftnD EdkifiHawmfudk tkyfcsKyfcJhaMumif; qdkvdk&m
a&mufonf/ Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfol tjcm;wpfa,muftaejzihf rnfodkY
"r®ESihftnD tkyfcsKyfEdkifygrnfenf;/ wd&dpämeftqihfrQ ,lqcH&
Ekdifrnfenf;/
ck'´yg&dE´ (Khudda-Pārinda) rif;\ rdzk&m; (at'D 5 &mpk)\
ausmif;wkdufwpfcktm; vª'gef;rIudk rSwfwrf;wifonhf ausmuf
2
pm wpfckwGif wrD;vfvlrsKd;jzpfol rdrd\cifyGef;onftm; Ak'¨'go
ck'´ yg&dE´[k azmfjyxm;onf/ ]Ak'¨\tvkyftauR;}[k t"dyÜm,f&
onf Ak'¨'go[laom pum;vkH;udk twdtus &nfñTef;í okH;EIef;
xm;jcif;rSm ck'´yg&dE´onf Ak'¨bmom0if odkYr[kwf tenf;qkH;
,if;odkYjzpfvdkol wpfa,mufjzpfaMumif; oufaojyonf/ ¤if;udk
qufcHol yg&dE´onfvnf; t&*gr&Sd ¤if;a&;xdk;cJhaom ausmuf
pmwGif Ak'¨bmombkef;BuD;ausmif; wpfausmif;odkY ¤if;\ vª'gef;
1
r[m0Ho? 21? 11/
2
E.Z. IV, p. 114.
146 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1 2
rIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf / uw&*gr&Sd aemuf ausmufpm
3
wpfckwGif wd&dw& (Tiritara) \om;jzpfol 'gxd,onf uw&
*gr&Sd r*Fvr[mapwD (,aeYacwf ud&da0a[&) tm; vª'gef;
axmufyHhrIwpfckudk xnhfoGif; azmfjyxm;onf/
'gXd,[lonf yg&dE´ESihf ck'´uyg&dE´[laom wlnDonhf
4
wrD;vf rif;qufü yg0ifonf/ y&e0dwe ynm&Sif u at'D 5
&mpkukefxd 27 ESpfywfvkH; tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü tkyfcsKyfcJhaom ,if;
5
wrD;vf rif;om;rsm;onf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqonf /
pwkw¬ t*¾aAm"drif;xHwGif cpm;cJhMuonhf aygw¬ukw¬ESifh r[m
uE´uJhodkYaom wrD;vfvlrsKd; t&m&Sdrsm;pGmwdkYonfvnf; 0d[m&
(ausmif;wdkufrsm;) aqmufvkyfNyD; bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;udk
6
axmufyHhcJhMuaMumif; od&onf / uE´Dacwf '&mAD'D,ef bk&if
rsm;onf a&S;acwf oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;\ pHerludk vdkufemvsuf Ak'¨
0g'udk ,kHMunfaMumif; aMunmí Ak'¨0g'xkH;pHrsm;udk apmihfxdef;
NyD; Ak'¨0g'udk axmufyHhchJMuonfrSm tvGefxif&Sm;onf/
bk&ifrif;tm; omrefOyoumrsm;wGif xnhfoGif;aomfvnf;
¤if;wdkY\ &mxl;rSm vlomrefwdkEY Sifh tawmftwefjcm;em;onf/
okwåefrsm;wGif jrwfAk'¨ESihf puú0wådrif;wdkYudk xyfwleD;yg; owf
1
E.Z. IV, p. 113.
2
,if;? twGJ 3? pm-218/
3
,if;ausmufpmwGifazmfjyonhf r['Vdr[em(Mahadaļi Mahanā)ESihf
¤if;\zcif o&w&, (Sarataraya)wdkYudk 'gXduESihf wd&dw& tjzpf
(ynm&Sif) y&e0dweu ESpfoufzG,f taMumif;jycsufrsm; ay;xm;
onf (CJSc. G. Vol. II, p.181. udk½Iyg)/
4
E.Z. IV, 114.
5
xdkYjyif uREfkyfwdkYtaejzihf ,if;ausmufpmrsm;rS tqdkyg wrD;vfvlrsKd;
bk&ifrsm;onf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;jzpfonfomru wkdif;oljynfom; rsm;ESihf ydkrdk
eD;pyfNyD; wpfxyfwnf;jzpfap&ef (¤if;wdkY oD[dkVfudk tkyfcsKyfaepOf
twGif;) ¤if;wdkY\ udk,fydkiftrnfrsm;wGif tb,ESihf r[mem*uJhodkY
aom oD[dkVf bGJUemrnfrsm;udkvnf; xnhfoGif;cJhMuonf/
6
r[m0Ho? 46? 19-23/
Ak'¨0g' EdkifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 147
rSwfxm;onf/ 'DCedum,fvm vu©PokwfwGif Ak'¨rSma&m
puú0wådrif;rSmyg ESpfrsKd;vkH;ü r[myk&dovu©Pm okH;q,fhESpfyg;
ESifh jynfhpkHMuaMumif; azmfjyonf/ tqdkyg r[myk&dovu©Pm
32 yg;ESihf jynfhpkHolonf tdrf&mwnfaxmif vlwdkYabmifü aeyg
u puú0wådrif; jzpfrnf? tu,fí olonf vlYabmifudk pGefYcGm
vQifrl Ak'¨jzpfvmvdrfhrnf/ t*Fkwå&edum,fü xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf
vltrsm; aumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGuf arG;zGm;vmonfh yk*¾Kdvfxl;
rsm;jzpfNyD; xdkyk*¾KdvfESpfrsKd;vkH;rSm xlyg&[ (apwDwnfxdkufol)
1
rsm;jzpfMuaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf / emrfavmuwpfckvkH;udk Ak'¨
&Sifawmfjrwfu pdk;rdk;xm;csdefwiG f puú0wådrif;onf avmuDykxk
ZOfavmu\ pHjyr[mtkyfcsKyfolbk&if jzpfonf/ ,if;xifjrif
,lqcsufwGif tajccHvsuf omref bk&ifwpfyg;udkyif tjcm;
omrefvlom;rsm;xuf rsm;pGmydkvGefonhftqihfudk ay;xm;onf/
odkYjzpfí Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; bk&ifwdkY\ ñTef
2
Mum;csufrsm;udk vkdufem&ef rdefYrSmaMumif; awGU&onf /
odkYjzpfí oD[dkVfbk&iftm; Ak'¨omoemudk umuG,fapmihf
a&Smufonfh avmuDa&;&m acgif;aqmiftjzpf ,lqcH&onfrSm
tawmf obm0usygonf/ at'D 10 &mpkwGif pwkw¬ajrmuf
r[dE´bk&ifu ]Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ qGrf;cHoydwfESihf ouFef;awmf
udk umuG,f&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf} cwåd,onf bk&ifjzpfvm\[k
1
tH 1? 567/ r[my&dedAÁmeokwfawmfü xlyg&[ (apwDwnfxdkufol)
ig;rsKd;azmfjyonf/ wxm*w? yapöuAk'¨? (t&d,m jzpfNyD;onhf Ak'¨\
om0u? puú0wåd&mZ wdkYjzpfonf ('D2? 117)/ Manusmŗti usrf;t&
bk&if[lonf vla,mifzefqif;xm;onfh BuD;jrwfonhf ewfa'0gjzpfNyD;
ouf&Sdowå0g tm;vkH;xuf xl;jcm;vGefjrwfonf (Manu. V, 93-94; 96-
97; VII, 4-13.)/
2
tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 &mZleH tEk0wådwkH (0d 3? 193)/ þü t|uxm
zGifhqdkcsufrSm ]0gqdk0guyf xkwfjyefcsufESifh tjcm;aom "r®ESihfnDonhf
ñTefMum;csufrsm;udkom vdkufem&ef vdkNyD; rnfonhf t"r®udpöudkrQ
vdkufem&ef rvdkacs (0d-| 3? 350)} [k jzpfonf (bmomjyefol)/
152 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
vnf;qdkonf / t&Sifr[mwdó rax&fu 0¥*grPdESihf ¤if;\
ppfolBuD;rsm;tMum; eufeuf½Idif;½Idif; jzpfay:vmrnfh tusKd;quf
2
udk Nidrf;csrf;apykHtaMumif; jzpf&yfwpfck&Sdonf / "mwkaoerif;
tm; rax&fwpfyg;u arG;pm;NyD; bk&ifjzpfvmatmif ynmoif
3
ay;cJhonf / MoZmcHbk&if r[dE´onf 'kwd, aoerif; (at'D
851-885) ESihf oabmwl vufrSwfxdk;&ef pdk;&drfaeaomtcg
r[dE´rif;onf rdrd\ awmif;qdkcsufudk axmufcH&ef ¤if;ESifhtwl
4
&[ef;awmfrsm;udkyihfaqmifoGm;cJhonf / bk&ifrif;rsm;tm; tMuH
ay; qkH;roltjzpf aqmif½GufcJhMuonfh yk*¾vdurax&frsm;ESifh
5
ywfoufonhf om"u trsm;tjym; &Sdonf /
wpfcgwpf&HwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tem*wfrif;om;rsm;
a½G;cs,fjcif;ESihf ¤if;wdkYESpfoufonhf rif;om;rsm;udk axmufyHh
jcif;? xD;eef;qufcHrI Oya'udk csKd;azmufjcif;txdyif aqmif½Guf
Muonf/ o'¨gwdórif; uG,fvGef (bDpD 59) aomtcg EdkifiH
awmf 0efBuD;rsm;onf xdk (bk&ifwifa`rSmufjcif;) udpötwGuf
xlyg½kHausmif;wkdufü tpnf;ta0; jyKcJhMuonhf oHCmawmfrsm;
\ oabmwlnDcsufjzihf (w&m;0if xD;eef;udk qufcHcGifh&Sdol)
vZÆDwdóxuf ydkrdkESpfoufjcif;cH&ol xkv’xe (Thullatthana) udk
6
eef;wifcJhMuonf / &[ef;awmfrsm;onf yxr arm*¾v’merif;
(at'D 496-516) tm; ¤if;\ ppfwyfrsm;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;
7 vat-terun oD[dkVfa0g[mudk OyZÑm,aw¬& t"dyÜm,fjzihf okH;onf/
wpfckü pnf;½kH;&ef cGifhjyKcJhMuNyD; arm*¾v’merif;u yxr uóy
rif;udk atmifyGJ&NyD;aemuf xdkrif;tm; oHCmawmfrsm;u r[m
8
0d[m& ausmif;wkdufü crf;em;pGm BudKqdkcJhMuonf /
3
r[m0Ho? 24? 49-57/ ,if;odkY avQmufjcif;rSm avmu0wfpum; qdk
jcif;ayavm/
2 3
,if;? 28? 71-77/ ,if;? 28/ 16/
4 5
,if; 51; 14/ Oyrm? r[m0Ho 42;22/ 46;6/
6
,if;? 28? 17? 18/ odkYwap ,if; Mum;0ifaqmif½GufrIrSm &Sm;&Sm;yg;
yg;jzpfNyD; w&m;0if bk&if\ trsuf&Sjcif;udk cHcJh&onf/
7 8
,if;? 39? 21/ ,if;? 39? 29-31/
Ak'¨0g' EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 149
avmuDrIudk acgif;aqmifolESihf Ak'¨0g'udk umuG,foltjzpf Ak'¨
omoemawmftm; aumif;pGm apmihf&efrSm bk&ifrif;wdkY\ t"du
wm0efrsm;teuf wpfckjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfívnf; bk&ifrif;rsm; t
aejzihf Ak'¨omoemawmftwGif; pnf;vkH;rIr&Sd odkYr[kwf tusifh
odu©mysufjym;jcif; &SdaerIESihf BuKH&onhftcgwdkif; Ak'¨omoem
awmf pifMu,foefY&Sif;a&;ü bk&ifrif;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf
1
udk rMumcP awGUMu&onf / Ak'¨omoem\ pifMu,frIudk npf
nL;apaom tvdkr&Sdtyfonhf rSm;,Gif;onhf tcsufrsm;ukd Oya'
t& odkYwnf;r[kwf okwfoif&Sif;vif;jcif;jzihf ESdrfeif;&efrSm EdkifiH
awmf\wm0ef jzpfonf/ oHCmtcsif;csif; vG,fulpGm ajz&Sif;í
r&Edkifonhf oHCmhtjiif;yGm;rIrsm; jzpfay:vmwkdif; Mum;0ifajz
&Sif;ay;&efvnf; bk&if\ wm0efjzpfonf/ ,if;odkYjzihf bk&if
uPd&ZmEkwd ó (89-92 at'D) onf apwd,*d&d&Sd Oykof
Cf. Pācit. p. 87 wGif ]tm,o®awm tmeE´ó OyZÑma,m aAv|
oDaom (0d 2? 116)} [kvmonf/ at'D 12 &mwGif a&;om;onhf "r®
jy'Dydum (oD[dkVf)usrf;(pm-293)ü vadǎjuran [laom oD[dkVfa0g[m&
udk OyZÑmp&d,[laom t"dyÜm,fjzifh okH;xm;onf/ at'D 14 &mpkcefY
vuf&mjzpfonhf r[m½lyod'¨o'´e,usrf; (pm-267)wGif OyZÑm,ó
udk ]vajādurange}[k (oD[dkVfbmom) edó, jyefonf/ at'D 14 &mpk
ukefcgeD;wGif a&;om;onhf edum,o*F[ (oD[dkVf)usrf; (pm-12) wGif
a0g[m& wpfvkH;csif;pDudk teufjyefqdkonhf a&S;a[mif; oD[dkVfbmom
sanna (edó,) usrf;rsm;wGif ygVdoufa0g[m&ykHpHudk rl&if;ygVd odkYr
[kwf ouúwudk edó,jyefqdk&ef jzpfEdkifonhf ae&mwdkif;ü tokH;jyK
onfudk owd&oifhonf/ azmfjyNyD; txufygom"ursm;t& vaja,
vada, vat ykHpHrsm;rSm OyZÑm, odkYr[kwf OyZÑrS qif;oufaMumif; awGU
Edkifonf/ 'kwd,ajrmuf "edwtoHxGuf\ a&SUü&Sdonhf yxr &ó
o&wpfvkH;udk jzKwfjcif;rSm oD[dkVfbmompum;ü tjzpfrsm;onf/
*dkif*g\ A Grammar of the Sinhalese Language, p. 34. udk ½Iyg/
1
ykHpHtm;jzihf a0g[m&duwdó? a*gXmb,? yxr arm*¾v’me? wwd,
arm*¾v’me? odvmarC0PÖ? owår t*¾aAm"d ESihf 'kwd,ajrmuf
aoerif; (wdkYjzpfonf)/
150 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
aqmif (odrf)ü oHCmhtjiif;yGm;rIESihf ywfoufí tqkH;tjzwf
1
ay;ol tjzpf wuf<upGm yg0ifcJhaMumif; od&onf / vlomref
wpfa,muf oHCmhudpöESihfywfoufí tqkH;tjzwfay;&ef Oykof
aqmif (odrf)twGif; 0ifcJh&onfhtcsufrSm xl;qef;onf/ odkYw
ap bk&iftaejzifh ,if;udpöudk OykofaqmiftwGif;üom qkH;jzwf
2
cJhonfrSm aocsmonf / bk&ifonf odrftwGif;odkY oHCmawmf
rsm;\ zdwfMum;rIaMumifh 0ifcJhoavm odkYwnf;r[kwf rdrd\
oabmtwdkif; 0ifcJhoavm[ludkrl twdtus rod&acs/ rnfodkY
yif jzpfEdkifap? Ak'¨omoemawmftm; vlOyoum OD;aqmifol
wpfa,muftaejzihf bk&ifwGif oHCmhudpöudk qkH;jzwfay;&ef
trdefYtmPm trSefwu,f&SdcJh odkYr[kwf &Sdonf[k rdrdzmom
3
,lqcJhonfrSm aocsmonf / r[maoerif; vufxuftwGif;
aZw0e0d[m&udk tvªcHcJhonfh wdórax&ftm; w&m;a&;0ef
4
BuD;u vl0wfvJcJhonf / tqdkyg wdórax&ftm; oHCm
(trsm;pk) u yg&mZdutmywfjzihf pGJqdkrIrSefuefaMumif; oufao
jycJhaomfvnf; oHCmonf bk&ifhtultnDrygbJ xdkyk*¾Kdvftm;
5
vl0wfvJ&ef trdefYtmPm r&Sdacs /
bk&ifonf ]Ak'¨omoemudk umuG,fol}jzpfaomfvnf; bk&ihf
ulnDrI tcGifhtmPmrSm oHCmawmftm; ulnD tvkyftauR;jyK
&efomjzpfonf/ bk&ifhtaejzihf oHCmhqE´udk qefYusifí twif;
tMuyf vkyf&ef trdefYtmPm r&Sdacs/ ykHpHtm;jzihf odvmarC
0PÖrif; (617-626 at'D) r[m0d[m&oHCmtm; tb,*d&d
1 2
r[m0Ho 35;10-11/ r[m0Ho#D? pm-640/
3 1
bk&ihfvkyfaqmifrIudk oHCmxktm;vkH; oabmwlnDjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf;
oHCmtrsm;pk\ oabmwlnDrI&SdcaJh Mumif; rSwf,loifhonf/
4
r[m0Ho? 37? 39/
5
yÍör uóyrif; (913-923)vufxuf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd ausmufxGif;
pmt& oHCmtcsif;csif; rajyNidrf;Edkifonfhtcgwdkif; Ak'¨ omoemha&;
&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmf\ tqihfjrihft&m&Sdrsm; yg0ifywf
oufrI&SdcJhaMumif;vnf; od&onf (E.Z. I, p. 44.)/
Ak'¨0g' EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 151
oHCmESifhtwl OykoftwljyK&ef awmif;yefaomtcg r[m0d[m&
oHCmonf bk&ihfawmif;yefrIudk vdkufavsm&ef jiif;qdkcJhNyD; bk&if
1
onf rdrd\ qE´twdkif;aqmif½Guf&ef tmPm r&SdjzpfcJh&onf /
aemufwpfBudrfwGif r[m0d[m&oHCmonf 'kwd,'gaXmywdó
rif;tm; Oyoumwpfa,muftay: tBuD;rm;qkH; apmfum;rI
jzpfonhf ywåedukZÆe (oydwfarSmufjcif;) uHudk jyKMuonf/ (odkY
2
wap) bk&ifonf r[m0d[m&oHCm\ qE´udk qefYusifcJhonf /
bmoma&;ESifh t,ltqa&;&mrsm;ESihfywfoufí oHCmxk
ESihf bk&ifrif;wdkYtMum; &Hzef&Hcg oabmwlnDrIrsm; r&SdcJhaomf
vnf; EdkifiHa&;ESihf avmuDvlrIa&;udpöESihf ywfoufírl ,if;wdkY
tMum; y#dyu©r&SdcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ &[ef;awmfrsm; tae
jzihf udk,fwdkif wdkuf½kduf EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk &,l&ef BudK;pm;rI
vkH;0 &SdcJhykHr&acs/ odkYaomf oHCmawmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ tvdk
qE´twdkif; aqmif½Guf&ef qGJaqmifEdkifaom bk&iftm; ulnD
axmufyHh&ef ¤if;wdkY\ t&Sdeft0gudk tNrJwrf; tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/
odkYwap EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; tcsif;csif;ESihf bk&ifa½G;cs,frI
udkyif ajyNidrf;atmifaqmif½Guf&mü t"duae&mwGif yg0ifMu
onhf &[ef;awmfrsm;taMumif; azmfjycsufrsm;&Sdonf/ a*g"*wå
wdórax&f 'k|*grPdESihf tpfudkrif;om;wdkY tcsif;csif; jzpfyGm;
onhf jynfwGif;ppfudk Nidrf;at;aponf/ 'k|*grPdonf rax&f
jrwftm; þxufapmpD;pGm Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyf&ef rdrdwdkYnDtpfudk
ESpfa,muftm; rdefYMum;rI rjyKjcif;tay: tjypfwifNyD; touf
ckepfESpft½G,f omraPi,fonfyif ppfyGJudk &yfpJapEdkifrnf[k
r[m0Ho 44;80/
2
,if; 45;31/ r[m0Housrf;wGif 'gaXmywdó\ emrusef;jzpfrIESihf
aemufqkH; uG,fvGefonfxd jzpf&jcif;wdkYrSm oHCmhqE´udk qefYusif
onhf vkyf&yfaMumihf jzpf&onfrSm aocsmaMumif;ESihf ¤if;\ awmif;
qdkrIudk vkdufavsm&ef ysufuGufrItay: oHCmawmftm; rSm;,Gif;
onf[k ¤if;jrifaomaMumifh jzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/
156 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
{Vm&rif; r[dE¦avht&yfrS xGufajy;&pOf ¤if;\ vSnf;bD;onf
apwDawmftm; tenf;i,f xdcdkufapcJhonf/ 0efBuD;rsm;u jzpf
ysufcJhykHudk rif;BuD;tm; avQmufxm;Muonf/ tm;vkH;tay: nD
rQrIESihf bk&iftkyfcsKyfa&; rQwrIwdkYtwGuf ausmfMum;onhf bk&if
rif;w&m;onf csufjcif;yif vSn;f &xm;ay:rS qif;NyD; vrf;ay:
wGif 0rf;vsm;arSmufvsuf ]þ&xm;bD;jzihfyif ighOD;acgif;udk
vnf; jzwfypfyg}[k qdkonf/ odkYwap 0efBuD;rsm;u jrwfAk'¨onf
tjcm;yk*¾Kdvftm; xdckdufepfemrIudk vkH;0 tvdk&Sdawmfrrlyg[k
avQmufNyD; xdcdkufoGm;onhf ysupf D;rIudk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; tjypf
udkcH,l&ef awmif;yefMuonf/ þjzpf&yfjzihf a&S;acwf oD[dkVfü
0wfjyK&Sdcdk;&m Ak'¨ae&mawmfrsm;udk ysufpD;atmif vkyfjcif;twGuf
ao'Pfay;aMumif; azmfjyonf/
trSefpifppf Ak'¨omoemonf tjynfht0apmifha&Smifhxm;
aom EdkifiHawmfqdkif&m Xmewpfckyifjzpfonf/ yk*¾KdvfwpfOD;wpf
a,mufESifh jynfoltrsm;onf tenf;pktwdkif;twmjzihf ausmif;
wdkufrsm; wnfaqmufNyD; xdef;odrf;apmihfa&SmifhMuaomfvnf; Ak'¨
omoemawmf\ pifMu,foefY&Sif;rIudk umuG,fjcif;ESihf oHCm
awmfrsm;ESihf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf
jcif;wdkYrSm t"dutm;jzihf EdkifiHawmf\ wm0efrsm;jzpfMuonf/
r[dEÅavhESihf tb,*d&duJhodkYaom ydkrdk BuD;us,fonhf ausmif;
wdkufrsm;ESihf ywfoufonfrsm;udk apmihfa&Smuf&efrl EdkifiHawmfu
vª'gef;onhf tjynhftpkH tNrJXmersm; &SdMuonf/ ,if;Xmersm;udk
oHCmawmf\ oabmwlnDcsufjzihf bk&ifucsrSwfonhf pnf;rsOf;
2
pnf;urf;rsm;jzihf tkyfcsKyfxm;onf /
ukefypönf;ESifhqdkifonhf tcGefrsm;udkyif omoemawmf xdef;
odrf;apmihfa&Smufa&;twGuf pnf;Muyfxm;onf/ a&S;a[mif; r
[mygVd wnf&SdcJhonhfae&mwGif awGU&aom avmif;avSwGif awGU
1 EdkifiHawmf 0efBuD;csKyfrsm;? oHCem,uq&mawmfrsm;ESihf a'o qdkif&m
r[m0Ho 21;22-25/
2
E.Z. I p. 84, 115, 232.
Ak'¨0g' EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 153
at'D 10 &mpkwGif bk&ifhta&;udk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cJhonhf
oHCmawmfrsm; &SdcJhaMumif; azmfjyxm;onfudkyif awGU&onf/
,if;azmfjycsufrSm oHCmtaejzihf EdkifiHawmf vlxktjrifudk udk,f
pm;jyKjcif;tjzpf ,lqcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf/ aZw0efausmif;
ausmufjym; a&;om;csuft& pwkw¬ r[dE´rif;onf aAm"dowå
(bk&m;avmif;) rsm;jzpfMuonfh oD&dvuFmbk&ifrsm;um; ]oydwf
awmfESihf ouFef;awmfudk umuG,f&eftvdkYiSm r[moHCm (&[ef;
oHCmxkBuD;) u ay;tyfonhf bk&ihfpnf;pdrfudk &&SdNyD;aemuf
bdodufcH tcrf;tem;aeYrSmyif bdu©KoHCmtm; tvkyftauR;jyK
1
apmihfa&Smuf&ef} tpOftvm&SdMu\[k xkwfjyefcJhonf / ,if;jzpf
&yfrSm bk&ifwpfyg; xD;eef;&&Sda&;wGif oHCmawmfrsm;\ axmuf
cHrIudk r&SdrjzpfvdktyfaMumif; xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyonf/ aESmif;
acwfrsm;wGifvnf; bk&ifcefYtyfrIESihf ywfoufí ta&;ygonhf
2
tcef;wGif qufvufí yg0ifcJhMuonf /
bk&ifrif;rsm;taejzihf Nidrf;csrf;atmifjrifonhf tpdk;&wpf
&yf jzpfa&;twGuf &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;\ ESvkH;om;udk&,l&ef
tav;*½kjyK&onftxd vlxktay: oHCm;awmfrsm;\ MoZm
oufa&mufrI BuD;rm;cJhonf/ oHCmawmfrsm;\ axmufcHrI&&SdrS
om vlxkMunfñdk axmufcHrIudk &&Sdonf/ 'k|*grPdrif;onf
1
E.Z. I, p. 234, 237, 240: tumã pay sivur rak (nu-vq)s Mahasañg-
hupiļiǎvyũ rajsiri pãmiã sãnã bisev vindna (da)vas mahasañg-haµ
meheyaµ uvasar-vas.
2
ykHpHtm;jzihf r[m0Ho tcef; 49? 1-3 *gxmrsm;wGif yxr 0dZ,Am
[krif; (at'D 1055-1114) uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf uG,fvGefol bk&ifh
ESrawmf? ¤if;\ om;okH;a,muf? EdkifiHawmf 0efBuD;rsm;ESihf oHCmawmf
rsm;onf twlwuG pnf;a0;MuNyD; wpfnDwpfñGwfwnf;yif udk,f
pm;jyKbk&if (sub-king) tm; xD;eef;tyfcJhMuonf/ &mZm"d &mZoD[
rif; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf uE´D\ aemufqkH;bk&if wifa`rSmufrIudk
tkyfcsKyfa&;rª;rsm; yg0ifonhf tpnf;ta0;u jyKvkyfay;cJh onf (Davy
\ Travels in Ceylon, p. 159 udk ½Iyg/)
154 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
],if;("mwfawmfrsm;ESihfoHCmawmf)wdkYtm; zl;jrif&jcif;rSm r*Fvm
1
&SdNyD; tumtuG,f t&Htwm; jzpfaomaMumifh} [kqdkNyD; ppfcsD
pOf vSHwHzsm;wGif Ak'¨"mwfawmfrsm; xnfhoGif;vsuf oHCmawmf
rsm;tm; ppfcsD&modkYyifhzdwfcJhjcif;rSm xdktaMumif;aMumihf jzpfzG,f
&Sdonf/ 'kwd, r[dE´rif; (at'D 772-792)onf a&m[eudk
qefYusifwdkufcdkufa&; tpDtpOfwpf&yf pwifrnfjyK aomtcg
xlyg&mr ausmif;wdkufwGif ]&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf ynm&Sdyk*¾Kdvf tm;
vkH;udk} pnf;a0;ac:,lvdkufNyD; rdrd\ ppfa&; tpDtrHtwGuf
2
tMuHÓPfrsm;udk &,lcJhonf / aemufwpfenf;qdk&aomf rif;BuD;
onf ,if;enf;jzihf rdrd\ ppfa&;tpDtrHESihfywfoufí jynfolY
axmufcHrIESihf av;pm;cspfcifrIudk aocsmapcJhonf/
xD;eef;wufNyD;aemuf bk&ifwpfyg; yxrqkH;jyKaomt&mrSm
tvª'gejyKjcif;? (omoemawmftm;) ylaZmfaxmufyHh&ef (oHCm
awmfrsm;tm;) avQmufxm;jcif;? crf;em;onhf yGJawmfrsmudk usif;
yonhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm;tm; taqmufttkHrsm; wnf
aqmufjcif; odkYr[kwf jyefvnfjyKjyifjcif;rsm;jzifh ¤if;\ bmom
w&m;tay:pdwf0ifpm;rIudk jyo&efjzpfonf/
rlvu EdkifiHawmf\ avmuDa&;&mudpöjzpfonhf bk&ifwdkY\
tbdodufcHjcif;onf aemiftcg bmoma&; tcrf;tem;ykHpH
3
toGifodkY ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf/ r[m0Ho#Dumusrf;wGif tqdkyg
EdkifiHawmf vkyfaqmifrIESihf ywfoufonhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tao;
pdwfwpfcsKdUudk azmfjyxm;onf/ tbdodufcH tcrf;tem;twGuf
tokH;jyKrnfh rif;a`rSmufwefqmrsm; xnfhonhfcGufrsm;udk jrifhjrwf
onhfae&mrsm; jzpfonfh txl;ae&m ckepfrsKd;rS &,lxm;onhf ajr
nufjzifh jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;cGufjyKvkyf&ef ajrnufudk r[maAm"d?
aMu;jymo'f? y*krÜrmvu? r[mapwD (½k0rfAmvdqm,) wdkY\
1 1
r[m0Ho? 25? 1-4/ r*Fvm ap0 &u©m p? bdu©LeH 'óeH [d aem/
2 2
,if;? 48? 126-127/
3 3
r[m0Ho#D? pm-307/
Ak'¨0g' EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 155
ajrmufzufavSum; qif;rsm;rSjzpfap odkYr[kwf pwkómvm
ajrmufwHcg;atmufrSjzpfap? odkYr[kwf &[ef;oHCmrsm; ouFef;
vSef;&ef tokH;jyKonfh orkZÆ0 (Samujjava) [k ac:onhf cef;r
aqmif 0ifayguf avSum;ae&mrSjzpfap &,lavh&Sdonf/ azmfjyyg
ae&mrsm;&Sd avSum;rsm;\atmufrS ajrnufrsm;udk ,l&rnf[l
aom txl;owfrSwfcsufjzihf bk&ifwpfyg;\ tbdodufcHjcif;udk
bmoma&;qdkif&m crf;em;rIwpfck &SdaMumif; ,lqaMumif; txif
t&Sm; azmfjyonf/ aemufqkH;taejzihf 9 &mpk wGif tbdodufcH
tcrf;tem;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSmyif usif;yykH&onf/ ykHpHtm;
jzihf 'kwd,aoerif;(at'D 851-885)onf ¤if;\ tbdodufudk
r[mapwDawmfwGif usif;ycJhNyD; ,if;tcrf;tem;udk ESpfpOf usif;
1
y&rnf[kpma&;NyD; wdk;`rSihfowfrSwfcJhonf /
tajccHOya'ü Ak'¨0g'yg0ifrt I ajctaerSm Ak'¨omoemudk
qefYusifonhf vkyf&yfudk tqihfjrihfopömazmufrItjzpf owfrSwf
onftxd jyif;xefcJhonf/ odkYjzihf wrD;vfvlrsKd;wdkY tkyfcsKyfaepOf
twGif; "mwkaoerif;(at'D 460-478)udk qefYusifaom ppf
&mZ0wfom;rsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf jzpf&yfrSm ]¤if;wdkYonf bk&if
2
udka&m Ak'¨omoemudkyg apmifha&SmufcJhjcif;r&Sd}[k jzpfonf /
xdkYjyif o&PuF&oHC&mZm OD;aqmifonhf uE´DNrdKU rmv
0wåcsmwmrS udkvHbdk&Sd 'wfcsftkyfcsKyf a&;rª; azmufcf(Falk 1765-
1785)xH ay;ydkYonhf (azmfjyNyD;) taxmuftxm;rS a&S;acwf
oD[dkVf Oya' t&]apwDawmfrsm;ESihf aAm"dyifrsm;udk zsufqD;ol
rsm;? omoemydkifypönf;udk vk,ufolrsm;rSm ao'Pfay;xdkuf\}
3
[k od&onf / ,if;Oya'onf bDpD 2 &mpkavmuf apmonhf
tcsdefuyif tmPmouf a&mufrI&SdcJhaMumif; ,kHMunfEdkifavmuf
onhf taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdonf/ taMumif;rl tcgwpfyg;ü
r[m0Ho 40;82/
,if;? 38? 38/ aw rH 0g omoeH 0g aem &u©ðok/
Prabhāsodaya, 1930, p. 19.
160 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
ESpfyg;vkH;onf xD;eef;udk aocsmayguf &&SdcJhMuonf /
a&S;acwfoD[dkVfwGif rxif&Sm;cJhonhf bk&ifrif;rsm;u EdkifiH
awmftm; omoemawmfudk vª'gef;jcif;onf EdkifiHawmfonf Ak'¨
omoemawmftwGuf tvkyfonf[laom tajccHpnf;rsOf;\ t
xdrf;trSwfvnf;jzpfonf/ a'0geHyd,wdóonf ¤if;\rif; t
2
jzpfudk r[maAm"dyiftm; vª'gef;cJhonf / 'k|*grPdonf ckepf
&ufpD ig;BudrfpD Ak'¨omoemawmftm; oD[kdEdkifiH\ rif;tjzpf
3
ay;tyfcJhaMumif;od&onf / ,if;tcsdefwdkumvrsm;twGif; tpdk;
&udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfcJhonfh enf;vrf;ESihfywfoufonhf owif;t
csuftvufudk &EdkifvQif tvGefpdw0f ifpm;zG,faumif;ygvdrfhrnf/
bk&ifu xdktcsdeftwGif; bk&iftjzpfESifhywfoufonfudk aMu
nmxm;NyD; tpdk;&tm; ykHrSeftwkdif; qufvufaqmif½Guf&ef cGifh
jyKxm;jcif; jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif tu,fí olykefoluef
x<ujcif;uJhodkYaom tusKd;qufrsm;u bk&if\0ifa&mufaqmif
½Guf&rI rjzpfraevdktyfcJhvQif bk&iftaejzihf 0ifa&mufaqmif
4
½Guf&ef tcsdefqGJaernf r[kwfacs / wdórif;onf oD[dkVfEdkifiH
tm; umVAk'¨&u©dwrax&ftm; xdkrax&f a[mMum;aom w&m;
5
twGuf vª'gef;onhftaejzihf vª'gef;cJhonf / od&darC0PÖrif;
6
onf EdkifiHawmfwpfckvkH;udk pG,fawmf"mwftm; vª'gef;cJhonf /
yxrarm*¾v’merif;onf tpfudk uórif;udk atmifEdkifNyD;
aemuf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkYoGm;NyD; bk&iftjzpf\ oauF
wjzpfonhf xD;jzLawmfudk oHCmawmftm; vª'gef;cJhaomfvnf;
1
r[m0Ho 42;42/ 44;1/ 43;64-65/
2
r[m0Ho 28;36/
3 4
,if;? 31? 36? 90? 92? 111/
4
bk&ifonf ¤if;\tpdk;&ESihf ykHrSeftwdkif; tkyfcsKyfaepOf ,if;odkY vª'gef;
jcif;rSm vkyf½dk;vkyfpOfrQom jzpfcJhavoavm/
5
r-| 2? 195/
6
'gXm0Ho? tcef; 5? 360/
Ak'¨0g' EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 157
&onhf ausmufpm (10 &mpkjzpfzG,f&Sd) wGif ]þr[mygVdodkY NrdKU
awmfodkY o,f,lvmonhf pyg;wpftdwfvQif wpfyw (pata)EIef;
1
o,f,lvm&rnf} [k aMunmxm;onf /
Oykof (pôya)aeYrsm;ü ukefa&mif;ukef0,f vkyfjcif;udk Oya'
jzihf wm;jrpfxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;odkY aeYrsm;ü ukefa&mif;
ukef0,fjyKrl bmoma&;&nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzihf tokH;jyKrnfh 'PfaiG
udk ay;aqmif&onf/ rlvu wwd,O',rif; (at'D 945-
953)vufxuf r[d,*FPteD;tem;wGif pdkufxlcJhonfh 10 &m
2
pkwGif a&;xdk;onhf ausmufpmwpfckwGif ]OykofaeYrsm;ü ukef
a&mif;ukef0,fvkyfol rnfolrqdkonf rD;tvif;vª'gef;&ef qD
wpfy'´ (padda) twkdif;twm ay;aqmif&rnf? ,if;qDrD; tvª
udk r[d,*FPt&yf&Sd ausmif;wdkufBuD;ü vª'gef;rnf? qDjypf
'Pfud ay;aqmif&ef ysufuGufolrsm;rS a&S;a[mif;xkH;pHESihf tnD
'PfaiGrsm;aqmif&rnfjzpfNyD; ,if;udk rD;tvªtwGuf tokH;jyK&
3
rnf} [k azmfjyonf /
bk&if;rsm;pGmwdkY xkwfjyefcJhonfh wd&dpämefrsm;udk rowf&[l
aom rmCmw (Māghāta)trdefYrSm Ak'¨0g'ü oifMum;onhf t[ð
omudk,fusifhw&m;wGif tajcjyKonhf bmoma&;oufouf jzpf
onf/ rkqdk;vdkufNyD; toufarG;olrsm;&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf ,
1
E.Z. III p. 133.
2
E.Z. III, p. 74. Badulla Pillar Inscription.
3
azmfjyyg Oya'rsm;ESihf xkH;pHtrsm;pkudk rsm;aomtm;jzihf 10 &mpkwGif
ausmufwkH;ü a&;om;cJhaomfvnf; ,if;wdkYrSm a&S;acwfrsm; uyif
vufawGU vdkufemNyD; jzpfaMumif; ,if;ausmufpmt& od&onf/
ykHpH r[m0Ho? 35? 6 - tmr@*grPdrif; (at'D 79-89)/ r[m0Ho
36? 28 – a0g[m&duwdórif; (at'D 269-291) jypf'Pftjzpf cE¨m
udk,fudk ESdyfpufrIudk zsufodrf;/ rm0Ho 41? 30 – odvmumvrif;
(at'D 524-537)/ r[m0Ho? 46? 3 - pwkw¬ t*¾aAm"d (at'D 658-
674)/ r[m0Ho 48? 23 – wwd,uóyrif; (at'D 717-724)/
158 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
cif toufarG;tvkyfudk pGefYNyD; topftvkyfrsm; vkyfMu&zG,&f Sd
1
onf /
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfu ¤if;wdkY
\ pGrf;&nfESihf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESihftnD csD;a`rSmufaxmufyhHrI
2
jyKonf / Ak'¨'gorif;onf xdkxdkt&yfa'o&Sd w&m;a[molrsm;
\ vpmaiG ("r®bmPu0wåH)rsm;udk ñSday;NyD; xdkrif;onf ,if;
"r® bmPuwdkYtm; tcGefESihftvkyftauR; (abma* uyÜd,um
3
&au)rsm; ay;aMumif;vnf; od&onf / a0g[m&duwdórif;
4
onf okH;odef; ay;NyD; &[ef;awmfrsm; ta<u;rS vGwfaponf /
tdE´d,rS&&SdcJhonhf ta&;ygonhf Ak'¨"mwfawmftm;vkH;udk
EdkifiHawmfydkiftjzpf ,lqcJhonf/ a'0geH yd,wdórif;vufxuf
oD[dkVfodkY aqmif,lcJhonfh Ak'¨oydwfawmfudkrl eef;awmfxJrSmyif
5
odrf;qnf; xm;onf / 0¥*grPdrif;vufxuf wrD;vf usK;ausmf
ol ckESpfa,mufteuf wpfa,mufonf Ak'¨oydwfawmftm; ¤if;
wdkYESihftwl tdE´d,odkY ,laqmifoGm;NyD; aumif;pGm auseyfoGm;Mu
onftxd Ak'¨oydwfawmfonf aemiftcg ta&;ygonhf EdkifiH
6
awmfydkifypönf;wpfck jzpfcJhonf / yxr Oywdórif; (at'D 4
&mpk)onf iwfrGwfab;ESihf yvdyfab;rsm;udk y,f&Sm;Edkif&ef ,if;
oydwfawmftm; tcrf;tem;jzihf tokH;jyKcJhNyD; ,if;enf;twdkif;
7
qufvufNyD; tcrf;tem;usif;y&ef trdefYxkwfjyefcJhonf / Ak'¨
pG,fawmf"mwfudkvnf; EdkifiHawmfydkifypönf;ESihf trsKd;om;a&;
vu©Pmtjzpf ,lqcJhonfrSmvnf; tvGefxif&Sm;onf/ aESmif;
1
,if;trdefYaMumihf wpfEdkifiHvkH; oufowfvGwf jzpfoGm;cJhovm; qdk
onfudkrl rod&acs/
2 3
r[dEÅavh&Sd pwkw¬ r[dE´rif; ausmufpmudk ½Iyg/
3 4
,if;? 37;173/
4 5
,if;? 36;39/ r[m0Ho 20;13/
6
,if;? 38;55/ ,if;oydwfawmfudk aemiftcg oD[dkVfodkY jyefvnf
yifhaqmifcJhonf/
7
,if;? 37? 189-198/
Ak'¨0g' EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 159
acwfrsm;wGif ,if;Ak'¨jrwfpG,af wmfESihf oydwfawmf[laom "mwf
awmfESpfckudk ydkifqdkifrIonf oD&dvuFmbk&iftjzpf todrSwfjyKcH
&&ef tvdk&Sdonhf rif;om;tzdkY tvdktyfqkH;aom t&mtjzpf
1
,lqjcif;cH&onf / oD[dkVfodkY odvmumv yifhaqmifcJhonhf Ak'¨
\ qHawmf"mwfudk qif;wkawmfaqmif wpfckwGif Xmyemxm;NyD;
yxr arm*¾v’merif; (at'D 496-513) onf ,if;"mwfawmf
2
tm; txl; ylaZmfrIjyKcJhonf /
qHawmf"mwfudk ,laqmifvmcsdefu txl;jyKtyfESif;cJhaom
tod*¾g[bGJUonf bk&ifu tqihfjrihf bk&ifht&m&Sdrsm;tm; ay;
tyfonhf bmoma&;qdkif&m *kPfjyKrIwpf&yfjzpfaMumif; ,lq&ef
taMumif; &dSonf/ qHawmf"mwfudk yihf,lvmol odvmumv
onf yxrqkH; tod*¾g[ (oefvsufo,faqmifol) bGJU&NyD; Ak'¨
"mwfawmfapmifha&Smufjcif;twGuf *kPfxl;udkvnf; ay;tyfc&H
3
onf / ,if; auo"mwktrdefY ESihf qufpyfaeonfh tod odkY
r[kwf oefvsufrSm rif;om;od'¨w¬ &[ef;rjyKrD ¤if;\ qHyifudk
4
jzwfcJhaom oefvsufudk trSwftom;jyKjcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf /
bk&ifhay;tyfonhf *kPfjyKbGJUxl;BuD;jzpfvmcJhonfh tod*¾g[
bGJUudk tvGefta&;ygolrsm;udkom ay;tyfcJhonf/ ,if;bGJUay;
tyfcH&ol tm;vkH;onf aemiftcg xD;eef;udk qufcHMuonf/
odvmumv udk,fwdkifvnf; bk&ifjzpfvmcJhonf/ tod*¾g[bGJU
jzihf *kPfjyKcHcJh&onhf 'kwd, oHCwdóESihf odvmarC0PÖrif;
1
Codrington : Short History of Ceylon, pp. 57, 60, 67, 77, 80. Mendis : Early
History of Ceylon, pp. 107, 133.
2
r[m0Ho? 39? 49-54/
r[m0Ho? 39? 54/
qHawmf"mwfudk odrf;qnf;xm;onhf y#drmC& odkYr[kwf qif;wkawmf
aqmifwGif jrif;wpfaumif;\ ½kyfww k pfckudkvnf; odrf;qnf;xm;
aMumif; azmfjyonf (r[m0Ho? 39? 52)/ ,if;onf rif;om;od'¨w¬
awmxGufonfhaeYu ¤if;\qHyifudk rjzwfrDpD;cJhonhf jrif; (u@u
jrif;)trSwftom;jyK qif;wkjzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
 Ak'¨0g' EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 161
1
,if;udk jyefay;tyfcJhonf / 'kwd,t*¾aAm"drif;onf xlyg&mr
apwDawmfudk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmftm; apwDawmf
2
udk vª'gef;cJhonf /
EdkifiHawmf\ trsKd;om;ykdifypönf;? pGrf;tifESifh tkyfcsKyfrIpGrf;
&nfrsm;udk tb,faMumihf Ak'¨omoemawmfwGif ,if;odkY &uf
a&mpGm tyfESH&oenf;[lonfudk pkHprf;avhvm&ef pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
ESihf vrf;nTefzG,faumif;onf/ &nf½G,fcsuf&Sdaom pdwfydkif;avh
usihfrI oufoufESifh avmuDudpörsm;udk ausmfvGefoGm;jcif;ay
avm/ ,if;odkY wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzihf jzpfonfrSm oHo,
jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/ odkYwap þavmuwGif t"du tusKd;w&m;udk
vsifjrefpGm &&SdcJhonfomjzpfonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm;onf
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIudk wnfaqmufay;aom ae&mXmersm;jzpf
Muvsuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf rif;om;rsm;rSpí v,form;rsm;
txd wpfEdkifiHvkH;\ q&morm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf bk&ifrif;rsm; wdkif;jynfudk Nidrf;csrf;pGm tkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef ul
nDcJhMuonf/ 0de,ygVdawmft& &[ef;awmfrsm;onf bk&ifrif;
3
wdkY\ tvdkodkY vdkuf&jcif;rSm &[ef;awmfrsm;\ wm0efjzpfonf /
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf bk&iftm; axmufcH&ef vlxktay:
¤if;wdkY\ MoZmt&Sdeft0gudk tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ tjyef tvSef
tm;jzihf bk&ifrif;wdkYu &[ef;awmfrsm; vdktyfonfrsm;udk apmihf
a&Smufay;cJhMuonf/ ,if;udk yGifhvif;pGm azmfjyjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;
,if;onf tjyeftvSef em;vnfrIwpf&yfjzpfonf/ bk&ifonf
vlxkESifh eD;pyfpGm qufoG,frIESihf vlxktay: BuD;rm;aom MoZm
vTrf;rdkrI&Sdonhf oHCmawmfrsm;ü xufjrufonfh 0g'a&;&mjzefYcsdrI
enf;vrf;udk odjrifcJhonf/ odjkY hzpfí pufqkyfzG,f vlowfrIrsm;
usKd;vGefcJhonhf bk&ifrsm;onf oHCmawmfrsm;udk ½dkaoylaZmfjyKNyD;
1
r[m0Ho? 39? 31/
2
,if;? 42? 61/
3
0d 3? 193/ (bmomjyefol\ rSwcf sufudk þusrf;? pm-147? atmufajc
rSwfcsuf 2 udk ½Iyg/)/
162 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
vlxkaxmufcHESpfoufrI&&Sd&ef oHCmawmfrsm;tm; EdkifiHawmfwpf
0ef;vkH;odkY apvTwfrIrsm;udk awGU&onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf ykefuefol
tjzpf ½kef;uefae&csdeftwGif; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; (xlyg
&mr ausmif;wdkuftygt0if) udk vk,ufcJhol 'kwd,uó bk&if
(at'D 641-650)onf xD;eef;&NyD;aemuf ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm;
tBuD;tus,f axmufyhHrIrsm; jyKvkyfNyD; w&m;a[mq&mrsm;udk
1
EdkifiHwpf0ef;vkH;odkY apvTwfcJhonf / vltrsm; bmomw&m;
vdkufpm;vQif bk&ifrsm;taejzihf wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyf&vG,ful
onf/ oD[dkVfbk&if r[memr\ w½kwfbk½ifxH ay;pmwpf
apmifwGif wkdif;oljynfom;rsm; "r®udk vdkufemusihfokH;ygu bk&if
2
rif;rsm;onf aysmf½Tif&aMumif; qdkxm;onf / bk&ifrsm;onf
vlxktaejzihf "r®udkusihfBuHygu wdkif;jynfwGif taESmihft,Suf
rsm; r&Sdonfudk odjrifaomaMumihf aysmf½TifMujcif;jzpfonf/ bm
omw&m;[lonf wnfaxmifNyD; tzGJUtpnf;wpfckudk xddef;odrf;
&efESihf qef;opfwDxGifrIESihf awmfvSefrIrsm;udk tm;ray;&ef arQmf
Ak'¨0g' EkdifiHawmfbmom jzpfvmjcif; 163
qkH; xkwfvkyfay;Edkifonf/ odkYjzpfí oHCmawmftwGuf bk&ifjyK
vkyforQonf vkHavmufonhf tusKd;w&m;udk &&Sdaponf/
Ak'¨0g'udk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf jy|mef;cJhonfhtcsdefrSpí
Ak'¨0g'\ rlvtESpfom&jzpfonfh awmxGufjcif; NcdK;jcHjcif;rsm;
aysmufqkH;cJhNyD; wjznf;jznf; bmoma&; EdkifiHa&;ESihf vlrIa&;
wm0efrsm; pGm&Sdonfh bmoma&;tzGJUtpnf;wpfcktjzpfodkY wdk;
wufoGm;cJhaMumif; 0efcH&rnfjzpfonf/ rnfonhf bmomw&m;
twGufrqdk ,if;onf zGJUpnf;xm;onfh taqmufttkHwpfck
jzpfvmaomtcg rlvykHpHtwkdif; qufoGm;&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ t
u,fí ,if;bmomw&m;onf ¤if;\ t&Sdeft0gESihf *kPfodu©m
ukd xdef;odrf;xm;&vQif ,if;onf tcsdefMumaomf ajymif;vJoGm;
NrJjzpfonf/ ]tajctaet& ajymif;vJrI odkYr[kwf ysufpD;qkH;½IH;
jcif;} [lonf obm0\ rajymif;vJEdkifaom trdefYjzpfonf/
00000000

vifhaomaMumihf jzpfonf/ bk&ifrif;rsm;taejzihf tajccHtm;

jzihf wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;\ pdwfxJwGif vufcHatmif BudK;pm;rIuJh
odkYaom pdwfoabmxm;udk bmoma&;tzGJU wpfcku taumif;

1
r[m0Ho? 44? 148/ ygarmu©*dkif*gonf ]oAÁm*grd,bdu©L[d}[laom
pum;vkH;rsm;udk ]wdkif;wpfyg;om; &[ef;awmftm;vkH;}[k (t*Fvdyf) bm
omjyefqdkcJhonf/ t,fpD 0da'od[ (L.C. Wijesinha)url ]vltrsm;aexkdif
onhfae&mwGif raexdkifMuonhf &[ef;jrwfrsm;}[k bmomjyefonf/
uREfkyf (0gvfydkvm &m[kvm)taejzihf ]oAÁm*grd,bdu©L[d}[k ygXfrSef,l
onhf ,if;azmfjyyg (t*Fvdyf)bmomjyef ESpfckvkH;udk b0ifrusyg/ t
u,fí ]oAÁ*grd,}[k ygXfrSef,v l Qif ]vSnfhvnfoGm;vmonhf &[ef;
awmfrsm;tm;vkH; }bmomjyefqdkEdkifrnfjzpfNyD; taMumif;t&mESihf ydkrdkqD
avsmfzG,f&Sdonf/ ]*grd,][lonf oGm;jcif;? vSnfhvnfjcif;? c&D;oGm;jcif;
[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
2
JRAS. (CB), Vol. XXIV, No. 88, I (1917), p. 83.
168 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
onf / Ak'¨omoemawmfESihf EdkifiHawmftwGuf &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf vl0wfvJNyD; ppfwyftwGif; 0ifa&mufonftxdyif wuf
<ucJhMuonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf 'k|*grPd\ AdkvfcsKyfq,fa,muf
teuf wpfa,mufjzpfNyD; ,cifu &[ef;awmfwpfyg;jzpfcJhonfh
ax&ykwåtb,onf &[ef;b0rS vlxGufNyD; wyfrawmfxJ 0if
&ef qkH;jzwfcJhonf/ atmifyJG&NyD;aemuf ,if;AkdvfcsKyfonf omo
2
emhabmifxJ jyef0ifNyD; &[EÅmjzpfoGm;onf / bk&if*grPd\ vSH
3
zsm;wGif Ak'¨"mwfawmfwpfckudk xnfhoGif;xm;onf / 'k|*grPd
onf vlxkudk pnf;½kH;&efESihf trdajrrS EdkifiHjcm;om; tkyfpdk;ol
rsm;udk ESifxkwf&ef vlxk\ bmoma&;ESihf trsKd;om;a&; pdwf
4
"mwftm;vkH;udk tpGrf;ukef tokH;cscJhykH&onf /
'k|*grPd (101-77 bDpD)onf r[mxly (Ruvanvālisāya)?
r&dp0¥d (Mirisavāµiya) ESihf r[m0d[m& ausmif;wdkuf\ Oykof
aqmif (odrf) jzpfaom bkHudk;xyfjrihfonhf avm[ygom'uJhodkY
aom bmoma&;taqmufttkH rsm;pGmudk wnfaqmufcJhonf/
'k|*grPdonf Ak'¨omoemawmftm; rdrdjynfov l lxk\ *kPf,l
5
p&mtjzpf aqmif½GufcJhNyD; r[m0Housrf; tvdk EdkifiHrsm;pGmrS vl
trsm; r[mxlyapwD bk&m;yGJawmfudk Munhf½I&ef vma&mufMu
onf/ ,aeYacwf a0omcyGJawmf (uqkefvjynhfAk'¨aeY) \ a&SU
ajy;ykHpHudk þacwftwGif; tOD;qkH; awGU&onf/ 'k|*grPdonf
6
a0omcylZm ESpfq,fhav;rsKd;udk usif;ycJhaMumif; od&onf /
1 r[m0Ho 21? 7/
r[m0Ho 25;2-4/
2
&o0g[deD 2? pm-93/
3
r[m0Ho 25;1/
4
'k|*grPdtm; oD[dkVfordkif;pOfwpfckvkH;rS ,aeYacwfwdkifatmifyif wpf
pdkufrwfrwf wnf&SdcJhaom bmoma&;tajcjyK trsKd;om;a&;0g'\
tm'dur®du (a&S;OD;yk*¾Kdv)f tjzpf rQwpGm ,lqEdkifygonf/
5
r[m0Ho? 29? 29/
6
,if;? 27? 35/
tcef; 6
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1
NyD;cJhaom tcef;wGif t&Sifr[dE´ aqmif½GufcJhonfh av;q,fh&Spf
ESpftwGif; Ak'¨omoemonf oD[dkVfü tcdkiftrmwnfwHhcJhNyD;
EdkifiHwpf0ef;vkH;odkY ysHUESHYoGm;cJhonf/ aemuf&mpkESpfwGif jynfol
rsm;tMum; ,kHMunfrItopf wdkwufrI tvGefjrefqefonfudk
1
awGU&onf/ r[m0Housrf; t& BuD;i,fr[l &maygif;rsm;pGm
aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk ,if;&mpkESpfwGif wnfaqmuf
Muonf/ a'0geHyd,wdórif; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf tEk&m"yk&
NrdKUü tpOftwdkif; tkyfcsKyfcJhMuonfh rif;BuD;\nDawmf av;
a,mufwdkYonf Xmetopfrsm; zGifhvSpfjcif; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;
aumif;pGm axmufyhHjcif;rsm;jzihf Ak'¨omoemawmf jyefYyGm;a&;
2
twGuf taumifqkH; aqmif½GufcJhMuonf / awmifydkif;a'o&Sd
a&m[eNrdKUrS umv0PÖwdóESihf tjcm;tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf 0d
[m& (ausmif;wdkuf) trsm;tjym; wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ ,if;
wdkYteuf wdór[m&mr? pdwåvyAÁ (emrnfausmf ur®|mef; w
w&m; tm;xkwfonhfae&m)ESihf uw&*gr (t&yf)&Sd ud&da0a[&
3
ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk azmfjy&rnf jzpfonf / uvsmPD (,ck t
1
2
&dXd*v (t&d|yAÁw) ü awGU&onhf c&pfESpfrwdkifrD oHCmawmfrsm;tm;
*lrsm;vª'gef;rIudk azmfjyonhf ausmufpmrsm;ü ,if;awmifudk tapmqkH;
bDpDokH;&mpkuyif w&m;tm;xkwf&m Xmetjzpf tokH;jyKcJhaMumif;
azmfjyonf (E.Z. p. 136.)/ ol&wdórif; (bDpD 187-177)onf ,if;
ae&mudk wdk;wufatmif aqmif½GufcJhonf (r[m0Ho? 21? 6)
3
r[m0Ho? 22? 23/ E.Z. III, p. 214. "mwk0Ho? pm- 22 wdkYü a&m
[et&yf&Sd ausmif;wdkuf rsm;pGmwdkYudk r[mem*ESihf ,|mv, wdó
,*drif&;wd
oHkYvCª'mES
gef;i hftwl
onf [k qdkoOyk
nf/oftwljyK&ef awmif;yefaomtcg
r[m0d[m&oHCmonf bk&ihf awmif;yefrIudk vdkufavsm&ef
166 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
ac: auvPd,) t&yfrS wdórif;onf taemufzsm;a'oü
Ak'¨omoemawmf jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf tav;ay; aqmif½GufcJh
1
onf / auu0PÖrif;\ om;i,f wdóonf oD[dkVfuRef; t
a&SUzsm;a'o&Sd 'DC0gydt&yfü (Ak'¨omoemjyefYyGm;a&;twGuf)
2
wm0ef,lonf /
bmomw&m;topf\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIatmufwGif oD[dkVfvl
rsKd;rsm;onf Nidrf;csrf;rQwpGm aexkdifcJhMuNyD; EdkifiHawmf wdk;wufzGHU
NzdK;vmcJhonf/ odkYwap tdE´d,awmifydkif;rS EdkifiHawmf\ Nidrf;csrf;
rIESihf wdk;wufrIudk aESmihf,SufcJhMuonfh pGefYpm;oltcsKdU rMumrD
a&mufvmcJhMuonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf wpfa,mufrSm apmVrif;
om; {Vm&onf bDpDESpf&mpk tv,favmufwGif oD[dkVfudk
usL;ausmf wdkufcdkufcJhNyD; tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd tpdk;&udk zrf;qD;vsuf
av;q,fhig;ESpfcefY tkyfcsKyfcJhMuonf/ oD[dkVfuRef;\ ajrmufydkif;
a'orSm EdkifiHjcm;om; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;vufatmufwGif a&mufae
aomfvnf; a&m[eNrdKUrSm vGwfvyfpGm wnf&SdaecJhonf/
,if;&Snfvsm;onhf EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkY tkyfcsKyfpOfumvwGif
oD[dkVfordkif;wGif EdkifiHa&;t&a&m bmoma&;t&yg ta&;yg
onhf wdk;wufrI trsm;tjym;jzpfay:cJhonf/ Ak'¨0g'tapmydkif;
umv\ tBuD;us,fqkH;aom trsKd;om;tmZmenf {uefjzpf
onhf a&m[eNrdKUbk&if umu0PÖwdórif;\ om;awmf 'k|*gr
Pdonf Ak'¨0g'tm; EkdifiHjcm;om;wdkY tkyfcsKyfaejcif;rS vGwf
ajrmufap&ef ppfqifa&;BuD;wpf&yf aqmif½Guf&ef pnf;½kH;cJh
onf/ ¤if;ppfcsD a<u;aMumfoHrSm ]xD;eef;twGuf r[kwf? Ak'¨om
3
oemawmftwGuf jzpfonf} [kjzpfonf / oD[dkVfvlrsKd; tm;vkH;
1
r[m0Ho? 25? 2/ yg&**ø *rdómrd? aZmawwkH omoeH t[H/
,if; 25? 17/ &ZÆokcg, 0g,marm? em[H rr u'gyd p/
orÁK'¨omoeaó0? Xyem, t,H rr/
2
r[m0Ho? 22? 13/
3 ,if; 25? 103-111/
,if; 24? 14? 15? 58/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 167
onf rif;om;i,f *grPd\ tvHatmufwGif nDñGwfpGm wnf&Sd
cJhMuonf/ ,if;onf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;twGif; trsKd;om;a&;0g'
tpyifjzpfcJhonf/ ,if;onf Ak'¨0g'vrf;pOfopf atmufwGif
pnf;½kH;cJhonfh &SifoefysKdrspfonhf aoG;ESihf rsLd;qufopf jzpfonf/
bmoma&; t,lonf;rIqD a&mufvkeD;yg;jzpfcJhonfh bmoma&;
tajcjyK trsKd;om;a&;0g' wpf&yfonf oD[dkVfvlrsKd; wpfckvkH;udk
jrifhwufapcJhonf/ Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfolwpfa,mufudk vlom;owå0g
tjzpfyif r,lqcJhacs/ odkYjzpfí oD[dkVfvlrsKd; tm;vkH; >cif;csufr&Sd
Ak'¨0g'Drsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/
{Vm&udk ESdrfeif;NyD;aemuf atmifjrifol 'k|*grPdonf vl
om;owå0g axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk owfjzwfrItwGuf aemifw
&cJhonf/ yd,*Fk'DyrS &[EÅm&Spfyg;onf bk&ifrif;tm; aemifw
jzpfzG,f rvdkaMumif;? vlwpfa,mufESifh wpf0ufudkom owfjzwf
aMumif;? wpfa,mufrSm Ak'¨"r®oHC[laom o&P*kHokH;yg;udk
aqmufwnfol tjcm;wpfa,mufrSm ig;yg;oDv aqmufwnfol
rsm;jzpfNyD; t<uif;rSm rdpäm'd|d (,kHMunfrIrSm;olrsm;) ESihf 'kóDv
(oDvr&Sd) olrsm;rSm wd&pämefESihf tvm;wlolrsm; jzpfaMumif; rdeYf
Mum;Muonf[k od&onf/ ]rif;BuD;taejzihf Ak'¨omoemawmf
xGef;um;atmif trsKd;rsKd; aqmif½Gufojzihf rif;BuD;\ pdwfxJrS
1
xdkudpöudk z,fxkwfvdkufyg} /
,if;odkYjzihf 0g'a&;&mjyif;xefonhf bmoma&;tawG;tjrif
onf Ak'¨0g'tajcjyK trsKd;om;a&;0g'udk jzpfay:apcJhonf/ xdk
tcsdefü Ak'¨0g'ordkif;wGif yxrqkH;tBudrftjzpf &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf EdkifiHa&;ESihf avmuDa&;&mudpörsm;wGif w&m;0if 0ifa&muf
vmMuonf/ ]&[ef;awmfrsm;udk zl;ajrmf&jcif;rSm r*FvmjzpfNyD; t
umtuG,fvnf; jzpfojzifh} 'k|*grPd\ awmif;yefrIt& &[ef;
awmfrsm;onf vGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmfESihftwl vdkufygcJhMu
1
172 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
onf wkdif;wpfyg;om;wdkY\ tkyfcsKyfrIaMumihf ysufpD;ae&NyD;
bk&ifESihf ppfolBuD;wdkY tjiif;yGm;aeMuonf/ ynm&Sd&[ef;awmf
onf ppfolBuD;rsm;tm; ]Ak'¨omoemawmfudk qufvufwnfwHh
ap&ef rnfolu pGrf;aqmifEdkifrnfenf;? wrD;vfrsm;avm odkYr
[kwf bk&ifrif;w&m;avm}[k ar;jref;onf/ ppfolBuD;rsm;onf
rdrdwdkY\ oabmxm;rSm udk,fhudk,fudk owfao&rnfh taersKd;
jzpfaMumif; oabmaygufoGm;Muonf/ odkYjzpfí wdóESihfr[m
wdórax&fwdkYonf ppfolBuD;rsm;udk bk&ifxH ,laqmifoGm;Mu
NyD; ,if;wdkYtMum; t&SnfwnfwHhonfh zsefajzjcif;udk aqmif½Guf
1
ay;vdkufMuonf /
xdktcsdefu tu,fí tajrmftjrif BuD;rm;awmfrlMuonhf
rax&fBuD;rsm;u Mum;0ifaqmif½GufrIr&SdcJhvQif Ak'¨0g'ESihf oD[dkVf
vlrsKd;wdkY\ uHMur®m rnfodkYjzpfvmrnfudk rnfolrQ rajymEdkifacs/
bk&ifESihf ppfolBuD;rsm;om ynm&Sdrax&fBuD;rsm;\ aus;Zl;udk od
cJhMuonf/ odkYjzpfí aus;Zl;wifonhftaejzihf bk&ifESifh ppfolBuD;
rsm;u rax&fBuD;rsm;udk cHpm;rItjynhfjzihf þodkY avQmufxm;Mu
onf ]tu,fí wynhfawmf&JU wkdif;jynfta&; aqmif½GufrI
atmifjrifcJhygvQif wynhfawmfwdkY owif;pum;ydkYvdkufonfESihf
t&Sifbk&m;wdkYrjzpfrae <uawmfrlMuygbk&m;}[k avQmufxm;Mu
2
onf / þonfrSm tb,*d&dESihf tjcm;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk bk
&ifESifh ppfolBuD;rsm;u r[mwdóESihf wdórax&fwdkYtm; vª
'gef;&jcif;\ taMumif;w&m;jzpfonf/
,if;onf &[ef;yk*¾Kdvfwpfyg;tm; 0d[m&wpfckudk yk*¾vdu
vª'gef;onhf yxrqkH;aom rSwfwrf; jzpfonf/ ,if;onf bk&if
ESihf ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;tzdkY yk*¾Kdvfa&; aus;Zl;&SdrIaMumihf vkyfaqmif
csuf oufoufjzpfonf/ r[mwdórax&fonf ,cifu e,f
pGef e,fzsm;a'ü rxifr&Sm; aexdkifcJhNyD; aemiftcg bk&if\ t
1 1
r[m0Ho? 28? 67-76/
2 2
r[m0Ho? 28? 76-77/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 169
'k|*grPdudk qufcHaom nDawmf o'¨gwdórif; (bDpD77-
59)onf Ak'¨omoemawmftwGuf rsm;pGm aqmif½GufcJhNyD; t
aqmufttkH;rsm; aqmufvkyfcJhonhf 0d[m&trsm;tjym;wGif
aESmif;acwf oD[dkVfAk'¨omoemordkif;wGif ta&;ygcJhonfh tEk
1
&m"yk&NrdKUawmfrS 'u©dPm*d&d0d[m& vnf; yg0ifonf/
bDpDwpf&mpk apmapmydkif;uyif bdu©Krsm;onf EdkifiHawmf
ta&;udpörsm;wGif ydkrdk pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdcJhonf/ xkH;pHtwdkif; xD;eef;
qufcHrItpOftvmudk qefYusifvsuf o'¨gwdó\ om;BuD; vZÆD
wdóxuf ydkrdkESpfoufonhf om;i,f xlvxe (bDpD 59) tm;
xD;eef;udk &&Sdatmif yl;aygif;BuHpnfrIwGif &[ef;awmfrsm; yg0ifcJh
Muonf/ vZÆDwdó (bDpD 59-50) onf nDawmf xlvxetm;
jzKwfcsNyD; oHCmtm; vkH;0MunfñdkrI r&Sdjcif;ü okH;ESpfwdkifwkdif
2
oHCmawmftm; vspfvsL½Ixm;cJhonf /
bDpD 1 &mpk aESmif;ydkdif;wGif oD[dkVfAk'¨0g'ordkif;ü tvGef t
a&;ygonhf tjzpftysuftcsKdUudk awGU&onf/ a&m[eZeyk'frS
wdó (T²ya) jAm[®Ponf 0¥*grPd (bDpD 43) tm; ppfaMu
nmvdkufonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif tdEd́,awmifydkif;rS wrDvf ol
ykef ckepfOD;onf tiftm;BuD;rm;onfh ppfom;rsm;ESifh r[mwdw¬
(Mannare) t&yfodkY usL;ausmfNyD; tEk&m"yk&odkY csDwufvmMu
onf/ wpfEdkifiHvkH; awmifrS ajrmufxd ppfyGJrsm; tESHYtjym;wGif
jzpfyGm;aeonf/ bDpD 43 rSpí q,fav;ESpf wkdifwdkif wrDvfvl
rsKd; ig;a,muf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü tpOftquf tkyfcsKyfMuonf/
,if;tcsdeftwGif; 0¥*grPdrif;onf awmpGef Zeyk'ft&yfrsm;
3
wGif ykef;atmif;NyD;aexdkifcJh&onf /
,if;olykefab;BuD;tjyif jAm[®Pwdóolykefab;[k vlod
rsm;onfh wpfEdkifiHvkH; rBuKHpzl; iwfrGwf acgif;yg;onhfab;ESihf
BuKHawGU&onf/ vltrsm; tpm;tpmvkH;0r&Sd? vlom;udkyif pm;&
,if;? 28? 7/ {Vm&\ tkwf*l[kvnf; ac:onf/
3
r[m0Ho? 28? 17-20/ ,if;? 28? 37-42/
170 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
onftxd? ¤if;wdkY av;pm;Munfñdkonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;\
tom;udkyif pm;onftxd jzpfcJhonf/ axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom
&[ef;awmfrsm;a&m vlOygoumrsm;yg aoqkH;Mu&onf? ausmif;
wkdufaygif;rsm;pGmudk pGefYypfcJhMu&onf? tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf&Sd r
[m0d[m& ausmif;wdkufBuD;rSm vkH;0pGefYypfcH jzpfoGm;onf?
ausmif;wdkuf0if;twGif; opfyifyw d faygif;rsm; BuD;xGm;ukefonf?
r[mxlyapwDawmfvnf; vkH;0vspfvsL&Ixm;&onf/ &[ef;awmf
rsm;pGmwdkY oD[dkVfrS tdE´d,odkY xGufcGmoGm;Mu&onf/ wpfEdkifiHvkH;
1
uaomif;ueif;jzpfcJhonf /
rax&fBuD;rsm;ESihf oD[dkVfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tem*wfAk'¨
omoemawmfonf tEÅ&m,f&SdaMumif;odjrifawmfrlMuonf/ Ak'¨
omoemawmf vuf&Sdtajctae wnfwHhrIudkyif rsm;pGmNcdrf;
ajcmufvsuf&Sdonf/ Ak'¨omoemawmfudk csD;a`rSmufaxmufyHh&ef
oD[dkVfbk&ifr&Sd/ xdktcsdefxd q&mrsm;xHrS wynhfrsm;odkY EIwf&
tm*kHqif;oufcJhonfh yd#uwfokH;ykHudk tpOfrjywf EIwf&tm*kH
aqmifonfh tpOftvmonf ,if;qdk;½Gm;onhftajctae jzpf
ay:aepOf rjzpfEdkifawmhaom tajctaejzpfvmonf/ ,if;0rf;
enf;zG,f umvtwGif; oHCmawmf\ t"dupdk;&drfrIrSm ¤if;wdkY
taejzihf t&mtm;vkH;xuf wefzdk;xm;aom Ak'¨\w&m;awmf
rsm;udk umuG,f&efjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí tajrmftjrif BuD;rm;awmf
rlMuaom rax&fBuD;rsm;onf a'oqdkif&m acgif;aqmifwpf
a,muf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh rmwav (Mātale) t&yf&Sd tvk0d[m&
(Aluvihāra) ü pnf;a0;MuNyD; ordkif;wGif yxrqkH;tjzpf ]opöm"r®
t&SnfwnfwHha&; (pd&|dww¬H "r®ó)}twGuf t|uxmESifhwuG
aom yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ayxuftu©&mwifcJhMuonf /
2 yk&NrdKUrS ESdrfeif;cH&NyD; xGufajy;&aomtcg y@Kumb,rif; wnf
aemufqkH;wGif 0¥*grPdtb,rif; (bDpD 29-17) onf
q,fhav;ESpfMum r[mawmfvSefwkdufckdufrIrsm; NyD;aemuf wrDvf
1
tbd-| 2? 427? 318/ tH-| 3? 93/
2
r[m0Ho? 28? 100-101/ 'Dy0Ho? 20? 45/ edum,o*F[? pm-9/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 171
rsm;udk ESdrfeif;NyD; tEk&m"yk&NrdKUudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufcJhonf/ þ
rif;onf ed*P²(*sdef;)wdkY\ *d&dausmif;wdkufudk zsufqD;NyD; ¤if;\
trnfudk a&SUrSxnhfNyD; tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufudk wnfaqmuf
1
cJhonf /
rif;BuD;onf xdkausmif;wdkufudk ¤if;uHqdk;aepOfu tBuD;
tus,fulnDcJhonfh r[mwdó[kac:aom rax&fwpfyg;tm;
vª'gef;cJhonf/ 0¥*grPd\ ppfoBl uD; ig;a,mufwdkYonfvnf;
ausmif;wdkufig;ck wnfaqmufcJhMuNyD; ,if;ausmif;wdkufwdkYudk
rdrdwdkY tcuftcJ&SdpOfu cifrif&if;ESD;cJhNyD; ulnDcJhonfh aus;Zl;
w&m;aMumihf wdótrnf&Sd rax&ftm; vª'gef;cJhMuonf/
0¥*grPdrif;BuD;onf wrD;vfrsm;udk wkdufcdkuf&ef jyifqif
aepOf rif;BuD;\ url;½I;xdk;vkyfwwfonfh obm0aMumihf rif;
BuD;udk pdwfysufoGm;Muonhf ppfolBuD;tcsKdUrSm rif;BuD;udk pdwfqdk;
NyD; pGefYypfcJhvsuf wrD;vfrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;&ef qE´&SdcJhMuaMumif;
(tvGef jzpfEdkifonf) qdkonf/ ,if;Oya'rJh iwfrGwfacgif;yg;
aepOftwGif; wpfEdkifiHvkH; cdk;om;"m;jyrsm; aomif;usef;vsuf&Sd
ojzifh xdkppfolBuD;rsm;onf vrf;c&D;wGif cdk;om;"m;jyrsm; wdkuf
cdkufcH&ojzihf ynmwwf &[ef;awmfjzpfonfh [rÁK*v’0d[m&
ausmif;wdkufae wdórax&fxH cdkvIHaecJhMuNyD; xdkae&mwGif
MuifemrIESihf tumtuG,fudk &&SdcJhMuonf/ xdkrax&fonf xdk
ppfolBuD;wdkY\ taMumif;udk od&aomtcg rax&frSm tBuD;t
us,f tcufBuKH&awmhonf/ EdkifiHawmfESihf Ak'¨omoemawmf
1
r[m0Ho? 28? 78-81/ edum,o*F[? pm-10/ 0¥*grPd tEk&m"
aqmufcJhonhf *d&dausmif;rS ed*P²wpfa,mufu ]oD[dkVf irnf;BuD;
xGufajy;NyD (yvm,wd r[mumVoD[aVm)}[k us,favmifpGm
atmfcJhonf/ ,if;ed*P²rSm wrD;vfujym; tjzpfEdkifqkH; jzpfonf/
xdktcsdefu rif;BuD;onf ]tu,fí igtvdkjynfhcJhvQif þae&m wGif
ig 0d[m& (Ak'¨bmombkef;BuD;ausmif;) wpfckwnfaqmufrnf[k
pdwful;&SdcJhonf (r[m0Ho? 28? 42-44)
176 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
*kPf&nfESihf t&Sdeft0gudk tvGef½dkaopGm apmihfxdef;cJhMuonf/
r[m0d[m&oHCmawmfrsm;onf uGJjym;jcif;r&SdbJ EdkifiHawmfESihf
jynfolwdkY\ av;pm;rI? opöm&SdrIESihf axmufyHhrIwdkYudk &&SdcJhNyD;
(vlxk)tm½kHñGwfrIudk cGJjcrf;vsuf rdrdwdkYt,ltqudk rQa0&ef xdk
e,fy,ftwGif;odkY 0ifvmonhf tkyfpkopfrsm;udk rESpfoufMuacs/
odkYwap vlrIa&;? EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ajymif;vJrItaxGaxG\
ykHrSef tusKd;qufjzpfonfh wdk;wufajymif;vJrItopfrsm;udk zdESdyf
xm;&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ oHCmxktwGif; uGJjym;rIonf ysufpD; qkwf
,kwfjcif;\ vu©Pmwpf&yf jzpfonfrSm aocsmaomfvnf; vIyf
&Sm;rIESihf wdk;wufrI\ vu©Pmjzpfonf/
aemufxyf &mpkESpfokH;ckcefYumvrSm ykHrSefordkif;\ tajymif;
tvJrsm;udk awGU&onf/ 0¥*grPd\ om;awmf apm&em* (bDpD
3-at'D 9)onf oHCmrsm;tm; &efNidK;zGJUNyD; ¤if;\nDtpfudk 0rf;
uGJawmfol r[mplvdu r[mwdó (bDpD 17-3)tm; ykefuefqefY
usifpOfu cdkvIHcGifhray;cJhaom ausmif;wdkuf q,hf&Spfckudk zsufqD;
1
ypfonf / Ak'¨0g'udk ¤if;\ apmfum;zsufqD;rIrSm r[m0Ho usrf;
jyKq&mtaejzihf ]raumif;rIjyKonhf rif;onf avmuEÅ&du i&J
2 5
odkY usa&mufoGm;onf}[k ,kHMunfoGm;onftxd BuD;rm;onf /
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ ykHrSefvkyfief;tjzpf usrf;pmoifMum;rI t
awG;tjrifudk bmwdumb,rif; (at'D 38-66) vufxufwGif
r[m0Housrf;ü yxrqkH;tBudrf azmfjyxm;onf/ rif;BuD;onf
*E¦"k& (pmayoifMum;ydkYcsonhf) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaeMuaom
oHCmawmfrsm;\ tokH;taqmifrsm;udk axmufyHhcJhaMumif;txl;
jyKazmfjyonf/ þae&mü pmayydckY sonhf pmcsoHCmrsm;ESifh pm
oifoHCmrsm;udk txl;&nfñTef;zG,f&Sdonf/ bmwdumb,onf
'k|*grPdpwifcJhonhf tpOftvmudkvdkufNyD; ESpfusdyf&Spfqlbk&m;
3
wdkY\ a0omcyGJawmfrsm;udk usif;ycJhaMumif; od&onf /
1 2
r[m0Ho? 34? 11-13/ ,if;? 34? 14/
3
r[m0Ho? 34? 69? 66/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 173
xl;yifhzdwfcsuft& tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfwGif aexdkif&ef <uvmcJh
1
onf / odkYjzpfí t&Sifjrwfonf tkyfcsKyfa&;vlwef;pm; tay:
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIudk rjzpfrae tokH;jyKcJhonf/ ,if;
odkYjzpfjcif;onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf oHCmawmfrsm;\ *kPf
odu©mESihf t&Sdeft0gudk t[efYtwm; jyKcJhonfrSm aocsmonf/
odkYjzpfí r[m0d[m&oHCmonf r[mwdórax&ftm; vltdrf
rsm;odkY cPcP oGm;a&mufa&maESmrI (ukvoHo|) jzihf jypfwif
NyD; yAÁmZed,uH (oHCmhtodkif;t0ef;rS MuOfz,frI) jzifh ESifxkwf
2
onhf jypf'Pf csrSwfMuonf / ,if;onf bk&ifESihf ppfolBuD;rsm;
\ vkyfaqmifcsuftay: oG,f0dkufí qefYusifrIvnf; jzpfonf/
odkYwap r[mwdó\wynhf A[vrókwdó (rkwfqdwf
3
&Snf wdó) onf ,if;odkY jypf'Pf csrSwfrItay: rQwonf[k
oabmrwlbJ jiif;qdkrIudk wdk;`rSihfcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí ,if; (A[v
rók)udkvnf; r[m0d[m&oHCmu rpifMu,fonhfbufodkY
4
bufvdkufrIjzihf Oau©yed, 0denf;uHjyKMujyefonf / A[vrók
wdóonf tvGefpdwfqdk;NyD; wynhf&[ef; rsm;pGmESihftwl t
b,*dausmif;odkY oGm;aeNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkY jyefr
oGm;bJaeonf /
,if;onf xdktcsdefxd r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf t&Sdeft0g
1
r[m0Ho? 28? 82/
2
r[m0Ho? 28? 95/ edum,o*F[? pm 10/ yAÁmZed,uHESihf ywfoufí
0d 4? 23 udk ½Iyg/ ,if;ykHpHjzihf r[mwdótay: qefYusifonhf vkyf&yf
twGuf tcuftcJr&SdonfrSm aocsmonf/ taMumif;rl r[mwdó
onf vlrIa&;uRrf;usifNyD; vlOyoumrsm;ESihf &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifonhf Oy"d
½kyf&SdNyD; ¤if;wdkYESihf cspfcifeD;pyfrI &SdykH&onf/ r[mwdóonf tawG;
3
tjrif us,fjyefYNyD; avmuDa&; todynmrsm;pGm &Sdonf/
edum,o*F[? pm-10 ü r['gVd,mwdó (Mahadāļiyā-Tissa) [k
azmfjyonf/
4
Oau©yeD,uHtaMumif;udk 0d 4? 49 wGif ½Iyg/
5
r[m0Ho? 28? 96/ edum,o*F[? 10/
174 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
atmufwGif nDñGwfpGm wnf&SdcJhonhf oHCmtwGif; oabmxm;
uGJvGJ\ tpyifjzpfonf/ tb,*d&d&[ef;awmfrsm;onf r[m
0d[m& ausmif;wdkufESihf oD;jcm;tkyfpktaejzihf aexdkifcJhMuaomf
vnf; tpydkif;wGif ,if;tkyfpEk SpfcktMum; r[mwdórax&ftm;
csrSwfonhfjypf'PfrSm 0denf;ESifhtnD csrSwfonf[laomtcsuf
udk oabmrwlonfrSwpfyg; tawG;tac:ydkif;rSma&m avhusihf
tm;xkwfrIydkif;rSmyg jcm;em;rIr&Sdacs/
odkY&mwGif rMumrDtcsdeftwGif;ü tdE´d,&Sd 0ZÆDykwå*dkPf;rS "r®
½kpdtrnf&Sd rax&f\ wynhfrsm; jzpfMuonhf &[ef;awmftcsKdU
oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmMuNyD; ¤if;wdkYudk tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü
1
vufcHxm;onf / t&Sdeft0gBuD;rm;onhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;
wdkufrS uGJxGufvmonfh tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufonf ¤if;wdkY\
tajctae awmifhwif;ap&ef r[mrdwftcsKdUudk &&SdvdkaMumif;
rSef;qEdkifonf/ 0ZÆDykwå*dkPf;om;wdkY\ oifMum;csufESihf t"dyÜm,f
aumuf,lrItcsKdUudk ax&d,*dkPf;jzpfonhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;
wdkuft,ltqu vufrcHacs/ t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ azmfjy
csuft& 0ZÆDykwå&[ef;wdkYonf rwlonhf t,l0g'rsm;teuf ax
&0g'u vufcHxm;aom tewåw&m;awmfESihf vkH;0 qefYusif
aom xm0&wnf&Sdonhf wpfudk,fa& 0dnmOfaumif &Sdonf[l
aom t,ltqudk ,lxm;aMumif; od&onf/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfwpf
a,mufonf (&[EÅmtjzpfrS) jyefvnf avQmusEdkifonf/ ,if;
qefYusifzuf t,ltqrsm;tpm; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmou 0ZÆD
2
ykwåuwdkYrSm Ak'¨0g'*dkPf;uGJwpfck jzpfaMumif; vufcHonf /
1
edum,o*F[? pm-10/
2
au ye yk*¾v0g'daem? omoae 0ZÆDykwåum ap0 ordwåd,m p A[d'¨g
A[l tnwdw¬d,m (tbd-| 3? 112)/ ordwåd,m 0ZÆdykwåum oAÁw¬d
0g'daem {uapö p r[moHCdum t&[aEÅmyd y&d[með £päEÅd (,if;?
147)/ tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü vufcHxm;aom "r®½kpdrax&f\ w
ynhfrsm;vnf; ,if;0g'udk cH,lxm;Muoavm [lonfudk uREfkyfwdkY t
aotcsm rod&acs/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 175
wdóESihf ¤if;\wynhfrsm;onf a&mufopfp &[ef;rsm;ESihf
¤if;wdkY\ oifMum;csufrsm;udk ESpfoufMuNyD; ,if;udktaMumif;jyK
í aemiftcg tdE´d,&Sd ¤if;wdkY\q&mBuD; trnfudk,lNyD; tb,
1
*d&d &[ef;rsm;udkvnf; "r®½pk d*dkPf;[k ac:a0:vmMuonf / bk
&ifu ,if;tb,*d&doHCmzufwGif &SdaomaMumihf Ak'¨0g'*dkPf;
opf odkYr[kwf ,if;wdkY\ 0g'tay: w&m;0if wm;jrpfrI r&Sdonf
rSm xif&Sm;onf/
xdktcsdefrSpí tb,*d&d&[ef;awmfrsm;onf tdE´d,&Sd Ak'¨
0g'*dkPf;uGJrsKd;pkHESihf vIyf&Sm;rItopfESihf tpOfrjywf qufoG,frI&Sd
cJhNyD; ,if;wdkYrSwpfqihf pdwf"mwfwuf<urIESihf cGeftm;udk &&SdcJhykH&
onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ t,ltqü rjyif;xefbJ jynfyrS
tawG;tjrifopfrsm;udk tNrJwrf;BudKqdkNyD; wdk;wufatmif BudK;
pm;cJhMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf ax&0g'udka&m r[m,meudkyg avh
2
vmNyD; ]yd#uwfokH;ykHtm; us,fjyefYpGm jyefYESHYaponf} / a&S;rl r
ysuf qufvufxdef;odrf;NyD; ax&0g'udkomvQif oiftHydkYcsaom
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufum; r[m,me0g'udk qefYusifNyD; t
jcm;rnfonhf qef;opfwDxGifrIudkrqdk tm;ray;acs/ r[m0d[m&
onf ax&0g'DwdkY vufcHonhf wdusaomoifMum;csufrsm;ESihf
tpOftvmudkom opöm&SdpGm apmihfxdef;cJhonf/ odkYjzpfí r[m
0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf&Sd oHCmawmfrsm;\ tjrifwGif tb,*d&d
&[ef;awmfrsm;rSm ax&0g'r[kwfbJ rSm;,Gif;onhf t,ltq
rsm;omjzpfonf/
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufonf t&Sifr[dE´udk,fwdkif txGwf
tjrwfjyKcJhonfh Ak'¨0g'\ rlvblwESihf yxrOD;qkH; aoOf ajr
jzpfonf/ r[m0d[m&&[ef;awmfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ BuD;jrwf
onhf tpOftvmtwGuf *kPf,lMuNyD; ¤if;wdkY ausmif;wdkuf\
1
edum,o*F[usrf;? pmrsufESm 10 t& ,if;*dkPf;opfonf at'D 15
&mpkwGif ]0¥*grPdrif; eef;pH 5 ESpfajrmuf}wGif ay:aygufvmonf/
2
Hiuen Tsiang, II, p. 247.
180 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rSmyif aexdkifonf? vlYavmuudk vkH;0qif;rvm? edr®dw½kyf
oP²mefrQom awGU&jcif;jzpfNyD; vlom;wdkYtMum; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif yGihf
ay:rvm? ,if; edr®dwAk'¨a&m edr®dwAk'¨ "r®udkoif,lxm;ol t
&SiftmeE´wdkYyg "r®udk a[mMum;Muonf? Ak'¨tppfrSm "r®udk
1
vkH;0ra[mMum;}[laom 0dnmP0g'udk ,lpGJxm;Muonf / xdkY
tjyif ,if;t,ltqt& Ak'¨onf ,if;odkYjzpfojzifh rnfonhf
t&mudkrQ rokH;aqmifbJ (e b*0g udÍöd y&dbkÍÆwd) avmuESifh
vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sdap&ef vª'gef;onfrsm;udk vufcHouJhodkY jyKrl
onf (avmumEk0wåew¬H)/ odkYjzpfí Ak'¨tm; jyKvkyfaomt&m
onf taxmuftyHhrjyKojzihf (ed½kyum&wåm) rnfonhftusKd;
2
udkrQ rjzpfapEdkif /
xdkenf;twdkif;yif a0wkv’0g'DwdkYonf a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,f
tppftrSeft& oHCm[lonf w&m;ukd,ftm;jzihf r*fw&m;zdkvf
w&m;udkom qdkvdkonf (y&rw¬awm r*¾zvmae0 oHaCm)? r*f
zdkvfrS wpfyg; oHCm[lonfr&Sd? r*fzdkvfwdkYonf rnfonhft&m
udkrQ vufcHjcif;r&Sd? odkYjzpfí oHCmonf tvªypönf;rsm;udk
vuf cHonf ('u©dPH y#d*PSmwd) odkYr[kwf tvªypönf;rsm;udk
pif Mu,fatmifvkyfonf ('u©dPH 0daoma"wd) odkYr[kwf oHCm
onf pm;zG,f aomufzG,fudk okH;aqmifonf[kqdkygu rSm;,Gif;
onf/ odkYjzpfojzihf oHCmtm; rnfonhft&mudkrQ vª'gef;í r
jzpfEdkifbJ oHCmtm; vª'gef;orQonf rnfonhftusKd;udkrQ &&Sd
3
rnfr[kwf / ¤if;wdkYonf tjyeftvSef ,kHMunfcsufjzihf rnfonhf
vlom;pkHwGJrqdk arxkefrSD0Jaumif;onf[kvnf; ,kHMunfMuonf /
4 aqmifESifhywfoufonfh oHCmtwGif; tjiif;yGm;rIomjzpfonf (Oayg
1 2
,if;? pm-193/ ,if;? pm-192/
3
,if;? pm-190-192/
4
,if;? 209/ {um"dyÜma,m arxkaem "ar®m y#dao0dwaAÁm/ {um
"dyÜm, odkYr[kwf wpfckaom &nf½G,fcsuf[lonf u½kPm odkYr[kwf
rk'dwmaMumihf odkYr[kwf trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufESihf bk&m;ausmif;wpfck
wGif &Sdcdk;0wfjyKNyD;aemuf twlwuG arG;zGm;&efjyKonhf av;eufonhf
t"d|mefudk qdkvdkaMumif; t|uxmü &Sif;jyonf/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 177
bmwdumb,udkqufcHol bmomw&m; udkif;½Idif;NyD; rSm;
1
,Gif;rIwpfckjzihf MunfñdkcJhNyD; "r®ESihf Ak'¨0g'a&;&mrsm; jyefYyGm;a&;
twGuf rsm;pGm BudK;yrf;aqmif½GufcJhol r[m'gXdur[mem*
2
(at'D 67-69) wGif ausmfMum;vSonhf *d&db@ylZmyGJawmf udk
pwifusif;ycJhonf/ ¤if;\om;awmf tmr@ *grPd (at'D 79-
89)onf taomu\pHerludk vdkufemzG,f&Sdonhf oD[dkVfwpf
3
uRef;vkH; rmCmw wd&pämefrsm;udk rowf&ef yxrqkH;xkwfjyef
cJhol jzpfonf/
¤if;udkqufcHol nDawmf uPd&ZmEkwdó (at'D 89-92)
onf &[ef;qdk; ajcmufq,fcefYudk apwd,yAÁw (r[dE¦avh)&Sd
ausmufaqmif acsmufurf;yg;jywfrS atmufodkYypfcs&ef trdefY
ay;cJhonf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;onf omoema&;tjiif;yGm;rIESihf
ywfoufí rif;BuD;\ qkH;jzwfcsufudk vufrcHbJ Oykofaqmif
4
(odrf)twGif; rif;BuD;tm;owfjzwf&ef BuHpnfcJhMuonf / tqdkyg
1
rif;BuD;onf rdrdudk,fwdkifudka&m? rdzk&m;? om;awmfESpfa,muf? EdkifiH
awmfqifESihf EdkifiHawmftdrfwdkYudk oHCmawmfu vufrcHaomfvnf;
oHCmawmftm; vª'gef;cJhonf (r[m0Ho? 34? 6/
2
r[m0Ho? 34? 81/ 3
r[m0Ho? 35? 6/
4
r[m0Ho? 35? 10-11/ r[m0Ho#Dum? pm-640/ t'du&rf trnf&Sd
yk*¾Kdvfu ,if;odkY jypf'Pfay;rIonf ]&[ef;awmftcsKdUudk EdkifiHa&;vIyf
&Sm;rIwGif yg0ifvmaponf}[k qdkonf (EHBC. p. 89.)/ ,if;onf
EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yf r[kwfbJ OykofaqmiftwGif; odkYr[kwf Oykof
oxC&¥H)/ r[m0Ho#Dumü apwd,*d&d0d[ma& Oaygoxm *ga&
bdu©Lok OyÜEéH t¥H ]apwd,*d&d ausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd Oykoftdrfü
&[ef;awmfrsm;twGif; jzpfyGm;onhf tjiif;yGm;rI}[k &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjy
onf/ bk&ifrif;u ,if;tjiif;yGm;rIwGif Mum;0if aqmif½GufNyD; ,if;
tjiif;yGm;rIudk Nidrf;aponf/ odkYwap &[ef;tcsKdU rif;BuD;\ qkH;jzwf
csufudk rESpfoufMuojzihf ,if;Oykofaqmif twGif;rSmyif rif;BuD;udk
owfjzwf&ef BuHpnfMuonf/ bk&iftm; owfjzwf&ef vkyfMuHrI (&mZm
y&m"ur®) twGuf xdkoHCmrsm;tm; jypf'Pfay;rIudk jzpfay:aponf/
178 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&ufpufonhf vkyf&yfonf xdkacwf &[ef;awmftcsKdU\ b0wGif
rawGUBuKHzl;aom tjzpftysufrsm;tjzpf azmfjyonf/ ,if;odkY
aom a&Smifwcif jzpf&yfrsm;onf oHCmawmf\ *kPfodu©mudk
xdcdkufapcJhonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,rf vdkacs/ ,if;odkY jzpfjcif;rSm
uREfkyfwdkY awGU&onhf bk&ifrsm;u rMumcP ausmif;wdkufwpf
ckudk rsufESmomay; odkYr[kwf qefYusifonfh taMumif;w&m;rsm;
aMumifh jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ jrifhjrwfonhf &[ef;awmf wpfyg;onf
ausmif;wdkufwpfcktwGuf bk&ifhtodkif;t0dkif;\ rsufESmomay;rI
udk cyfMumMum &aepOfwGif raumif;rI jyKvkyfolvnf; xdktcsdef
ESihftrQyif ,if;tcGifhta&;udk qkH;½IH;aernfjzpfonf/
txufazmfjyjyyg uHqdk;onhfjzpf&yfNyD;aemuf q,fpkESpf okH;
ckESifh wpf0ufcefYumvtwGif; 0obrif; (at'D 127-171) u
wdk;wufrItcsKdU aqmif½Gufay;onhf tcsdefwdkifatmif apwd,*d&d
1 2
ausmif;wdkuftm; rnfonhfrif;rS *½kpdkuf axmufyHhcJhykHr&acs /
¤if;\ aqmif½GufrIrSmvnf; ¤if; (rif;) touf&Snf&ef oHCm
awmfrsm;\ tMuHay;rIaMumihfjzpfojzihf rdrdtusKd; twGufaMumihf
om jzpfonf/ 0obrif;onf rsufESmrvdkufbJ ausmif;wdkuf
tm;vkH;twGuf OD;aqmifvkyfay;ykH&NyD; rif;BuD;onf "r®uxdu
rsm;tm; axmufyHhjcif;? apwDawmftopfESif Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
topfrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;? bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufa[mif;rsm;udk
jyefvnf jyKjyifjcif;rsm;jzihf Ak'¨omoemawmftwGuf rsm;pGm
*dkif*g (r[m0Hot*Fvdyfbmomjyef? pm-247? atmufajc rSwfcsuf? 1)
onf apwd,0Sa, [laompum;vkH; (r[m0Ho 35;10) udk xlyg&mr
(r[dEÅavh) udk &nfñTef;onf[k ,lqcJhonf/ odkYwap r[m0Ho#Dum
pmrsufESm 640 ü ,if;onf apwd,*d&0d d[m& (r[dEÅavh) [k &Sif;
vif;pGm jyqdkNyD;jzpfonf/ *dkif*gonf ]&[ef;awmfrsm;onf uPd&[k
ac:aom *lodkY xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;onf}[kvnf; ,lqcJhao;
onf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;udk r[dEÅavh&Sd awmifurf;yg; apmufrS ypfcs
(NyD;uGyfrsuf) cJhonf/
2 4
r[m0Ho? 35? 80/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 179
aqmif½GufcJhonf/ þrif;tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif; ajrmufydkif;&Sd em*'Dy
(,aeY tac: *smzemuRef;qG,f) uRef;rSmyif 0d[m&rsm; wnf
1
aqmufcJhonf / a0omcyGJawmf av;q,fhav;ckudk þrif; usif;
ycJhonf [kqdkonf/ þrif;onf EdkifiHawmf\ NrdKUjy? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf
usef;rma&; tajctaersm; wdk;wufatmifvnf; aqmif½GufcJh
onf/ 0obrif;ESihf a0g[m&duwdó (at'D 269-291) rif;
rsm; vufxuftwGif; &mpkESpfwpfckcefYumvwGif Ak'¨0g'ordkif;ü
ta&;ygonhf jzpf&yfrsm; &SdcJhykHr&acs/ bk&iftm;vkH;eD;yg; 0d[m&
rsm;udk *dkPf;*Pra½G; axmufyHhcJhMuNyD; Ak'¨omoemwkd;wufa&;
twGuf ¤if;wdkYwwfpGrf;orQ aqmif½GufcJhMuonf/
a0g[m&duwdórif; vufxufwGif oD[dkVfordkif;wGif yx
rqkH; tBudrftjzpf a0wkv’0g' (Skt. Vaitulyavāda)[kac:aom
0g'a&;&m *dkPf;uGJwpfcktaMumif;udk od&onf/ r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wdkufudka&m tb,*d&dausmif;wdkuf udkyg ausmif;wdkuf
ESpfckvkH;udk axmufyHhol 0obrif;onf Ak'¨0g'pnf;rsOf; pnf;
3
urf;ESihf EdkifiHawmf\ Oya'udkyg uRrf;usifonhf uydvtrwf \
tultnDjzihf pkHprf;ppfaq;NyD;aemuf t,lrSm;rsm;yg&Sdonhf a0
wkv’0g'tm; ESdyfuGyfcJhaMumif; od&onf/
tb,*d&dausmif;wdkuf\ "r®½kpdursm;xufydkíyif t,lrSm;
,Gif;onf[k ,lqcH&onhf ,if;a0wkv’0g'Drsm;rSm rnfolrsm;jzpf
aMumif; &Sif;vif;rIr&Sdacs/ ygVdordkif;usrf;rsm;ü ,if;udpötwGuf
vkH;0 azmfjyjcif;r&Sd/ t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmotvdkt&rl a0wkv’
4
0g'Drsm;udk r[mokn0g'Drsm;[kvnf; ac:onf / a0wkv’0g'DwdYk
onf ]jrwfAk'¨onf wkodwmewfjynfwGif arG;zGm;NyD; wkodwm
1
E.Z. IB. Vallipuram Gold Plate, p. 237. udk½Iyg/
2
r[m0Ho? 36? 31-33/ *dkif*g t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? pm-258? atmuf
ajcrSwfcsuf 4/
3
,if;? 36? 41/
r[mokn0d'docFgwH a0wkv’umeH? tbd-| 3? 258/
184 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
qGrf;pm;aqmif r[mygVdwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; apmifha&Smuf
1
xm;cJhaMumif;qdkonf / odkY&mwGif tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;um; rnf
odkY&SdcJhoenf;/ ,if;&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rnfodkY oDwif;okH;awmf
rlcJhMuoenf;/ yd@ygw (tvªqGrf;) udk trDSjyKí oDwif;okH;jcif;
rSm iwfrGwfacgif;yg;pOf umvtwGif; rvG,fulacs/ qGrf;udk
r[mygVdrSjzpfap tjcm;ae&m&mrSjzpfap r&EdkifMuonhf &[ef;
awmftcsKdUrSm a<u;wifoGm;onhfwdkifatmif udk,fhudk,fudk apmifh
pnf;cJhMu&onf [laomtcsufrSm jzpfEdkiftHhavm/ odkYwnf;r
[kwf iwfrGwfab;twGif; &[ef;awmftcsKdU ¤if;wdkY\ apmifh
a&Smufol r&Sdjzpfaeonfh rdbrsm;udk odkYr[kwf eD;pyfonhf aqGrsKd;
rsm;udk apmihfa&SmufcJh&oavm/ a0g[m&duwdóonf oD[dkVf
uRef;twGif;&Sd t&d,0Hookwfawmfudk a[mMum;onhfae&mwdkif;
2
wGif qGrf;vª'ef;rIudk wnfaqmufaMumif;vnf; od&onf / ,ck
tcg t&d,0Hokwfudk a[mMum;jcif;onf Ak'¨0g'taejzihf rESpf
oufzG,f tajctae[laom trSwfoauFw jzpfonf/
a0g[m&duwdórif;onf udk,fcE¨mudk emusifatmif jypf
3 4
'Pfay;rIudk ½kyfodrf;cJhNyD; a0omcyGJawmfudk crf;em;pGm usif;y
NyD; Ak'¨omoemawmf tusKd;twGuf rsm;pGm aqmif½GufcJhonf/
a0g[m&duwdórif; tkyfcsKyfpOfumvonf ordkif;wGif r
jzpfzl;avmufatmif ESpfaygif; av;q,fcefY Mumanmif;cJhonf/
,if;aemuf uREkfyfwdkYonf oD[dkVfAk'¨bmom\ ordkif;rSwfrsm;wGif
jyóem trsm;qkH;umvtydkif;tjcm;wpfck jzpfzG,f&Sdonhf at'D
av;&mpk\ yxrESpf0ufodkY 0ifa&mufvmNyD jzpfonf/
1
r[m0Ho? 36? 20/
2
r[m0Ho? 36? 38/
3
r[m0Ho? 36? 28/ [ðomrkwåH a0g[m&H/
4
,if;? 36? 40/
00000000
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 181
at'D okH;&mpkwGif oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmMuonhf a0wkv’rsm;
tjzpf r[m0Housrf;wGif &nfñTef;cJholrsm;rSm ,if;t,ltqrsm;
udk trSefwu,f,lqjcif;&Sd r&Sd taotcsm rod&acs/ rSwfwrf;
rsm;ü ¤if;wdkY\ oifMum;csufrsm;ESihfywfoufí vkH;0 azmfjyjcif;
r&Sd/ a&S;usonhf ygVdordkif;usrf;jzpfonfh 'Dy0Housrf;ü a0wkv’
1
[laom a0g[m&tpm; 0dw@0g' [laom a0g[m&udk okH;EIef;
xm;onf/ odkYwap ,if;a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,fudk &Sif;jyjcif;
twGuf rjzpfEdkifacs/
2
ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm; ü txl;ojzihf tbd"r®ma&;&m euf
eJaom ,lqcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí ax&0g',lqcsuf r[kwf
onfudk pGJudkifxm;Muonfh oabmxm;uGJvGJol Ak'¨0g'Drsm;udk
&nfñTef;vsuf 0dw@0g'D[laom a0g[m&udk &Hzef&Hcg azmfjy
Muonf/ 0dw@0g'DESifh ax&0g'DESpfOD;vkH; wlnDaom usrf;pm
rsm;udk udk;um;MuNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ zGifhqdkcsufudk axmufcH&ef wdyd#
urS wlnDaomokwåefrsm;udk azmfjyMu&mwGif ¤if;wdkY\ t"dyÜm,f
aumuf,lrIykHpHom jcm;em;Muonf/
a0g[m&duwdórif;vufxuf oD[dkVfodkY a&muf&SdvmMu
3
onhf a0wkv’0g'Drsm;udk &nfñTef;&mü edum,o*F[usrf; wGif
"r®½kpdu[kac:aom tb,*d&d0goD &[ef;awmfrsm;onf t
aomuacwfu Ak'¨0g'udk ysufpD;ap&ef&nf½G,fí ouFef;0wfcJh
Muaom a0wkv’[kac:onhf rdpäm'd|d0g'D ykPÖm;rsm; a&;om;cJh
aom a0wkv’yd#uwfudk vufcHNyD; Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;tjzpf aMu
nmvsuf? ax&d,edum,0if (ax&0g'D) &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
¤if;wdkY\ oifMum;csufudk "r®0de,ESihf ñSdEdIif;wdkufqdkifvsuf ,if;
yd#uwfudk rSm;,Gif;onhf oifMum;csuftjzpf jiif;y,fMuonf/
1
'Dy0Ho 22;41-42/
2
tbd-| 2? 4? 133? 285/ r-| 2? 282? 301/
3
edum,o*Fusrf;? pm-11/
182 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
þü jAm[®Prsm;udk &nfñTef;jcif;rSm oD[dkVfodkY ,laqmif
vmonhf a0wkv’yd#uwfudk ouúwbmomjzihf a&;om;xm;
aMumif; qdkvdk&ma&mufNyD; r[m,meokwåef tm;vkH;rSmvnf;
ouúwbmomjzihfyif a&;om;xm;aMumif; uREkfyfwdkY od&onf/
wpfcgwpf&H a0wkv’okwåefrsm;[kvnf; ac:aom a0ykv’[l
1
aom a0g[m&udk r[m,meokwåefrsm; udk azmfjy&ef wGifwGif
tokH;jyKonf/ to*Fa&;onfh tbd"r®morkpö,usrf;tvdkt&
a0ykv’? a0'v’? a0wkv’[laom a0g[m&rsm;rSm wpfckwnf;
aomt&mudk &nfñTef;onf/ a0ykv’[laom a0g[m&udk aAm"d
owåyd#u[k ¤if;u t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkonf (Santiniketan rS 1950
jynfhwGif Pradhan wnf;jzwfonfh tbd"r®morkpö,usrf;? pm-
79)/ Kern a&m Pranavitana yg ESpfOD;vkH; a0wkv’0g'D [laom
a0g[m&udk r[m,me0g'DESihf xyfwljyK (twlwl[kqdk) jcif;
2
twGuf apm'em&ef taMumif; r&Sd[k ,lqMuonf /
r[m0Housrf;jyKq&monf a0wkv’[laom a0g[m&udk
tokH;jyKaomtcg a,bk,stm;jzihf rnfonhf Ak'¨0g'*dkPf;uGJ
wpfckrQ r&SdbJ r[m0d[m&0goDwdkY vufrcHEdkifonhf uGJvGJonhf
,lqcsufrsm;ESihf t"dyÜm,faumuf,lrI topfudkrqdk udk,fpm;jyK
aom rnfonhf r[m,me*dkPf;uGJudkrqdk azmfjy&ef ,if; a0g[m
3 2
&udk tokH;jyKcJhjcif;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf /
a0wkv’rsm; oD[dkVfwGif vIyf&Sm;cJhaom tcsdefonf tdE´d,&Sd
r[m,me0g'wGif ta&;ygonhf wdk;wufrItcsKdU&Sdonhf tcsdef
umvESihf wdkufqdkifaeaMumif; rSwfom;xdkufonf/ ,if;odkY jzpf
1
Kern : MIB. p. 4.
2
CJSe. G. Vol. II, p. 35-36.
3 aom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ab;jzpfchJNyD; uk@em*onf uyfab;qdkuf
oD[dkVfwGif ,aeYwkdifatmifyif vufcHxm;NyD;jzpfaom ,kHMunfrIESihf
tm;xkwfrItopfrsm;udk qefYusifonfh tawG;tjrif opfudk pGJudkif
xm;onhf rnfonhfAk'¨0g'Dudkrqdk a0wkv’rsm;[k uifyGef;wyfMuonf/
a0wkv’ odkYr[kwf a0ykv’[laom a0g[m&onf pmayt& ]qefYusif
aom} ]jcm;em;aom}[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 1 183
í a0g[m&duwdórif; vufxuftwGif; oD[dkVfwGif yxrqkH;
tBudrftjzpf a0wkv’0g'Drsm;ay:vmjcif; at'DESpf&mpk\ 'kwd,
ESpf0ufwGifcefYwGif tdE´d,wpfae&mü ay:xGef;cJhaom r[m,me
ynm&Sif em*&ZÆKe\ t&Sdefjyif;onhf vIyf&Sm;rINyD;aemuf jzpfay:
1
vmjcif; jzpfonf / tkyfpkwpfck\ txnfuk, d ftaejzihf a0wkv’
rsm; odkYr[kwf r[m,mersm;rSm r[m0d[m&oHCmawmfrsm;\
oGefoifrI atmufüwnf&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;tmPmydkifrsm;\ zdESdyf
rIcH&aomfvnf; oD[dkVfwGif ,if;0g'opfrsm; vIyf&Sm;vmonfh
tcgwdkif; ax&0g'tawG;tjrifESihf oifMum;rIrsm;tay: ¤if;wdkY
\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIonf pGJNrJaeNyD; csKd;ESdrfí r&EdkifbJ&SdcJhonf/ t
csdefumvvGefaomf r[m,met,ltqESihf usihfMuHtm;xkwfrI
rsm;onf ax&0g'pepftwGif;odkY wjznf;jznf; 0ifa&mufvmNyD;
,if;wdkYudk vufcHvsuf ,if;wdkYrSm tppftrSef[kwfr[kwf ppf
aMumjcif;r&SdbJ ax&0g'tjzpf yl;aygif;vdkufMuonf/
a0g[m&duwdórif;onf a0wkv’0g'Drsm;udk ESdrfeif;cJhonf
omru a,bk,stm;jzihf oHCmudk pifMu,fatmif aqmif½Guf
cJhonf/ Ak'¨0g'onf qdk;0g;onhf tajctaewGif&SdNyD; oHCm
twGif; tusihfysufrIrsm; &SdykH&onf/ bk&ifonf oHCmtm; okH;
odef;ay;NyD; ta<u;&Sdonhf &[ef;rsm;pGmwdkYtm; ta<u;rS vGwf
ajrmufaponf[k qdkonf / ,if;odkYaom jzpf&yfrsKd;udk a&S;acwf
rsm;wGif rMum;zl;acs/ &[ef;rsm;onf bmaMumifh b,fvdk t
a<u;wif&onf[lonfrSm ar;zG,fwpf&yf jzpfonf/ ,if;onf
a0wkv’0g'DwdkY\ udk,fusihfw&m; ysufuGufrI MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI
aMumihf jzpfjcif;ayavm/ q,fpkESpf ESpfckcefY tvGefu uk@em*
vufxuf (at'D 248-249)twGif; {uemvdu[k xif&Sm;
aepOftwGif; ausmfMum;vSonhf oHCmawmfrsm;\ trsm;okH;
1
HIL. II, p. 342.
2
r[m0Ho? 36? 39/
188 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
a*gXdumb,rif;onf pkHprf;ppfaq;rIjyKvkyfNyD; a0wkv†0g'D
rsm;udk ESdrfeif;NyD; ¤if;wdkY\ usrf;pmrsm;udk rD;½IdUvsuf acgif;aqmif
yk*¾Kdvf ajcmufq,fudk oD[dkVfuRef;rS ESifxkwfcJhonf/ ESifxkwcf &H
onfhteuf tcsKdUrSm oD[dkVfrSxGufcGmNyD; tdE´d,awmifydkif; apmV
1
EdkifiH um0D&y¥eNrdKUü aexdkifMuonf /
xdkumvonf tdE´d,ü to*FEiS hf 0okAE¨KwdkY\ a,m*gpm&
0g'vIyf&Sm;rI tm;aumif;aecsdefjzpfNyD; Ak'¨0g'twGif;odkY *E¨m&DESihf
2
rsufvSnfhtwwfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmcsdefjzpfonf /
uma0wdkif;odkY xGufajy;cdkvIHMu&onhf oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;
onf t&Sdeft0g&SdNyD; pGr;f &nfESihf jynfhpkHNyD; aemiftcg oD[dkVfwGif
r[m,meAk'¨0g' acgif;aqmifjzpfvmrnfhf &[ef;i,f oHCrdMw
ESihf &if;EDS;cifrifoGm;Muonf/ r[m0Housrf;wGif þ&[ef;i,f
tm; xdktcsdefu tdEd́,wGif bmomw&m;wdk;wufrI ]arSmftwwf
ponfudk oifMum;ay;jcif;ü uRrf;usifol (blw0dZÆm'daum0d-
3
a'g) } tjzpf azmfjyonf/
wdkif;jynfrS xGufajy;vmMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ oem;
pzG,f yvdyfa&m*gtaMumif;udk oHCrdMwrax&f Mum;odaom
tcg tvGefYtvGef pdwfvIyf&Sm;oGm;NyD; oD[dkVfuRef;wGif r[m
,meAk'¨bmomudk ysHUESHYap&ef cdkifrmonhf &nf½G,fcsufjzihf oD[dkVf
odkY vmcJhonf/ a*gXmb,rif;onf ,if;wdkif;wpfyg;om; ynm
wwf&[ef;awmftm; MunfñdkoGm;NyD; rdrd\ om;ESpfa,mufudk
ynmoifay;&ef xdk&[ef;awmfxH tyfESHcJhonf/ oHCrdMwonf
rif;om;i,f r[maoeu rdrdtay: opöm&SdNyD; Munfñdkav;pm;
NyD; tBuD;jzpfol aZ|wdórSm ,if;odkY r[kwfaMumif; odvdkuf
onf/ zcifuG,fvGefNyD;aemuf aZ|wdó (at'D 323-333)
onf xD;eef;udk&aomtcg oHCrdMwonf aMumuf½HGUNyD; oD[dkVf
1
r[m0Ho? 36? 110-112/ edum,o*F[? pm- 11/
2
HIL. II, p. 352,354.
3
r[m0Ho? 36? 113/
 tcef; 7
wkd;wufonhfESpfumvrsm; 2
a0wkv’0g'Drsm;onf a0g[m&duwdórif; ESdrfeif;vifhupm; xD;
eef;udk tMurf;enf;jzihf &&Sdvmol a*gXmb,rif; (at'D 309-
322)vufxufwGif wpfzef tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü wpfzef
tm;xkwfMujyefonf/ a*gXmb,onf ¤if;rwkdifcif tkyfcsKyfcJh
aom? tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;wGif ratmifjrifaomfvnf; Ak'¨0g'Daumif;
wpfa,muftjzpf pHjyKxdkufaom od&doHCaAm"drif; (at'D
307-309)ESihf tvGef qefYusifpGm jyKrlaqmif½GufcJhonf/ a*gXm
b,onf tiftm;awmihfwif;vsuf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tokH;
taqmifypönf;rsm;udk aygrsm;pGm ay;urf;NyD; ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk
jyKjyifjcif;? ausmif;wdkuftopfrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;? a0omc
1
ylZmuJhodkYaom xif&Sm;onhfyJGawmfrsm;usif;yjcif;rsm; jyKcJhonf /
"r®½kpdu odkYr[kwf tb,*d&d0goD &[ef;awmfrsm;u a0
wkv†udk vufcHaomtcg Oóvd,m wdótrnf&Sdaom r
ax&fwpfyg;onf tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü rdrdudk,fwdkif acgif;
aqmifjzpfvsuf a0g[m&duwdórif;vufxufü jzpfysufcJhouJh
aom rESpfNrdKUzG,f&m tajctaetusKd;qufrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;vdkcJh
onf/ odkYjzpfí xdkrax&fonf aemufyg&[ef;awmf okH;&mcefYESihf
ESifhtwl ausmif;wkdufrS xGufcGmoGm;cJhNyD; "r®½kpd*dkPf;ESihf tquf
toG,frvkyfbJ 'u©dP*d&dt&yfwGif oDwif;okH;aexdkifcJhonf/
,if;tkyfpk0if om*vtrnf&onhf rax&fBuDwpfyg;onf xdk t
&yfü bmomw&m;udk a[mMum;csdefrS pí 'u©dP*d&dt&yfwGif
2
om*vd,trnf&Sd *kdPf;opfwpfck ay:vmcJhonf /
1
r[m0Ho? 36? 99-109/
2
edum,o*F[? pm-11/
192 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
qkH;jzwfcH&onf/ w&m;rQwrIjzihf vlxk\ av;pm;jcif; cH&onfh
1 1
w&m;olBuD;u bk&if\qE´udk qefYusifaomfvnf; wdó&[ef;
2
tm; vl0wfvJypfonf /
bmomw&m;a&;&m vl0wfaMumifrsm;\ acgif;aqmifjzpfol
r[maoerif;\ vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmonf ,if;rif;\ rqifrjcif
tvsifpvdk vkyfaqmifrIrsm;aMumihf usqif;oGm;onfrSm xif&Sm;
onf/ ,if;odkYjzpfí NyD;cJhaom jzpf&yfwGif ¤if;\trwfBuD;jzpfol
arC0PÖtb,tm; tavQmhay;vdkuf&NyD; ,cktcg trwf
onf bk&if\tvdkqE´udk vspfvsL½I&Jvmvsuf bk&iftvGefMunf
rsKd;jzihf qkH;jzwfcH&jcif;jzpfaMumif; owd&oifhonf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;
wdkuf\qE´udk qefYusifNyD; ausmif;wdkufwpfckudk vufcHol rnfolrqdk
onf &[ef;,kwfjzpfNyD; tjypfwpfckjzihf pGyfpGJcH&onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
aumif;onf/ r[m0Housrf; 37?;32 wGif 'u©dPm&mrausmif;wdkufrS
wdórax&ftm; ]oDvaMumif? r½dk;om;ol? rdwfaqG,kwf? apmihfpnf;rI
r&Sdol (uk[ae ZdrSrmeao? ygyrdawå tonaw)}[k azmfjyonf/
edum,o*F[usrf;? pm-13 wGif xdkrax&ftm; ]aum[kH wdó} oDv
aMumif wdó[k azmfjyonf/ odkY&mwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd aZw0e0d[m
& ta&SUzuf (*dwf) apwDteD; awGU&Sd&onhf 'kwd, r[dE´rif; (at'D
772-792) eef;pH ckepfESpfajrmufwiG f a&;xdk;cJhaom ausmufpmü þ
rax&ftm; ]om*kvd r[[drd ,H erð ygV0k tydóawmp wdó r[
ax&emxó} NcdK;NcHa&mifh&JNyD; om*vr[max&f[laom trnfjzihf
ausmfMum;aom r[mwdórax&ftm;} (E.Z. III, p. 227.)[k &nfñTef;
azmjfyxm;onf/ ,if;ausmufpmudk om*vd,*kdPf;udk axmufcHol
wpfa,mufu a&;xdk;cJhzG,f&Sdonf/
1
r[m0Ho 37;39/ 0dedpä, r[mrapöm? w'g "r®duor®awm/ þonfrSm
arC0PÖtb,trwfudkyif &nfñTef;jcif; jzpf Edkifonf/ bk&ifhqE´udk
qefYusifonhf ,if;odkYaom udpörsKd;udk aqmif½GufEdkifavmufatmif
t&Sdeft0g&Sdonhf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvf wpfa,muf r&SdEdkifonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/
edum,o*Fusrf;? pm- 14 ü ¤if;\ trnfudk "r®du[k azmfjyjcif;rSm
rrSefacs/ "r®daumwd o"kZae[dorÇm0dawm = olawmfaumif;rsm;u
rQw\[k csD;rGrf;cH&ol (r[m0Ho-#D? 884)/
2
r[m0Ho 37;38-39/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 189
rS xGufcGmoGm;NyD; r[maoerif; (at'D 334-362) eef;wuf
onfESihf jyefvmonf / ,if;onf oHCrdMwtzdkY ESpfaygif; av;
q,feD;yg;rQ ¤if;\pdwfxJü MumjrihfpGm wnf&SdaecJhonhf tpD
tpOfudk aqmif½Guf&ef tcGifhta&;jzpfonf/
oD[dkVfordkif;wGif r[maoeonf EdkifiHtwGuf rsm;pGm t
vkyfvkyfcJhonhf pGrf;&nfowådESifhjynhfpkHonhf bk&iftaejzihfa&m
,cifrnfonhfrif;rS rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;
wdkuf\t&Sdeft0gudk qefYusifí rdrd\,kHMunfcsuftwdkif; aqmif
½Guf&ef owåd&SdcJholvnf;jzpfonf/
tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü aexdkifol oHCrdMwonf r[m0d
[m&ausmif;wdkuftm; r[m,meAk'¨bmomtjzpfodkY oGwfoGif;
&ef BudK;yrf;rI ratmifjrifacs/ xdkYaemuf olonf r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wdkufae oHCmawmfrsm;tm; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;apvdkojzihf
jynfolrsm;tm; qGrf;ravmif;vªa&; trdefYxkwfjyef&ef wynhfjzpf
ol r[maoerif;udk azsmif;zsonf/ ax&d,*kdPf;0if oHCm
awmfrsm;onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUrS xGufcGmNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;
wdkufbufrS tNrJwrf; &yfwnfonhf a&m[eESihf rv,a'orsm;
odkY xGufcGmMuonf/ udk;ESpfwdkifwdkif r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufü
oHCmawmfrsm; qdwfokH;cJhonf/ oHCrdMwonf bk&ifESihfaomP
trwf\ axmufcHcsufjzihf ckepfxyfjrihfonhf avm[ygom'ESihf
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ tjcm;rsm;pGmaom taqmufttkH
rsm;udk zsufqD;NyD; xdkypön;f rsm;jzihf tb,*d&d ausmif;wdkufü
ausmif;aqmifopfrsm; aqmufvkyf&ef tokH;jyKcJhonf/ r[m0d
[m&ausmif;wkduf\ ajrae&mwGif v,fxGefNyD; yJyifrsm; pdkufysKd;
cJhonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif apwd,yAÁw(r[dE¦avh)udkvnf; t
2
b,*d&dausmif;wdkufrS "r®½kpdu*dkPf;0ifwdkY odrf;,lxm;cJhonf /
1
r[m0Ho? 36? 113-117/ 37? 1-2/ edum,o*F[? pm-11-12/
2
r[m0Ho 37;3-16/ 37;76/ edum,o*F[? pm-12-13/ *dkif*gonf
r[m0Ho 37;75 *gxmudk atmufygtwkdif; bmomjyefxm;onf –
190 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
bk&ifrif;\ tMurf;zuf vkyfaqmifcsufaMumifh wpfEdkifiHvkH;
wkefvIyfacsmufjcm;cJhMuonf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ xif
ay:ausmfMum;rIrSm jynfoltjrifonf ¤if;(rif;)udk qefYusifonfh
bufodkY ajymif;vJoGm;onftxd tvGefBuD;rm;cJhonf/ bk&ifrif;
ESihf teD;uyftquftoG,f&SdcJholrsm;yif rauscsrf;rIrsm;jzihf jynfh
vsuf&SdMuonf/ r[maoeonf r[m0d[m& ausmif;wdkuf\
jynfvlxktay: MoZmoufa&mufrIudk rqdkpavmufom oabm
oabmaygufcJhonf/ ¤if;\ teD;pyfqkH; rdwfaqG arC0PÖ t
b,trwfonf rv,Zeyk'fodkY xGufajy;NyD; ppfwyftiftm;
pkaqmif;vsuf bk&iftm; ppfaMunmcJhonf/ ,if;odkYjzihf r[m
aoeonf owdjyKrdoGm;NyD; ,if;tajctae\ qGJaqmifrIudk o
abmaygufoGm;cJhonf/ rdwfaqGa[mif;jzpfMuonfh bk&ifESihf
trwfwdkYonf wdwfwqdwf awGUqkH aqG;aEG;MuNyD; bk&ifonf
r[m0d[ma& ygaye? r[maoaee emodaw/
0oðok "r®½kpdum? bdu©L apwd,yAÁaw/
]"r®½kpdu &[ef;rsm;onf (xdt k csdefu) r[maoe rif;,kwf zsufqD;
ypfvdkufonfh r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü aexdkifMu\}[k bmomjyefNyD;
aemuf ]apwd,yAÁaw}[laom pum;vkH;udk a&SU*gxmyg ]trÁ|vH}yk'f
ESifh qufpyf&ef ,laqmifoGm;onf/ atmufajc rSwfcsufwpfck (plV
0Ho? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? pm- 37? atmufajcrSwfcsuf 5) wGif *dkifum
u "r®½kpdu &[ef;rsm;onf r[m0d[m&ESihf trÁ|v 0d[m&rsm;udk
ydkifqdkifoGm;aMumif; azmfjyonf/ odkY&mwGif "r®½kpduwdkYonf r[m0d[m
&udk vkH;0 odrf;,ljcif;rjyKcJhacs/ ¤if;wdkYonf r[m0d[m&udk zsufqD;ypf
vkdufaomtcgwGifrS r[dE¦avhudk odrf;ydkufcJhMuonf/
,if;*gxm\ bmomjyeftrSefrSm þodkYjzpfoihfonf ]aumufuspf
,kwfrmol r[maoerif;u r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk zsufqD;vdkuf
aomtcg "r®½kpdu&[ef;wdkYonf apwd,yAÁw(r[dE¦avh)wGif aexdkif
cJhMuonf}/ ,if;jyefvQif ]0d[m&blrd, om0g OE´0yk& 0gyd,/ {uV
b*d&da0a[& 0god "r®½kpD[k a*gpf om*d&da,[d 0dol[ = r[m0d[m
&ausmif;wdkuf ajrae&mudk xGef,ufNyD; yJrsm;pdkufysKd;Mu\/ ,if;aemuf
tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufrS "r®½kpdu &[ef;rsm;onf apwd,*d&dodkY oGm;
í aexdkifMu\} [kqdkaom edum,o*F[usrf;ESihf nDñGwfonf/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 191
rdrd\trSm;udk 0efcHNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk jyefvnfwnf
aqmufay;&ef uwdjyKcJhonf/ tjyeftvSef awmif;yefrIrsm;
1
zvS,fMuNyD;aemuf aysmf½TifzG,f ajyNidrf;rI jzpfay:cJhonf /
odkY&mwGif pdwfqdk;trsufxGufaeMuonfh vlxkonf ta&;
,l&ef awmif;qdkMuonf/ bk&ifhtcspfawmf rdzk&m;rsm;teuf
2
pma&;0efcsKyf\ orD;jzpfolonf pdwfwGif emusifcgoD;rIaMumihf
vuform; wpfa,muftm; oHCrdBw&[ef;udk owfypfcdkif;
onf/ oHCrdBw\ rdwfaqG aomPtrwfudkvnf; owfypf
3
vdkufonf/ arC0PÖtrwf\ aumif;rGefonhf pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIjzihf
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk jyefvnf wnfaqmufcJhonf/
arC0PÖtb,trwf\ wdkufwGef;csufudk vufcHaomf
vnf; bk&ifonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuftm; rESpfoufbJ &Sd
onf/ odkYjzpfí bk&ifonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf wm0efcH
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tjyif;txefuefYuGufrIudk vspfvsL&INyD; xdkausmif;
wdkuf\ e,fedrdwftwGif; aZw0eausmif;wdkufudk wnfaqmuf
vsuf 'u©dPm&mr odkYr[kwf 'u©dP*d&dausmif;wdkufae om*vd
,*dkPf;0if t&Sifwdórax&ftm; vª'gef;onf/ xdkudpöESihf ywf
oufí r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufonf aemufwpfzef udk;vMum
oHCmawmfrsm; uif;qdwfoGm;jyefonf/ aZw0e0d[m&udk vuf
4
cHol wdórax&fonf &[ef;y&dowf tv,fü tEÅdr0w¬Kjzihf
1
r[m0Ho? 37? 17-35/
2
r[m0Ho 37;28 ü avcu"Dwm[k qdkonf/ odkY&mwGif edum,
o*F[? pm- 13 ü xdkrdzk&m;onf rdzk&m;acgifjzpfNyD; vrÁuPÖ\
orD;[kqdkonf/
3
r[m0Ho? 37? 26-30/ edum,o*F[? pm- 13/
4
r[m0Ho? 37;38/ tEÅdr0w¬K/ (1) arxkefrI (2) cdk;rI (3) vlowfrI (4)
psmefr*fzdkvfudk r&bJ &onf[k vdrfnmajymqdkrI[laom yg&mZdu av;
rsKd;teuf wpfckckudk usL;vGefoltm; tEÅd0w¬K usL;vGefol[k ac:onf/
tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufudk vufcHol r[mwdórax&fonf tmywf
wpfckjzihf qkH;jzwfcH&aomfvnf; (tEÅdr0w¬Kjzihf r[kwfbJ) tjcm;wpf
196 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
jyefqdkcJhonfrSm þrif;vufxufwGif jzpfonf1/ xdkrax&fonf
zm[D,ef ñTef;qdkcJhonf ]r[moDv} [kt"dyÜm,f&onhf ]wmrdk
2
uDwd} (Ta-mo-kiu-ti)ESihf twlwl jzpfEdkifonf / xdktcsdefu t
b,*d&dausmif;wdkufonf wdk;wufxGef;um;aeNyD; r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wdkuf\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; aemufusefaeykH&onf/ zm[D,ef
3 1
rSwfwrf;t& tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü &[ef; 5000 &SdNyD;
4
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufwGif &[ef; 3000 om&Sdonf /
Ak'¨'gorif;\om;awmf yxr Oywdórif;vufxuf at'D
ig;&mpk tpydkif;wGif jzpfay:cJhaom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ab;udk
ausmfvTm;&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;\ tBuHjyKcsufjzihf **Fga&m[P[k
ac:aom yGJawmfwpfrsKd;udk crf;em;pGm usif;ycJhonf/ iwfrGwf
acgif;yg;ab;BuKHwdkif; ,if;yGJawmfudk usif;y&rnf [kowfrSwfcJh
5
onf / Oywdórif;onf tvGefMuifemwwfNyD; tvGefbmom
w&m;udkif;½Idif;onhfrif; jzpfNyD; ¤if;toufxif&Sm;&SdpOftwGif;
¤if;\ tpm;tpmudk oHCmawmfrsm;\ vlodrsm;onfh qGrf;pm;
6 3
aqmif r[mygVdrS &,lcJhaMumif; od&onf /
&[ef;jyKaeol þrif;\nDawmf r[memrrif; (at'D 403-
431)onf aemifawmfudk rdzk&m;u owfjzwfvdkufaomtcg vl
xGufNyD; xD;eef;wufonf/ r[memrrif;onf tb,*d&dausmif;
7 8
wdkufoHCm udk MunfñdkNyD; ¤if;\rdzk&m;rSm r[m0d[m&oHCm udk
Munfñdkonf/ t|uxmq&mBuD; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo tEk&m
"yk&NrdKUodkY a&mufvmNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü oDwif;okH;
1
r[m0Ho? 37;276/
2
Fa Hien, p. 107; *dkif*g\ plV0Ho t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? yxrtkyf pm
rsufESm 16 rS atmufajcrSwfcsuf 5 udk Munhfyg/
3
Fa Hien, p. 102.
4
Fa Hien, p. 107.
5 6
r[m0Ho? 37? 189-198/ ,if;? 37? 203/
7 2
þrif;onf ,if;ausmif;wdkufü &[ef;jyKaecJhykH&onf/
8
r[m0Ho 37;212-213/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 193
ñdkav;pm;onfh &[ef;wpfyg;udk vl0wfvJypfcJhonf/ ,if;odkY jzpf
&onfrSm r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufESihf jynfolYtjrifonf bk&if
udk qefYusifaomaMumihf jzpfEdkifonf/
r[maoerif;onf acwfNydKif tdE´d,rSmyif xif&Sm;oljzpf
onf/ taMumif;rl r[m,meAk'¨0g'tay: pdwfñGwfaom
aMumihf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ 'gXm0Housrf; wGif jrwfAk'¨pG,fawmftm;
umuG,fapmifh a&Smuf&eftwGuf tdE´d,rS ¤if;xHodkY ydkYay;vdkuf
aMumif;? odkYwap pG,fawmf"mwf oD[dkVfodkY qdkufa&mufoGm;
aomtcg ¤if;uG,fvGefNyDjzpfaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/
aAm"dowåqif;wktm; &nfñTef;azmfjycsufudk yxrqkH;tae
jzihf þacwfumvtwGif; awGU&Sd&onf/ ,if;onf xdktcsdefu
r[m,meMoZmvTrf;rdk;rI\ oufaojzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/
,if; ]aAm"dowåudk,fpm;jyK oyÜm,fvSyNyD; qGJaqmiftm;aumif;
aom qif;wk}udk qifpG,fyef;ykxGif;oltjzpf ausmfMum;aom
2
r[maoerif;\ om;i,f aZ|wdó u ¤if;\ crnf;awmf
(r[maoe) twGuf rSmMum;rIjzihf xGif;xkcJhonf/
at'D 362 wGif r[maoerif;\ t½kduft&mudk om;BuD;
jzpfol od&darC0PÖrif; qufcHonf/ od&darC0PÖrif;onf
crnf;awmf\ rSm;,Gif;aom tjyKtrltm;vkH;udk r[m0d[m&
oHCmawmfrsm;xHwGif awmif;yef0efcsvsuf xdckdufysufpD;oGm;rI
tm;vkH;udk txl;jyKjyifNyD; rdrd\t&Sdeft0g tmPmjzihf r[m0d[m
&ausmif;wdkufESihf vlxk\arwåmudk jyefvnf&&Sdatmif t&mcyf
odrf;udk aqmif½Gufonf/ vdr®myg;eyfvSonfh bk&ifonf t&Sif
r[dE´\ a½Tqif;wkudk xkvkyfapNyD; t&Sifr[dE´ oD[dkVfodkY qdkuf
a&mufrIudk txdrf;trSwfjyK&ef crf;em;vSonf yGJvrf;obifudk
&ufaygif;rsm;pGm Mumatmif ESpfpOf usif;yonf/ rif;BuD;onf
1
'gXm0Ho? pm 301-302/
3
'kwd, aZ|wdórif; (at'D 389-398) r[m0Ho? 37? 102/
194 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
oD[dkVfuRef; ae&mtESHYtjym;&Sd vlOyoumrsm;ESihf &[ef;awmf
rsm;udk yGJawmfodkY zdwfMum;vsuf qufcHrnfhbk&ifrsm;onf xdkyGJ
awmfudk ESpfpOf OD;aqmifusif;yatmif `rSifhwifay;cJhonf/ xdkyGJ
awmfBuD;onf qdk;½Gm;aom twdwfaeY&ufrsm;\ cg;oD;onhf t
1
rSwf&rIrsm; aysmufoGm;atmif aqmif½GufonfrSm xif&Sm;onf /
þrif;eef;pH udk;ESpfajrmufwGif jrwfAk'¨\ vuf,mpG,fawmf
2
"mwfudk uvd*Fwdkif; 'EÅyk&NrdKUrS oD[dkVfodkY o,faqmifcJhonf/
,if;"mwfawmfudk NrdKUawmf\ txl;taqmufttkHtwGif; odrf;
qnf;xm;NyD; jynfolrsm; zl;ajrmfEdkif&ef ESpfpOf tb,*d&dausmif;
3 2
wdkufodkY yifhaqmifonf /
oD[dkVfvlrsKd;wdkY\ trsKd;om;a&;vu©Pm wpf&yf jzpfvm
onhf ,if;jrwfAk'¨pG,fawmf"mwftm; ylaZmfrIwGif r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wdkuf\ yg0ifjcif;rjyKcJhonfrSm xl;jcm;onf/ tb,*d&d
ausmif;wdkufonf txl;ojzihf r[maoerif;vufxuftwGif;
oD[dkVf r[m,meA[dkXmetjzpf tdE´d,wGif vlodrsm;onf/ pG,f
1 4
r[m0Ho? 37? 53090/
2
r[m0Ho? 37? 92 *gxm/ 'gXm0Ho? pm- 340/
(Indian Architecture usrf;udk a&;om;jyKpkol) yga&;ba&mif; (Perey
Brown)u ]pG,fawmfNrdKU ([kt"dyÜm,f&onhf) wpfcsdefwpfcgu tzdk;
rjzwfEdkifonhf ykdifqdkifrIudk tyfEHx
S m;&m þjrihfjrwfonfh 'EÅyk&NrdKUawmf
onf txdrf;trSwf oauFwrsm;tm;vkH; ,cktcg aysmufqkH;oGm;NyDjzpf
aomfvnf; yl&D (Pūri) odkYr[kwf bk0aeoGm& (Bhubanesvar) NrdKUrsm;\
teD;0ef;usif wpfae&m&mwGif wnf&Sdonf/ vufvSrf;rDonhf xdkae&m
a'o\ a&S;a[mif;ypönf; txdrf;trSwfae&mrSm taomu rif;BuD;\
ausmufpmwpfck wnf&Sdonhf a'gvd, awmifukef; (Daulia Hill) jzpf
onf (,if;? pm-35)/ ],if;jrifharmufaeonhf uZ*Eémx bk&m;ausmif;
ae&monf ydkrdka&S;usNyD; tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom þAk'¨"mwfawmf oD[dkVfodkY
<uroGm;rD 'EÅyk&NrdKU&Sd Ak'¨pG,fawmf udef;0yfawmfrlcJhonhfae&m r[kwf[k
rqdkEdkifonhf ae&mjzpfaMumif; wdkufwGef;vsuf&Sdonf (pm-123)/
3
r[m0Ho 37;95-97/ 'gXm? pm-405-408/ Fa Hien rSwfwrf;? pm-
106-107/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 195
awmf"mwfudk yifhaqmifcJhMuonfh rif;om;ESihf rif;orD;rsm; udk,f
wdkif r[m,meAk'¨0g'Drsm; jzpfzG,f&SdNyD; ,if;odkYjzpfíyif tb,
1
*d&d*dkPf;&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf a&S;OD;pGm qufoG,frdykH&onf / xdk
tcsdefrSpí pG,fawmf"mwftm; xdef;odrf;apmihfrIrSm tb,*d&d
ausmif;wkduf\ wm0efjzpfvmNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufESihf r
ywfoufbJ&Sdvmonf/
od&darC0PÖrif;onf tdE´d,bk&if ork`'´*kwårif;xH oH
tzGJUwpfck apvTwfNyD; Ak'¨*,mwGif oD[dkVfbk&m;zll;rsm;twGuf
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfck wnfaqmuf&ef cGifhawmif;cJhaMumif;
vnf; od&onf /
aq;ynmwwfuRrf;onfh bk&iftjzpf vlodrsm;NyD; vlrsm;
twGufa&m wd&pämefrsm;twGufyg aq;buf0ifypönf;rsm; jzefY
jzL;ay;cJol Ak'¨'gorif; (at'D ig;&mpk tpydkif;) vufxufü em
rnfausmf w½kwfbk&m;zl;&[ef;awmf zm[D,efonf oD[dkVfodkY<u
3
vmcJhonf / þrif;onf ynm&Sifyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; csD;a`rSmufjcif;?
w&m;a[m yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; qGrf;qefawmfrsm; axmufyHhjcif;rsm;
jzifh Ak'¨omoem jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf rsm;pGm aqmif½GufcJhonf /
5
r[m"r®uxD [k vlodxif&Sm;aom r[max&fu ordkif;
wGif yxrqkH;tBudrftjzpf ygVdokwåeftcsKdUudk oD[dkVfbmomodkY
1
'gXm"mwk0HowGif rif;om;rif;orD;rsm;onf yxrwGif "mwfawmfudk t
Ek&m"yk&NrdKU\ taemufajrmufbuf&Sd arC*d&dausmif;wdkufae &[ef;
awmfwpfyg;tm; vQKdU0SufpGm ay;tyfcJhaMumif;? &[ef;awmfu bk&ifrif;
tm; owif;pum; ydkYcJhaMumif; qdkonf/
2
*dkif*g? r[m0Ho t*Fvdyfbmomjyefed'gef;? pm-39/
3
Ak'¨'gorif;onf aq;tESpfcsKyfusrf;wpfapmif a&;om;cJhonf/ oaAÁoH
a0ZÆow¬meH? uwGm om&w¬o*F[H (r[m 0Ho? 37? 146 *gxm)/
4
"r®bmPu0wåH/ r[m0Ho? 37? 150 *gxm/
5
þrax&f\ emrnf&if; tjcm;wpfck jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ r[m"r®uxD[l
onf ]w&m;a[m yk*¾KdvfBuD;}[k t"dymÜ ,f&onf/ a&S;acwf tcgwkef;u
vltrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\ trnfemrxuf ¤if;wdkY vkyfaqmifonhf xif&Sm;
onfh ykHpHrsm;jzihf rMumcP todrsm;Muonf/
200 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
vsuf ausmif;wdkufxJudk 0ifoGm;onf/ oHCmawmfrsm;udk &Sdcdk;
ylaZmfNyD;aemuf ylaZmfonfh txdrf;trSwfESihf aus;Zl;wifonhf
taejzihf EdkifiHawmfudk oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;onfudk oHCm
1
awmfrsm;u ¤if;tm; jyefvnfay;tyfonf /
arm*¾v†merif;vufxuf jzpfay:cJhonfh ta&;BuD;jzpf&yf
wpfckrSm tdE´d,rS Ak'¨qHawmf"mwf auo"mwkudk oD[dkVfodYk
aqmif,lvmjcif;jzpfonf/ uóyrif;vufxuf qdk;½Gm;onhfaeY
rsm;twGif; tdE´d,odkY xGufajy;oGm;onfh eef;awmfESifh eD;pyfol
odvmumvtrnf&Sd vli,fonf Ak'¨*,mwGif &[ef;tjzpfcH,l
2
onf / jrwfAk'¨qHawmfudk oD[dkVfodkY yifhaqmifcJhonfrSm trÁ
omraP&[k cspfpEdk; ac:a0:cH&ol tqdkyg oDvmumvyifjzpf
onf/ odvmumvonf bk&if\ylaZmfcsD;a`rSmufrI rsm;pGmcH &NyD;
tcrf;tem;rsm;twGuf oefvsufudkifaqmifol[k t"dyÜm,f&
onfh tod*¾g[bJGUudk yxrqkH; vufcH&&Sdoljzpfonf/ ,if;bGJU
onf aemiftcg EdkifiHawmf\ xif&Sm;onfh bGJUxl;*kPfxl; wpf
ckjzpfvmonf/ odvmumvtm; bk&ifhESrawmfESihf xdrf;jrm;ay;
vdkufonf/ qHawmf"mwftm; ½kyfyGm;awmfaqmifwGif &wem
MuKwfjzihfxm;NyD; tcgtm;avsmfpGm yGJawmfBuD; qif,ifusif;y
3
onf / arm*¾v†merif;onf aemifawmfvufxufu tEÅ&m,f
ESihfBuKH&pOftwGif; rnDrñGwjf zpfaeonhf Ak'¨omoemawmftm;
pifMu,foefY&Sif;atmif aqmif½Gufonf/
arm*¾v†merif;udk ¤if;\om;jzpfol ukrm&"mwkaoe (at
'D 513-522)u qufcHonf/ þrif;onf "r®o*Ðwd (oH*g,em
wif) wpfck jyKvkyfNyD; omoemawmfudk oefYpifapaMumif; tqdk&Sd
1
,if;? 39? 41-43/
2
ork'´&mZ*kwårif;\ cGifhjyKcsufjzihf od&darC0PÖrif; aqmufvkyfcJhonhf
ausmif;wdkufwGif (&[ef;jyKonfrSm tjzpfEdkifqkH;jzpfonf)/
3 3
r[m0Ho? 39? 44-56/ r[m0Housrf;wGif qHawmf"mwftaMumif;udk
,cktcg &SmazGrawGU&Sd&ao;onhf auo"mwk0Housrf;wGif tao;pdwf
jyqdkxm;aMumif; azmfjyonf (r[m0Ho? 39? 49? 58)/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 197
vsuf oD[dkVfbmomjzihf&Sdonhf yd#uwfokH;ykH\tzGifh t|uxm
usrf;rsm;udk ygVdbmomodkY jyefqdkonfrSm þ rif;vufxufwGif
1
jzpfonf / r[memrif; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf oD[dkVfEdkifiHonf ESpf
q,fhig;ESpfxufrenf; y&rf;ywmjzpfaecJhonf/ wrD;vf tmPm
odrf; ajcmufa,mufu tEk&m"yk&NrdKUwGif tpOftquf tkyfcsKyf
cJhMuonf/ oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH; zsufqD;cH&NyD; EdkifiHawmf\ bm
oma&; ,Ofaus;rIESifh pD;yGm;a&;tm;vkH; ydwfyif wm;qD;jcif;cH&
onf/ wrD;vfwdkY tvkyftauR;jyKaeaom t&Sdeft0g&Sdonhf
oD[kdVfvlrsKd;rsm; &SdaepOftwGif; oD[dkVfrdom;pkrsm;pGmonf a&m
2
[PZeyk'fodkY xGufajy;Muonf /
"mwkaoerif; (at'D 460-478) onf xdkacwfxdktcsdefu
ol&Jaumif;jzpfNyD; EdkifiHawmftm; wdkif;wpfyg;wdkY tkyfcsKyfrI
atmufrS vGwfajrmufapcJhonf/ þbk&ifonf rlvu &[ef;
wpfyg;jzpfcJhNyD; ¤if;\ OD;av;jzpfol ynm&Sd&[ef;awmfwpfyg;u
3
arG;jrLapmihfa&SmufNyD; ynmoifay;cJhonf / "mwkaoerif;onf
vlxGufNyD; wrD;vfrsm;udk owfjzwfvsuf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;wdkY\
tkyfcsKyfrIudk jyefvnf wnfaqmufcJhonf/ þrif;onf Ak'¨om
oemawmf wdk;wufa&;twGufa&m EdkifiHawmf pnfyifa&; t
wGufyg rsm;pGm aqmif½GufcJhonf/ ¤if;\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm;teuf
4
uvm0g0 (Kalāvāva) a&avSmifuefBuD;udk azmfjy&rnfjzpfonf /
þrif;onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuftm; tvGefMunfñdkol
jzpfNyD; ausmif;aqmifBuD; 18 aqmifESihf a&uefrsm; wnfaqmuf
vsuf ax&d,*kdPf;0if oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;onf/ ¤if;
wnfaqmufonhf tvm;wl ausmif;wdkufESihf a&uefrsm;pGmudk
vnf; ,if;*kdPf;0if oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vTJajymif; vª'gef;cJh
onf/ &[ef;tokH;taqmif ypönf;rsm; trsm;tjym;udk oHCm
1 2
,if;? 37? 243-244/ r[m0Ho? 38? 12-38/
,if;? 38? 14-17/
4
,if;? 38? 42/
198 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
awmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;NyD; yd#uwfokH;ykHoifMum;rI jyefYyGm;a&;
1
twGuf tvGef tm;ay;ulnDcJhonf /
rdrdonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkduf\ xD;eef;ESihf ywfoufol
rdwfaqGjzpfaomfvnf; tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufü vdktyfonhf wdk;
2
wufrIudk aqmif½Guf&ef arhaysmufrxm;ay / þrif;onf ax&d
,*dkPf;tm; vª'gef;rnf[laom tMuHjzihf apwd,yAÁw (r[dE¦
avh)&Sd trÁw¬v0d[m&udk jyefrGrf;rHcJhaomfvnf; r[maoerif;
vufxufuwnf;u ,if;awmifukef;ukd odrf;ydkufxm;Muonfh
"r®½kpdu*dkPf;0if &[ef;wdkY\ tEl;tñGwf awmif;yefjcif;aMumihf
3
,if;*dkPf;0ifwdkYtm; vª'gef;cJhonf /
"mwkaoerif;onf Ak'¨ESifh aAm"dowåqif;wkawmf trsm;
tjym; wnfaqmufNyD; ,if;wdkYtwGuf taqmufttkHrsm;vnf;
4
aqmufvkyfcJhonf / þrif;onf t&Sifr[dE´qif;wkawmfwpfck
wnfaqmufNyD; t&Sifr[dE´tm; rD;oN*ØK[fcJhonhf ajrae&mwGif yGJ
awmfBuD;wpfck usif;yonf/ xdkae&mrSmyif ]'Dy0Housrf;}udk ½Gwf
5
qdk &Sif;jycJhonf[k qdkonf /
zcifudk owfjzwfjcif;jzihf xif&Sm;aom om;jzpfol yxr
uóyrif; (at'D 478-496)u zcif "mwkaoerif;\ xD;eef;
udk qufcHonf/ uóyrif;\ nDjzpfol arm*¾v†merif;om;onf
aemifawmf uóyrif; tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif; touftEÅ&m,f pdwf
6
rcs&ojzihf oD[dkVfrS a&SmifNyD; tdE´d,odkY xGufajy;cJhonf / yxr
wGif ax&d,*kdPf;0if &[ef;awmfrsm;onf t"dutm;jzihf jynf
olrsm; NidKjiifcH&rnfudk pdk;&drfojzihf uóyrif;tm; rESpfoufvdk
bJ &SdMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf uóyrif; wdk;csJUNyD; tokH;
1 2
,if;? 38? 44-51/ ,if;? 38? 61/
3
,if;? 38? 75-78/
4
,if;? 38? 82? 85-88? 78/
5
,if;? 38? 88-89/
6
r[m0Ho? 39? 1-2/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 199
taqmif ypönf;topfrsm;jzihf jynhfpkHatmif jyKjyifxm;aom
£ó&d, orPm&mrausmif;wdkuftvªudk vufcH&ef jiif;qdkMu
onf/ odkYwap aemiftcgwGif ax&d, oHCmawmfrsm;onf
tavQmhay;NyD; ,if;ausmif;wkdufudk Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmftm; vª'gef;
1
&efcGifhjyKvsuf oG,f0dkufí tvªcHvdkufMuonf / uóyrif;
onf "r®½kpdu oHCmawmfrsm;tm;vnf; ausmif;wdkufwpfck
aqmufvkyf vª'gef;cJhonf /
2
&[ef;awmfrsm;omru oD[dkVf&Sded*P²rsm;vnf; uóyrif;
tm; rESpfoufMuacs/ ed*P²rsm;onf arm*¾v†merif;\ olvQLd
rsm;tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhMuNyD; arm*¾v†merif; oD[dkVfodkY a&muf&Sd
&ef tcGifhtvrf; tcsdeftcgaumif;udk owif;ydkYcJhMuonf /
3
yxr arm*¾v†merif; (at'D 496-513)onf tdE´d,rdwf
4
aqG tcsKdUESihftwl oD[dkVfodkY qdkufa&mufcJhNyD; ukXm&d trnf&Sd
onhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfckwGif ¤if;\ ppfwyftiftm;udk
pkaqmif; NyD; uóyrif;udk atmifEdkifvsuf xD;eef;udk &onf/
þrif;onf *dkPf;*Ptm;vkH;rS oHCmawmfrsm; ESpfoufonhf
rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ atmifyGJNyD;aemuf oHCmawmfrsm;
tm; ylaZmf&ef tb,*d&d ESihf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf ESpfvkH;odkY
5
oGm;a&mufcJhonf / r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkduf &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf ae&mudk oefY&Sif;NyD; ouFef;rsm;0wf½kHvsuf bk&ifopfudk
awGUqkH&ef axpOf0gvdkuf &yfaeMuonf/ arm*¾v’merif;onf
ppfwyfBuD;udk qifwHwkdif; ([w¬dygum&) tjyifbufwGif xm;cJh
1
r[m0Ho? 39? 10-13 *gxm/
2
,if;? 39? 15/
3
,if;? 39? 20-21/ ,if;ed*P²wdkYudk arm*¾v’merif;udk,fwkdif tdE´d,rS
txl;ojzihf ¤if; (rif;)\ &nf½G,fcsufjzihf vTwfvdkufjcif; jzpfEdkifonf/
bmoma&;qdkif&m &aoh&[ef;toGifjzihf olvQLdrsm;tvkyfudk vkyfjcif;rSm
a&S;acwfrsm;wGif tjzpfrsm;onf/
4
r[m0Ho? 39? 21/ 5
,if;? 39? 33/
204 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&[ef;rsm;onf rmefrmeudk avQmhNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkY
1
0ifa&mufcdkvIHvsuf aexdkifMuonf /
tdE´d,wGif t&SifaZmwdygv BuD;jyif;cJh&onfh xdktcsdef
umvonf xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSonhf Ak'¨0g'D ,kwådaA' ynm
&Sifrsm;jzpfMuonfh 'dEém*gESihf "r®uw
d ådwdkY\ vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;NyD;aemuf
bmomw&m; acgif;pOfrsm;ESihf ywfoufaom ,kwådESihf vlxk
jiif;qdkrIrsm;udk avhvmrIrSm tvGefta&;ay;aMumif; owd&vQif
2
þjzpf&yfudk aumif;pGm em;vnfNyD; ESpfoufEdkifrnf jzpfonf /
aemufqkH;ay: tdE´d,Ak'¨0g'tawG;tjrif oDtdk&Drsm;ESihf awGUxd
cJhNyD;jzpfonfh t&SifaZmwdygvtzdkY tdEd́,wkdufi,fay:wGif jzpf
ay:aeonhf rsufarSmuf wdk;wufrIudk em;vnfrnfh tcGifhtvrf;
enf;yg;Muonhf oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ESdrfeif;&efrSm cufcJ
aomt&m jzpfrnfr[kwfacs/
a0wkv†0g'Drsm;tm; ,if;odkY vlod&iS fMum; ESdrfeif;cJhaomf
vnf; aemufwufvmonhf 'kwd,t*¾ aAm"drif; (at'D 601-
611)onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufxuf tb,*d&dESihf aZw
0e0d[m&rsm;twGuf ydkrdkaqmif½GufcJhjyefonf/ ¤if;\ rdzk&m;
3 5
onfvnf; tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufudk ydkrdk Munfñdkonf / trSef
pifppf 'kwd,t*¾aAm"drif;onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk pdwf
0ifpm;ykHyifr&acs/ ykHpHtm;jzihf tcgwpfyg; aZmwdygv rax&f
BuD;u rdrd xlyg&mrapwDawmfBuD;udk 0wfjyKaepOf apwDawmf\
tpdwftydkif;wpfck uGJtufNydKusonfudk rif;BuD;tm; jyaom t
cg rif;BuD;onf pdk;&drfpum; ajymMum;NyD; Ak'¨ñSyf½dk;awmfudk avm
[ygom'odkY a½TUajymif;cJhaomfvnf; jyefvnfjyKjyif&ef aESmihfaES;
cJhonf/ ]wkefvIyfzG,f tdyfruf} jrifaomtcgwGifrS rif;BuD;onf
apwDawmfjrwftm; jyefvnfjyKjyifru I dk NyD;qkH;atmif aqmif½GufcJh
1 3
edum,o*F[? pm-15/ r[m0d[m0Ho 42;63-66/
2
History of Indian Laterature by M. Winternitz, p.362. History of Buddhist
Tought by E.J. Thomas, p. 245.
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 201
1
onf / wlnDonhf vrf;pOfay:wGif&Sdonhf arm*¾v’merif;\
omomjyKaqmif½GufrIrsm; aemufydkif; tvsiftjref oH*g,em
wif&efESihf omoemawmfudk oefY&Sif;pifMu,fap&ef rnfonhf
t&monf ta&;wBuD; jzpfcJhoenf;/ ukrm&"mwkaoerif;\
oH*g,emESihf omoemoefY&Sif;a&; aqmif½GufrI\ oabm
obm0udk rod&acs/ jrwfAk'¨\ "r®tppftrSefrsm;ukd qkH;jzwf&ef
a&S;acwfrsm;u oH*g,em wpfckudk usif;ycJhNyD;jzpfonf/ odkYwap
tu,fí at'Dig;&mpkwGif t|uxmusrf;rsm;u ygVdawmf
rsm;udk zGJUpnf;xm;NyD;jzpfvQif at'D ajcmuf&mpkü usif;yonfh
oH*g,emonf rnfonhf &nf½G,fcsuf &Sdygoenf;/ ,if;onf
vlxktMum; "r®oif,lrIudk tm;ay;&ef crf;em;onhf "r®usrf;pm
2
½Gwfzwfjcif; wpf&yfom jzpfavoavm /
q,fESpfcefYrQ EkdifiHa&;y#dyu©rsm;ESihf tkyfcsKyfolrsm; wpf
a,mufNyD;wpfa,muf vkyfBuHowfjzwfrIrsm; NyD;aemuf txuf
wGif azmfjyNyD;jzpfonfh &[ef;vlxGufjzpfol odvmumVrif; (at
'D 524-537) tkyfcsKyfrI acwfodkY a&mufvmonf/ þrif;onf
3
rowfjzwf& rmCmwtrdefYudk oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH;odkY `rSihfwif
vdkufNyD; aq;½kHrsm;udk xdef;odrf;vsuf ykHrSef bmoma&;udpörsm;
udk aqmif½Gufonf/
þrif;eef;pH q,fhESpfajrmufwGif umodwdkif; (Am&mPoD)
NrdKUodkY pD;yGm;a&;udpöjzihf oGm;a&mufcJhol yl&Ptrnf&onhf ukef
onf vkvifi,fwpfa,mufonf ]"r®"mwk} trnf&onhf usrf;
5
i,fudk oD[dkVfodkY ,laqmifvmcJhonf / ,cif tdE´d,EdkifiHodkY
1
r[m0Ho? 39? 57/
2
'v’arm*¾v’merif;vnf; yd#uwfusrf;pm ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fyGJ usif;ycJh
aMumif; qdkonf (r[m0Ho? 44? 48)/ þ½GwfzwfrIonfvnf; ,if;odkY
oabm&Sdonfh ½Gwfzwfjcif;rsKd; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
3
r[m0Ho? 41? 30/ 4
,if;? 41? 28/
5
,if;usrf;ü rnfonhf tcsufrsm; yg&Sdonf[lonfudk twdtus rod&
acs/ odkY&mwGif y&e0dweyk*¾Kdvfu ]odvmumvrif; vufxuf Am&m
202 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
xGufajy; cdkvIHaepOftwGif; tdE´d,&Sd r[m,me0g'Drsm;ESihf quf
oG,frI rsm;pGm&SdcJhykH&onhf odvmumvonf ,if;usrf;pmudk
tvGef ½dkaoav;pm;pGm vufcHNyD; eef;awmfteD;wGif odrf;xm;NyD;
¤if; ESpfpOfykHrSefusif;yonhf yGJawmfwpfcktwGuf wpfESpfvQif
wpfBudrf ,if;usrf;pmudk aZw0e0d[m&odkY ,laqmifoGm;onf/
xdktcsdefu aZw0e0d[m&ü aexdkifMuaom 'u©dP*d&dausmif;
wdkufrS om*vd,*dkPf;0if &[ef;rsm;onf twdwfu bk&iftcsKdU
a0wkv†0g'Drsm;tay: xm;&SdcJhonhf qufqHrIudk owd&Muaom
aMumihf ,if;yGJawmf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ü yl;aygif;yg0if&ef ½GHrkef;Mu
onf/ odkYwap tb,*d&d*kdPf; oHCmrsm;u ¤if;wdkYtm; "r®
"mwkusrf;udk ylaZmf&ef qGJaqmifcJhMuonf/ r[m0d[m&oHCm
ESihf tEk&m"NrdKUol NrdKUom;tcsKdUrSm ,if;tpDtOfrsm;rS twlwuG
1
yg0ifywfoufrIr&SdbJ aeMuonf /
xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSonhf uAsmq&m bk&if plVarm*¾vm† e
rif; odkYr[kwf 'kwd, arm*¾v†merif; (at'D 537-556) vuf
xuftwGif; "r®jyefYyGm;a&;ESihf "r®oifMum;rIwdk;`rSihfa&;wdkY twGuf
vIyf&Sm;rI BuD;wpf&yfudk awGU&onf/ w&m;a[m yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm;
ylaZmfrIrsm;pGm jyKvkyfvsuf þrif;onf yd#uwfokH;ykHudk t|
uxmusrf;rsm;ESihftwl a[majym ydkYcsaponf/ usrf;pma&;om;
rIrsm;udkvnf; pDrHay;onf/ þrif;udk,fwdkif bmoma&;uAsm
("r®uAÁ) wpfck a&;zGJUvsuf ntcsdef NrdKUawmf&Sd w&m;yGJwpfck
tNyD;wGif qifausmukef;ay:wGif xdkifvsuf ,if;uAsmudk ½Gwf
qdkonf/ þrif;onf "r®usrf;pmoif,lrI ysHUESHYa&;ESifh ywfouf
í "r®udk oif,l&ef uav;rsm;udk csKdcsOfoMum;vkH;rsm;jzihf qGJ
PoDrS oD[dkVfodkY a&muf&Sdvmaom a0wkv’okwåefrSm Ak'¨\ Bwdum,
"r®ESihfqdkifaom usrf;pmjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk wpfpkHwpf&m oHo
,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs (Ceylon Journal of Science, G. Vol. II, p. 38.) [k
qdkonf/
1
r[m0Ho? 41? 37-40/ edum,o*F[? pm- 14-15/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 203
aqmifonf[k rSwfwrf;wifcH&onftxd tvGef *½kwpdkuf jyKcJh
1
onf /
EdkifiHa&;ESihf tusKd;quf odyfr&Sdaom tjcm;tedrfhtjrihf
jzpfrI ESpfumvtwefi,f MumNyD;aemuf yxrt*¾aAm"drif;
(at'D 568-601)vufxufodkY a&mufvmonf/ þrif;tkyfcsKyf
pOftwGif; uAsmq&mBuD; q,fhESpfa,mufonf oD[dkVfbmom
2
jzihf uAsmaygif;rsm;pGm a&;om;cJhMuonf / EdkifiHawmfESihf om
3
oemh&efolrsm;udk ESdrfeif;vsuf udk;ESpfcefY MumoGm;NyD;aemuf 'g
Xmod0r[max&trnf&onfh tBuHay;q&mawmf\ ñTefMum;
4
csufrsm;jzihf aumif;rGefonhf tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJhonf /
þrif;vufxufwGif tvGefta&;ygonfh jzpf&yfwpfck jzpf
ay:vmaMumif; od&onf/ tdE´d,rS <uvmol aZmwdygvbGJU t
rnf&Sd rax&fBuD;wpfyg;onf trsm;jynfolESihfqdkifaom tjiif;
yGm;rI wpf&yfjzifh oD[dkVfüwnf&Sdonhf a0wkv†0g'udk ESdrfeif;cJh
onf/ a0wkv†wdkYudk jyif;jyif;xefxef axmufcHol 'gXmybkwd
[kac:aom tm'dyg'wpfa,mufonf ESdrfeif;cH&rIaMumihf raus
rcsrf;jzpfNyD; pdwfqdk;NyD; rax&fudk½kduf&ef vufjzihf csdef½G,fvdkuf
onf/ odkY&mwGif bk&ifonf aZmwdygvrax&ftm; tvGeYf
tvGef MunfñdkoGm;NyD; ,if;ausmif;wdkufrSmyif qufvuf oD
5
wif;okH;&ef avQmufxm;onf / edum,o*F[usrf;ü þvlod
&SifMum; ESdrfeif;NyD;aemuf a0wkv†0g'odkY 0ifa&mufolr&Sdawmh
aMumif;ESihf tb,*d&dedum,ESihf aZw0eedum, ESpfckvkH;rS
1
r[m0Ho? 41? 58-60? 62/
2
r[m0Ho? 42? 13/ edum,o*F[? pm-15/
3
r[m0Ho? 42? 14/
4
,if;? 42? 14-34/
5
r[m0Ho? 42? 35-37/ edum,o*F[? pm-15/ edum,o*F[usrf;wGif
þtjiif;yGm;rIudk odvmumvrif;vufxufwGif jzpfaMumif; azmfjy
onfrSm rSm;,Gif;zG,f&Sdonf/
208 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
tbd"r®mü pdwf0ifpm;rItopfrSm xdkacwf\ ynmwwf
vlwef;pm;\ xl;jcm;onhf oGijf yifjzpfvmcJhonf/ [l,ifqefu
xdktcsdefü tdE´d,&Sd ynmwwf&[ef;rsm;rSm rsm;pGm ylaZmf*kPf
1 3
jyKjcif;cH&aMumif;ESihf oD[dkVf&[ef;rsm;onfvnf; ¤if;wdkY\ A[k
okwESihf todynmpGrf;&nfrsm;twGuf xif&Sm;aMumif; rSwfwrf;
2
wifcJhonf / odkYjzpfí xdkacwfumv\ ,kHMunfrIqdkif&m pdwf
"mwfESifhtnD wwd, aZ|wdórif;onf ¤if;aojcif;w&m;ESihf
BuKHawGUcJhonfh ppfyGJodkY roGm;rD ¤if;\rdbk&m;tm; tbd"r®mudk
oifMum;NyD; tbd"r®mudk a[mMum;vsuf &&Sdonhf ukodkvftzdkYudk
3
rdrdtm;rQa0&ef rSmMum;cJhonf / 'kwd, r[dE´rif;onfvnf; t
4 4
bd"r®mudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY a[mMum;ydkYcs&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf /
'kwd, 'ga|mywdórif; (at'd 650-658) vufxufwGif
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufESihf bk&ifwdkYtMum; wpfzef tjiif;yGm;rI
&SdcJhjyefonf/ 'ga|mywdórif;onf tb,*dausmif;wdkuf t
wGuf ausmif;taqmufttkHwpfck aqmufvkyf&efvdkaomfvnf;
r[m0d[m&oHCmu rdrdwdkY ausmif;wdkuf\ e,fedrdwftwGif;
wnf&Sdojzihf jiif;qdkonf/ odkYwap bk&ifonf rdrd\ tpDtrH
twdkif; tiftm;okH;í aqmif½Gufonf/ ax&d,*dkPf;0if oHCm
awmfrsm;onf wpfzef bk&iftm; rkef;wD;qefYusifMuvsuf bk&if
tm; vlOygoum wpfa,mufudk tquftoG,f jzwfawmuf
5
jcif;jzpfonhf ywåedukZÆeuH jyKMuonf/ odkYwap bk&ifonf
r[m0d[m&oHCmtm; qefYusifrI wpfpkH&m rjyKvkyfcJhacs/
1
Huen Tsiang I, p. 81.
2
,if;? twGJ 2? pm-247/
3
r[m0Ho? 45? 109/
4
,if;? 44? 141/
5
r[m0Ho? 45? 141/ &[ef;rsm;onf oydwfudk wnfhwnfhtay: vSef
vsuf oGm;MuNyD; ¤if;wdkY rBuKdufonfh Oyoum tdrfa&SUwGif oydwfudk
arSmufxm;Muonf/ ,if;odkY jyKvkyfcsufrSm oHCmtaejzihf xdkOygoum
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 205
1
onf / þrif;onf om*vd,*dkPf;0if &[ef;awmf rsm;twGuf
2
a0VK0e0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk wnfaqmufcJhonf / ordki;f wGif
'kwd,tBudrftjzpf rdzk&m;\aqGrsKd; wpfa,muftm; þrif;u
tod*¾g[bGJU ay;tyfonfudk awGU&onf /
'kwd,t*¾aAm"drif; vufxuftwGif; uvd*Frif;onf EdkifiH
a&;y#dyu©aMumihf oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmNyD; t&SifaZmwdygv
rax&fxHwGif &[ef;jyKonf/ þ&[ef; (uvd*Frif;)\ rdbk&m;
ESihf trwfrsm; oD[dkVfodkY vdkufvmNyD; ¤if;wdkYvnf; &[ef;jyKMu
onf/ t*¾aAm"drif;ESihf rdbk&m;wdkYonf oD[dkVfwGif aysmf½TifpGm
aexkdifEdkif&ef twwfEdkifqkH; aqmif½Gufay;Muonf/ uvd*Frif;
(&[ef;awmf)onf oD[dkVfü ysHvGefawmfrlonf /
,if;aemuf &mpkESpf0uf wpfckrQavmufwGif oD[dkVfEdkifiH
onf EdkifiHa&;ESihf bmoma&;jyóemrsm; tpOfrjywf &SdcJhonf/
xdktcsdefrSpí aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif bk&ifrif;rsm;onf rsm;aom
tm;jzihf bmoma&;qdkif&m taqmufttkHa[mif;rsm;udk jyef
vnfjyKjyifNyD; ausmif;wkdufrsm;tm; axmufyHhrIrsm; jyKvkyfNyD;
xif&Sm;onhf yGJawmfrsm; usif;yNyD; Ak'¨omoemawmf pifMu,f&ef
BudK;yrf;cJhonf/
xdktcsdefu Ak'¨omoemawmfudk okwfoifjcif;(aom"e)\
qdkvkd&if;t"dyÜm,frSm tawmftwef xif&Sm;onf/ tNrJwrf;yif
omoemawmfokwfoifrIudk 0de,pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;[laom
5
"r®uH ("r®ur®) ESihftnD aqmif½GufaMumif; azmfjyonf/ omo
1
r[m0Ho? 42? 51-56/
2
,if;? 42? 43/ 0DvsH*dkif*gonf ,if;ausmif;wdkufae&monf tEk&m"
yk&ESihf r[dE¦avhtMum; wpfae&m&mwGif &SdEdkifonf[k ,lqonf/
(plV0Ho? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ 2? pm-77? atmufajcrSwfcsuf 2)/
3
r[m0Ho? 42? 42/
4
,if;? 42? 44-50/
5
r[m0Ho? 39? 57/ tcef; 45? 46? 76/ tcef; 51? 64/
206 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
em okwfoifrIudk bk&if\trdefYjzihf oHCmawmfrsm;u aqmif
½Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ &[ef;awmftrsm;pkonf tcsdefumvrsm;ESifh
twl ajymif;vJaezG,f&SdNyD; ,if;udk a&S;½dk;tpOftvmtwdkif;
vdkufemvdkMuonhf oHCmawmfrsm;u pm&dwåysufjym;rI tjzpf
,lqonf/ uREkfyfwdkYtaejzihf ,if;obm0wdk;wufrItvsOf rjzpf
ay:ap&ef pm&dwåysufjym;rI avQmhusa&;tjzpf ,lqonhf bk&if
rif;rsm;ESihf MoZmwduúr BuD;rm;onfh bmoma&; acgif;aqmif
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ ratmifjrifaom BudK;yrf;rIrsm;udk ordkif;wp
avQmufwGif jrifawGUMu&onf/
'v†arm*¾v†meac: wwd,arm*¾v†merif; (at'D 611-
617)onf crf;em;vSonhf yd#uwfokH;ykH ½GwfqdkrI (yd#umeÍö
oZÑm,H) wpf&yf usif;yNyD; ynmwwfyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; ylaZmfouúm
jyKvsuf bmomw&m;todynm jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf tm;ay;
1
aqmif½GufcJhonf / þrif;vufxufwGif uXde (Kaìhina
2
ceremo-ny) yGJtaMumif; azmfjycsufwpf&yf awGU&onf /
3 2
þrif;vnf; omoemawmf oefU&Sif;a&; aqmif½GufcJhonf /
þrif;udk qufcHol odvmarC0PÖrif; (at'D 617-626)
vufxuftwGif; tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufwGif BuD;rm;onhf qlyl
rIwpf&yf jzpfyGm;onf/ tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufwGif aexdkifol
aAm"dtrnf&onhf &[ef;wpfyg;onf ,if;ausmif;wdkufae oH
Cmawmfrsm;pGmwdkY\ 0denf;ESifhrnDonhf tjyKtrludk qefYusif
vsuf bk&ifxH apm'uwufNyD; "r®uHjzihf udkifwG,fajz&Sifay;&ef
bk&iftm; awmif;qdkonf/ bk&ifu aAm"d&[ef;awmftm; om
oemoefY&Sif;a&; aqmif½Guf&ef wm0efay;tyfonf/ 'kóDv
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm;vkH; pk½kH;NyD; &[ef;awmf aAm"dtm; owfjzwf
vdkufNyD; ,if;Oya'udk zsufodrf;vdkufMuonf/ bk&ifonf t
vGefpdwfqdk;NyD; &mZ0wfjypfrI usL;vGefolrsm;\ vufrsm;udk jzwf
1 2
r[m0Ho? 42? 51-56/ r[m0Ho? 44? 47/
3
,if;? 44? 48/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 207
ypfNyD;? xl;cwfxm;vsuf a&csKd;uefrsm;udk apmihfMunfhcdkif;onf/
xdkYjyif &[ef;wpf&mudk jynfESif'Pfay;NyD; tqkH;pGef ]omoem
awmfudk pifMu,fatmif} aqmif½Gufvdkufonf/ ,if;udpöjzpf
ysufNyD;aemuf ausmif;wdkufBuD;ESpfck tnDtñGwf yl;aygif;rIjzpf
ay:vmrnfudk pdk;&drfNyD; ax&d,*dkPf;0if oHCmawmfrsm;tm; t
b,*d&d ausmif;wdkufoHCmESihftwl OykofjyKyGJusif;y&ef awmif;
1
yefonf/ odkYwap xdkawmif;yefrIudk vkdufavsm&ef jiif;qdkonf /
aemufxyf q,fESpf odkYr[kwf q,fhig;ESpfceftwGif; oD[dkVf
EdkifiHonf tkyfcsKyfoltcsif;csif; jzpfyGm;onhf jynfwGif;ppfyGJrsm;
aMumifh vufawGUtm;jzihf NydKuGJysufpD;cJhonf/ r[m0d[m&ESihf
tb,*d&duJhodkYaom csrf;omonhf ausmif;wkdufrsm;tm;vkH; vk
,ufcH&onf? xlyg&mruJhodkYaom apwDawmfrsm; zsufqD;cH&NyD;
&wemrsm;udk ,laqmifoGm;Muonf/ ausmif;wdkufrsm;wGif &Sd
onhf a½Tqif;wkawmfrsm;? wHcGefrsm;ESihf tjcm;tzdk;wef ypönf;
rsm; vk,uf,laqmifoGm;MuNyD; olykeftrsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ ppfwyfudk
xdef;odrf;&ef a&mif;csMuonf /
tqdkyg jyóemrsm;NyD;aemuf 'kwd, uóyrif; (at'D
641-650) eef;wufaomtcg þrif;onf ysufpD;oGm;onhf
taqmufttkHrsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; twdwfwGif vkyfcJhonhf
¤if;\ raumif;rIrsm;udk ukpm;&ef bmoma&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk
3
aqmif½GufcJhonf / þrif;onf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vSnfhvnf
4
oGm;vmNyD; w&m;"r®rsm; a[mMum;ap vsuf ygVdawmfvufoef;
5
usrf;rsm; a&;om;&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf / t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf
wuG tbd"r®mygVdawmfrsm;udk ½Gwfzwf o&ZÑm,f&efvnf; wdkuf
6
wGef;cJhonf /
1 2
r[m0Ho? 44? 75-80/ ,if;? 44? 130-140/
3 4
,if;? 44? 148/ ,if;? 44? 148/
5
r[m0Ho? 45? 3/ 6
,if;? 45? 150/
212 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
[k vlodrsm;aom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf xif&Sm;vmonf / xdk
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rlvtm;jzihf tb,*d&d*kdPf;0ifrsm;jzpfykH&NyD;
&mpkESpf wpfckESihf wpf0ufMumrSom oD;jcm;tkyfpk wpfcktjzpf
2
uGJxGufoGm;cJhykH&onf / yHhoulaqmif &[ef;rsm;onf csufcsif;
acwfpm;vmNyD; bk&ifrif;rsm;onf xdk&[ef;rsm;xH zl;ajrmf 0if
3
xGuf oGm;vmrI wdk;csJUvmaMumif; awGU&onf / yÍör t*¾aAm"d
rif; (at'D 711-717) onf rdrdudk,fwdkif 0wfonhf t0wf
aumif;rsm;udkyif yhHoulaqmif &[ef;wdkY\ ouFef;rsm;tjzpf
4
vª'gef;cJhaMumif; od&onf /
yHhoulaqmif &[ef;awmfrsm;tygt0if *dkPf;BuD; okH;*dkPf;rS
oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;axmufyHhcJhol q|r t*¾aAm"drif;
(at'D 766-772) vufxufüvnf; omoemawmf oefY&Sif;a&;
5
aqmif½GufrItaMumif; wpfzefMum;&jyefonf / þtcsdefü ayg
vkEé½k0onf ydkrdk tcsuftcsmae&m jzpfvmNyD; þrif;onf
6
aygvkEé½k0udk NrdKUawmftjzpf yxrqkH; odrf;ydkufcJholjzpfonf /
aemif aygvkEé½k0acwfwGif Ak'¨0g'usifhpOfrsm;twGif; tBuD;
tus,f [dE´LMoZmvTrf;rdk;rI &SdcJhonfudk awGU&onf/ [dE´LusifhpOf
vTrf;rdk;rI a&S;OD;vu©Pmrsm;udk þrif;vufxuf avmufwGif
owdjyKrdMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf 'kwd, r[dE´rif; (at'D 772-
1
r[m0Ho? 47;66/ "kwifq,fhokH;rsKd;teuf yxrqkH; "kwifjzpfonhf yHho
ul"kwifudk aqmifonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;udk yHokulvdu (yHhoulaqmif)
rax&frsm;[k ac:onf/ xdk&[ef;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ ouFef;rsm;udk vl
rsm; vTifhypfxm;onhf t0wfpkwfrsm;jzihf ¤if;wdkY\ ouFef;udk csKyfvky
fMuonf/ bDpD yxr&mpktcsdefuyif yHokulaqmif rax&frsm; &SdcJhonf/
2
r[m0Ho? 51? 52/
3
,if;? tcef; 47? 66/ tcef; 48? 4? 16/ tcef; 49? 60? 163? 76/
tcef; 50? 52/
4
,if;? 48? 16/
5
,if;? 48? 71-72/ 6
,if;? 48? 74/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 209
'kwd, 'gaXmywdórif;\ nDi,f pwkw¬ t*¾aAm"drif;
(at'D 658-674) vufxufwGif Nidrf;csrf;onhf acwfwpfckodkY
a&mufvmonf/ 'gXmod0trnf&Sd bk&ifhtMuHay; rax&f\ ñTef
Mum;csuft& twdwfu ¤if;\ aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm; jyKvkyfcJh
onfh bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;tay: rrQwrI tm;vkH;twGuf
NyD;jynhfpkHonfh jyKjyifrsm;udk aqmif½Gufonf/ rif;BuD;onf edum
,okH;ck (*kdPf;okH;ck)vkH;rS oHCmawmfrsm;tm; Munfñdkonf/
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; xdef;odrf; apmihfa&Smufrnfh aus;½Gmrsm;?
tvkyftauR; jyKolrsm;? uyÜd,rsm;ESifh tjcm;vdktyfonfrsm;
tm;vkH;udk axmufyHhonf/ ]rif;BuD;onf edum,okH;ckrS oHCm
awmfrsm;tm; rsm;jym;NyD; aocsmonhf tcGefawmfrsm;ESihftwl
1
½Gmaygif; wpfaxmifudk vª'gef;onf} /
tdrfrS rnfonhftvªypönf;udkrQ vufcHrnf r[kwf[laom oauFw
jzpfonf/ tBuD;tus,f apmfum;rIwpf&yftjzpf ,lqonhf xdkbmom
a&; qE´jyrIonf oHCmtm; rav;pm;aom oHCmhvmbfudk avsmhyg;
atmifvkyfaom Oyoumtm; jyKvkyo f nf (r[m0Ho? 45? 32-34)/
plV0*¾ygVdawmf (pm-262) t& ywåeduZk ÆeuHudk oHCmhy&dowfu
(odrfxJrSm) ur®0gpm½GwfzwfNyD; aqmif½Guf&onf/ r[m0Ho (plV0Ho)
rSwfwrf;ü 0denf;ygVdawmfwGif ñTefjyonhftwdkif; (odrfxJwGif ur®0g
pmzwfí) jyKNyD;aemuf vlxky&dowf a&SUarSmufü jrifEdkifonhf ykHpHjzifh
at'D ckepf&mpktcsdefu vufawGU aqmif½u G fcJhykHudk azmfjyjcif; jzpfzG,f
&Sdonf/ plV0*¾0gVdawmfü vlOygoumwpfa,muftay: ywåedukZÆe
uHjyKEdkifonfh taMumif; &SpfrsKkd ;udk csrSwfxm;onf 1) oHCmtm;
vmbfvmbenf;atmif BudK;pm;jcif; 2) &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; udk,fxd
vufa&muf apmfum;&ef BudKyrf;ol 3) &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ae&m
wpfae&mrS ESifxkwf&ef BuKd;yrf;ol 4) &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; apmfum;&ef
BudK;yrf;ol 5) oHCmawmfrsm; tMum; nDñGwfrI ysufjym;atmif
tm;xkwfol 6) Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; uJh&JUpum; qdkol 7) "r®tm;
uJh&JUpum; qdkol 8) oHCmtm; uJh&JUpum;qdkolwdkYjzpfonf/
1
r[m0Ho 46;6-16/
210 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
wpfEdkifiHvkH;onf bk&ifhpHerludk vkdufemMuonf/ bk&ifhtrI
awmfudk xrf;½GufMuonhf &mxl;jrihfaom wrD;vfvlrsKd;rsm;yif
bk&if\ bmoma&; aqmif½GufrIrsm;ü bk&ifhpHerltwdkif; twk,l
aqmif½GufMuonf/ rdzk&m;BuD;onf bdu©KeDrsm;twGuf ausmif;
wdkufwpfck wnfaqmufNyD; ¤if;wdkY vdktyfonfrsm; tm;vkH;udk
1 1
axmufyHh vª'gef;onf /
pwkw¬ t*¾aAm"drif; tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif; yxrqkH;tBudrf
tjzpf aemiftcg ykHrSef Ak'¨0g'usifhpOfwpfck jzpfvmonhf tcrf;
2
tem;jzihf y&dwf½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fjcif;ESihf ywfoufonhf &nf
ñTef;csuf wpf&yfudk awGY&onf/ þrif;onf rmCmw (olwpf
3
yg; toufudk rowf&)[laom trdefYudkvnf; xkwfjyefcJhonf /
wd&pämef wdkY\ toufESihfywfoufonhf tawG;tjrifopfwpf&yf
vlxk ESvkH;om;ü vTrf;rdk;p jyKvmonfudk uREfkyfwdkY awGU&Sd&onf/
wwd,uóyrif; (at'D 711-792)vufxuf rmCmw trdefY
omru qdyfurf;ESpfckwdkYü (rpäwdaw¬ 'ka0) ig;rsm;udk arG;jrL
4
apmihfa&SmufcJhonf / 'kwd, r[dE´rif; (at'D 772-792) ESihf
1
,if;? 46? 10-27/
2
3
,if;? 46? 5/
,if;? 46? 3/
4
r[m0Ho? 46? 24/ *dkif*gonf rpäwdw¬[laom pum;vkH;udk bmomjyef
jcif;rjyKbJ pmzwfoltm; (,if;a0g[m&udk) ]rpäwdw¬} trnfjzihf xif
&Sm;aom ausmif;wdkufrsm;tjzpf ,lqcJhol 0duúroHC (Wickrema-
singha)yk*¾Kdvftm; &nfñTef;cJhonf (E.Z. I, 216, 221, 227)/ ,if;
azmfjycsuf rSm;,Gif;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ oem;MuifemrI (u½kPm)
aMumihf ig;rsm;udk jrpfqdyfwdkYü arG;jrL auR;arG;xm;jcif;rSm oD[dkVf
aus;½Gmrsm;ü ,aeYwdkifatmifyif xif&Sm;aom tavhtusihfwpfck
jzpfNyD; ,if;onf a&S;a[mif; tpOftvmwpf&yfudk vkdufemaeMujcif;
jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ Ak'¨0g'D aus;vufaeolrsm;onf txl;ojzihf Oykof
aeYrsm;ü xrif; odkYr[kwf tjcm; tpm;tpmrsm;jzihf ig;rsm;udk auR;
arG;avh&SdMuonf/ ,if;odkY arG;jrLxm;onhf ig;wpfaumifudk owfjzwf
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 211
yxr aoerif; (at'D 831-852)wdkYonf ig;rsm;? om;½dkif;rsm;
ESihf iSufrsm;tm; (rpämeH rd*yu©DeH) tpm;tpmrsm;udk w&m;0if
owfrSwfay;cJhNyD; yxr O',rif; (at'D 792-797? 'kwd,
'yÜKvrif;vnf;[l)onf uRJEGm;rsm;tm; ajymif;udk auR;&efESifh
usD;uef;rsm;ESihf tjcm;iSufrsm;tm; qefudk auR;&ef owfrSwfay;
cJhaMumif; od&onf /
tEk&m"NrdKUNyD;aemuf oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ NrdKUawmfjzpfvmonhf
ykvw¬dyk& odkY[kwf ayvkEé½k0NrdKUonf xdktcsdefu usL;ausmfol
wdkYudk qefYusifonhf r[mAsL[mt&a&m teD;tem;&Sd us,fjyefY
onhf qnfajrmif;wmwrHudk taMumif;jyKí <u,f0csrf;omrI
aMumifhyg ta&;ygvmonf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUrSmrl BuD;yGm;rIrSm
a[mif;EGrf;oGm;NyD; tpdk;&eef;pdkufNrdKUjzpfjcif;xuf bmoma&;
qdkif&mNrdKUawmf wpfckomjzpfvmaeonf/ pwkw¬t*¾aAm"drif;
(at'D 658-674)onf aygvkEé½k0NrdKUudk ,m,Dtm;jzihf yxr
qkH;odrf;ydkufcJhNyD; þrif;onf xdkNrdKUrSmyif rarQmfvihfbJ ½kwf
w&uf emrusef;jzpfNyD; uG,fveG fonf/ þrif;onf jynfolvlxk
u ¤if;\ t½dk;jymrsm;udk aq;tjzpf tokH;jyKMuonftxd t
vGefaumif;NyD; bmom w&m; udkif;½dIif;oljzpfonf/
rme0r®rif; (676-711)vufxufwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;\
tvGeftrif; oufaomihfoufomae&onhf b0udkqefYusify&kH
onhf wkHYjyefrIwpf&yf taejzihfa&m a&S;a[mif; bmoma&;b0udk
jyefvnf &Sifoefaponhf taejzihfyg yHokulvdu (yHhoulaqmif)
jcif;onf &Gmol½Gmom;rsm;tm; tvGef pdwfrcsrf;ajrUzG,f jzpfaponf/
Oyrmtm;jzihf rMumrDu oD[dkVfawmifydkif;a'o? 0gvd*rf aum&mavh
(Vāligam Kōralē) e,füyg0ifonhf ueefauh aus;½Gm&Sd ,if;odkYaom
qdyfurf;wpfckü ig;wpfaumif;udk owfjzwfcJhol trsKd;om;wpfa,muf
onf aemufqufwGJ tusKd;qufrsm;rS vGwfuif;&ef aus;½Gm bkef;
BuD;ausmif;odkY 'PfaiG ½lyD; 10 rjzpfrae ay;aqmifcJh&onf/
216 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&mpkESpf q,fhESpfckeD;yg;rQ ukefvGefcJhNyD;aemuf ,cktcsdefwGif
tEk&m"yk&NrdKUonf bk&ifxD;eef;pdkuf NrdKUawmftqihfrS avQmus
oGm;cJhNyD;jzpfNyD; ,if;\ aemufqkH;bk&ifrSm 'kwd, O',rif;
(at'D 885-896) jzpfNyD; ¤if;tm; qufcHcJholrSm 'kwd, aoe
rif; jzpfonf/
a&S;acwf tqufqufwGif Ak'¨0g' vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;\ t"du
A[dkae&m jzpfcJhaom avm[ygom'wGif 'kwd,aoerif; jyef
vnfjyKjyifNyD; tokH;taqmiftopfrsm; vSL'gef;NyD;aemuf tcsdef
1
umvrSmyif &[ef;awmf 32 yg;rQom &Sdawmhonf / EdkifiHa&;
t&a&m bmoma&;t&yg pdwf0ifpm;rIESihf vIyf&Sm;rItm;vkH;onf
,cktcg ta&;ygrIt&a&m t½G,ftpm;t&yg tvsiftjref
BuD;xGm;vmaeonhf NrdKUawmfopf aygvkEé½k0odkY tvQKdtvQKd
ajymif;a½TUaeNyD jzpfonf/
1
r[m0Ho? 50? 69-70/
00000000
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 213
792)onf ]ae&mtESHY&Sd ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeonhf ewfpif(a'0ukv)
rsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifaponf? ewf½kyfrsm;udk wrifwum xkvkyf
aponf? jA[®Prsm;tm;vnf; rdrdpm;onhf &omrGefrsm;udk ay;
urf;onf? ¤if;wdkYtm; a½TjzihfjyKaom 0dkifuvyfwGif xnfhí EGm;
1
EdkYESihf oMum;udk ay;urf;vª'gef;onf} / þ&mpkESpf apmapmydkif;u
2
tjcm;aom rif;wpfyg; onf jA[®Prsm;tm; taxmuftyHhjyKcJh
aMumif; od&onf/
,cktcsdefrSpí &mpkESpf wpfckeD;yg;rQ yxrO',rif; (at'D
792-797? 'kwd,'yÜKvrif;vnf;[l) \ rdzk&m;u bdu©KeDr
ausmif;wkdufwpfck aqmufvkyfcJhonf[laom tcsufrSwpfyg;
3
xif&Sm; rSwfom;xdkufonhf azmfjycsufwpfpkHwpf&m rawGU&acs /
a&S;a[mif; bmoma&;taqmufttkHrsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifxdef;
odrf;jcif;? bmoma&;yGJawmfrsm; usif;yjcif;ESifh &[ef;awmfrsm;
tm; y&du©&m&Spfyg; vª'gef;jcif;rsm;rSm bk&ifrif;wdkY\ ykHrSef vkyf
½dk;vkyfpOfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
4
yxr aoerif; (at'D 831-851) tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif;
ta&;ygaom acwfumvtydkif;tjcm; jzpfvmjyefonf/ þrif;
5
vufxufü tdE´d,rS 0Zd&jy0w*dkPf; 0ifyk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufonf
oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmNyD; tb,*d&dausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd 0D&uFk
6
&m&mrausmif;ü aexkdifvsuf 0Zd&,me"r®udk a[mMum;onf /
edum,o*F[usrf;ü rwGvaoerif;onf &weokwfuJhodkYaom
pGrf;tifxufjrufonfh okwåefrsm;udk ESpfoufNyD; 0Zd&,me0g'
1
r[m0Ho? 48? 43? 144/
2
wwd, uóyrif; (at'D 717-724)? r[m0Ho? 48? 23/
3
r[m0Ho? 49? 25/
4
þrif;udk edum,o*F[usrf;ü rwGvaoe (Matva-Sena )rif;[k t
rnfay;onf/
5
,aeYtcsdefxd rnfonhf *dkPf;jzpfaMumif; twdtus rod&acs/
6
r[m0Ho? 1? 68/ edum,o*F[? pm- 16/
214 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
oifMum;csufrsm;udk vufcHcJhaMumif; jyqdkonf / xdkxuf rwG
vaoerif;vufxufrS pwifí ]0Zd&,me0g'onf ,if;0g'udk
umuG,fxm;NyD; vQKdU0Sufonhf"r®tjzpf vQKdU0SufpGm usihf&aom
aMumifh oD[dkVfEdkifiH&Sd ynmrwwfol vlrdkufwdkYtMum; xif&Sm;
cJhonf} [k qufvuf azmfjyxm;onf/
xdktcsdefü yef*s (Pāº¹ya)EdkifiH bk&ifonf {&mrppfwyfBuD;
jzihf oD[dkVfudk usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufNyD; bk&ifheef;awmf? NrdKUrsm;ESihf
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk vk,ufvsuf a½Tom;Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
tygt0if ¤if;wdkY wefzdk;txm;qkH; t&mtm;vkH;udk ,laqmif
oGm;Muvsuf ]vuFmwpfuRef;vkH;udk tzdk;wefypönf;rsm;udk vk
,ufcHb0odkY a&mufapvsuf crf;em;vSonhf NrdKUawmfrSm bDvl;
2
rsm; vk,ufcH&onhf tajctaersKd;jzpfoGm;onf} / yxr aoe
rif;onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUrS xGucf GmNyD; ¤if;\ usef b0tpdwf
3
tydkif;udk aygvkEé½k0NrdKUwGif ukefvGefcJhonf /
þrif;udk qufcHNyD; aygvkEé½k0NrdKUü xD;eef;pdkufol 'kwd,
aoerif; (at'D 851-885)onf yef*s EdkifiHudk usL;ausmf&ef
oD[dkVfppfwyfudk apvTwfonf/ ,if;ppfwyfonf oD[dkVfudk
vk,ufcJhonfh bk&iftm; ESdrfeif;NyD; yef*s rif;om;wpfa,mufudk
xD;eef;tyfNyD; oD[dkVfwdkY ydkifqdkifonhf &wemtm;vkH; udk jyefvnf
,laqmifvmcJhonf/ pGrf;tm;jynhf tkyfcsKyfol 'kwd,aoerif;
1
edum,o*F[usrf;? pm- 16/ 0Zd&,meonf wefcdk;pGrf;&nfrsm;udk azmf
jycsufrsm;jynfhaeonhf usihfpOfpepfjzpfonf (History of India Literature,
II, p 387, 392 udk½Iyg)/ rm,mZmvr`EÅ ESihf om&0*k,S (edum,? pm-
8)uJhodkYaom 0Zd&,musrf;pmrsm;\ acgif;pOfrsm;onfyif *E¨m&D0dZÆm
tawG;tjrifrsm;udk azmfjyvsuf &Sdonf/
2
r[m0Ho? 1? 33-36/
3
r[m0Ho? 1? 50/ edum,*F[? pm-16 wdkYü tqdkygrif; rwGvaoe
rif;onf rSm;,Gif;onfh t,l0g'udk vufcHaomaMumihf xDeef;udk pGefYcGm
xGufajy;&NyD; NrdKUawmftm; wrD;vfrsm;xH t½IH;ay;vdkuf&vsuf aygvkEé
½k0NrdKUrSm aoqkH;&onf}[k azmfjyMuonf/
wdk;wufrIESpfumvrsm; 2 215
vufatmufü oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH; jyefvnfnDñGwfNyD; csrf;om
1
<u,f0onf /
þrif;onf ausmif;wdkufa[mif;rsm; ausmif;aqmifa[mif;
rsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; axmufyHha&; &HykHaiGrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
jyKvsuf crf;em;vSonhf y&dwf½GwfyGJESihf uqkefvjynhf yGJawmfrsm;
usif;yonf/ þrif;onf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;udka&m aAm"dowå
½kyfwkrsm;udkyg jyKvkyfcJhonf/ &weokwfudk a½Tjym;ay:wGif a&;
ckdif;NyD; ,if;a½Tjym;udk ylaZmfrI jyKonf/ ,if;onf þrif;tm;
qdkcJhNyD; 0Zd&,me0g' MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/ þ
2
rif;onf tbd"r®mudk ½GwfzwfrIrsm; jyKvkyfaponf /
yHhoulaqmifrax&frsm; tb,*d&d*dkPf;rS cGJxGufNyD; oD;jcm;
*dkPf;wpfcktjzpf wnfaxmifcJhMuonfrSm þrif;eef;pH ESpfq,fh
3
ESpfajrmufwGif jzpfonf / usefonhf eef;pHESpfrsm;wGif *dkPf;BuD;
okH;*kdPf;twGif; rnDñGwfrIrsm; jzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf þrif;onfyif
4
pifMu,fatmif aqmif½Gufay;cJhaMumif;vnf; od&onf /
Ak'¨ESihf [dE´L tavhtusifhrsm; ydkrdk eD;pyfvmaecJhNyD; 'kwd,
aoerif;onf ]tdk;wdkif;\ xdyfwGif tzdk;wef &wemrsm;ESihf ykvJ
vkH;rsm; tjynhfxnhfxm;aom a½Ttdk;tvkH; wpfaxmifudk jA[®P
ta,muf wpfaxmiftm; vª'gef;vsuf ¤if;wdkYtm; &wem pD
jc,fonhf a½Tom;0dkifuvyfjzihf EdkYCemxrif; auR;arG;NyD;aemuf
,if; (jA[®P) wdkYtm; a½TBudK;rsm; ay;urf;onf/ þrif;onf
jA[®PwdkYtm; aumif;rI&Sif rdwfaqG wpfa,muftjzpfjzihf ¤if;
wdkY\ ESvkH;om; qE´twdkif; t0wftpm;opfrsm; 0wfqifapNyD;
5
crf;em;aom yGJobifjzihf 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;omjzpfapcJhonf} /
1
r[m0Ho? 50? 50/
2
r[m0Ho? 50? 52/
3
,if;? 50? 52/
4
,if;? 50? 64/
,if; 50? 65-67/
220 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
vlOygoumrsm;onf *lae&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tjcm; &[ef;
awmfrsm;xuf ydkí pdwfydkif;avhusihfrIESihf bmomw&m; tm;xkwf
rIwdkYwGif ydkrdkomvGefonf[k ,lqMuonf/ xdkYaMumihf tbd"r®m
1
0db*Ft|xm ü wdótrnf&Sdaom bk&ifonf apwd,*d&d
awmif&Sd &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf&Sd &[ef;awmf
2
rsm;xuf omvGefonf[k t,l&SdaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf /
zm[D,efonf at'Dig;&mpktcsdefu r[dE¦avhwGifae xdkifcJhonfh
]tvGefoDvESihf jynhfpkHol orPwpfql} taMumif;udk &nfñTef;
3
xm;onf / t|uxmq&mBuD; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo rax&fu
vltrsm;onf 'u©dP*d&d? [w¬dukpäd? apwd,*d&dESihf pdwåyAÁw
wdkYudk &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkY oDwif;okH;onhf ae&mrsm;tjzpf ,lq
4
MuaMumif; rdefYqdkonf / wrÁyPÖd'Dyt&yf&Sd plVem*vdkPf*ludk
5
ur®|mef;xdkifrnfh pHjyae&mtjzpf ,lqMuonf / O'krÁ&*d&d ('drÁK
vm*v)rSm rsm;pGmaom &[ef;awmfwdkY ur®|mef;bm0em ½IrSwf
6
&ef oGm;a&mufonhf 'kwd, xif&Sm;onhf ae&mjzpfonf / a&S;OD;
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf tjrwfqkH;jzpfNyD; xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;rSm vdkPf
*lrsm;wGif aexdkifcJhMuonf[laom ykHrSef ,kHMunfcsufudk &nf
ñTef;jcif;jzihf vdkPf*lrsm;ESihfa&m vkdPf*lae &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihfyg
qufpyfaeonfh aemufxyf pifMu,fjrifhjrwfrIudk ESpfoufapEkdif
rnfjzpfonf/

avh&Sdonf ('D 2? 211)/ &mZN*dK[fteD;&Sd ydyÜvd*lonf t&Sifr[muóy

rax&fBuD; ESpfoufaom *ljzpfonf/ wmvyk#rax&fonf vdkPf*lxJwGif
tazmfrrSD;wpfudk,fwnf; oDwif;okH;aexkdkif&rIudk tvGef ESpfoufaMumif;
oHCmhtv,fü >ruf[awmfrlonf (ax& *gxm? pm-316)/
1
tbd-| 2? 455/
2
odkY&mwGif r[dE¦avhü jzpfysufcJhonhf uPd&ZmEkwdó jzpf&yfudk jyef
Munfhyg (þusrf;? pm- 177)/
3
Fa Hien, p. 107.
4 5
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 117/ ,if;? 1? 124/
6
&o0g[deD 2? 126/
 tcef; 8
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1
wnfaqmuf ykH
1
r[dE¦avh? a0ó*d&d, ? pdwåvyAÁw? &dXd*v (t&d|yAÁw)ESihf
Awådpv (Batticaloa)e,f&Sd &mZ*v odkYr[kwf &móa[v (Rās-
sahela)wdkYü awGU&onfh*lrsm;rSm a&S;OD; Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmfrsm;
\ ae&mxdkifcif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ t&Sifr[dE´ESihf tjcm; &[EÅm
t&Sifjrwfrsm;onf oD[dkVfü yxrOD;qkH;aom0gudk r[dE¦avh
t&yf&Sd *lrsm;ü oDwif;okH;awmfrcl JhMuonf/ a&S;OD;tcsdefrsm;wGif
*lrsm;udk &[ef;awmfrsm; aexdkifp&mtjzpf tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/
,if;rSm wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzifh ausmif;aqmif taqmuf
ttkH aqmufvkyf&ef rvG,fulaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ odkYwap
ausmif;aqmifBuD;rsm; aqmufvkyfNyD;aemufwGif bmomw&m;udk
ydkrdkMunfñdk ,kHMunfNyD; NcdK;NcpH Gmusihfvdkonhf &[ef;awmf tcsKdUrSm
,aeYacwf tcsKdUaom &[ef;awmfrsm;uJhodkYyif awmifrsm; awm
eufrsm;&Sd *lrsm;wGif aexkdif&ef ydkrdk ESpfoufMuonf/ a,bk,s
tm;jzihf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ *laysmfqE´rSm ½dk;&Sif;NyD; vlolrJh wdwf
qdwfrI&Sdonhf *lrsm;udk a&S;ya0oPDuyif rdrdwdkYb0udk ur®|mef;
bm0em tm;xkwf&ef `rIyfESHxm;Muaom &aoh&[ef;rsm;\ pHjy
2
aexdkifp&mtjzpf ,lqcJhaomaMumihf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf / odkYjzpfí
1
£ó&orPm&mr [kvnf;ac:onf/
2
r[mwPSmocF, okwfawmfwGif Ak'&¨ Sifawmfjrwfu oDvudk,fusihf
aumif;rGefonhf &[ef;awmfonf awmif*lwGif (*d&d*k[H) aexdkif\[k
rdefYawmfrlonf (r 1? 323)/ bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfjrwf udk,fawmfwkdif
vnf; a0'duawmif&Sd £E´omv*lwGif ur®|mef; bm0em ½IrSwfawmfrl
224 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
oD[dkVfü yxrqkH;aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrSm a'0geHyd,wdó
rif; wnfaqmufcJhonhf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU r[marC0e&Sd wdóm
&mr ausmif;wdkufjzpfonf/ ,if;ausmif;wdkufonf aemiftcg
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuftjzpf wdk;wufoGm;cJhonf/ yxrwGif
&[ef;awmfrsm; aexdkif&ef ½THUjzihfwnfaqmufonhf ausmif;rQom
jzpfonf/ ,if;udk umvygomy&da0P[k ac:wGifonf/ aemif
wGif r[marC0etwGif; bk&ifEiS hftrwfrsm;u &[ef;awmf
2
rsm; oDwif;okH;&m ausmif;aqmifrsm;pGm aqmufvkyfcJhMuonf /
xlyg&mrapwDawmfudk wnfNyD;aemuf apwD taqmufttkH
ESihf Ak'¨*,mrS r[maAm"dudkif;udk r[marC0etwGif; pdkufysKd;
NyD;aemuf aAm"dyifwdkYrSm oD[dkVfbkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf\ oGifjyif
rsm; jzpfvmonf/ ,if;jzpf&yfESpcf kvkH;rSm a'0geH yd,wdórif;
vufxufwGif jzpfonf/ ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif a&m[PESihf oD[dkVf
&Sdtjcm;a'orsm;ü ausmif;wkdufBuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/
bDpD 'kwd,&mpk 'k|*grPdrif; vufxufwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd
taqmufttkHBuD; rsm;pGm&Sdonhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;
rSm &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;aexdkif&m XmeBuD; jzpfvmonf/
tEk&m"yk&NrKdUawmfwGif bDpDwpf&mpkü tb,*d&dausmif;wkduf
ESihf at'Dav;&mpkü aZw0eausmif;wkduf[laom aemufxyf
ta&;ygonhf ausmif;wkdufBuD;ESpfckudk wnfaqmufcJhonf/
ykHrSeftm;jzihf ausmif;wdkufwpfckudk tm&mr odkYr[kwf 0d[m
&[k ac:onf/ at'Dig;&mpkwGif vufcHxm;onhf ,lqcsuft&
tu,fí ,if; ausmif;wdkuftwGif; apwD&SdvQif? ,if;apwD ae
&mwGif "r®Mum;emrIudk jyKvkyfvQif? xdkYtjyif t&yfav;rsufESmrS
<uvmMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm; cGifhjyKcsuf rvdkbJyif ajcaq;Edkif?
aomhjzihf wHcg;udk zGifhEdkif? tdyf&m jyifEdkifNyD; tvdk&Sdonhf tcsdef
wGif xdkae&mrS xGufcGmEkdifvQif tenf;qkH; tus,ft0ef; av;
odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&ef ydkrdk vG,fulvmonf/
1 2
r[m0Ho? 15;203-204/ ,if;? 15;200-213/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 221
oD[dkVfuRef;tESHYtjym;ü jyefYusJpGm awGU&onhf *lckH;rsm;wGif
a&;xdk;xm;aom Ak'¨0g'\ tapmydkif; &mpkESpfrsm; tenf;i,f
twGif; vª'gef;rIqdkif&m urÜnf;pmtrsm;tjym;onf &[ef;awmf
rsm; toHk;jyKcJhonfh yrmPudkñTefjyNyD; bk&ifrif;rsm;? trwf
BuD;rsm;ESihf omreft&yfom;rsm;taejzihf ,if;*lrsm;udk oHCm
awmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;&ef rnfrQpdwftm;xufoefaMumif; azmfjy
1
onf / &[ef;oHCmrsm;udkyif tvª&Sifrsm;tjzpf azmfjyxm;onf
2
udk awGU&onf / ,if;odkYawGU&onfrSm rlvu tcsKdUrax&frsm;
udk,fwdkiftokH;jyK&ef &&SdcJhonhf*lrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYu wpfzef oHCm
tm; vª'gef;cJhzG,f&Sdonf/ odkYr[kwf tcsKdUrax&frsm;onf rdrdwdkY
\ aqGrsKd;rsm;tm; *lrsm;jyKvkyfapNyD; rax&frsm;\udk,fpm; xdk
*lrsm;udk oHCmtm; vª'gef;zG,f&SdNyD;? xdkodkYjzpfí xdkrax&fwdkY t
rnfemrrsm;udk tvª&Sifrsm;tjzpf a&;xGif;cJhjcif; jzpfEdkifonf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif rdom;pkwpfckwnf;rS emrnf toD;oD;jzifh
3
oD;jcm;pD *lrsm;udk vª'gef;cJhMuonf / ,if;*lrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY rdom;
pk0ifyif ydkifqkdifovm; odkYr[kwf EdkifiHawmfuyif ydkifqdkifovm;
[lonfudkrl twdtus rqkH;jzwfEdkifacs/ jzpfEdkifonfrSm *ltrsm;
pkudk bk&ifuydkifqdkifaomfvnf; jynfolwdkYtm; oefY&Sif;cGifh &[ef;
awmfrsm; aexdkifEkdifatmif jyKvkyfcGifhay;xm;onfomru ¤if;wdkY
\ trnfemrrsm;udk tvª&Siftjzpf a&;xGif;cGifhyif ay;cJhzG,f&Sd
onf/ ,if;odkYjyKjcif;onf Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;a&;twGufESihf vlxk
tMum; aumif;rGefonhf b0wpfckodkY wdk;wufvm&ef vIHUaqmfrI
wpf&yftjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/
1
xdkausmufpmrsm;onf tenf;ESihftrsm; wpfykHpHwnf;uJhodkY jzpfMuonf/
,if;ausmufpmrsm;onf þrnfþrnfaom *lrsm;udk oHCmawmfrsm;
tm; vª'gef;aMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ Oyrm ]em*trnf
&Sdaom Oyoum\om; wdó\*ludk oHCmtm; vª'gef;ygonf}/
2 3
EZ, I, p. 144, No 4. EZ, I, p. 18..
222 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
*lwpfcktm; &[ef;awmfrsm; aexkdifp&mjzpfvmatmif jyKjyif
jcif;rSm vG,fulaom vkyfief;wpfck r[kwfacs/ tenf;qkH; at'D
ig;&mpkcefYu a&yef;pm;cJhaom *lxGif;jzpfpOfudk tMurf;zsif; &nf
ñTef;xm;csufudk ygVdawmftzGifht|uxmusrf;rsm;ü &EdkifonfrSm
uHaumif;onf/ a&S;OD;pGm *ludk xif;rsm;jzihf jznfhxm;NyD; ,if;
aemuf xif;udk rD;½IdUonf? ,if;odkY jyKjcif;jzifh avsmh&J&Jjzpfaeonhf
ausmuf tydkif;tprsm;udk z,fxkwfypfonfomru raumif;
onhf teHYtoufrsm;udkvnf; aysmufoGm;aponf/ *ludk oefY&Sif;
NyD;aemuf yGifhvif;aeaom eHab;rsm;wGif tkwfeH&Hrsm; wnf
1
aqmufvsuf 0if aygufESihf jywif;aygufrsm;udk wyfqifonf /
wpfcgwpf&H eH&Hrsm;udk o½Gwfudkifxm;NyD; xkH;jzLokwfxm;onf/
,if;aemuf awmae&[ef;wpfyg;tzdkY vdktyfonhf tdyf&mwpfck
ESifh ukvm;xdkifwpfvkH;uJhodkYaom ½dk;&Sif;onhf y&dabm*ypönf;rsm;
2
udkvnf; jyifqifxm;onf / *lrsm;tm; aecsifpzG,fjzpfatmif
3
aq;okwfvdrf;xm;aMumif;yif azmfjyxm;onf / odkYjzpfí 0dok'¨d
r*fusrf;wGif pdwå*kwårax&fBuD; oDwif;okH;aexdkif&m r[m*gr
½GmteD;&Sd uk&@uvdkPf*lBuD;wGif aemufqkH;bk&m; ckepfqlwdkY\
awmxGufcef; yef;csDrsm;udk vSypGm a&;qGJxm;aMumif; rSwfwrf;
4
wifxm;onf / ,if;yef;csDum;rSm *l\rsufESmMuufay:wGif a&;
qGJxm;jcif; jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;*lodkY tvnftywf <ua&mufvm
1
r[dE¦avhESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd a&S;a[mif;*l t<uif;tusefrsm;üvnf;
*lrsm;ü 0ifaygufwHcg;ESihf jywif;aygufrsm;&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/
2
oufBuD;½G,ftkd q&mt&SiftwGuf pdwåvawmifwGif *lwpfckjyifqif
ay;aom &[ef;i,fwpfyg;taMumif; azmfjycsuf (tH-| 1? 34) ESihf
£E´omv*ludk vltrsm; wdk;wufaumif;rGeaf tmif aqmif½GufMuykH rSwf
wrf; ('d-| 2? 290) rsm;t& od&onf/
3
oD[dkVf&Sd tcsKdU*lrsm;wGif a&S;acwfu aq;okwfvdrf;xm;onhf t<uif;
tusefrsm;udk ,aeYwdkifyif awGUEkdifao;onf? Oyrm awmifydkif;a'o
rsm;&Sd u&rÁ*v*lESihf qd*d&d,t&yf&Sd *lrsm;wGif jzpfonf/
4
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 36/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 223
Muonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ,if;yef;csDum;udk ESpfoufoGm;
MuNyD; ,if;yef;csDum;rsm;\ qGJaqmifrIaumif;ykHudk *laerax&f
1
BuD;tm; avQmufxm;Muonf[k qdkonf / odkYjzpfí azmfjyonhf
*lwpfckrSm vlrItodkif;t0dkif;ESihf uif;&Sif;vdkonhf &[ef;wpfyg;\
cHpm;rIESihf Nidrf;csrf;onhf p½dkuf&Sdol yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf\ aexdkif
p&mjzpfonfhjyif eufeuf½Idif;½dIif; ur®|mef;bm0em tm;xkwf&ef
pHjyae&mvnf; jzpfonf/ *lwpfck\ twGif;ae&monf yltdkuf
onfh aEG&moDwGif ESpfoufpzG,f at;jronf/ *lrsm;ESihf wGJvsuf
wGif a&S;acwf &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;aexdkif&ef wdwfqdwf
onhf ae&mrsm;ü wJausmif; (yPÖomvm)rsm;vnf; &SdEdkifonf/
Ak'¨omoemawmfonf bk&ifESihfvlxk\ udk;uG,f&m bmom
w&m; jzpfvmNyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtm; ypönf;
av;yg;jzihf taxmuftyHhjyKMuNyD; rdrdwdkYxHrS pdwfydkif;b0avhusihf
rIudk arQmfvihfMuonfh 'um'umrrsm;\ aus;Zl;udk rodusKd;uRHjyK
vsuf vloltquftoG,f jywfawmufonhf *lausmif; wJ
ausmif;rsm;? awmifay:wJausmif;rsm;ESifh awmawmifrsm;wGif
wpfyg;wnf; oDwif;okH;aexdkifcGifh r&Muawmhacs/ odkYjzpfí
wdk;wufvsuf&Sdonhf NrdKUjyrsm;ESihf <u,f0onhf aus;½GmBuD;rsm;\
teD;0ef;usifwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/
,if;onf oHCmESihf vl'um'umrrsm;tMum; tjyeftvSef
2
qufqHrIudk tqufrjywf vG,fulpGm xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef jzpfonf /
1
odkY&mwGif pdwå*kwå rax&fBuD;onf rsufpdudk tay:odkY wpfcgrQ armh
rMunhfojzihf ,if;yef;csDum;udkvnf; rjrifrdaMumif; rdefYqdkonf/
2
Ak'¨acwf tcsdefwGifvnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;onf NrdKUBuD;rsm;teD;
wGif wnf&SdcJhonf/ Oyrm aZw0efausmif;awmfrSm om0w¬dNrdKU teD;wGif
wnf&Sdonf/ aESmif;acwfrsm;wGifvnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk wdk;
wufaeaom NrdKUjyrsm;jzpfMuonhf tdEd́,tv,fydkif; a0'domNrKdUteD;
qefcsDt&yfESihf wpfcsdefu twdk;wufqkH;jzpfcJhonhf yef*syfjynfe,f wuú
qdvmNrdKUrsm;\ teD;wGif ausmif;wkdufBuD;rsm; wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/
ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;onf NrdKUBuD;rsm;teD;ü wnf&Sdojzihf ,if;wdkYudk xdef;
228 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
(Ruvanvälisaya) odkY qufxm;aom yg'yDXdum q,fhajcmufck &SdaMumif;
azmfjycsufrSm apwDawmftwGif; Ak'q ¨ if;wkawmf q,fhajcmufck Xmyem
xm;aMumif;ESihf ,if; yg'yd|dumrsm;u bk&m;zl;rsm;tm; &yfoifhonfh
ae&mudk azmfjyvsuf tjyifrSm &yfvsuf ykyæ'gejzihf ylaZmfonhfae&m
udkazmjfyonf ("r®jy'Dydum? pm-312)/ ,if;azmfjycsufonf at'D 12
&mpkcefYu yg'yDXdumudk a0'dumblrdüomru apwDawmf0if;txd wGJ
pyfxm;aMumif; azmfjyonf/ ajcawmf&mrsm; xGif;xkxm;onhf ausmufzsm
rsm; ½k0ef0gvdqm,0if;wGif awGUEdkifao;onf/
ae&mXme q,fhajcmufckwdkYü apwDawmfwpfqltm; &Sdcdk;ylaZmfrIonf
tenf;qkH; at'D 15 &mpkxd qif;oufcJhykH&onf/ awm#* rka0 od&d
&m[kvyk*¾Kdvfu ¤if;a&;om;onhf qmVvd[ded oaE´ouxm (oD[dkVf
bmom) wGif ]auved, (NrdKU) &Sd BuD;rm; cHhnm;vSaom apwDawmfwGif
ae&mXme q,fhajcmufckwdkYü &yfem;vsuf zl;ajrmfylaZmfaMumif;} jyqdkonf
(pm-65)/ odkYwap t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü apwDawmfwpfqltm; ylaZmfrIESihf
ywfoufonhf vrf;ñTefrIrsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H jcm;em;onf/
aygvkEé½k0acwfodkY a&mufaomtcg ,if;yg'yd|dum t,ltqonf
tao;pdwf wdk;wufcJhonf/ aygvkEé½k0NrdKUawmfwGif ud&da0a[& ESifh &ef
a&mawGa[& uJhodkYaom a&S;a[mif;apwDawmfrsm; ywfvnf&Sd ykHrSef
ta0;wpfae&mwGif Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;udk xnhfoGif;xm;onhf bk&m;cef;
i,f &Spfckudk awGUEdkifonf/ ,if; bk&m;cef;rsm;udk apwDawmfESihf tvGefeD;
uyfpGm wnfaqmufxm;onf/ ayvkEé½0k acwf apwDawmfrsm;rSm tEk
&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd apwDawmfrsm;xuf ao;i,faomaMumihf bk&m;cef; &Spfckxd
avsmhoGm;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ Oygoumrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY vuf,m&pf
vSnfhvnfpOftwGif; ,if;ae&mrsm;wGif 'l;axmuf &Sdcdk;ylaZmfMuonf/
rlvtm;jzihf yg'yd|dumonf Oyoumrsm;tm; apwDawmftwGif;&Sd Ak'¨
qif;wkawmfrsm;udk owd&aponf/ odkY&mwGif ayvkEé½k0 acwftwGif;
qif;wkawmfrsm;udk yg'yd|dumtpm; &Sdckd;0wfjyKolrsm;tm; taxmuf
tyHhjyK&ef xdkae&mrSmyif xm;onf/
yef;wifckH ae&mrS apwDawmfodkY wufa&mufNyD; vuf,m&pf vSnfh
jcif; t,ltqrSm acwfopf Munfñdkol Ak'¨0g'D wpfa,muftzdkY tawmf
twef tjrifrawmfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ odkYwap ,if;onf a&S;acwfrsm;u
trsm;jyKvkyfonhf tavhtusihfyifjzpfonf/ a0'dumblrdodkY OD;wnfoGm;
aom a&S;acwf avSum;qifh t<uif;tusefrsm;udk r&Dpd0g#d,ESihf uP³u
apwDuJhodkYaom apwDrsm;ü awGUjrifEdkifao;onf/ tdE´d,tv,fydkif;&Sd
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 225
1
vHcefYrQ&Sdonhf opf½GufwJausmif;i,f (yPÖomvm) onfyif
2
pwk'domoHCmtwGuf aqmufvkyfaom 0d[m& jzpfonf /
txufyg azmfjycsufrS ausmif;wdkufwpfcktwGuf cGJjcm;r&
onhf t&mrsm;rSm apwD? aexdkifp&m ae&mESihf "r®udk a[mMum;
jcif;wdkYjzpfaMumif; awGUEdkifonf/ odkYwap vkH;0 wdk;wufNyD;aom
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf wpfckü tjcm;rsm;pGmaom tydktaqmif
ta,mifrsm; &SdMuonf/
ausmif;wkdufBuD;wpfckodkY t0if0wGif 9 &mpkESihf 10 &mpk
tcsdefu ]a"m&#Kyger!d,}[kac:onhf ]*dwft0ifa&r@yf} t
aqmifwpfck&Sdonf/ ,if;onf bk&m;zl;rsm;taejzihf yef;refrsm;
udk a&aq;jcif; a&aomufjcif;rsm;jzihf tjrifhtjrwfxm;onhfae
&mXmeodkY r0ifrD udk,fvufoefYpifrIrsm; jyKvkyfEdkif&ef trsm;qkH;
jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonhf a&tdk;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;xm;onhf ae&mjzpf
onf/ aZw0e0d[m& ausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd ]*dwft0ifa&r@yf}
onf odomaom t½G,f&Sdonhf ESpfxyftaqmufttkH jzpfonf/
tjyifrSvmol rnfolrqdktm; tay:xyfrSmjzpfap? atmufxyf
rSmjzpfap? odkYr[kwf a&tdk;rsm;xm;onhf ae&mwGifjzpfap aexdkif
1
rlvu yPÖomvm[lonfrSm yk'f&if; t"dyÜm,ft& ]opf½GufwJ}[k
t"dyÜm,f&onf/ aemiftcgwGif ,if;a0g[m&onf rnfonhf bkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsKd;udkrqdk t"dyÜm,f oufa&mufaponf/ ,aeY acwfwGif
oD[dkVf&Sd Ak'¨bmom ausmif;wdkufrsm;twGif;&Sd acwfrD taqmufttkH
BuD;rsm;udkvnf; yPÖomvm[laom ygVda0g[m&rS qif;oufcJhonhf
]yeqv}[k oD[dkVfbmompum;jzihf ac:onf/ at'D 9 &mpk ausmuf
pmwpfckwGif ]ye[v} (pan-hala) [laom a0g[m&udk tokH;jyKxm;
onf (EZ.IV, p. 178-179)/
2
,w¬ apwd,H ywd|dwH a[mwd? "r®ó0eH u&D,wd? pwl[d 'dom[d
bdu©L tm*EÉm tyÜ#dykpädwGm a,0 yga' a"m0dwGm ukÍödum, 'Gg&H
0d0&dwGm aoemoeH y#da,mZdwGm 0odwGm ,xmzmokuH *päEÅd? aom
tEÅraom pwk&wed,m yPÖomvmyd a[mwk? pmwk'doH oHCH
O'´dóuw0d[ma&mawG0 0kpöwd (tH-| 3? 271)/
226 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1 1
cGihfrjyKaMumif; pnf;urf; owfrSwfxm;onf / xdkr@yfonf t
e,fe,ft&yf&yfrS vma&mufMuonhf bk&m;zl;y&dowftm; udk,f
vufaq;aMum okwfoif&efESihf t0wftpm;vJ&ef tcef;ae&m
2
vGwf &SdEdkifavmufatmif tawmftwef BuD;rm;ykH&onf /
tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf&Sd tcsKdUaom bk&m;rsm;\0if;twGif;odkY
t0ifwGif avSum;xpfrsm;teD;wGif vufaq;ZvkH ykHoP²mef&Sd
onfh wGif;acgif;rsm;ESihf ausmufwkH;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ tEk&m
"yk&NrdKUteD;&Sd yHukvd,ausmif;wdkufwGifawGU&onhf ,if;odkYaom
ausmufvufaq;cGufwGif awGU&onhf tvªaumif;rI pmwef;
wpfckwGif ajcaq;a&[k t"dyÜm,f&onhf yga'g0ed (ygVd yg'
a"m0eD) [laom ykHpHjy a0g[m&onhf ,if;udk &nfñTef;onf/
rdzk&m; uvsmP0wDa&;xdk;onhf ½k0ef0gvdqm, (Ruvanväli-
sāya) ausmufpmwGif ajcaq;cGuf[k t"dyÜm,f&onhf yga'ed
(ygVd yg'a'gPd) [laom a0g[m&vnf; ,if;udkyif &nf½G,f
onf/ ajcaq;cGuf[k ac:Edkifonhf ausmufwpfvkH; a&avSmif
uefrsm;udk xlyg&mrapwDuJhodkYaom bk&m;rsm;wGif awGU&onf/
,if; ajcaq;cGufrsm;onf 0wfjyK qkawmif;vmolrsm;taejzihf
jrifhjrwfonhf ae&mawmfrsm;odkY r0ifrD ajcaq;&ef a&xnhfxm;
3 5
aom ausmufajcaq;uefrsm;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf /
bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;twGif; ta&;tygqkH;rSm Ak'¨"mwfawmf
udk Xmyemxm;onfh apwDjzponf/ ½k0ef0gvdqm, rSmuJhodkY
yifr apwD&ifjyifü tenf;qkH; 0if;ESpfck&Sdonf/ aemufwpfckudk
0gvdu*FP (oJcif;&ifjyif) [kac:onf/ ,if;udk tjzLa&mif oJ
1 r-| 3? 170/ a0'dumblrd[lonf t0ifrkcfOD;udk qdkvdkonf/
EZ.III p. 227.
2 r[m0Ho 30;51? 58? 60/ 33;22/ *kdif*gonf ]ykyæm"me} yk'fudk
OykofaeYrsm;ü &Spfyg;oDvapmifhokH;&ef cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif&Sdaom bkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsm;odkY oGm;a&mufMuonfh aus;½Gmrsm;rS Munfñdkol Oyoum
rsm;tzdkY ausmif;wdkuf0if;twGif;odkY r0ifrD ausmif;wdkuf twGif;&Sd a&uef
rsm;wGif udk,fvufokwfoifvsuf t0wftpm; topfrsm;vJjcif;rSm ,aeY
wdkifatmifyif xkH;pHwpfck jzpfonf/
3
ynm&Sif y&e0dwe\ The Satupa in Ceylon, p. 64 udk ½Iyg
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 227
cif;xm;NyD; eH&Hjzihf um&Hxm;onf / tEk&m"yk&NrdKUü ,aeYwdkif
awGU&ouJhodkY tay:qihf&dS ausmufwkH;jzL cif;xm;onhf twGif;
ydkif;0if;udk qif½kyfrsm;jzihf wefqmqifxm;aom [w¬dygum&ac:
atmufcH eH&Hxdef;jzihf ywf&Hxm;onf/ yifr 0ifayguf av;ckwGif
2
awm&P[k ac:onhf crf;em;aom t0if rkcfOD;&Sdonf /
3 4
apwD\ trdk;ckH;onf a0'dumblrd odkYr[kwf ykyæm"le [k
ac:onhf wjznf;jznf; ao;oGm;onhf puf0kdif;ykH okH;qifhrS
3
jrihfwufoGm;NyD; ,if;onf apwD\ atmufajcykHpH jzpfonf /
,if;t0dkif; okH;qihfwGif tay:qkH;tqifhESihf tv,ftqifhudkyif
yef;ylaZmfrnfh yef;wifckHtjzpf tokH;jyKonf/ tay:qkH;tqihfrSm
ukpäda0'dumblrdjzpfonf/ atmufqkH; tqifhwGif yg'yDXdumac:
avSum;qihf q,fhajcmufck &Sdonf/ ,if;udk apwDywfvnf ykHrSef
ae&mtcsKdUü qufxm;onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm bk&m;zl;rsm; &yfem;NyD;
'l;wkyfvsuf tay:ypö,mwGif yef;rsm;ylaZmfNyD;aemuf vSnhfvnf
NyD; 0wfjyK&Sdcdk;&ef ae&mrsm;udk ñTefjyonf/ rZÑdredum,f t|
uxmüygonhf taMumif;t&m wpf&yfrSm rax&fwpfyg;onf
taemufzuf avSum;rsm;rSwpfqifh a0'dumblrd (ypädrrkc edód
awe aomygaee) rS wufoGm;NyD; apwDawmftm; yef;refrsm;
vª'gef;cJhykH taMumif;udk azmfjyonf /
1
r[m0Ho 33;31/ 34;70/ a&S;acwfrsm;wGif 0gvdu*FPom &SdcJhykH&onf/
aemifacwfrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmf csrf;om<u,f0vmNyD; ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk
wdk;csJUaomtcg NcH0if;us,fvmNyD; cGJxm;cJhzG,f&Sdonf/
2
r-| 3? 170/ r[m0Ho 38? 10/
3
3
]yef;ylaZmf&ef avSum;xpfoP²mef tqihf[k bmomjyefonf/
5
r-| 3? 170/ tbd-| 1? 114/ r[mapwd,H y'u©dPH uwGm aomV-
ook yg'yd|dumok yÍöywd|dawe 0E´dwGm/
at'D 12 &mpk cefYwGif a0'dumblro d dkY wufNyD; vuf,m&pfvSnfhonhf
xkH;pH jywfawmufoGm;cJhaMumif; awGU&onf/ *k½kVKa*grd trnf&Sdyk*¾Kdvfu
¤if; a&;om;onhf "r®jy'Dydum (at'D 12 &mpk) usrf;wGif ½k0ef0gvdqm,
232 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
ykHrSeftm;jzihf aAm"dyifwnf&Sd&m0if;\ t&yfav;rsufESmwGif
1 1
awm&P odkYr[kwf 0ifayguf*dwf av;ck&SdNyD; jrifhwufaeonfh
2
ausmufyvufazmif;\ a0'Dwpfckudk apwDawmf ywfvnfwGif
csxm;vsuf ,if;tay:wGif Oyoumrsm;u &Sdckd;0wfjyKEdkifonf/
3
aAm"dyifteD;wGif aAm"dC& odkYr[kwf aAm"da*[&Sdonf/ apwd
,C&ESihfrwlbJ 0wfjyKausmif;wpfckESihfwlonhf ,if;taqmuf
ttkHudk opfyifay:rS wnfaqmufxm;onf r[kwfbJ opfudkif;
4 udk Xmyemxm;onf/ odkYjzpfí a0'dumblrdwpfavQmuf apwDawmf
rsm;atmuf&Sd yifpnfywfvnfwGif wnfaqmufxm;jcif; jzpf
onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif aAm"dC&twGif; Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; &Sd
5
onf / apwd,C&uJhodkYyif þtaqmufttkH (aAm"dC&)onf
vnf; r[maAm"dyifjrwftm; vuf,m&pf vSnfhvnfMuonfh
bk&m;zl;rsm;tm; trdk;tumay;&ef &nf½G,fykH&onf/
aemufxyf ta&;BuD;onhf t&mwpfckrSm Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
xm;&Sdonhf y#drmC& (qif;wkawmfaqmif) jzpfonf/ qif;wk
1 2
r[m0Ho 34;108? 128/ ,if; 34;52? 103/
3
r[m0Ho 15;205/ 37;15/ 38;43/ 41;65/ 0d-| 3? 14? 70/
&mpkESpfaygif; rsm;pGmywfvkH; bk&ifrsm;pGmwdkYonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;
wdkuftwGif;&Sd r[maAm"dyifESihf tjcm;a'orsm;&Sd aAm"dyif ywfvnf
wGif aAm"dC&rsm; wnfaqmufMuaMumif; azmfjyonf/
4
þonfrSm r[m0Ho tcef; 40? *gxmtrSwf 54 üazmfjyonhf rSwf
wrf;jzpft&jzpfonf/ ,k0&mZ r[dE´ (at'D 851-886 'kwd, aoe
rif; vufxuf)onf (oD[dkVf) r[maAm"dyifü aAm"dC&wpfck pwif
aqmufvkyfonf/ xkyfwef;ESifh xdaeojzihf aAm"dudkif;wpfckudk ckwf
jzwf&rnf[k owdjyKrdonhf vuform;rsm;u ,k0&mZtm; taMumif;
Mum;Muonf/ ,k0&mZonf r[maAm"dyiftm; tvª'ge jyKNyD; aAm"d
C&udk wnfaqmuf&vG,fulap&ef aAm"dudkif;jrwfonf tay:odkY
auG;ygapownf;[k qkawmif;t"d|mefjyKvdkufonf/ qkawmif;onfh
twkdif; jzpfvmcJhonf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;t& aAm"dC&udk aAm"dudkif;
rsm;\ tay:rS wnfaqmufjcif;r[kwfbJ tudkif;rsm;atmufrS wnf
aqmufjcif;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/
5
r[m0Ho 37? 31/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 229
apwDywfvnfwGif apwd,C& odkYr[kwf apwDtdrf[kac:
onhf taqmufttkH&Sdonf / ,if; taqmufttkHonf ,if;udk
qefcsDESihf bdvq(Bhilsa)uJhodkYaom apwDtcsKdU\ a0'dumblrdodkY oGm;
onhf avSum;xpfrsm;udk bk&m;zl;rsm; tokH;jyKEdkifqJ jzpfonf/ trSef
aomf t0dkif;ykH a0'dumblrd okH;ckonf apwDawmf\ tajccHjzpfNyD; ay
tawmfjrihfaom tay:qkH; ypö,mtxuf&Sd trdk;ckH;wGif "mwfawmfrsm;
ywfvnfü vrf;avQmufjcif;onf twGi;f &Sd "mwfawmfrsm;ukd r½dkao&m
a&mufonf/
1
wpfcgwpf&H apwd,a*[[kvnf; ac:onf (0d-| 3? 70/ r[m0Ho?
97;90-91)/
apwd,C&\ rlv&if;jrpfudk twdtus rod&acs/ t&Sifr[mAk'¨
aCmo\ tóvm,eokwftzGifh (r-| 3? 281) wGif tóvm,e
trnf&Sd Oyoumonf Ak'¨w&m;udk vdkufemusihfokH;oGm;NyD;aemuf rdrd
tdrftwGif; apwDwpfql wnfaqmufcJhonf (twåaem taEÅm eda0-
oaea,0 apwd,H uma&od)/ ¤if;udk qufcHolrsm;onf t|uxm
usrf;udk a&;om;onhfacwfwdkifatmif ,if;tpOftvmudk vdkufemcJhMu
NyD; tdrfaqmufonhf tcgwdkif;wGif tdrftwGif;ü apwDwpfqludk wnf
aqmufMuonf (,m0ZÆ'd0om tóvm,e0Hao Zmwm eda0oeH
uma&wGm taEÅmeda0oae apwd,H uma&aEÅ0)/ apwDudk tdrf
twGif; xnhfoGif;&onf[laom tpOftvmudk jzpfay:apcJhonfh ,if;
tavhtusihf &SdEdkifygovm;/
þudpöESihf ywfoufí *ltwGif;rSmyif&Sdonhf um&favapwDrSmuJh
odkYaom &nfñTef;csufudk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ "mwfawmfrsm;rSm oufawmf
xif&Sm; jrwfAk'¨udk udk,fpm;jyKonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf rdrdESihf aemufyg
&[ef;awmfrsm; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifudk zl;ajrmf&ef tdE´d,odkY <ua&mufvdk
aMumif; t&Sifr[dE´\ azmjfycsufudk Munhfyg/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&d
edAÁmef pHawmfrlNyDjzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;Muaomtcg t&Sifjrwfu
]Ak'¨\ "mwfawmfarGawmfrsm;udk zl;jrif&jcif;rSm Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifudk zl;ajrmf&
jcif;yifjzpfonf}[k t&Sifjrwfu ajzMum;onf ("mwlok 'da|ok 'da|m
a[mwd Zdaem? r[m0Ho 17? 3)/ odkYjzpfí ,if;odkYaom "mwfawmf
rsm;udk Xmyem (xnhfoGif;) aom apwDwpfqludkvnf; oufawmf
xif&Sm; jrwfAk'¨oDwif;okH;awmfrlonhf ae&mtjzpf ,lq&rnfjzpfonf/
230 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
zkH;tkyfxm;aom trdk;ygonhf ausmufwdkifay:&Sd trSwfw&ae&m
ay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;aom taqmufttkHi,fwpfck jzpfcJh
1 2
ykH&onf/ ,if;taqmufttkHü wpfcgwpf&HwGif wHcg;rsm; &SdNyD;
2
twGif;ü vSyonhfaumfaZmrsm; cif;xm;onf / ,if;onf t
wGif;ü yef;rsm; ylaZmfvª'gef;rIjyK&ef ae&mygonhf apwDudk xnhf
3
oGif;xm;onhf tdrfwpfaqmifEiS fh tenf;ESihftrsm; wlaeonf /
a&S;a[mif;okawoeqdkif&m t<uif;tusefrsm;wGif awGU&
onfhtwdkif; apwd,C&udk xlyg&mrESihf trÁw¬v uJhodkYaom
t½G,ftpm;i,fonhf apwDrsm;üom awGU&onf/ ½k0ef0gvd?
tb,*d&dESihf aZw0euJhodkYaom rnfonhf apwDBuD;rsm;wGifrS
apwd,C& jyKvkyfxm;onfudk rawGU&acs/ ,if;odkY t½G,f
tpm; BuD;rm;onhf apwDrsm;ü apwd,C&wnfaqmuf&ef rjzpf
EdkifonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ apwd,C&[lonf apwDawmftwGuf
omru aexJrdk;xJwGif ywfívrf;avQmufMuonhf bk&m;zl;rsm;
twGufyg em;ckd&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf wnfaqmufjcif; jzpfonf/
apwd,C&onf taqmufttkHukd umuG,fay;aomfvnf;
txl;ojzihf vjynhfnrsm;wGif ½dk;pif;crf;em;onhf oyÜm,fvSyrI
4 1
udk ysufpD;aponf / wpfcgwpf&HwGif apwDudk yef;csDaq;a&;rsm;
(pdwåur®)jzihf wefqmqifxm;onfh 'kwd, t*¾aAm"drif; (at'D
601-611) jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD;aemuf xlyg&mrapwD jzpfykHESihf wl
5 wdkif; Ak'¨"mwfawmfrsm;udk Xmyemxm;onf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUESihf r[dE¦avh
onf / trÁw¬vapwDudk o'¨gwdórif; (bDpD 77-59)u raem
odkYjzpfygu apwD[lonf jrwfAk'¨oDwif; okH;awmfrlaom *E¨uk#dyifjzpfNyD;
,if; (*E¨uk#d) onf trdk;&SdoifhonfrSm obm0usygonf/
1
r[m0Ho? 48;66/
2
0d-| 2? 89/
3
jyefvnf rGrf;rHxm;onhf acwfopf apwd,C&wpfckudk oD[dkVf&Sd twåe
*v’t&yfü awGUjrifEdkifonf/
4
y&e0dwea&;om;onhf Stupa in Ceylon usrf;yg apwd,Ctcef;udk ½Iyg/
5 4
r[m0Ho? 42? 56/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 231
1
odvm odkYr[kwf pdefeDrIeYfjzihf a½Ta&mifaq;okwfcJhonf /
aemufxyf ta&;ygonhf t&mwpfckrSm aAm"dyif jzpfonf/
tcsKdUaAm"dyifrsm;rSm 0¹rmeaAm"d uJhodkYaom txl;rnfemrrsm;
jzihf xif&Sm;onf/ ,if;onf Ak'¨0g'Drsm; ,kHMunfxm;onhf jrifh
jrwfaom opfyiftm; jrwfEdk;av;pm;rIESihf ywfoufonhf t
axmuftxm; jzpfonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf wpfckwGif aAm"d
yifonf Ak'¨"mwfawmfrsm; NyD;aemuf 'kwd, ae&mwGif &Sdonf/
apwD odkYr[kwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf odkYr[kwf Ak'¨"mwfawmfrsm;udk
3
Xmyemxm;onhf tmoeC& zufudk xkd;aerSomvQif? odkYr[kwf
aAm"dyif\ aumif;pGm BuD;xGm;rIudk aqG;ajrUaeaom odkYr[kwf
xdk;xGufaeaom tudkif;udk z,f&Sm;rIonf taxmuftyHhjyKyg
cJhvQif vlcE¨mudk,fwGif cGJpdwfukoouJhodkY aAm"dudkif;udk ckwf
jzwfEdkifonf/ tu,fí iSufrsm;onf ,if; aAm"dudkif;ay:wGif
em;aeí apwDawmftm; npfEGrf;apvQif aAm"dudkif;udk jzwf
4
awmuf z,f&Sm;aumif;onf / okdYwap tjcm;rnfonhf &nf½G,f
5
csufjzihfrQ aAm"dudkif;udk rjzwfaumif;acs /
2
3
&o0g[ded 2? pm- 10/ r[m0Ho? 34;124/ r[m0Ho? 48;5/
tmoeC&[lonf yef;ylaZmf&ef ae&mrsm;yg&Sdonhf taqmufttkH jzpf
onfrSm xif&Sm;NyD; wpfcgwpf&H ,if;ae&mrsm;wGif azmfjyNyD;jzpfonfh t
t&yfrsm;wGif&Sdonhf ,if;yef;ylaZmf&ef ae&mrsm;\ a&SUwGif ausmufjzihf
wnfaqmufonhf ]tmoe}rsm;&SdNyD; C&[laom a0g[m&onf ,if;yef;
ylaZmf&ef ae&mrsm;udk ac:jcif;jzpfonf/ rMumrDu ½k0ef0gvdqm,
t&yf&Sd ,if;yef;ylaZmfonhf ae&mrsm;udk wpfppDjzKwfMunhfvkdufaotcg
tjcm;ypönf;rsm;ESihftwl "mwfawmfrsm;yg&Sdonhf MuKwfrsm;udk awGU&SdcJh
onfudk owdjyKoihfonf/ acwfopf apwDawmfrsm;\ ywfvnfwGif ae
xdkifp&m trdk;tum&Sd odkYr[kwfr&SdbJ yef;ylaZmf&eftwGuf ae&mav;ck
awGU&NyD; a&S;acwf crf;em;onhf tmoeC&\ ao;i,faom avSum;
qif;rsm;taejzihf ,lqEdkifonf (0[mvu')/
þazmfjycsufu aAm"dyifrsm;onf apwDawmfteD;wGif wnf&SdMuaMumif;
5
azmfjyonf/ tH-| 1? 356/ tbd-| 2? 408/
236 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
ay:ü tjyma&mif rsufESmMuufudk vSL'gef;onf / þqif;wkawmf
tm; trnfemr rsm;pGmjzihf &nfñTef;Muonf/ Oyrm O½kodvm
y#drm? r[modvmy#dvm? odvmow¬K? odvmorÁK'¨? odvmr,
Ak'¨? odvmr, rkedE´? odvmr,ra[oDwdkYjzpfonf/
þqif;wkawmftm; &nfñTef;onhf tcgwdkif;wGif odvm
(ausmuf) [laom a0g[m&udk rcGJbJ wGJokH;xm;onfrSm pdwf0iff
pm;zG,fjzpfonf/ tjcm;ausmufqif;wkawmfrsm; &SdMuaomfvnf;
þqif;wkawmfudkomvQif ]ausmufom;qif;wkawmfBuD;}[k vl
odrsm;onf/ pwkw¬r[dE´rif; (at'D 956-972) \ r[dE¦avh
ausmufpmwGif ]r*Fvr[modvmy#drm} r*Fvausmufom;qif;
2
wkawmfBuD;[k &nfñTef;onfudk awGU&onf / þrif;\ aZw
0em&mrausmufzsmay:wGif a&;onhfpmü tqifhjrifh csD;rGrf;
3
onfh a0g[m&rsm;jzifh ]r[modvmy#drm}udk &nfñTef;xm;onf /
&nfñTef;xm;csufrsm;u xl;jcm;pGm t½dktaojyKjcif;cH&NyD; tvGef
wefzdk;BuD;rm;onhf "mwfawmfrsm;uJhodkYyif ylaZmfjcif;cH&onhf a&S;
a[mif; ausmufqif;wkawmf wpfql&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/ 0duúr
odaCF (Wickremasinghe) trnf&Sd yk*¾Kdvfu pwkw¬ r[dE´rif;
ausmufpmwGif azmfjyxm;onhf ausmufom;Ak'¨qif;awmfonf
a'0geHyd,wdórif; xlyg&mrapwDawmfü wnfaqmufcJhaom
4 3
qif;wkawmf jzpfEdkifonf[k ,lqcJhNyD; at'D ig;&mpkwGif tb,
*d&dausmif;wdkufü w½kwfbk&m;zl;&[ef;awmf zm[D,ef awGU&SdcJh
onhf qif;wkawmfESihf twlwl jzpfEdkifonf[laom jzpfEkdifajcjzihf
5
aumufcsufcscJhonf /
1
,if; 40? 77/
2 3
EZ, I, p. 92. EZ, I, p.p. 218,218,233.
4 ,aeYacwfwGif Ak'¨qif;wk xm;onfhae&m[k trsm;odMuonfhtwdkif; xdk
EZ, I, p. 217.
5 qif;wkaqmifonf oD[dkVfbkef;BuD;ausmif; wpfck\ t"duae&mjzpfonf/
EZ, I, p. 230.
a'0geHyd,wdórif;\ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfonf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU orm"d
(t&yf)wGif awGU&onhf xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom xdkifawmfrl Ak'¨qif;wk
awmf jzpfovm;[k ar;vdkzG,f&Sdonf/ þqif;wkawmfonf vma&muf
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 233
awmfaqmifonf oD[dkVfbkef;BuD;ausmif;wpfckü rnfonfh tcsdef
upwif ta&;ygvmcJhaMumif; pl;prf;&ef pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;
1
onf / t&Sifr[dE´\ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkduf yEéufwGif r[m
xlyESihf r[maAm"dyifrsm;twGuf ae&m&SdcJhaomfvnf; qif;wk
awmfaqmiftwGuf ae&mryg&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ þae&mü
bDpDokH;&mpk bk&iftaomuacwftwGif; Ak'¨qif;wkawmf wnf&Sd
cJhaMumif; rod&onfudk owd&oifhonf/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;
onf qefcsDESihf bm&[kw&Sd a&S;a[mif; yef;ykvuf&mrsm;rS vGJí
rawGU&acs/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdrIudk jzpfEdkifpGm
arQmfvihf&rnfjzpfaom pdwftm½kH udk,fpm;jyKrIrsm;rSmyif Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwftm; ajcawmf&m? pufbD;ykH odkYr[kwf yef;ukH;yef;qdkif;
rsm;ESihf xD;rdk;xm;onhf xdkifckHrsm;uJhodkYaom oauFwrsm;jzifhom
ñTefjycJhonf/ bm&[kw yef;ykvuf&mrsm;ü awGU&onfh jrifuGif;
wpfckonf ajcawmf&ma&SUü 'l;axmufaeonhf tZmwowåKrif;
udk udk,fpm;jyKaMumif; ausmufpmwGif twdtus azmfjyonf
]tZmwowåKonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; 'l;axmufí &Sdckd;OD;ñGwf
2
onf} / tdE´d,wGif Ak'¨qif;wk xkvkyfjcif;ESihf ,if;tm; ylaZmf
udk;uG,frIudk taomuaemufydkif;acwfrS pNyD;owfrSwfjcif;udk
cdkifvkHaponhf taxmuftxm; rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ um&fef (Karn)
trnf&Sdyk*¾Kdvf u pkaqmif;xm;onhf taxmuftxm;rsm; tm;
vkH;onf Ak'¨qif;wk xkvkyfudk;uG,frItprSm bDpDwpf&mpkxuf
aemufrus[lonfudk azmfjy&ef tm;omaMumif; ,lqcJhonf/
odkY&mwGif tenf;qkH; at'D ig;&mpkxd wnf&SdcJhNyD; vkH;0
aysmufroGm;ao;onhf oD[dkVftpOftvm wpfckonf Ak'¨qif;wk
1
2
tZmwowåK b*0awm 0E´aw/ bm&[kw ausmufpm (Barua and
Sinha)? pm-36/
3
MIB, p. 95.
234 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
awmfordkif;udk bDpDokH;&mpktcsdefxd ajc&mcHxm;onf / aZ|
wdórif; (at'D 323-333)\ vkyaf qmifrIrsm;ESihf ywfoufí
r[m0Housrf;ü ]xlyg&mrapwDawmfwGif a'0geHyd, wdórif;
u BuD;rm;NyD; oyÜm,fvSyonhf ausmufqif;wkawmfwpfql xnhf
2
oGif;cJhaMumif;} rSwfwrf; wifxm;onf / tu,fí ,if; azmfjy
csufudk vufcHvQif oD[dkVfonf urÇmay:wGif yxrqkH;aom Ak'¨
qif;wkawmf wnf&SdcJhonhf EdkifiHjzpfonf/ a'0geHyd,wdórif;
onf trSefyif ,if;qif;wkawmfudk jyKvkyfcJhovm; odkYwnf;
r[kwf aESmif;acwf tpOftvmonf xlyg&mrapwDawmftwGif;
awGU&SdcJhonhf rnfonhft&yfwGif jyKvkyfonf[k rod&aom a&S;
acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfudk oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ yxrqkH;aom Ak'¨bmom
bk&if (a'0geHyd,wdórif;) wnfaqmufcJhonf[k ,lqavo
vm;[lonfudk twdtus rod&acs/ tdE´d,&Sd qefcsDESihf bm&
[kwt&yfrsm;wGif&Sdonhf a&S;acwfyef;ykqif;wkawmf rsm;tMum;
Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwpfql rawGU½kHrQjzihf bDpD okH;&mpkwGif tjcm;rnf
onhf ae&mwGifrS Ak'¨qif;wkawmf wpfql jyKvkyfcJhjcif; r&Sd[k
1
w½kwf&[ef;awmf zm[D,efu ¤if;a&mufaepOftwGif; tdE´d,ü wnf&Sd
aeonhf ajymqdkpOfwpfckudk &nfñTef;xm;onf/ ,if;ajymqdkpOf t&
y&aoeZdw (Prasenajit) rif; (yaoe'Daumovrif;) u Ak'¨oufawmf
xif&Sm;&SdpOftcgwGif pE´ul;eHYomom;jzihf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf wpfqljyKvkyfap
aMumif; od&onf/ zm[D,efu ,if;qif;wkawmfonf aESmif;acwfwGif
xkvkyfMuonfh qif;wkawmf tm;vkH;\ pHjyqif;wkawmf jzpfvmaMumif;
qdkonf (Fa Hien, p. 56-57)/ oD[dkVfwGif yaoe'Daumovrif; wnf
aqmufcJhonhf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf taMumif; azmfjycsufyg&Sdonhf aumov
AdrÁ0PÖem usrf;pmwpfapmifvnf; &Sdonf/ ,if;usrf;udk at'D 13 odkYr
[kwf 14 &mpkcefYwGif a&;om;cJhzG,f&Sdonf (DPPN, I, p. 698)/ r[m0Ho
tcef; 30? *gxmtrSwf 72 wGif 'k|*grPdrif; (bDpD 101-77) onf
ok0PÖrmvD r[mapwDwGif Ak'¨a½Tqif;wkawmf wpfql XmyemcJhaMumif;
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/
2
r[m0Ho 35? 128 *gxm/ a'0geHyd,wdaóe? aom ywd|mydwH yk&m/
xlyg&mar O½kodvm-y#drH pm½k'óeH/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 235
aumufcsufcsygu aMumif;usKd; rqDavsmfacs/ tdE´d,wdkufe,f\
wdk;wufrIjzihf oD[dkVfwGif tawG;tac:opfrsm; aygufyGm;vmrI
udk wm;qD;&ef wpfckck &SdcJhovm;/
txufwGif azmfjycJhonfh ]ausmufqif;wkawmfBuD;} (O½k
y#drm) onf trsm;tav;*½kjyK ½dkaojcif;cH&onhf xif&Sm;onhf
qif;wkawmfjzpfonf/ aZ|wdórif; (at'D 323-333) onf
,if;qif;wkawmfudk xlyg&mrapwDrS a½TUajymif;NyD; ygpDewdó
1
yAÁw ausmif;wdkufwGif ylaZmfxm;cJhonf / wpfzef r[maoe
rif; (at'D 334-362) onf ,if;qif;wkawmfudk xdkausmif;
2
wdkufrS a½TUajymif;NyD; tb,*d&ausmif;wdkufwGif xm;cJhonf/
Ak'¨'gorif; (at'D 4 &mpkukefcefY) onf þqif;wkawmf\ rsuf
3
vkH;awmfywfvnfwGif &wemrsm; pDjc,fcJhonf / "mwkaoerif;
(at'D 460-478)onf þqif;wkawmftwGuf taqmufttkH
wpfck wnfaqmufNyD; Ak'¨'gorif; vª'gef;cJhonhf &wemrsm;
aysmufqkH;oGm;aomaMumihf rsufvkH;awmfwpfpkHwGif jyefvnfjyKjyif
rnfh &wemrsm;udk vª'gef;cJhonf/ "mwkaoeonf a&mifvQH
puf0ef;ESihf txGwf (em;uif;awmf) ESihf tjyma&mif &wemrsm;
4
jzihfpDjc,fxm;onhf qHawmfrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfapcJhonf / odvm
arC0PÖrif; (at'D 617-626) onf qif;wkawmf\ taqmif
a[mif;udk jyefvnfjyKjyifcJhNyD; &wemrsm;pGmjzihf wefqmqifvsuf
5
aumv0gyda&uefudk þqif;wkawmfBuD;tm; vª'gef;cJhonf /
'kwd,aoerif; (at'D 851-885) onf ysufpD;oGm;onfh qif;
wkawmfaqmifudk jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; ¤if;\ rdzk&m; ,if;taqmif
1
r[m0Ho 36? 129 *gxm/ ygpdewdóyAÁw[lonf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU?
Ek0&0g0 (Nuvaraväva)teD; wl;azmfawGU&SdcJhonhf t<uif; tusefrsm;
jzpfonf/
2
,if; 37? 14/
3
,if; 37? 123/ 38? 61-62/
4 5
,if; 38? 61-64/ ,if; 44? 68-69/
240 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
usKd;qDavsmfpGm azmfjyonfh tjcm;ae&mrsm;rSmyif apwDESihf aAm"d
yifrsm;udkom ñTef;qkdNyD; qif;wkawmf odkYr[kwf qif;wkaqmifudk
1
vkH;0ñTef;qdkjcif;r&Sd / teEÅ&d,uHESihf ywfoufí &Sif;vif;csuf
wpfckwGif Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf ap
wDawmfudk NzKdzsufvQifjzpfap aAm"dyifudk jzwfvQifjzpfap Ak'¨
"mwfawmfrsm;udk yGef;yJhatmifvkyfvQifjzpfap xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf tm
2
eEÅ&d,uHudk usL;vGefolESihf tvm;wlaMumif; jyqdkonf / odkY&m
wGif qif;wkawmfudk zsufqD;jcif; odkYr[kwf yGef;yJhatmifvkyfjcif;
ESifh ywfoufonhf azmfjycsuf vkH;0r&Sdacs/ qif;wkawmfxJü Ak'¨
"mwfawmfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;rSomvQif xdkqif;wkawmftm; t
3
a&;BuD;onf[k ,lqonf / "mwfawmfrsm; xnfhoGif;jcif;r&SdbJ
qif;wkawmfonf bmoma&;wefzdk; tenf;i,frQom&Sdaom
odkYr[kwf bmoma&;wefzdk;r&Sdaom ypönf;wpfckom jzpfonf/
4
,if;azmfjycsufrsm;xuf 0db*Ft|uxm wGifawGU&aom
azmfjycsufwpf&yfrSm ydkí thHMozG,f aumif;onf/ ,if;azmfjy
csufrSm ]wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf apwDawmfudkjzpfap aAm"dyif
5
udkjzpfap zl;ajrmfjcif;jzihf Ak'¨gvrÁPyDwd udk &&Sd\}[kjzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif Ak'¨qif;wkawmftm; ,if;odkYjyK&ef azmfjyjcif;r&Sdacs/
tu,fí tvm;wl azmfjycsufrsKd;udk ,aeYjyKvkyfrnfqdkvQif
uREkfyfwdkYtaejzihf tvdktavsmufyif wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf Ak'¨g
vrÁPyDwdudk Ak'¨½kyfymG ;awmftm; zl;ajrmfjcif;jzihf &&SdEdkifonf[k
rqdkif;rwGyif ajymqdkrnfjzpfonf/ odkYwap t|uxmü qif;
wkawmfwpfqltm; zl;ajrmfjcif;udk aemufxyfwpfck jzpfEdkifajc
taejzihf azmfjyjcif; rjyKacs/ Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmftm; zl;jrifjcif;rSm
1 wkawmf\ touf0ifonhf oyÜm,frIu arwåmESihf MunfndKrIudk awmif;
Oyrm tbd-| 2? 332? 408/ r-| 1? 258/ tH-| 2? 377/ 0d-| 4? 152/
2
a&S;acwf oD[dkVf Oya't& ,if;jypfru I dk usL;vGefvQif ao'Pfay;onf/
3
tH-| 1? 341/ tbd-| 2? 408/ 0d-| 3? 424/
4
tbd-| 2? 332/ tbd-| 1? 115 udkvnf;½Iyg/
5
Ak'¨gvrÁPyDwd[lonf Ak'¨udk zl;ajrmf&mrSjzpfap Ak'¨*P
k fudk atmufarh&m
rSjzpfap &&Sdvmonfh ESpfoufrIyDwdjzpfonf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 237
at'DESpf&mpktwGif; r[m0Housrf;ü wpfqlwnf;aom Ak'¨
qif;wkawmfESihf qif;wkawmfaqmifudk &nfñTef;xm;csufudkom
uREkfyfwdkYawGU&onf/ 0obrif; (at'D 127-171)onf Ak'¨qif;
wkawmf av;ql jyKvkyfNyD; ,if;qif;wkawmfrsm;twGuf taqmif
wpfck aqmufvkyfcJhaMumif; od&onf1/ at'D okH;&mpkwGifvnf;
qif;wkawmfESifh ywfoufonhf &nfñTef;csuf wpfckudkom &&Sd
onf/ aMu;qif;wkawmf ESpq f ludk a0g[m&duwdórif; (at'D
269-291)u oGef;vkyfaMumif;od&NyD; tqdkyg qif;wkawmfrsm;udk
zl;ajrmfolrsm;tzdkY urÇmay:&Sd rnfonhf ae&mrS Ak'¨qif;wkawmfxufrqdk
ydkrdkBuD;jrwfaom qGJaqmifrI&Sdonf/ (tdE´d,0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;) *sm0g[m
vm ae½l;onf þqif;wkawmfudk ESpfoufcJhNyD; ]a'[&m'ef tusOf;
axmifwGif tusOf;cscH&pOfu tvGefwnfNidrfat;csrf;onhf þAk'¨qif;wk
awmfjrwf\ ½kyfoGifawmfonf uREkfyftm; oufom&m&apNyD; cGeftm;udk
ay;onfomru pdwf"mwfusqif;onhf tBudrfrsm;pGmudk ausmfvTm;&ef ul
nDay;EdkifcJh\}[k qdkcJhonf (Jawaharlal Nehru's Autobiography, p. 271)/
þqif;wkawmfonf urÇmay:ü awGU&SdorQwGif toyÜm,fqkH; jzpfzG,f&Sd
onf/ tD;bD [maA;vf (E.B. Havell) u ¤if;\usrf; (Handbook of
Indian Art, p. 155) wGif qm&emx(rd*'g0kef) Ak'¨qif;wkawmfwGif ,if;ESifh
wlnDonhf rsufESmawmf&SdaMumif;qdkonf/ odkYwap rlvqif;wkawmfrsm;
\ rsufESmawmfESpfckudk avhvmol wpfa,muftzdkY qif;wkawmf ESpfck
tMum;wGif rsm;pGm jcm;em;onfudk awGUEdkifonf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfrS
Ak'¨qif;wkawmf\ rsufESmawmfwGif awGU&onhf ½dk;pif;rI? wnfNidrfonhf
cGeftm;ESihf cdkifusnfrIoGifjyifrsm;onf rd*'g0kefAk'¨qif;wkwGif awGU&onhf
EkysKdNyD; rdrdudk,fudk auseyfaeonhf oGifjyifü aysmufqkH;aeonf/ tEk&m"
yk& qif;wkawmf\ rsufESmawmf\ r[mqefonhf av;eufrIrsm;u
tHhMorIESihf av;pm;rIudk awmif;qdkonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif rd*'g0kef qif;
qkdonf/ rd*'g0kef Ak'¨qif;wkawmfonf qufqHrIwGif ydkrdk ajcmufaoGUNyD;
ynm&SifqefNyD; oD[dkVfqif;wkawmf\ oyÜm,fNyD; [efcsufnDonhf pD;qif;
rI vdkaeNyD; opfom;jzihf jyKvkyfonhf jyKjyifxm;rIonf rlvoGifjyif\ pGrf;
&nf uif;rJhonhf twkjyKvkyfxm;onhf vufawmfudk jyonf/
1
r[m0Ho 35? 89/
238 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
r[maAm"dyif\ ta&SUzuf aAm"dC&(aAm"daqmif)wGif xm;&Sd
aMumif;od&onf1/ odkYwap at'Dav;&mpkrSpí r[m0HoESifh t
jcm;usrf;rsm;ü bk&ifrsm;pGmwdkY wnfaqmufcJhonhf qif;wkawmf
rsm;ESifh qif;wkaqmifrsm;tm; azmfjyrI rsm;pGmudk awGU&onf/
t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü ae&mXme
ESpfckwGifom Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;tm; &nfñTef;csufrsm; yg&Sdaomf
vnf; qif;wkawmfaqmiftaMumif;udkrl vkH;0 azmfjyjcif;rjyKacs/
t|uxmusrf;rsm;t& Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ "mwfawmfrsm;udk Xm
yem (xnhfoGif;)xm;rSomvQif qif;wkawmf wpfqltzdkY ta&;yg
onf/ at'D 5 &mpk ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&;om;csdefu
oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vSLzG,f0w¬Krsm; vSL'gef;csdefwGif ]ynm&Sd
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;} (y@dwrEkóm) onf Ak'¨"mwfawmf yg&Sdonhf qif;
wkawmf odkYr[kwf "mwfawmfMuKwf (o"mwkuH y#drH 0g apwd,H
0g) udk xm;avh&SdNyD; a&S;OD;pGm tpm;tpmESihf aomufawmfa&
rsm;udk a&S;OD;pGm qif;wkawmf odkYr[kwf "mwfawmfMuKwftm; vª
2
'gef;Muonf / rnfonhftcsdefwGif r[maAm"dudkif;wpfckudk jzwf
awmufEdkifonf[laom tcsufESifhywfoufí aqG;aEG;&mwGif
,if;aAm"dudkif;wpfckonf xlyudkjzpfap odkYr[kwf "mwfawmf yg
&Sdonhf qif;wkawmf (o"mwkuH ye xlyH 0g y#drH 0g Am",-
rmeH) udkjzpfap aESmihf,SufrSomvQif ,if;aAm"dudkif;udk jzwf
3
awmufEdkifaMumif; jyqdkonf /
at'D 5 &mpk rwkdifrD ordkif;rSwfwrf;ü azmfjyonhf qif;wk
awmfaqmifonf aygvkEé½k0acwfESihf ,if;acwfaemufydkif; qif;
wkawmfaqmif tao;pdwfESihf wlonfjzpfap odkYwnf;r[kwf xdk
qif;wkawmfaqmifrsm;rSm qif;wkawmfwpfckay:rS aqmufvkyf
xm;aom omreftrdk;(r@yf)rsm;jzpfovm; [lonfrSm tawmf
1 ra*¾g aygu©&PDwd {wmed [d taoemoemed/ 0d[ma&m t¹a,ma*g
r[m0Ho 36? 31/
2 ygoma'g [r®d,H *k[m r@ayg ½ku©rlvH a0VK*karÁmwd £rmed
0d-| 3? 424/
3 aoemoemed/
tH-| 1? 341? tbd-| 2? 332/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 239
twef &Sif;vif;rIr&Sdacs/ odkYwap tqdkyg qif;wkawmfaqmifrSm
qif;wkawmftm; avESihf &moDOwk'PfrS umuG,frnhf trdk;rQ
omjzpfonf[laom tcsufrSm ydkrdkjzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/
,if;taqmufttkHrsm;\ t½G,ftpm;ESihf ykHoP²mefrnf
odkYjzpfap ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü ,if;y#drmC& odkYr[kwf qif;
wkawmfaqmifudk vkH;0azmfjyjcif;r&SdonhftcsufrSm tvGefpdwf0if
pm;zG,f aumif;aomtcsufjzpfonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; apwd
,*FP (apwD&ifjyif) ESihf aAm"d,*FP (aAm"d&ifjyif)? apwd,
C&ESihf aAm"dC&? Oykoftdrf? ygeD,rmvu (aomufa&aqmif)
ESihf y&da0P (aexdkif&mausmif;aqmif)udk wHjrufvSnf; oefY&Sif;
1
&efuJhodkYaom aeYpOfwm0eftcsKdUudk aqmif½Guf&rnf[k qdkonf /
odkYwap y#drmC&taMumif;udk azmfjycsufr&Sdacs/ orEÅygom'd
um (0de,t|uxm) wGif aoemoe (aexdkif&efae&m) ESihf
taoemoe (aexdkif&ef roihfawmfonhfae&m) rsm;\ pm&if;
2
udk ay;xm;onf / odkYwap qif;wkawmfaqmifonf bkef;BuD;
ausmif;wkduf&Sd taqmufttkH tm;vkH;\ ykHpH ESpfrsKd;jzpfonfh
aoemoe pm&if;rSma&m taoemoe pm&if;rSmyg ryg0ifacs/
xkdtcsdefu wnf&SdqJjzpfaomfvnf; Ak'¨qif;wkawmftm;
ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü &Sdckd;ylaZmfrnhf ae&mwGif ae&mray;cJh
jcif;rSm tHhMozG,faumif;onf/ ur®|mef;bm0em pD;jzef;rnfh
&[ef;rsm;onf apwDawmfESihf aAm"dyifrsm;udk ylaZmf&ef oGm;NyD;
,if;aemufrS qGrf;cH0if&ef ñTefMum;csufrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; Ak'¨qif;
3
wkawmfudkrl vkH;0 rodusKd;uRH jyKcJhonf / &Sdcdk;ylaZmfrIudk aMumif;
1
2
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 337/ r-| 2? 300/ tH-| 1? 375/ tbd-| 2? 334/
0d-| 3? 70/ apwd,C&H aAm"dC&H tmoeC&H or®KZÆedt¥H 'g½kt¥H
0pöuk#D £|uomvm 0¹udomvm 'Gg&aum|aum ygeD,rmavm
3
'D-| 1? 107/ r-| 1? 260/ tbd-| 2? 336/
244 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
wpfaumif\ ½kyfykHESihf Ak'¨\ t*¾om0u ESpfyg;wdkY\ ½kyfykHrsm;ESihf
&wempDjc,fonfh r@y (r@yf)wpfckudkvnf; ay;cJhaMumif; qdk
1
onf / azmfjyyg ypönf;rsm;twGuf ae&mvGwfvdkonfrSm xif
&Sm;onf/ odkYjzpfí tenf;qkH; at'D 5 &mpkukef txd qif;wk
awmfaqmiftcsKdUrSm txJwGif yef;ykypönf; trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonhf crf;
em;us,f0ef;aom taqmufttkHrsm; &SdcJhonf[k ,kHMunhf&onfh
tcsuf&Sdonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí aemiftcsdefrsm;wGif qif;wkawmf
rsm;ESifh qif;wkawmfaqmifrsm;rSm ydkíydkí xif&Sm;acwfpm;vmykH
&onf/ at'D 10 &mpkwGif ,aeYacwfü uREfkyfwdkY awGUjrif&
2
onfhtwdkif; qif;wkawmfaqmiftwGif; rD;tdrfrsm;xGef;ñSd&ef vª
'gef;rIrsm;awGU&onf/ odkYwap ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;udk a&S;a[mif;
t<uif;tusefrsm;u taxmuftuljyKonhf aygvkEé½k0acwf
txd qif;wkaqmifESihf ywfoufí &Sif;vif;onhf xifjrifcsuf
wpf&yfudk r&EdkifbJ&Sdonf/
w&m;a[m w&m;emtwGuf ae&mxdkifcif;rSm bkef;BuD;
3
ausmif;wdkufwpfckrSm cJGjcrf;r&aomt&m wpfckjzpfonf / tEk
&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd avm[ygom'\ ajrnDxyfudk ykHrSeftm;jzihf w&m;
4
a[mcef;tjzpf tokH;jyKcJhonf / tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif a,bk,s
tm;jzihf "r®r@y[kac:onhf cef;us,frsm; taqmifrsm;udk
5
txl;ojzihf w&m;em&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf wnfaqmufMuonf /
tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif w&m;a'oemrsm;udk y"meC&wGif a[m
6
Mum;onf / "r®r@yrsm;onf us,f0ef;jcif; &SdykHr& odkYr[kwf
oufaomifhoufom jzpfykHr&acs/ w&m;emaewkef; a>rudkufcH&
1
2
r[m0Ho? 39;52-53/
3
EZ.III, p. 264. tH-| 4? 246/
4
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 88/ 0d-| 3? 240/ r-| 4? 246/
5
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 92/ &o0g[deD 2? 3/ "r®omvm (w&m;a[m cef;r
aqmif)[laom a0g[m&onf at'D 12 &mpk yxr y&uúr Am[krif;
vufxufwkdifatmif rawGU&acs (r[m0Ho 78;42)/
6
r-| 1? 92/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 241
Ak'¨gvrÁPyDwdudk&&Sd&ef tvG,fulqkH;aom enf;vrf;wpfckjzpf
aomaMumihf tu,fí t|uxm usrf;jyKq&mrsm;onf ½kyfyGm;
qif;wk ylaZmfudk;uG,frIudk bmoma&;wefzdk;&Sdonhftaejzihf t
odtrSwf jyKcJhovm;[lonfESihfywfoufí wdusonhf om"u
wpf&yfudk &Smoifhonf/
,if;odkY &SmazGjcif;onf uREfkyfwdkYxHodkY ta&;ygonhf jyó
emwpf&yfudk ,laqmifvmonf/ ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&;
om;pOfu Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm; wnf&SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif; uREfkyfwdYk
od&NyD; t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkonhfacwfrwdkifrDuyif Ak'¨
qif;wkawmfrsm;omru qif;wkawmfaqmifrsm;yg wnf&SdaeNyD
jzpfaMumif; oufaojy&ef r[m0Housrf;t& xif&Sm;NyD;jzpf
onf/ at'Dig;&mpk tapmydkif;tcsdefu w½kwfbk&m;zl; &[ef;
awmf zm[D,efonfvnf; tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü Ak'¨qif;wkawmf
BuD; wpfqltaMumif;ESihf ,if;qif;wkawmf\ BuD;us,fcrf;em;ykH
udk azmfjycJhonf/ zm[D,efonf ukefonfwpfa,muf þqif;wk
awmftm; ,yfawmifwpfacsmif;udk vSL'gef;aeonfudk awGUjrif
1
cJhonf / ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&;om;csdefu Ak'¨qif;wk
awmfrsm;ESihf qif;wkawmfaqmifrsm; wnf&SdNyD;jzpfonfudk tenf;
i,frQyif oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ odkYjzpfrl t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü
qif;wkawmfrsm;tm; tb,faMumifh bmoma&;qdkif&m udk;uG,f
rI jyKtyfaomae&mudk ray;cJhygoenf;? xdkYjyif bkef;BuD;ausmif;
wdkufwpfck\ ykHpHrsKd;pkH&Sdonhf qif;wkawmfaqmif taMumif;udk
azmfjyjcif;rjyKcJhygoenf;/
ajz&Sif;csufESpfrsKd; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ yxr? a&S;a[mif; oD[dkVf
t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&;om;csdefu bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü qif;
wkawmfaqmif &SdcJhykHr&jcif;ESihf xdktcsdefu wnf&SdqJ qif;wk
awmfrsm;rSm tvGefenf;yg;NyD; ,if;(qif;wkawmfrsm;)rSm &Sdcdk;
ylaZmfrI pepfa[mif;\ qef;opfwDxGifrI wpf&yfjzpfaomaMumifh
ta&;rygao;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk twGif;wGif
1
Fa Hien, p. 102-103.
242 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
"mwfawmfrsm;&SdrSomvQif ylaZmfp&m t&m0w¬Ktjzpf ,lqonf/
tcsKdUaom qif;wkawmfrsm;rSm ao;i,fNyD; ajymif;a½TUí &onf/
taMumif;rl txufwGif azmjfycJhonhftwdkif; oHCmawmftm;
tvªay;tcrf;tem;rsm;ü wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkY ,laqmif&
aomaMumihf jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY ao;i,faom qif;wkawmfrsm;
twGuf oD;jcm;qif;wkaqmifrvdkacs? bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkduf odkYr
[kwf apwd,C& odkYr[kwf aAm"dC&wGif rnfonhfae&mürqdk
xm;Edkifonf/ xdkqif;wkawmfrsm;twGuf txl;qif;wkawmf
aqmif rvdkacs/ ,if;tajctaersm;aMumifh a&S;a[mif; oD[dkVf
bmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü qif;wkawmfaqmifudk azmfjyrnfh
tcGifhtvrf;r&Sdojzihf ,if;a&S;a[mif; rl&if;oD[dkVft|uxm
usrf;rsm;udk opöm&SdpGm rSDjirf;jyK a&;om;cJhMuonhf ygVdbmom
t|uxmusrf;jyKq&mrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYacwfwGif qif;wkaqmif
rsm; wnf&SdNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; ,if;wdkYudk azmfjy&ef a&;om;pOfrS
1
tjyifodkYxGufoifhonf[k r,lqcJhMuacs /
Ak'¨qif;wkawmfonf oD[dkVfü txl;ojzihf r[m,me0g'DwdkY
tMum; a&yef;pm; vlodrsm;cJhaomaMumifhvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/
ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;udk r[m,me0g'udk tjyif;txef qefY
usifcJhonhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ OD;aqmifrIjzihf a&;om;
cJhNyD; ,kHMunfpdwfcs&onhf ax&0g'*dkPf;0ifESihf r[m0d[m&tpOf
tvmrsm;udk pdwftm;xufoefpGm `rSifwifoljzpfonfh t&Sifr[m
Ak'¨aCmoonf r[m,meESihf ywfoufonhf rnfonhf tcsuf
udkrS &nfñTef;vdkjcif;r&Sdacs/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfudk ESpfBudrfrQ &nf
ñTef;cJh&mrSmyif qif;wktm; ta&;ygrIudk rjybJ qif;wkawmf
wGif&Sdonhf "mwfawmfudkomvQif ta&;ygaMumif; azmfjycJhonf/
qif;wkaqmifudkvnf; rodusKd;uRH jyKcJhonf/
1
odkYwap aemufwpfzufwGif t|uxmusrf;rsm;onf acwfNydKif tjzpf
tysufrsm;ESihf taMumif;t&mrsm;udk udk;um;azmfjycsufrsm; jynfhESufae
aMumif; uREkfyfwdkY od&onf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 243
Ak'¨pG,fawmf"mwftm; xm;&Sdonhf oabmxm;ESihf ywfouf
ívnf; azmfjyyg ,lqcsufudk taxmuftyHhjyKaponf/ Ak'¨pG,f
awmf"mwftm; at'Dav;&mpk udwådod&d arC0PÖrif;vufxuf
wGif oD[dkVfodkY aqmif,lcJhNyD; ,if;onf tvGefta&;ygonhf
"mwfawmfjzpfaomfvnf; at'D 5 &mpk ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü
,if;pG,fawmf"mwfudk azmfjyjcif; r&Sdacs/ zm[D,efonf pG,f
awmf"mwf taMumif; azmfjycJhNyD; rsufjrifoufaotjzpfjzihf ESpf
ywfvnf jynfolrsm;tm;jyyGJtwGuf pDwef;vSnfhvnfNyD; tb,
*d&dausmif;wdkufodkY pG,fawmf"mwfudk yifhaqmifonhf pG,fawmf
1
vSnfhyJGtaMumif; tao;pdwfudk azmfjycJhonf / þta&;tBuD;
qkH; pG,fawmf"mwftm; ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü azmfjyjcif;r&Sd
jcif;twGuf ay;Edkifonhf wpfckwnf;aom &Sif;vif;csufrSm ,if;
pG,fawmf"mwfudk oD[dkVfodkY r[m,me0g'\ taxmuftyHhjzihf
yihf,lcJhNyD; ,if;pG,fawmf"mwfonf tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufydkif
taejzihf xif&Sm;cJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;ESihf
ywfoufívnf; xdkenf;twlyif jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
a&S;OD; qif;wkawmfaqmif\ t½G,ftpm;ESihf ykHoP²mefrnf
odkYyifjzpfap tenf;qkH; at'D 5 &mpk ukefcgeD;xdtcsdefwGif xk
xnftawmftwef BuD;rm;onhf taqmufttkHtjzpfodkY wdk;
wufcJhNyD;jzpfaMumif; ,kHMunfEdkifonfh om"ursm;&Sdonf/ r[m0H
2
ousrf; ü yxrarm*¾v†merif; (at'D 496-513)vufxuf oD
[dkVfodkY yifhaqmifcJhonhf qHawmf"mwf (auo"mwk)udk qif;wk
awmfaqmifwGif ylaZmfxm;cJhonf/ þAk'¨qHawmf"mwfuJhodkYaom
tzdk;wef&wemudk Ak'¨omoemudk Munfñdkonhf Ak'¨0g'DoD[dkVf
bk&ifwpfyg;u ckdifcHhjcif; pnf;Muyfjcif;r&Sd "mwfawmf\ vkHjcKHrI
vnf; raumif;onhf taqmufttkHwpfckwGif xm;cJhjcif;rSm
qifjcifzG,f jzpfonf/ tqdkyg Ak'¨qif;wkawmfaqmifrSmyif
arm*¾v†merif;u ¤if;rdcifbufu OD;av;ESihf¤if;\ZeD;½kyfykH? jrif;
1 2
Fa Hien, p. 105-107. r[m0Ho 39? 50-51/
248 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
0!Kem (Sala-va¹unā)\ tvª'gejzpfonf/ ,if;ausmufpm t
1
a&;tom;onf at'D 12 &mpk jzpfzG,f&Sdonf / bwåomvm
[laom a0g[m&ESifh wpfqufwnf;wGif ]ovmu*¾}[kac:aom
opfom;jzihf jyKvkyfonhf vufrSwf odkYr[kwf wkHuifrsm;jzpfzG,f&Sd
onfudk qGrf;a0pkudk &,l&ef qGrf;pm;aqmifodkY r0ifrD &[ef;
2
awmfrsm;tm; xkwfay;onhf taqmif&Sdonf /
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; oDwif;okH;onhf ae&mrsm;udk a,bk
,stm;jzihf 0d[m&? tm0go odkYr[kwf y&da0P[laom t
3 3
rnfrsm;jzihf vlodrsm;onf / odkYwap a&S;acwfoD[dkVfwGif aemuf
qkH;a0g[m& ( y&da0P) [laom a0g[m&rSm txif&Sm;qkH; jzpf
4 4
onf / bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufwpfckwGif &[ef;awmfrsm; aexdkif
onhf taqmifrsm;tjzpf tokH;jyKonhf y&da0P rsm;pGm&Sdonf/
tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufwGif ,if;odkYaom y&d
5
a0PESihf jymom'aygif; 364 ck &Sdonf[k qdkonf / xlyg&mr
apwDwGif y&da0Pta&twGuf rsm;pGm&SdNyD; ,if;wdkYteuf plV
em*rax&f oDwif;okH;cJhonfh tod*¾g[uy&da0Pudk xdktrnf
jzihf uREfkyfwdkY odMuonf/ a&m[P(t&yf)&Sd wdór[m0d[m&
wGif at'D 9 &mpkESifh 10 &mpk ESpfrsm;twGif; y&da0Paygif;
1 2
E.Z. III, p. 133. r[m0Ho 15? 205/ 36? 74/ 49? 32/
3
0d 3? 61/ 96/ 0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 87/ r[m0Ho 44? 31/
4
ygVdpum;vkH; y&da0PrS qif;oufvmaom oD[dkVfpum;vkH; yd&da0e[l
aom a0g[m&udk ,cktcg oD[dkVfwGif Ak'¨0g'ESifh ta&SUwdkif; bmom
pum;rsm;udk oifMum;rI\ t"dubmom&yftjzpf ydkYcsay;onhf &[ef;
oHCmESihfqdkifaom aumvdyfudkomvQif em; vnfMuonf/ 0d[m&[laom
a0g[m&udk ½kyfwkawmfaqmifudkomvQif okH;EIef;onf/ tm0go[lonf
&[ef;oHCmawmf tenf;i,fom oDwif;okH;NyD; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkduf
wpfck\ tjcm;oGifjyifrsm;r&Sdonhf ae&mjzpfonf/
5
edu,mo*F[? 12/ ,if;jymom'rsm;rSm rnfodkYjzpfonfudk jyqdk&efcJ,Of;
onf/ avm[ygom'ykHpH&Sdonhf pnf;a0;nDrlonhf cef;rjzpfEdkifonf/
6
&o0g[deD 2? pm-122-123/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 245
1
onhf azmfjycsufrsm;pGmawGU&onf / xdkjzpf&yfrsm;u a,bk,s
tm;jzihf w&m;a[mcef;rrsm;onf rsm;jym;onhf y&dowftwGuf
vkHavmufpGm us,f0ef;jcif;r&SdbJ ywf0ef;usifrSm ajr½dkif;jzpf
aMumif; azmfjyonf/
0d[m&tm;vkH; eD;yg;rQwGif a,bk,stm;jzihf vjynhfvuG,f
aeYrsm;ü &[ef;awmfrsm; OykofjyKuH aqmif&ef pnf;a0;onhf
2
Oaygoxaqmif wpfck &SdNrJjzpfonf / tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd bkHudk;xyf
&Sdonhf emrnfausmf avm[ygom'onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;
wdkuf\ Oykofaqmifjzpfonf / þcrf;em;vSonfh taqmuf
ttkHodkY0if&ef 0ifaygufav;ckü 0ifaygufwHcg; ('Gg&aum|u)
rsm;&Sdonf / tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfrSmyif xlyg&mr? r&dp0¥d (Mari-
cavaììi)ESihf 'u©dP0d[m&uJhodkYaom tjcm; ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü
5
vnf; oDjcm; Oykofaqmifrsm; &SdMuonf / a&m[P (t&yf&Sd)
1
*0&0gvt*FPt&yfwGif t&d,0Hookwu f dk em,laeonhf rax&f wpf
yg;onf a>rayG; udkufcH&onf (tH-| 2? 105)/ trsKd;orD; wpfa,muf
onf pdwåawmifwGif opfyifwpfyifatmufü rwfwwf&yfNyD; w&m;em&
onfrSm cef;rtwGif; vkHavmufonfh ae&mr&SdaomaMumifh jzpfEdkifonf/
xdktrsKd;orD;\ om;i,fonf xdkopfyifatmufrSmyif olrteD; tdyfaysmf
oGm;pOf a>ra[muf tudkufcH&onf (tH-| 2? 105)/ y"med,rax&f
onf cE¨apv0d[m&ü t&d,0Hookwfudk em,laepOf tqdyfjyif;onhf
a>rtudkufcH&onf (r-| 1? 81)/ r[m*gr (t&yf)&Sd r[m0gyd0d[m&
wGif t&d,0Hookwfudk em,l&ef oGm;onhf uk×&ZÆtrnf&Sd aemufxyf
rax&fwpfyg;rSm ae&m&vdkí 0if;tjyif&Sd jrufcif;wGif &yfaecJh&onf/
þrax&fonf a>ra[muf (wpfrsKd;) tudkufcH&onf (&o0g[deD 2? 4)/
tjcm; trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufonf r[m*gr(t&yf)&Sd rPdapwD*dwf
teD;&Sd "r®r@wGif w&m;em&ef oGm;onf/ eH&HteD; oJjzihf aqmhupm;
aeonhf olr\om; a>ra[muf tudkufcH&onf (&o0g[deD 2? 3)/
2
r[m0Ho 34;30/ 35;85/ 36;16-17? 107/
3
,if; 27? 4/
4
,if; 27? 41/
5
,if; 36? 107/
246 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
pdwåvyAÁw0d[m&ausmif;wkduf&Sd *dwfuJhodkYaom tcsKdU0ifayguf
1
rsm;wGif 'Gg&ygvu½lyac: wHcg;apmihf½kyfrsm;&Sdonf / pdwåv
yAÁw&Sd OykofaqmifwGif awGU&onhf ½kyfykHrsm;rSm bdu©KeDi,f wpf
yg;onf ,if;wHcg;apmihf½kyfykHudk ai;Munhf&if; twGif;ü jzpfay:
vmonhf jyif;jyonhf &m*pdwfaMumihf aoqkH;oGm;aMumif; t|
uxmusrf;rsm;ü azmfjycH&avmufatmif tvGeftrif; vSyNyD;
2
touf0ifMuonf /
tcsKdUbkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif "mwkom
vm odkYr[kwf "mwka*[[kac:onhf Ak'¨"mwfawmfrsm;udk xdef;
3
odrf;xm;&ef taqmufttkH &SdcJhonf / ,if; taqmufttkHrsm;
rSm qHawmf"mwfESihf pG,fawmf"mwfuJhodkYaom txl;"mwfawmf
rsm;udk xdrf;odrf;&ef ,cifu aqmufvkyfcJhonhf taqmufttkH
rsm;tm; twkjyKí aqmufvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ qHawmf
"mwf udef;0yf&m taqmufttkHudk azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/ tEk&m"
yk&NrdKU&Sd 'gXm"mwkC&(pG,fawmfwkduf)onf bmoma&;t& t
vGef ta&;ygaom vSyonhf taqmufttkHjzpfNyD; bkef;BuD;
ausmif;wkdufESihf qufxm;onf/ at'D 7 &mpkwGif w½kwf&[ef;
awmf [l,ifqef azmfjyonfhtwkdif; tenf;qkH; bk&ihfeef;awmf
4 6
ESihf qufoG,fxm;onf / pG,fawmfbk&m;ausmif; taqmufttkH
5
wGif t*Fawjzihf jyKvkyfonfh ESpfoufzG,f qif½kyfrsm;&Sdonf /
tenf;qkH; r[m0d[m&? aZw0eESihf tb,*d&duJhodkYaom
ausmif;wdkufBuD; tcsKdUwGif &weygom'[k xif&Sm;onhf t
1 1
ykHrSeftm;jzihf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUESihf tjcm;ae&m;rsm;&Sd a&S;a[mif;taqmuf
ttkHysufrsm;rS od&orQ a&S;acwfrsm;wGif bmoma&; taqmufttkH
trsm;pk\ 0if0wGif tapmifhausmufwkH;rsm; &SdMuonf/
2
tbd-| 2? 480/ 'D-| 3? 170/
3 3
r[m0Ho 37;15 (at'D 4 &mpk)/ plV0Ho 46;29 (at'D 7 &mpk)/
4 4
5
Hiuen Tsiang, XI,, p. 429.
r[m0Ho? 38;8/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 247
1
aqmufttkHwpfrsKd;vnf; &Sdonf / rnfonhf taqmufttkH
trsKd;tpm; jzpfonf rnfonhf&nf½G,fcsufjzihf tokH;jyKcJhonf
[lonfwdkYudk qkH;jzwfay;Edkifonfh tajctaer&Sdacs/ tu,fí
tm&fwef (Ayrton) \ &weygom'[lonfudk ]qifcHtaqmuf
ttkH} (Elephant Stablee) tjzpf azmjfycsufudk oabmwlvQif
,if;onf y&dowftrsm; pka0;onhf tcrf;tem;rsm;twGuf
&nf½G,faom taqmufttkHBuD; jzpfonf/ pG,fawmf"mwfESihf
tjcm;"mwfawmfrsm;udk trsm;jynfoltm; jyorItwGuf &nf½G,f
2
cJhovm;[lonfudk rqdkEdkifacs /
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwkdif;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;udk qGrf;pm;
aomufzG,fjzihf tvkyftauR;jyKonhf bwåomvm[kac:onhf
3
qGrf;pm;aqmifwpfck &Sdonf / rlvu a'0geHyd,wdó rif;BuD;
aqmufvkyfcJhonhf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd bwåom
4
vmrSm r[mygvd[k xif&Sm;onfudk uREkfyfwdkY odMuonf /
,if;qGrf;pm;aqmifonf oHCm*dkPf;uGJrsm; jzpfay:NyD;aemuf
rSmyif *dkPf;*P rcGJjcm;bJ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd t"duausmif; wdkuf
BuD;rsm;&Sd oHCmawmftm;vkH;udk qGrf;vSL'gef;cJhonfh A[dkXme jzpf
5
cJhonf / r[mygvdaqmifwGif csufNyD;xrif;rsm;udk xnfhonfh
ausmufavS odkYr[kwf ausmufcGuf&Snf &Sdonf / ausmufcGuf
&Snfrsm;teuf wpfckwGif awGU&onhf ausmufpmwpfckü *v
em0g (galnāv) ausmufavS[laom trnfwpfckudk awGU&onf/
,if;ausmufcGuf&Snfonf "mwfawmfrsm;udk apmihfxdef;&ol ov
r[m0Ho? 35;7/ qefcsDwGifvnf; &wej*[ [kac:aom taqmuf
ttkHwpfck&Sdonf (Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarm III, p. 202).
2
y&e0dweyk*¾Kdvfu &wemokH;yg;tm; &Sdckd;ylaZmf&ef oD;jcm;aqmufxm;
onhf taqmufttkHjzpfzG,f&Sdonf[k ,lqcJhonf (EZ. III, p. 226.n.4.)/
r[m0Ho 15? 205/ 20? 23/ 36? 12/
'Dy0Ho 17? 92/ r[m0Ho 15? 23/
5
&o0g[deD 2? 51/ Fa Hien, p. 105; Hiuen Tsian, p. 250.
6
r[m0Ho 41? 67/
252 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
odkYaom a&S;acwfrsm;ü pmMunfhwdkufrsm; r&SdcJhonfrSm jzpfEdkif
zG,f&Sdaomfvnf; bDpD wpf&mpkwGif yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ayxuf
tu©&mwifcJhaMumif;od&ojzihf tEk&m"yk&ESihf r[m*grNrdKUrsm;&Sd
ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ü usrf;pmtkyfrsm; pkaqmif;xm;cJhonfrSm
oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkonhfjyif 'Dy0HoESihf r[m0Housrf;rsm;udk
at'D 4 &mpkESihf 5 &mpkESpfrsm;twGif; a&;om;cJhonf/ r[m
0Housrf;ü t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf *E¦mu&0d[m&ü oDwif;
okH;aexdkifNyD; ¤if;\t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&; om;cJhaMumif;ESihf
,if;taqmufttkHudk yÍör uóyrif; (at'D 913-925)u
1
jyefvnfjyKjyif rGrf;rHcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf / ,if; (*E¦m
u&0d[m&)onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ yd#uwfwdkufudk
&nfñTef;cJhovm;[lonfudk rod&acs/
1
,if; 37? 243/ 41? 67/
00000000
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 249
1
363 ck&Sdonf / ,if;ausmif;wdkufBuD;ü odvmyó,y&da0P
2
[l aomtrnfrSm pmayü xif&Sm;onf / bk&ifrif; rsm;pGmwdkY
wnfaqmufcJhonfh 0d[m&rsm;pGmwdkYü y&da0Paygif;rsm;pGmtm;
azmfjycsufrsm;udk ordkif;usrf; ae&mrsm;pGmwGif awGU&onf/ vuf
aq;&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf &[ef;awmfrsm; aexdkifonhf ae&m
a&SUwGif a&tdk;rsm; wnfxm;NyD; a&tdk;xJrSa&udk cyf,l&ef a&
3
rIwf (U¼uñka) udk tokH;jyKonf /
&[ef;awmfrsm; aexkdifonhf taqmifrsm;tMum;wGif y"me
C&[kac:onhf aemufxyf ta&;ygonhf taqmifwpfrsKd;&Sd
onf/ ,if;trnfonf rlvtm;jzihf ur®|mef;bm0em tm;xkwf
onhf taqmifjzpfonf/ odkYwap aemiftcgwGif,if;ausmif;
aqmif\ txl;&nf½G,fcsufudk arhaysmufvdkufNyD; ,if;trnf
emr usefaecJhonf/ aemiftcgwGif ,if;y"meC&onf bkef;BuD;
ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ y"meem,uq&mawmf oDwif;okH;onhf
taqmif jzpfvmykH&onf/ odkYjzpfí t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf
y"meC&ausmif;aqmifwGif oDwif;okH;aexdkifonhf r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wkduf\ y"meem,ujzpfonhf oHCygvrax&fudk zl;
4
awGUcJhaMumif; od&onf / orEÅygom'dum 0denf;t|uxmwGif
vltrsm;onf yJGawmfaeYrsm;wGif y&da0P (oHCmawmfrsm; oD
wif;okH;onhf ausmif;aqmif) rsm;ESihf y"meC& (em,uq&m
awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;onhfausmif;aqmif) rsm;odkY 0ifa&mufMuNyD;
yd#uwfokH;ykH uRrf;usifonhf q&mawmfrsm;ESihf w&m;a[m "r®u
xdu q&mawmfrsm;tm; tjcm;&[ef;wpf&mESifhtwl yifhzdwfMu
5
aMumif;qdkonf / wpfcgwpf&HwGif w&m;a'oemrsm;udk y"me
6
C&rSmyif a[mMum;onf / y"meC&udk ur®|mef;tm;xkwfonhf
1
E.Z. III, p. 223.
2 3
&o0g[deD 2? pm-59/ r-| 2? 284/ 0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 337/
4
r[m0Ho 37;232/
5 6
0d-| 3? 69/ r-| 1? 81/
250 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
taqmiftjzpf oD;oefYtokH;jyKcJhvQif tjyifrSvmolrsm;tm; 0if
a&mufcGifhESihf awGUqkHar;jref;jcif; zdwfMum;jcif;rsm;jzihf aESmihf,Suf
rIudk cGifhjyKjcif;rSm roihfouJhodkY xif&onf/
at'D 5 &mpkcefYxd tapmydkif;umvuyif y"meC&onf
rlv&nf½G,fcsuf trSefwu,f rwnf&Sdawmhaomfvnf; a&S;
a[mif; bkef;BuD;ausmif;ESihfqdkifaom tavhtusihf t<uif;
tusef wpfcktaejzihf usefaecJhykH&onf/ odkYr[kwf y"meC&
wGif oDwif;okH;onfh q&mawmfrsm;onf xkH;pHtaejzihf aeYpOf
em&DtwefMum w&m;xkdifcJhykH&onf? odkYr[kwf ur®|mef;xkdifjcif;
tpm; *gxmrsm; okwåefrsm;udkyif ½GwfyGm;cJhykH&onf/ odkY&mwGif
,if;y"meC&udk ,aeYacwf Oaygoxaqmifrsm;uJhodkY a&S;
1 4
acwfrsm;wGif ausmif;wdkufBuD;wpfck\ r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom t
pdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf ,lqcJhonf/ ,aeYacwf oD[dkVfwGif Oayg
oxaqmifudk a,bk,stm;jzihf aexdkifp&mtaqmuf ttkH
tjzpf tokH;jyKaomfvnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ r&Sdrjzpf
vdktyfaom oGifjyifwpfcktjzpf,lqNyD; xdktaqmifwGif OykofjyK
1
y"meC&udk oD[dkVfbmomjzihf yd,*Fv (piyangala)[kac:onf/ r[dEÅ
avh (t&yf)wGif&Sdaom pwkw¬ r[dE´rif;\ urÜnf; ausmufjym;rsm;ü
yd,*Fv a0g[m&udk azmfjyrI yg&Sdonf (EZ. I, p. 95.)/ xdktwl yÍör
uóyrif;\ aZw0e ausmufzsma&;pm (EZ. I, p. 47)? yÍör uóy
rif; rm!dvd*d&d, (Mä¹iligiriya) ausmufpm (EZ. II, p. 25)? 0obrif;\
ay½krm,uFkvrf (Perumäi-yaºkulam) ausmufxGif;pm (EZ. II, p. 28)?
,ck udkvrfbdk jywdkufwGif&Sdonhf wdór[m&mr ausmufzsmxGif;pm
(EZ. III, p. 106) ESihf rEémuapäa[&d (Mannar Kacheheri) ausmufpm
(EZ. III, p. 103)wdkYjzpfonf/
at'D 10 &mpkcefYwGif yd,*FP[laom a0g[m&udk tdrfjzpfap
awmjzpfap vlolreD; qdwfNidrfonhf ae&mtm;vkH;udk azmfjy&ef wlnDpGm
okH; EIef;cJhonf/ "rÜd,mt#K0g*g#y' (usrf;) u ygVd tE¨0eudk t'F0e
(Añdavana) yd,*Fv[k &Sif;jyonf/ odkYwap rlvblwtm;jzifh yd,*Fv
odkYr[kwf y"meC&[lonf taqmufttkHwpfjzpfonf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 1 wnfaqmufykH 251
1
tcrf;tem;udk ykHrSef aqmif½Gufjcif;r&Sdacs / pBuFefaqmifwpfck
odkYr[kwf t&Sifr[dE´ tokH;jyKcJhonhf pBuFefvrf;wpfckudk r[m0d
2
[m&ausmif;wdkuf twGif; &nfñTef;aomfvnf; aESmif;acwfrsm;ü
pBuFefrsm;udk azmfjycsufrsm; ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;ü rawGU&ay/ odkY
&mwGif pBuFefaqmifudk ur®|mef;xdkif&ef ta&;BuD;onhf t
aqmiftjzpf ,lqcJhonf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf\ tjcm;oGifjyifrsm;teuf wpfckrSm
3
0pöuk#d odkYr[kwf a&tdrfjzpfonf / bkef;BuD;ausmif; Oypm
twGif;&Sd oihfwifavsmufywfaom ae&mrsm;wGif wHjrufpnf;ESifh
xif;rsm;udk odkavSmifxm;&eftwGuf oD;jcm;wJrsm;&Sdonf/ xdkYjyif
trsm;aomufokH;&eftwGuf a&tkd;rsm;xm;&dSonhfae&m yged,
rmvuae&mvnf; &Sdonf /
ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;rSma&m ygVdordkif; rSwfwrf;rsm;rSmyg
tEk&m"yk&acwfü yd#uwfpmMunhfwdkuf wpfcktm; &nfñTef;
xm;csuf rawGU&onfrSm thHMozG,fjzpfonf/ at'D 12 &mpk
5
yxry&uúrAm[krif; vufxufa&mufrS yd#uwfpmMunhfwkduf
wpfckudk wkduf½kduf yxrqkH; &nfñTef;onfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;
1
oD[dkVf&Sd acwfopf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif Oykofaqmifonf a,bk,s
tm;jzihf 0gwGif;umvtwGif;omvQif 0denf;uHaqmifrIrsm;twGuf tokH;
jyKonf/ tcsKdUausmif;wdkufrsm;wGif pBuFefaqmifudkyif ur®|mef;xdkifjcif;
twGuf tokH;rjyKaomfvnf; ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ oGifjyiftaejzihf
awGU&onf/
2
r[m0Ho 78? 37/ 'ka0 p ayg|umva,/
3
þae&mü tEk&m"yk&NrdKU tjyifywfvrf;&Sd taemufzuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;
wdkufrsm;ESihf tjcm;a&S;a[mif;ae&mrsm;wGif awGU&onhf wefqmqifxm;
onhf usifi,ftdrf (tjzpf) ausmufwkH;rsm;udk tm½kHpdkufMunhfrnfqdkygu
pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;rnfjzpfonf/ ,if; usifi,ftdrf ausmufwkH;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufí auseyfzG,f &Sif;vif;csufrsm; ray;Edkifao;bJ&Sdonf/ Archa-
eological Survey of Ceylon, Vol. I, p. 56. udk½Iyg/
4
0d-| 3? 70? tH-| 1? 27/
5
r[m0Ho 78? 37/ 'ka0 p yd#umva,/
256 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
ESihfywfoufNyD; tpyxrwGif jypfwif a0zefcJhMuonf /
avmuDa&;ESifhqdkifonhf &mxl;rsm;r&Sdonhf a&S;acwfrsm;wGif
bkef;BuD;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tawmf &Sif;vif;onf/ em,u
a½G;cs,frI pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;ESihf ae&mudk
oefY&Sif; oyf,yfpGm xm;&Sdjcif;rsm;uJhodkYaom wm0efrsm;om jzpf
onf/ odkYwap aemiftcgwGif &[ef;oHCm OD;a&wdk;wufvm
jcif;ESihf vloltrsm;tjym; vma&mufrIudk zdwfac:vsuf&Sdonhf
bmoma&; oauFwrsm; trsm;tjym;wnfaqmufrIrsm;ESihftwl
ausmif;wkdufwpfck\ pDrHcefYcGJa&;onfvnf; XmecGJrsm;pGm &Sdonhf
NyD;jynhfpkHonhf Xmewpfck\ tpdwftydkif; jzpfvmykH&onf/
ausmufpmrsm;u a&S;acwfoD[dkVf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; tkyf
csKyfa&;pepf\ pdwf0ifpm;zG,f ykHoP²mef wpf&yfudk uREkfyfwdkYtm;
2
ay;xm;onf / ,if;ausmufpma&; rSwfwrf;trsm;pkrSm at'D 9
&mpkESihf 10 &mpkacwfyif jzpfaomfvnf; &nfñTef;xm;onhf tkyf
csKyfa&;pepfrSm ykHpHwl a&S;OD;pHepfrsm;ay:wGif tajccHxm;aMumif;

onfudk aocsmpGm rod&acs/ ykHrSeftm;jzihfrl 0denf;usihf0wfrsm;ESihf

tnD xl;cRefajymifajrmufaom Aswåy#dAvjzpfonfh oDv0EÅ &[ef;
awmftm; ,if;odkYaom &mxl;udk cefYtyfcJhonf[laom tcsufudk
aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfpGm ,kHrSm;rJh rSwfoifhonf/ ,aeYacwfrSmuJhodkY
&[ef;wpfyg;taejzihf q&mwynhf qufcrH IaemufcHjzihf ausmif;wdkuf
wpfck\ &mxl;udk awmifqdkcGifh r&Sdonf rSm xif&Sm;onf/ q&mwynfh
qufcHrIt& (bkef;BuD;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;) &mxl;qufcHrIESihf ywfouf
onhf yxrqkH;aom taxmuftxm;udk yÍör uóyrif; (at'D
913-923) vufxuftwGif; a&;xdk;cJhonhf Ak'¨Haea[v (Buddhanne-
häla) ausmufpmwGif oJvGefpudk awGUEdkifonf (EZ. I pp. 194-196)/
1
0d-| 2/ 68//
2
Oyrmtm;jzihf aZw0em&mr ausmif;wdkuf ouúw ausmufpm (EZ, I,
p. 4) udk ½Iyg/ r[dE¦avh&Sd pwkw¬ r[dE´rif; ausmufpmESpfck (EZ, I, p.
84)? pwkw¬r[dE´rif;\ aZw0em&mrausmufpm (trSwf 2) (EZ, I, p.
323)? yÍöruóyrif;\ ausmufpm (EZ, I, p. 43)/
 tcef; 9
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2
ausmif;wdkuftkyfcsKyfa&;

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ tkyfcsKyfa&;onf oHCm\vuf

atmufwGif vkH;0&Sdonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf toD;oD;wGif
,if;\ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;ESihf trdefYvkyfydkifcGifhudk wm0ef,lxm;
1
onhf ae0godu r[max& (Xmaer[max&f) wpfyg;&Sdonf/
em,ur[max&fonf ta&;ay: udpö&yfrsm;ESihf ywfoufí
udk,fydkifqkH;jzwfcsufudk tokH;jyK&ef vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ ykHpHqdk&rl
apwd,*d&d (r[dE¦avh) ausmif;wdkuf\ y"meem,ujzpfol
tb,rax&fonf tcgwpfyg;ü vk,uf&ef ausmif;wdkuf t
wGif;odkY 0ifa&mufcJhMuonfh olykefwpfa,mufESihf ¤if;\ aemuf
vdkufaemufygrsm;tm; oHCduypönf;jzihf {nfhcHcJhzl;onf/ r[m
ax&f\ vkyfaqmifrIonf 0denf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh nDñGwfrIr&Sd
aomfvnf; rax&fonf wefzdk;BuD;rm;onhf oHCduypönf;udk
umuG,fa&;twGuf ,if;odkYjyKoifhonf[k ,lqcJhonf/ aqG;aEG;
rIjyKNyD;aemuf rax&f\t,ltqESihf ywfoufí &[ef;tcsKdU
vufcHcJhaomfvnf; xdk&[ef;rsm;onf t&Sifjrwf\ vkyfaqmifrI
1
tH-| 1? 32/
tapmydkif;umvrsm;ü qufcHrIOya'ESihf Ak'¨0g'ESihfqdkifaom avmuD
a&; &mxl;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí &Sif;vif;pGm rod&acs/ t
jzpfEdkifqkH;rSm ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ em,uyk*¾Kdvfukd oHCmawmfu cefYtyf
zG,f&Sdonf/ þudpötwGuf rnfonhf tajccH pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; &SdcJh
260 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
,if;odkYaom &[ef;awmfrsm;udk ausmif;wdkufrsm;wGif aexdkifcGifh
1
rjyKaom &[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; &SdcJhykH&onf / tjiif;yGm;rIudk jzpf
ay:aponhf &[ef;rsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/ ausmufpmwpfckwGif
oabmuGJvGJrI&SdvQif tpm;tpmudk &[ef;rsm;tm; ray;awmhbJ
2 1
acG;rsm;? iSufrsm;udk ay;&rnf[k qdkxm;onf / &[ef;ESpfyg;
tMum; tjiif;yGm;rIjzpfvQif rw&m;ajymqdkaom yk*¾Kdvftm;
3
ausmif;wkdufwGif aexdkifcGifh rjyKacs / ausmif;wdkufwpfckrS ESif
xkwfcH&onhf &[ef;onf tjcm;ausmif;wdkufwpfckwGifvnf; ae
4
xdkifcGifhr&Sdawmhacs / aZw0efausmif;wdkuf ouúwausmufpm
wGif tjcm;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk ulnD odkYr[kwf ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif
,if;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ESihf qufqHolrsm;onf xdkausmif;wdkufwGif
5
rae&[laom pnf;rsOf;wpf&yf csrSwfxm;onf / ,if;pnf;rsOf;
ESihf ywfoufí xdktcsdefu edum,trsKd;rsKd;tMum; t"du jcm;
em;rIESihf remvdkjzpfrI\ oauFwwpfcktaejzihf t"dyÜm,faumuf
6
,lEdkifzG,f&Sdonf /
tay:xyfrSmjzpfap atmufxyfrSmjzpfap &Sdonhf txuf
wGif azmfjycJhaom ]*dwft0ifa&tdrf} taqmifwGif rnfonhf
wpdrf;yk*¾KdvfudkrS ae&mxkdifcif;twGuf ray;tyfay/ xdkae&m
wGif tjyifolrsm; ydkifqdkifonhf rnfonhfypönf;udkrQvnf; odrf;
qnf; rxm;ay/ tckdif;taprsm;\ ypönf;rsm;rSwpfyg; tjcm;
ypönf;wpfckckudk tu,fí xdkae&mwGif odrf;qnf;xm;vQif wm
0ef&Sd tvkyform;rsm;tm; tvkyfjzKwfypfNyD; ¤if;wdkY ydkifqdkifonhf
ajrrsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&SmifhrIrS z,f&Sm;ypfonf/ ¤if;wm;jrpf
rIonf bkef;BuD;ausmif; taqmufttkHudk acwåcP aexdkif&m
1
EZ. I, p. 5-6, 86.
2
EZ. III, p. 358-359.
3 4
EZ. I, p. 5. EZ. III, p. 103.
5
EZ. I, p. 4. anyavihāra-sahāyya½ kurvatā'pi na vastarya½.
6 1
EZ. III, p. 227.
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 257
,lq&ef aMumif;usKd; cdkifvkHayonf/ trSefpifppf acwfopf pnf;
rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk a&;qGJ&mwGif r[dE¦avhESihf tb,*d&dt&yf
wdkYü ,aeYwdkifawGU&onhf a&S;acwf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk rSD
jirf;jyKcJhaMumif; r[dE¦avh (t&yf) &Sd pwkw¬ r[dE´rif; ausmuf
pmu &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyonf /
uREkfyfwdkY &Edkifonfh bkef;BuD;ausmif; pDrHcefYcGJa&;ESihf ywf
oufaom ausmufpma&;rSwfwrf;rsm;rSm r[m,meqdkif&m Mo
ZmvTrf;rdk;onhf ausmif;wdkurf sm;\ pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
,if;odkYaom rSwfwrf;wpfckrSm tcsKdUaom ausmif;wdkufi,frsm;
\ pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom aZ
w0em&mr ouúwausmufpmjzpfonf/ apmapmydkif;u awGUjrif
&onfhtwdkif; r[dE¦avhonfvnf; "r®½kpduwdkY odrf;ydkufxm;
onhf at'D 4 &mpktcsdef r[dE´rif;vufxuftwGif; r[m,me
MoZm vTrf;rdk;rI atmufodkY a&mufcJhonf/ r[dE¦avht&yf&Sd
trÁ|v (Ambasthala)rS aovapwd,teD; ausmufwkH;ay:wGif
a&;xGif;xm;onhf Ak'¨\um,okH;ck (Bwdum,)udk csD;rGrf;xm;
onfh at'D 8 &mpkcefY ouúwuAsmtydkif;tpwpfckrSm r[m,m
e MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI\ aocsmaom taxmuftxm; jzpfonf/ odkY
jzpfí r[dE¦avht&yf&Sd pwkw¬r[dE´rif;\ ausmufjym;ESpfckonf
vnf; r[m,me MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIatmuf&Sd bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkduf
wpfckudk tkyfcsKyfonhf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk t"du azmfjy
xm;aMumif; ,kHMuonhf aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfrI &Sdygonf/ uHr
aumif;onfrSm xdktcsdefxd r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf odkYr[kwf
tjcm; ax&0g'bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf\ pDrHcefYcGJa&;ESihf ywfouf
...uRrf;usifvdrfrmaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;udk a½G;cs,fxm;onhf tusKd;&SdrI
aMumifh ¤if;ydkifaom tb,*d&d0d[m&ü zdtm;aMumihf ¤if;udk ESpfouf
apaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf (r[dE¦avh&Sd) apwd,*d&d0d[m&wGif
,cifuwnf&SdNyD;jzpfaom pnf;rsOf;rsm;rS (EZ, I, p. 91,11, 6-7)/
CJSc. G. Vol.II, p. 42.
258 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
onhf rnfonhftvm;wl rSwfwrf;udkrQ rawGU&acs/ odkYwap
tkyfcsKyfrIpepfESpfcktMum; tenf;qkH; r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonhf pnf;
rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;wGif wpfpkHwpf&m BuD;rm;onhf jcm;em;csuf&SdcJh
aMumif; taxmuftuljyK&ef taMumif;w&m; r&Sdacs/
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;? tvkyform;rsm;ESihf aus;uRefrsm;ESihf
avmuDqefqef tkyfcsKyfrIESihfqdkifonhf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; &SdcJh
onf/ ,if;pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;udk oHCmawmfrsm;\ tBuH
ay;csufESihf twnfjyKcsufrsm;jzihf bk&ifu csrSwfay;onf/ wm
0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk cGJjcm;xm;NyD; ,if;wdkYESihf qufoG,fxm;onhf
vpmaiGESihf tzdk;tcrsm;udk txl;azmfjyonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif
&m Xmeaygif;pkHESifh tvkyform;rsm;twGuf vkyfief;rsm;udk vuf
rSwfxdk;jcif;uJhodkYaom vkyfief;tm;vkH;udk oHCmawmfESihf ñSdEIdif;
Muonf/ tvkyftauR;rsm;udk oHCmawmfrsm;\ oabmwlnD
csufjzihfomvQif jypf'Pfay;rIESihf tvkyfjzKwfrIrsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkif
NyD; ,if;odkYaom udpörsm;ESihfywfoufí aqmif½Guf&ef &[ef;
1
yk*¾Kdvfwpfyg;csif;pDwGif tcGifhta&; r&Sdacs / &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkdufrsm;odkY vª'gef;xm;aom aus;½Gmrsm;ESihf
v,fajrrsm;rS &&Sdonhf tcGefrsm;udk wm0ef,lonf/ pm&if;rsm;udk
aeYpOfodrf;xm;NyD; wpfvukefwdkif; ,if;wdkYudk wpfzef vpOfpm
&if;wGif oGif;onf/ ESpfukefwGif ESpfywfvnf pm&if;azmfjycsufudk
oabmwlnDrItwGuf oHCmha&SU arSmufü wifoGif;NyD; tu,fí
pm&if;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí uGm [csuf? tm;enf;csufrsm;&SdcJhvQif
rSwfykHwif (yÍÆdum) udk odrf;qnf;xm;onhf rax&fwpfyg;u
2
pkHprf;ppfaq;rIrsm;udk jyKvkyfonf /
ausmif;wdkuf (tm&mr)wpfck\ tvkyform;rsm; tm;vkH;udk
ykHrSeftm;jzihf ,if;ausmif;wkduf\ tcGef tvªawmfaiGrS ay;urf;
1
EZ. I, p. 85.
2
EZ. I, p. 4,87.
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 259
onf/ tm&mrwpfckudk jyKjyifxdef;odrf;&ef vkdtyfonhf vkyfief;
tao;pdwfudk tvGef*½kwpdkuf pOf;pm;NyD; vkyfief;tao;pdwf
wkdif;twGuf tzdk;tcudk vufrSwfxdk;onf/ yef;aumufolrsm;
uJhodkYaom omreftvkyform;rsm;udkyif aiGaMu;twdtus yrm
1
Pudk ykHrSefay;onf / &[ef;awmfrsm;udk,fwdkifudkvnf; ¤if;wdkY\
tvkyftwGuf 0w¬KaiGrsm; vª'gef;onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf vpmaiG t
qifh trsKd;rsKd;udk 0de,? okwåESihf tbd"r®udk oifMum;ol &[ef;
2
rsm;ESihf ausmif;wdkufudk apmihfa&Smufolrsm;ESihf ñSdxm;onf /
tpm;taomuf qGrf;uGrf;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf 0if;
3
twGif;&Sd trsm;okH; rD;zdkwGif jyifqifonf / bdu©Krsm;onf rdrd
wdkY\ qGrf;tzdkYudk&,l&ef jzefYjzL;onhfae&modkY oGm;&onf/ &[ef;
4
awmfrsm;tm; qefpdrf;rsm;udk vª'gef;rI rjyKacs / axmywfESihf
aq;0g;uJhodkYaom tjcm;tvªypönf;rsm; jzefYa0rIudk ausmif;wdkuf
twGif;rSmvnf; jyKvkyfNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ,if;ypönf;rsm;udk
vufcH&,l&ef owfrSwfxm;onhf ae&modkY BuD;pOfi,fvdkuf <u
awmfrlMu&onf /
5
rSm;,Gif;pGm oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKonhf &[ef;,kwfrsm;udk
ausmif;wkduftwGif;ü aexkdifcGifh rjyKacs/ Oyrm pdkufysKd;arG;jrL
a&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfonfh &[ef;awmfrsm;? ajr,mydkifqdkifonhf
&[ef;awmfrsm;? bmomw&m;udk qefYusifonfh jypfrIudk usL;vGef
olrsm;? ¤if;wdkY\ wm0efudk raqmif½GufbJ aeolrsm;ESihf ¤if;wdkY
\ jypfrIrsm;aMumifh ausmif;wdkufrS ESifxkwfcH&onhf &[ef;rsm;?
1
EZ. I, p. 87.
2
EZ. I, p. 85,87.
3
oD[dkVf&Sd acwfopf Ak'¨bmom ausmif;wdkufrsm;wGif ,if;udk 'efa*
(dangē)[k ac:onf/
4
EZ. I, p. 85. 0denf;Oya'awmfESihf okwåefa'oemawmfrsm;t& &[ef;
awmfrsm;onf qGrf;qefawmf tpdrf;rsm;udk cH,ljcif; rjyKacs/
5
0d-| 2? 72/
264 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
½GufrIrsm;tjyif em,u&[ef;awmfrsm;\ ta&;ygonhf yk*¾Kdvf
1
a&; tvkyftauR;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf / bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf
rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfMuonfh tvkyo f rm;rsm;rSm taxGaxG &ydkif
cGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;tjyif ,if;tvkyform;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;&ef
txl;&nf½G,fcsufjzihf bk&ifrif;rsm;u aus;½Gmrsm;ESihf tcGef
twkyfrsm; csrSwfxm;onfh om"ursm;&Sdonftxd tvGefBuD;
2 1
rm;us,fjyefYonf /
ausmif;wdkufBuD;wpfckudk xdefodrf;jcif;ESihf qufvufapmihf
a&SmufrIrsm;twGuf ykHrSefckdifNrJonhf 0ifaiGwpfck r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyf
3
onf/ ,if;ykHrSef0ifaiGtwGuf &if;jrpf trsm;tjym;rS &,lonf /
MunfndKol Oygoumrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ om;i,frsm;tm;
oHCmawmfrsm;udk jyKpkvkyfauR;&ef vª'gef;avh&SdaMumif; trsm;od
aomfvnf; ,if;rSm ykHrSefr[kwfbJ tNrJwrf;vnf; r[kwfacs/
xdkYjyif yk*¾KdvfwpfOD; wpfa,mufwnf; ausmif;wkdufBuD;wpfckudk
xdef;odrf; apmihfa&Smuf&ef rjzpfEdkifbJ txl;ojzihf aexdkifol
&[ef;rsm; t&mtaxmif &Sdvmaomtcg rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkYjzpfí
ykHrSef 0ifaiGtwGuf tjcm;&if;jrpfrsm; wnf&Sd&rnfjzpfNyD; ,if;odkY
aom tcGefaiGrsm;rSm vlxktm; rcufcJapoihf[k ,lqonf/
ykHrSef tNrJwrf; axmufyHhrIrsm;udk tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh av;rsKd;
cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ yxrrSm ajr½dkif;rsm;? v,f,majrrsm;ESihf aus;½Gm
rsm;? 'kwd,rSm a&uefESihf qnfajrmif;rsm;? wwd,rSm qefpyg;?
tjcm; oD;ESHrsm;ESifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufudk apmihfa&Smuf&ef tyf
Oygoum[k ac:qdkonf/ odkYwap aemifwGif t"dyÜm,f usOf;ajrmif;
oGm;NyD; ,if;a0g[m&udk oufBuD;½G,ftdk yk*¾Kdvf? txl;ojzihf qif;&Jol
oufBuD;½G,ftdk? Ak'¨a0,sm0pörsm;udk aqmif½GufNyD; bkef;BuD; ausmif;rsm;
udk rMumcP oGm;a&mufol[k qdkvdkonf/
1 2
r[m0Ho 37? 173/ ,if; 37? 63/ 42? 23/
3
0g&feol&d,\ Inscriptional Evidence bearing on the Nature of Religious
Endourments in Ancient Ceylon aqmif;yg;udkvnf; zwf½Iyg/ UCR. Vol. I,
Nos, I, 2; Vol. II, Nows, I, 2.
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 261
taejzifh eef;awmft&m&Sdrsm; tokH;jyKaexdkif&ef &nfñTef;í jyK
vkyfxm;ykH&onf[k ,lqzG,f&Sdonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrS ydkif
qdkifonfh tvkyform;rsm;? EGm;rsm;? vSnf;rsm;ESihf uRJrsm;udk rnf
olwpfa,mufrQ rydkifqkdifEdkifacs/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufu ydkif
qdkifonhf aus;½Gmrsm;wGif oihfawmfonhf pkHprf;ppf aq;rIrsm;
jyKNyD;aemuf aumufcHxm;onhf 'PfaiGrsm;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;
wdkuftm; ay;tyfNyD; EdkifiHawmfu rydkifqdkif&acs /
bkef;BuD;ausmif;ydkif ajrrsm;ay:&Sd opfyifrsm;udk rckwfvJS&
2
ay / wpfcgwpf&H vltrsm;onf ausmif;wdkufrsm;odkYoGm;NyD;
opfyifrsm;udk awmif;,lMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;u ,if;opfyif
rsm;udk oHCmuydkifonf[laom taMumif;jycsufjzihf ¤if;wdkYtm;
jiif;qdkMuonf/ odkYwap tu,fí vlyk*¾Kdvfonf ,if; (opfyif)
wdkYudk &,l&ef twif;tMuyf avQmufxm;MuvQif? odkYwnf;r[kwf
tMurf;zuf&ef Ncdrf;ajcmufMuvQif oihfavsmfonhf tcGefudk avsmf
aMu;tjzpf ay;NyD;aemuf? odkYr[kwf ausmif;wdkuftwGuf tvkyf
tudkifwpfck vkyfudkifNyD;aemuf ¤if;wdkYdtm; opfyifrsm;udk ,l&ef
rdefYMum;Muonf/ ]tyf wpfacsmif;rQ&Sdaom opfyifwpfyifonf
yif BuD;av;aom b@m(*½kbPf)jzpfonf}/ cGifhjyKcsuf r&SdbJESihf
yif ,if;opfyifrsm;udk &[ef;rsm; aexkdkif&mtaqmif aqmuf
vkyf&ef tokH;jyKEdkifonf/ opf½Gufrsm;? yef;rsm; odkYr[kwf opfoD;
3
rsm;udkyif vlyk*¾Kdvrf sm;tm; ay;cGifhr&Sdacs / ,if;odkYaom wm;jrpf
csufrsm;rSm bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;tm; tjyifrS vk,ufolrsm;udk
umuG,f&ef &nf½G,fcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/
r[m0d[m&? tb,*d&d? aZw0e? r[dE¦avhESihf wdó
r[m&mruJhodkYaom t"duusonhf ausmif;wkdufrsm;ü tvGef
rsm jym;onhf &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;awmfrlMuonf/ at'D 5
1
EZ. II, p. 10-13.
2
EZ. I, p. 87.
3
tbd-| 2? 322/
262 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 263
1
&mpkwGif oD[dkVfodkY tvnftywf<ua&mufcJhonhf w½kwf&[ef; aMumif; rSwfwrf;&Sdonf / odvmarC0PÖrif; (at'D 7 &mpk)
awmf zm[D,eftqdkt& tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufü &[ef; 5000? zrf;,lcJhonhf tusOf;cH wrD;vfppfom;rsm;udk aus;uRefrsm;tjzpf
2
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü 3000? r[dE¦avhü 2000 &Sdonf/ ausmif;wdkufrsm;odkY vª'gef;cJhonf / wpfcgwpf&HwGif tvkyfvuf
EdkifiHwpf0ef;vkH;wGif trsm;okH; ae&mXmerS tpm;tpmudk &,l rJh qif;&Jolrsm;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ulnDNyD; aexdkif&ef
3
Muonfh &[ef;awmf 60000 &SdaMumif;vnf; zm[D,efu qdkNyD; bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü tvkyt f auR;rsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf / ,if;
xdkYtjyif bk&ifrif;onf aemufxyf &[ef; ig;axmif odYrk [kwf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwGif vkdtyfonfrsm;udk vkyf
ajcmufaxmifpmtwGuf trsm;okH; tpm;tpmaxmufyHhrIudk NrdKU aqmif tokH;jyKonf/ t*Fkwåedum, t|uxmwGif a&m[P
1
awmf&Sd tjcm;ae&mrsm;ü jyifqifxm;aMumif;vnf; qdkonf / t&yf&Sd bkef;BuD; ausmif;wdkufwpfckwGif aexdkifonhf qif;&Jom;
w½kwf&[ef;awmf [l,ifqef (at'D 7 &mpk)url xdktcsdefu vlzsif;wpfa,muf okH;pGJonhf tokH;p&dwftaMumif;udk &[ef;
oD[dkVfEdkifiHü &[ef;oHCm 20000 &Sdonf[k od&aMumif; awmfrsm;u vufawGU usDp,fMuonfh taMumif;rSm pdwf0if
2 4
rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf / ,if;azmfjycsufrsm;rSm tawmftwef twd pm;zG,f jzpfonf / ausmif;wdkufrsm;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihftwl
tus r[kwfvQifawmif ¤if;wdkY taejzihf oD[dkVfEdkifiHwGif aexdkifMuonhf bdu©Kbwdu[kac:aom aemufvlwef;pm; wpf
&[ef;oHCm tvGefrsm;jym;aMumif; ñTefjyMuonf/ &yf&Sdonf/ ,if;a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,ft& ,if;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm; xdef;odrf;jcif;ESihf jyKjyifjcif; ¤if;wdkY\ oufarG;0rf;ausmif;twGuf &[ef;awmfrsm;udk rSDcdkae&
5 6
rsm;twGuf rsm;jym; BuD;rm;onhf tvkyfrsm;twGuf vdktyfonhf onfrSm xif&Sm;onf / at'D 10 &mpk ausmufpmwpfck t&
twif;tMuyf ckdif;aprIyrmPudk pdwful;jzihf rSefMunhfEdkifonf/ Oygou[kac:onhf oHCmtvkyftauR;wpfcsKdUvnf; ausmif;
7
wpfukd,fa& vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYaexdkifoDwif;okH;onhf wdkufwGif aexdkifaMumif;od&onf / ,if;trsm;aumif;usKd;aqmif
ausmif;cef;rsm;ESihf ausmif;0if;udk oefY&Sif;jcif;uJhodkYaom vkyfief;
tcsKdUudk &[ef;awmfrsm;udk,fwdkif vkyfudkifMuonf/ odkYwap 1
Oyrm r[m0Ho 46? 10? 14? 28? 164/
usefvkyfief;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí tcdkif;taprsm;ESihf tvkyform; 2
,if;? 44? 73/
rsm;pGmvdktyfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ pwkw¬r[dE´rif; a&;xdk;cJh 3
'k*¾wrEkóm oHCH edóm, ZD0dómrDwd 0d[ma& uyÜd,um&um
onhf r[dE¦avhausmufpmt& r[dE¦avhausmif;wdkufrSmyif a[mEÅd (0d-| 3? 283)/
4
ausmif;wdkufa&;&m wm0efESihf vIyf&Sm;trsKd;rsKd;udk aqmif½Gufae 5
tH-| 2? 215/
6
Muonfh tNrJwrf; tvkyform; 200 ausmf&SdaMumif; od&onf/ EZ. III, p. 227. EZ. III, p. 227.
7
bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf rdzk&m;rsm;pGmwdkY oHCmESifh bkef;BuD;ausmif; tdE´d,awmifydkif; wrD;vf ausmufrsm;ü Oygou[kac:onhf bkef;BuD;
ausmif; tvkyftauR; vlwef;pm;wpf&yftaMumif; azmfjyonf (EZ. III,
wkdufrsm;tm; tm&mrdursm;ESihf taptyg;rsm;udk vª'gef;Mu p. 228.)/ oD&dvuFm bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü ,aeYwdkifatmifyif
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ bkef;BuD;ausmif;qdkif&m tcrf;tem;rsm; vdktyfcsuf
1
Fa Hien, p. 102,105,107. rsm;udk aqmif½GufaeMuonhf oufBuD;½G,t f dkrsm;&SdMuNyD; a,bk,stm;
2
Hiuen Tsiang, Bk. XI, p. 247. jzihf Oygou[k vlodrsm;aom uyÜd,rsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ rlvtm;jzihf
rnfonhf Ak'¨bmomudk udkif;½dIif;oludkrqdk vlrIb0tqifhudk rcGJjcm;bJ
268 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
arG;zGm;ygap} / ,if;odkYaom ausmufpmtcsKdU\ tqkH;wGif acG;ykH?
usD;uef;ykHrsm;jzihf o½kyfazmf xGif;xkxm;onf/ aemufausmufpm
wpfckwGif ]þ (vª'gef;rI) udk qufvufí rvkyfaqmifolonf
arawå,sbk&m;&Sif ¤if;\tdrfa&SUodkY <u0ifjzwfavQmufvQifyiff
(t½dktaojyK&ef) ¤if;\vufudk rí r&Edkifol jzpfygapownf;}
[k azmfjyonf/ ,if;odkYaom owday;csuf rsm;onf ,kHMunf
Muol aus;vufae yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; bkef;BuD;ausmif;ajrrsm;rS a0;
&modkY xGufroGm;Edkifap&ef rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKcJhjcif; jzpf
onf/ wpfcgwpf&H txl;ojzihf qif;&J'ku©ESihf BuKH&csdefrsm;wGif
,if;odkYaom ajrrsm;udk a&mif;cs odkYr[kwf aygifESHMuonf/ ,if;
odkYaom ajr,mrsm;udk jyefvnfa½G;,lonhf yxr O',rif;\
rdzk&m;ESihf ywfoufaom om"uwpf&yf &Sdonf/
bk&ifrif;rsm;? rdzk&m;rsm;ESihf yk*¾vdu tvª&Sifrsm; ay;tyf
onhf a&uefrsm;ESihf wl;ajrmif;rsm;rSm ta&twGuftm;jzihf rsm;
pGm&Sdonf/ þae&mwGif ax&d,*dkPf;odkY a&avSmifuef 18 ck
vª'gef;cJhol "mwkaoerif;udk txl; azmfjyxdkufonf/ bkef;BuD;
ausmif;wdkufrsm;odkY vª'gef;onfh a&avSmifuef trsm;pkrSm ,aeY
acwfwGif aysmufqkH;NyD; &Smr&awmhonhf aus;½Gma&uef rsm;
jzpfMuonfudk rSwfom;oihfonf/ oD[dkVfEdkifiHuJhodkYaom pdkufysKd;
a&;EdkifiHwpfckwGif ,if;a&avSmifuefrsm;ESihf qnfajrmif;rsm;rSm
0ifaiG&&Sdonhf tzdk;wef &if;jrpfrsm;jzpfMuNyD; ,if;wdkYrS &&Sdonfh
a&cGefuJhodkYaom 0ifaiGrSm ta&;ygcJh&rnfjzpfonf/
1
EZ III, p. 198.
2 2
EZ III, p. 258.
3 3
r[m0Ho 49? 28/
4
r[m0Ho tcef; 35? *gxmtrSwf 48 ESihf tcef; 36? *gxmtrSwf 3/
EZ. I, pp. 211; 254-255 wdkYudk ½Iyg/ trsKd;orD; wpfa,mufonf ¤if;wdkY
rdom;pkydkifonhf a&uefwpfckudk oHCmtm; vª'gef;cJhonf/
5
r[m0Ho 38? 44-51/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 265
ESHxm;onhf aiGaMu;rsm;? pwkw¬rSm tcGef pnf;Muyf aumufcHjcif;
rsm;ESihf jypf'PfaiG rsm;jzpfMuonf/
,if;axmufyHhaiGrsm;udk rnfonhftcsdefu pwifcJhaMumif;
twdtusqdk&ef cufcJonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;axmufyHhaiGwnf&SdrI
rSm oD[dkVfuRef;odkY Ak'¨0g'a&muf&Sd vmcsdefxuf rsm;pGma&S;rus
1
onfrSm tvGef aocsmonf /
odkY&mwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfcktm; axmufyHhay;tyf
onhf yxrqkH; rSwfwrf;wifwifcJhonhf rSwfwrf;rSm bDpD wpf
&mpkü 0¥*grPdrif;u r[mwdórax&f oDwif;okH;aexdkifonfh
ukyduúv ausmif;wkduftm; ]oHCabm*}udk vª'gef;aom tcsdefü
jzpfonf/ ,if; tvªtaMumif;udk auwutjym; (ketaka leaf)
2
ay:wGif a&;cJhonf / oHCabm*[laom a0g[m&[lonf rnf
odkYaom axmufyHhrIrsKd; jzpfonf[k twdtus rqdkEdkifacs/ ,if;
taxmuftyhH[lonf ajr½dkif;? v,f,m? a&uef odkYr[kwf aus;
3
½GmrS&&Sdonhf 0ifaiGrsm;yif jzpfEdkifonf / xdktcsdefrSpí aESmif;
acwf&mpkESpfrsm; wpfavQmufvkH;wGif ajr½dkif;rsm;? v,f,m ajr
rsm;? xdef;odrf; apmihfa&Smufa&; aus;½Gmrsm;udk bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf
1
0d 3? 300 wGif ydvdE´0pärax&ftm; AdrÁdom&rif;u aus;½Gmudk vª'gef;
aMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkaus;½GmwGif aexdkifol 500 udk tm&mrdu
]ausmif;wdkuf\ tvkyform; uyÜd,rsm;} tjzpf azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;
aus;½Gmtm; rif;BuD;u rax&ftm; ay;tyfjcif;rSm rax&ftm; tm&m
rduwpfa,mufudk rax&ftm; vª'gef;&rnf[k ajymxm;onhf uwd
twdkif;aqmif½Guf&rnfudk ysufuGufaomaMumihf jypf'Pftaejzihf ay;
tyfjcif; jzpfonf/
r[m0Ho 33? 50/
ygarmu©0DvsH *dkif*gonf oHCabm*[laom a0g[m&udk ]&[ef;awmf
rsm; tokH;jyK&ef ajrrsm;}[k bmomjyefonf/ odkYwap ajrudk vª'gef;
axmufyHhonf[k ,kHqjcif;twGuf rQwrIr&Sdacs/ oHCabm*[l onf
pmayenf;t& oHCmawmfrsm;\ ]ydkifqidk frI} ]tcGefawmf} ]ypönf;
Opöm}[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
266 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rdzk&m;rsm;u bmoma&;Xmersm;tm; vª'gef;rIESihfywfoufonfh
1
taxmuftxm;rsm;pGmudk awGU&Sdvm&onf / zm[D,efrSwfwrf;
t& at'D ig;&mpkwGif ,if;ajr½dkif;ajrvGwfrsm;udk vª'gef;ykHudk
od&onf/ ]ol (rif;BuD;)onf xdkYaemuf vlrsm;? v,fajrrsm;ESihf
tdrfrsm;udk xdktcsdefrSpí om;pOfrsKd;quf ,if;vª'gef;rIudk rnfol
rQ ESpfpOftcGef odkYr[kwf xkwfjyefrIudk rjyKjyif&Jap&ef owåKj
jym;rsm;ay:wGif pma&;vsuf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;onf} /
2 &mudk pGefYcGmNyD; a&m[PZyk'fodkY <uoGm;Muonf/ odkYjzpfojzihf
bkef;BuD;ausmif;ajrrsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;twGufom
ru bkef;BuD;ausmif;a0,sm0pö vkyfaqmifolrsm;tm;vnf; t
ajccH 0ifaiGrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ajrpm&ifiSm;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\
wm0efudk aqmif½GuforQ aysmf½TifEdkifonf/ ,if;ajr½dkif;rsm;?
v,f,majrrsm;ESihf aus;½Gmrsm;onf tpdk;&ajrcGefrsm;rS vGwf
uif;NyD; w&m;0ifudpörsm;ESifyh wfoufí tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; ,if;
3
aus;½Gmrsm;odkY 0ifa&mufEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs / tu,fí wpfa,muf
a,mufonf ,if;ajrrsm;ESihf ½Gmrsm;odkY tumtuG,f odkYr[kwf
cdkvIHcGifhtwGuf 0ifa&mufcJhrl xdkajrESihfxdkaus;½Gmrsm;ü 0ifa&muf
zrf;qD;cGifhr&Sdacs/ tu,fí wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf umuG,f
wm;qD;rItwGuf rxdkufwefcJhrl bkef;BuD;ausmif;ajrrsm;rS ¤if;
wdkYudk xGufapNyD;rSom zrf;qD;cGifh&SdEdkifonf/ xdkajre,fedrdwfrsm;
twGif; t&m&Sdrsm;onf xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; rzrf;qD;Edkifacs /
4 rnfolrQ ,if;bmoma&; axmufyHhrIrsm;udk rcsKd;azmuf
,if;Oya'udk tvGefav;pm;NyD; *½kwpdkuf apmifhpnf;Mu
onf/ ,if;Oya'udk oufOD;qHydkif tmPmydkifpdk;onhf bk&if
wpfyg;yif azmufzsuf&ef tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;ykHudk o½kyfazmfxm;
onhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpf&yfwpfck&Sdonf/ wwd, O',rif;
1
r[m0Ho 34? 63/ 35? 83/ 2
zm[D,efrSwfwrf;? pm – 109/
3
EZ. I, pp. 167-169; 173-174; II, pp. 3-4.
4
EZ. I, pp. 203, 206; II, pp. 6-8, 23, 29. þae&mü AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;\
&[ef;oHCmtjzpfodkY 0ifa&mufNyD;olwpfa,muftm; rnfonhft&mudkrQ
rjyK&[laom aMunmcsufudk trSwf&oihfonf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 267
(at'D 934-937)vufxufwGif w&m;½kH;t&m&SdtcsKdU bk&ifudk
aMumufNyD; wayg0eac:onhf a&S;acwfO,smOfodkY xGufajy;Mu
1
onf / bk&ifESifh tdrfa&SUrif;wdkYonf xdk (wayg0e)odkY oGm;MuNyD;
¤if;wdkY\ vufrsm;udk jzwfaponf/ ,if;tMurf;zufNyD; Oya'ESihf
rnDnGwfaom ,if;vkyf&yftay: auseyfrIr&Sdojzihf ,if;awm
tkyfwGif oDwif;okH;aexkdifMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ,if;ae
vlxkESihf ppfom;rsm;onf qefYusifykefuefMuNyD; tb,*d&d
ausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd &wejymom'fxufodkY wufNyD; bk&ifudk
Ncdrf;ajcmufNyD; wayg0eü bmomw&m;udk rav;rpm;vkyf&ef
ulnDcJhaom t&m&SdtcsKdU\ OD;acgif;udk jzwfNyD; jywif;aygufu
ypfcs&ef awmif;qdkMuonf/ ,k0&mZrif;ESihf ¤if;\rdwfaqG tm'd
yg'wdkYonf tkwfwHwdkif;ay:rS ckefcsNyD; aMumuf½GHUrIaMumifh a&m
[PZeyk'fodkY xGufajy;Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf &[ef;awmfrsm;
xHodkY oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmfNyD; ajcawmf&if;ü 0yfwGm;vsuf idk,dkNyD;
,if;odkYaom ½dkif;pdkif;onhf trItwGuf rdrdwdkYudk cGifhvTwfyg&ef
wdk;vQKd;awmif;yefMuonf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf tjcm; edum,
okH;ckrS &[ef;awmfrsm;\ Mum;0ifjzefajzay;rIaMumifh bk&if? vlxk
2
ESihf ppfwyftMum; >cif;csufr&Sd &ifMum;aphrI jzpfoGm;onf /
odkYr[kwf qufvufíray;bJ rae0HhMuacs/ þae&mwGif tcsKdU
ausmufpmrsm;ü ,if;bmoma&; taxmuftyHhrsm;udk csKd;azmuf
Edkif odkYr[kwf aESmihf,SufEdkifolrsm;tm; wpfrlxl;jcm;onhf owd
ay;csufrsm; yg&SdonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftjzpf rSwfom;oihfonf/
ausmufpmwpfckü þodkYazmfjyonf ]tu,fí v,fajrrsm;tm;
aESmihf,SufrIudk zefwD;Edkifol&SdcJhrl xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf tpm;tpm
r&&SdygapESihf/ aemifb0wGif acG;rsm; usD;uef;rsm;tjzpf jyefvnf
1
EZ. I, 134, n. 3.
2
r[m0Ho 43? 14/
272 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
(u[myP) 100 vª'gef;aMumif; azmfjyonf/ þae&müvnf;
NrdKUawmf\ ESpfpOf twdk;aiGudk t&d,0HoyGJawmftokH; p&dwf
twGufom tokH;jyKonf/ xdkae&mwGif awGU&onhf aemufxyf
1
ausmufpm tydkif;tpwpfck wGif ed#v0d#d, od0trnf&Sd tjcm;
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf a'0*d&ad usmif;wdkuf tokH;p&dwftwGuf
aiG'*Fg; 20 vª'gef;aMumif;vnf; azmfjyonf/ ,if;ausmufpm\
ed*kH;ydkif;rSm tvGefpkwfjywfaeaomfvnf; txufyg tajccHjzihf
twdk;aiGudk t&d,0HoyGJawmftwGuf okH;pGJ&efjzpfaMumif; tcdkif
2
trmqdkEdkifonf/ uvk'd,aygukP t&yfrS at'D 9 &mpk
ausmufpmwGif 'Vemtrnf&Sdol trsKd;om;wpfa,mufonf 'u©d
Pm*d&d ausmif;wkdufae oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGrf;vª'gef;&ef &nf
3 vlxk\ pD;yGm;a&;b0 ajymif;vJrIrsm;ESihftwl bmoma&;
½G,fNyD; a½Tom;'*Fg; 23 jym; vª'gef;aMumif; yg&Sdonf/ tjcm;
yk*¾Kdvftrsm;tjym;vnf; þudpöESihf ywfoufNyD; toD;oD; oHCm
awmfrsm;tm; qGrf;vª'gef;Muonf/
tjcm;ykHrSef 0ifaiG&onhf &if;jrpfwpfck &Sdao;onf/ bkef;
BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü aus;uRefrsm;udk xdef;odrf;&efESihf aus;uRef
tjzpfrS vTwfay;&ef aiGaMu;tyfESHrI ykHpHjzihf &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf uRefa,musfm;udkjzpfap uRefrdef;rudk
jzpfap vufcH&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; wm;jrpfawmfrlcJhonf / odkY
4 twGuf &if;ESD;vª'gef;rItcsKdUü ,if;ypönf;rsKd;ESihf aiGESpfrsKd;vkH;udk
wap tNrJae&[ef;rsm;ESihf cPae&[ef; ta&twGuf rsm;jym;
vmojzihf aus;uRefrsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü tvkyf vkyf
5
vmcJhMuonf/ orEÅygom'dum (0de,) t|uxm usrf;wGif
bk&ifrif;rsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;odkY aus;uRefrsm; vª'gef;
1
,if;? III, p.251
2
,if;? III, p.258.
3
wpfu[myPonf 70-72 x½GdKifcefY tav;ESihf nDrQonf/
4
'D 1? 61/
5
0d-| 3? 283/ 0d[ma&ok &mZl[d tm&mrdu'gom emr 'dEém a[mEÅd?
awyd yAÁmaZwkH e 0¥wd/ bkZdaó uwGm ye yAÁaZwkH 0¥wd/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 269
a,bk,stm;jzihf ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmihf
a&Smufa&;twGuf ,if;odkYaom vª'gef;rIrsm;tjyif txl;&nf½G,f
csufrsm;jzihf tjcm; vª'gef;axmufyHhrIrsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/ jyKjyif
olrJhaeonhf a&S;acwf taqmufttkHrsm;udk apmihfa&Smuf&efESihf
,if;wdkYudk aumif;pGmjyKjyifEdkif&ef &nf½G,fcsufí vª'gef;axmufyHh
1
jcif;trsm;pkudk jyKvkyfcJhMujcif; jzpfonf / oHCmawmfrsm;tm;
taxGaxG qGrf;cJzG,frsm; vª'gef;a&;twGuf taxmuftyHhrsm;
udkyif awGUEdkifonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf &móa[ (Rāssahela) t&yf&Sd
ausmufpmt& 'defcJrSwpfyg; tjcm;bmrSr&Sdonhf ajr,mwpfck\
2
0ifaiGrS qDESihf (EGm;) EdkYrsm;udk vª'gef;aMumif; od&onf /
taxmuftyHhrsm;vnf; ykHpHwpfrsKd; jzpfvmonf/ at'D 4 &mpk
ESifh 5 &mpk ausmufpmtrsm;pkonf ,if;odkYaom ajymif;vJrIudk
azmfjyMuonf/ a&S;OD; &mpkEpS frsm;twGif; bmoma&; taxmuf
tyHhrsm;udk jcHajrrsm;? pdkufajrrsm;? aus;½Gmrsm;? a&avSmifuef
rsm;ESihf qnfajrmif;rsm;taejzihf awGUjrifMu&onf/ odkYwap
at'D 4 &mpkcefYrSpí a&S;acwf tjyKtrlrsm;wGif bmoma&;
&if;ESD;`rIyfESHrIrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ ,if;topf wdk;wuf ajymif;
vJrIonf jynffyEdkifiHrsm; txl;ojzihf a&mrtifyg&mESihf ul;
1
EZ. I. pp. 89, 254-; EZ, II, p. 218
2
EZ. IV. p. 173-174 (Inscription III). dihi tei kir misa on va¼aj no karana koì.
tvª&Sifrsm;udk,fwdkif tESpfoufqkH;jzpfonhf ypönf;rsm;udk wrvGefb0
wGif ,if;odkYaom ypönf;rsm; jynfpkH<u,f0Edkifap&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm; vª'gef;vdkonhf Oygoumrsm; &SdMuonf/ xdk
udpöESihfywfoufí azmfjyyg tvª&Sifrsm;wGif odomxif&Sm;onhf 'defcsOf?
qDESihfEGm;EdkYrsm;udk ESpfoufrI &SdcJhjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ rdrdtvªaiGudk tjcm;rSm;
,Gif;pGm tokH;jyKrIudk umuG,f&ef ,if;odkYaom owfrSwfcsufrsKd; vdktyf
aomaMumihfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/
270 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
oef;a&mif;0,frI wdk;wufvmjcif;aMumihf jzpfonf/ at'D 1 &mpk
Mo*wfpwwfpf (Augustus) bk&if vufxufcefYrSpí at'D 7
&mpk tvufp`E´&D;,m; (Alexandria) usqkH;csdeftxd tdE´d,ESihf
a&mrtifyg,mwdkY tMum; ykHrSefESihf us,fjyefYonhf i½kyfaumif;?
[if;cwftarT;tBudKif? a&arT;? cgomydwfom;? ykvJESihf tzdk;wef
ausmufrsufrsm; ukefoG,frI wdk;wufcJhonf/ ,if;ukefypönf;
trsm;pk xGuf&Sdonhf oD[dkVfEdkifiHonfvnf; ,if;ukefoG,frI
a&pD;aMumif;wGif arsmygcJhonf/ oD[dkVfqdyfurf;trsm;tjym;ESihf
EkdifiHtwGif;ydkif;rSmyif a&mrEdkifiHokH; '*Fg;jym; tajrmuftjrm;
awGU&Sdjcif;u oD[dkVfonf a&mrEdkifiHESihf ukefoG,frI&SdcJhaMumif;
azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;avmufwGif oD[dkVfonf tjcm;
aom *&dESihf yg&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;ESihfvnf; ukefoG,frI&SdcJhonf/
azmjfyyg edkifiH&yfjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;ESihf qufqHrItopfonf
EdkifiHawmf\ pD;yGm;a&;b0ESihf ukefpnfjzefYa0rIESihf aiGaMu; vJ
vS,frIrsm;tay: xl;jcm;onhf MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI &SdcJhonf/ ,if;odkY
jzpfjcif;rSm ukefoG,frItopfjzihf ,cifwnf&SdNyD; ukefoG,frI t
opfudk tpm;xdk;vdkufonf[k rqdkvdkacs/ ukefo, G frIpepfa[mif;
ESihf ,SOfvsuf ukefoG,frIpepfopf tjrpfwG,fvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
EdkifiHjcm; wkdif;jynfrsm;ESihf qufqHrI\ tusKd;tjrwfrSm t"du
tm;jzihf ESpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ yxrtaejzihf owåKj'yfpifudk aiGaMu;
tjzpf tokH;jyKrI us,fjyefYxif&Sm;vmNyD; 'kwd,taejzihf NrdKUawmf
rSma&m oD[dkVf&Sd tjcm;ukefoG,frI A[dkXmersm;rSmyg ukefpnf
jzefYjzL;&efESihf zvS,f&ef &nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzihf ukefonftzGJU t
pnf; rsm;pGm ay:vmonf/ ,if;onf acwfopf ukefoG,frIü
ukyÜPDrsm;ESihf bPfrsm;\ a&SUajy;jzpfonf/ ,if;ukefoG,fa&;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;xHwGif ukefypönf;rsm;udkjzpfap aiGaMu;udkjzpfap
tyfESHxm;EdkifNyD; &&Sdonhf tjrwfaiGudk rnfokdYtokH;jyK&rnfqdk
onhf ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk ,if;tzGJUtm; ajymMum;xm;cJhEdkif
onf/ ,if;odkY (ñTefMum;xm;cJh) aom bmoma&; aiGya'om
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 271
rsm;udk at'D 4 &mpkcefYrSpí awGU&SdEdkifonf/ xif&Sm;onhf o½kyf
azmf wifjyrItaejzihf at'D 4 &mpkwGif a&;xdk;cJhonfh awmPd
1
a*v (Tōºigala) ausmufpm udk udk;um;Edkifonf/
od&darC0PÖ (at'D 362-389)rif; eef;pH 3 ESpfajrmuf
wGif a&;xkd;onfh ,if;ausmufpmonf yk*¾Kdvfa&; rSwfwrf;wpf
ckjzpfNyD; tvª&SifESihf ukefoG,frItzGUJ tpnf;wdkYtMum; oabmwl
nDcsufjzpfykH&onf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;t& EdkifiHawmf trwfBuD;wpf
a,muf\om;jzpfonhf a'0trnf&Sdolonf NrdKUawmf ajrmufydkif;
c½dkifwpfck&Sd uv[kre (Kalahumana) [kac:aom ukefoG,f
a&; tzGJUtpnf;xHwGif pyg;vSnf;ESpfpD;wdkufESihf q,ftrkP
(amuºa)? OE´K ([if;cwfarT;BuKdifwpfrsKd;) ajcmuftrkPESihf yJ
q,ftrkPudk tyfESHxm;aMumif; od&onf/ t&if;aiGudk rokH;&
odkYr[kwf ravQmhap&bJ ESpfpOf ,if;rS&&Sdonhf pyg;\ twdk;aiG
50 &mEIef;ESihf tjcm;toD;tEHSrsm;\ twdk;aiG 25 &mEIef;udk
,[doy0, (Yahisavaya) [kac:aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf
topfwGif ESpfpOfusif;yonhf t&d,0HoyGJawmf tokH;p&dwf t
wGuf vª'gef;&rnfjzpfonf/ ,m*k? eHeufpmESihf aeYv,fpm t
Mum;wGif pm;&onhf tpm;tpmrsm;? 'defcsOf? ysm;&nf? xef;vsuf?
qDOD;? axmywf? qm;? opf½Gufpdrf;rsm;ESihf rD;zdkacsmifwGif vdktyf
onhf tjcm;ypönf;rsm;udk ,if;tvªaiGrS okH;pGJ&rnfjzpfonf/
,if;onf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f bmoma&;tvªaiG tyfESHrIykHpH
wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ aiGaMu;ya'omyiftaejzihf bmoma&;twGuf
tyfESHaiGrsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf om"ursm;vnf;&Sdonf/
v[ktm#Am@d*v (Lahuäìabāndigala) ausmufpmwGif
EdkifiHawmf 0efBuD;wpfa,muf\ om;jzpfonhf od&deu trnf
&olonf a'0*d&dtrnf&Sdausmif;wdkufBuD;wGif tokH;jyK&ef NrKdU
awmf ta&SUzuf&Sd r[mwbu bk&m;qif;wk a½Tcs&ef aiG'*Fg;
1
EZ, III, p. 177.
276 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1 1
jzihf ,lqcH&onf / ,if;onf vlY*kPfodu©mwefzdk;udk avhusihf&ef
BudK;pm;rIwpf&yftjzpf ,lqonf/ Ak'¨'go (Ak'¨\aus;uRef)[k
t"dyÜm,f&onhf vltrnfrsm;rSm a&S;acwf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;twGif;
xif&Sm;jcif;rSm ,if;odkYjzpfvdkrIaMumihfjzpfonf/ a'0geHyd,wdó
rif;BuD;onf r[maAm"dudkif;jrwfudk tdE´d,rS yifhaqmifvmNyD;
aemuf rsm;rMumrD ,if;aAm"dudkif;udk ylaZmf&ef okH;&uf wdkifwdkif
2
aAm"dyifwHcg;apmifh tjzpfaqmif½GufcJhaMumif; od&onf / þ
rif;udk,fwkdifyif oD&dvuFm EdkifiHawmfESihf tjcm;ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk
Ak'¨omoemawmftm; vª'gef;cJhonfrSmvnf; ,if;&nf½G,fcsuf
jzihf aqmif½Gufjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf ½dkaoudkif;½Idif;rIESihf
ylaZmfouúm&jyKrIudk xkwfazmfjyo&ef orkwdoabmjzihf aqmif
½Gufjcif;rQom jzpfonf/ r[m'gXdu r[mem*rif; (at'D 67-
79) onf oHCmawmfrsm;u wm;jrpfaomfvnf; rif;BuD;? rdzk&m;?
om;awmf ESpfa,muf? pD;awmfqifESihf xD;eef;udk oHCmawmftm;
vª'gef;NyD;aemuf tojymwpfodef; yrmP&Sdonhfwefzdk;udk oHCm
awmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;vsuf ukd,fwdkifESihf vª'gef;NyD;t&mtm;vkH;udk
3
jyefvnf a½G;,lonf / t|rt*¾aAm"drif; (at'D 801-812)
onf r,fawmftm; rdrdudk oHCmawmftm; vª'gef;apNyD;aemuf
]rdrdudk,fESifh nDrQ onfh yrmP} ("r®wå*¾[PH)udk ay;acsjcif;jzihf
4
vGwfajrmufol jyefjzpfoGm;onf / rif;BuD; ,if;odkYjyKjcif;rSm ¤if;
\ trIxrf;rsm;tay: aus;uRefrsm;[k ac:rdjcif;twGuf 'Pf
cwfonhf taejzihf jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ rif;BuD;udk r,fawmfjzpf
1 csufrsm;twGuf uyÜd,um&utm; vGwv
&wemokH;yg; (o&P*kHokH;yg;)udk qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&ef enf;vrf;okH;rsKd;
&Sdonf/ wpfrsKd;rSm rdrdukd,fudk tyfESHjcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&onfh twå
oHed,smwe o&P*kHjzpfonf (tH-| 1? 304)/ ,if;azmfjycsuft&
&wemokH;yg;\ aus;uReftjzpf cH,ljcif;[laom t"dyÜm,fodkY ouf
a&mufoGm;onf/
2
r[m0Ho 19? 32 *gxm/
3
,if;? tcef; 34? 86-88 *gxm/
4
,if;? tcef; 49? 62-64 *gxm/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 273
MuaMumif;ESihf ¤if;wdkYudk &[ef;abmifodkY 0ifa&mufrjyKaomf
vnf; ¤if;wdkUtaejzifh aus;uReftjzpfrS vGwfajrmufNyD;aemuf
0ifa&mufcGifhjyKaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onf/ aus;uRef
rsm;udk vufcHjcif;onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ tmPma'oemawmf
2
ESihf qefYusifaomaMumifh rZÑdredum,ft|uxm ü ,if;odkYaom
aus;uRefrsm;udk vufcHjcif;rSm roihfavsmfaomaMumihf ,if;wdkYudk
vufcHrnfjyKaomtcg tvª&Sifu ]uyÜd,um&udk vª'gef;yg\?
tm&mrdu (t&rfapmihf)udk vª'gef;yg\}[k qdkívª'gef;&rnf[k
3
owfrSwfcJhonf /
,if;owfrSwfcsufonf tcuftcJwpf&yfudk a&Smif&Sm;&ef
tESpfom&tm;jzihf jznfhqnf;ay;rI r[kwfbJ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
pmom;udk tokH;jyK&ef vdr®monhf tMuHay;rIwpf&yf jzpfzG,f&Sd
onf/ odkYwap udk,fusihfodu©mt& rnfodkYyif oihfavsmfonhf
trnfemrwpfckjzihf ac:a0:okH;EIef;apumrl trSefaomf bkef;BuD;
1
odvmarC0PÖrif;onf wrD;vf ppf½IH;okyHY ef;rsm;udk uReftjzpf bkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsm;odkY vª'gef;aMumif; a&SUtcef;rsm;ü awGU&NyD;jzpfonf (r[m
0Ho 44? 73)/
2
r-| 2? 113? 'god'go0aoae0 awoH y#d*[ ¾ PH e 0¥wd? uyÜd,-
um&uH 'r®d? tm&mrduH 'r®Dwd {0H 0kawå ye 0¥wd/
3
uyÜd,um&u[lonf a,bk,stm;jzihfqrdk l &[ef;awmfrsm;\ vdktyf
csufrsm;udk wm0ef,laqmif½Gufay;onhf vlOygoum wpfa,muf jzpf
onf/ uyÜd,um&uonf tcrJh tvkyftauR;jyKNyD; ¤if;\aqmif½GufrI
udk vufcHvQif &[ef;onf wpfpkHw&m ay;urf;&efrvdkbJ rdrd\ vdktyf
f yfpGm ajymMum;Edkifonf/ xdk
rSwpfqifh &[ef;onf 0denf;pnf;urf;ESihf twdtus nDñGwfrItjyif vl
trsm;\ ,kHMunfrIjzihf rnfonhf vufaqmifyPÖmrS ay;urf;zG,f rvdk
bJ ,kHMunfpdwfcspGm aqmif½GufEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif þü azmfjyonhf
uyÜd,um&u[lonf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuftwGuf aqmif½Guf&ef t
jcm;olrsm;u ay;tyfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfzG,f&Sdojzihf uRef[laom t"dyÜm,f
oufa&mufzG,f &Sdonf/ tm&mrdu[lonf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufü
tvkyfvkyfolrsm; taptyg;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
274 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
ausmif;rsm;ü aus;uRefrsm; &SdcJhonf[laom tcsufrSm olYuRef
tjzpfrS rvGwfrcsif; &[ef;abmifodkY 0ifcGifhrjyK&[k azmfjyonhf
txufyg orEÅygom'dumusrf;t& oHo,rjzpfEdkifawmhacs/
&Edkifonhf taxmuftxm;rsm;u a&S;acwfwGif bkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsm;ü a,musfm; rdef;r aus;uRefrsm;udk tvkyfcefYxm;NyD;
¤if;wdkYudk xdef;odrf;rItwGuf aiGaMu;trsm;tjym; `rIyfESHxm;
1
aMumif; azmfjyonf/ tEk&m"yk&&Sd at'D 6 &mpkrS 7 &mpka&;
xdk;onhf ausmufpmwdk &Spfcw k Gif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU tb,*d&d
ausmif;wdkuf&Sd aus;uRefrsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&eftwGuf
trnfemr azmfjyxm;onhf vltrsm;tjym;\ aiGaMu; vª'gef;
rIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ ,if;wdkYteufrS ajcmufa,muf
onf toD;oD; 100 u[myPpD tyfESHMuNyD; ,if;wdkYteufrS
1
EZ, IV, p. 139-140. y&e0dweu ]uRef} ]tcdkif;tap}[k bmomjyefcJh
onhf pum;vkH;rSm ]0[&v (vaharala)}jzpfonf/ ,if;ausmufpmESihf
tjcm;ausmufpmrsm;ü pum;vkH;ESihf ykHpHrsm;pGm azmfjyonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm
0[&dv? 0a[&dv? 0da[&dv ponfwjdkY zpfonf/ þaqG;aEG;rIwGif
y&e0dwe\ bmomjyefaemufodkY vdkufxm;ygonf/ odkYwap 'Da*s
0dZ,&wae (Interpretation of Vaharala ect., in Sinhalese Inscriptions
UCR. Vol. Z, No. I, p. 103.) u y&e0dwe\ bmomjyefESihf ywfoufí
½Iaxmihf rsKd;pkHrS ar;cGef;xkwx
f m;NyD; 0[&v[laomyk'fudk ]opfom;
&ufr}[k bmomjyefonf/ (0dZ,&waeu 0[&vyk'fudk opfom;
odkYr[kwf opfom;&ufr[k t"dyÜm,f&onhf ouúw 0doQ&+vrS qif;
oufonf[k ,lqonf/)
ausmufpmwGifygonhf 0[&vyk'fonf uRef[kt"dyÜm,f&onf
jzpfap opfom;&ufr[k t"dyÜm,f&onfjzpfap oD[dkVf a&S;acwfu Ak'¨
bmombkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü aus;uRefrsm;udk tvkyfcefYxm;onf
[l aom ordkif;tcsuftvufrSm txufwGif awGjrif&onhf twdkif;
t|uxmESihf ordkif;usrf;rsm; azmfjycsuftwGuf cGeftm;&SdqJ jzpfonf/
uRefudkñTef;onfjzpfap opfom;udk ñTef;onfjzpfap 0[&v twGuf
ay;tyfonhfaiGaMu;rSm þaqG;aEG;rIESihfywfoufonhf tcsufjzpfaom
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfck\ 0ifaiGjzpfonf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 275
wpfa,mufrSm 1000? aemufwpfa,mufrSm 2000 tyfESHonf/
,if;vª'gef;rIrS &&dSonhf ukodkvfaumif;rIudk tjcm; owå0grsm;
tm; trQay;a0xm;onf/
tu,fí bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü aus;uRefrsm;udk xdef;
odrf;&ef aiGaMu;tyfESHrIudk ukodkvf[k ,lqvQif ,if;aus;uRef
wdkYukd uRefjzpfjcif;rS vGwfajrmufatmif jyKvkyfjcif;rSm ydkíyif
ukodkvftjzpf ,lqrnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzihf uRefrsm;udk bkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsm;odkY vª'gef;jcif;onf ukodkvf&&ef enf;vrf; ESpfrsKd;udk
&&Sdaponf/ ,if;odkY vª'gef;jcif;onfyif ukodkvfjzpfNyD; ,if;tvª
ypönf;udk a½G;Ekwfjcif;onfvnf; a½G;,loltm; ukodkvf&aponf/
,if;vkyf&yfESpfrsKd;vkH;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuftm; tusKd;&
aponf/ at'D 14 &mpktpydkif;wGif 0dv*r®Kv r[max&f a&;
1
om;onhf tem*w0Hoa'oemusrf; wGif raumif;rItukodkvf
p½dkufqdk;rsm;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef aus;uRefrsm;udk vGwfatmif vkyf
ay;&rnfjzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/
aus;uRefrsm;udk vª'gef;jcif;ESihf ,if;wdkYudk jyefvTwfay;jcif;
rSm bmoma&; tpGef;a&mufrI\ wpfpdwfwpfa'ojzpfaMumif;
,lqEdkifzG,f&SdNyD; tcsdKUaom ,if;jzpfpOfudk ,lqrIenf;vrf;rsm;
rSm þt,lonf;rIudk &SmazGjcif;jzihf wdk;wufoGm;cJhonf/ bkef;
BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ESihf qufpyfaeonhf tppftrSef aus;uRef
rsm;&SdaepOf vª'gef;jcif;cH&NyD; vGwfajrmufNyD;jzpfonfh tcsKdUaom
aus;uRefrsm;rSm uRefrsm; vkH;0r[kwfMuawmhbJ vlrItqihf t
wef;jrifh vGwfvyfolrsm; jzpfomG ;Muonf/ ,if;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;udk cP
wmrQ udk,fhudk,fudk vª'gef;Mujcif;jzpfEdkifNyD; ukokdvf&&ef &nf
½G,fNyD; em&Dydkif; rdepfydkif;rQvnf; vª'gef;MuzG,f&Sdonf/
rdrdudk,fudk Ak'¨"r®oHCmhaus;uReftjzpf vª'gef;Mujcif;rSm t
qihfjrifh bmoma&; vkyfaqmifrIESihf ukokdvfw&m;wdk;yGm;rI tae
1
tem*w0Hoa'oem? pm-42/
280 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
ojzihf r[mygVd qGrf;pm;aqmifu ¤if;tm; auR;arG;xm;&onf /
(w½kwfbk&m;zl; &[ef;awmf) zm[D,ef\ atmufygar;cGef;onf
at'D ig;&mpk oD[dkVfbkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; rnfrQ csrf;om
<u,f0onfudk azmfjy&ef vkHavmufayvdrfhrnf? ]csrf;om<u,f0
onhf &[ef;oHCmqkdif&mrsm;wGif tzdk;wefausmufESihf rPd
(ywåjrm;) trsm;tjym;&SdMu\/ bk&ifwpfa,mufonfyif tzdk;
rjzwfEdkifonfh ykvJrsm;udk t"r®&,l&ef zrf;pm;jcif;cH&\/ xdk
bk&ifonf aemiftcg &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; rdrd\ raumif;
pdwftBuHtpnfudk zGihf[ 0efcHNyD;aemuf xdkbk&ifu xdkaeYrSpí
bk&ifwpfyg;tm; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf&Sd ypönf; Opömxm;onhf
ae&modkY 0ifa&mufMunhf½IcGifhrjyK&efESihf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf
&[ef;odu©m 0gav;q,f &NyD;aemufrSom 0ifa&mufcGifhjyK&ef
2
pnf;rsOf;csrSwf&ef oHCmawmfrsm;tm; avQmufxm;onf /
ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm; <u,f0csrf;omaomfvnf; aumif;pGm
vª'gef;axmufyHhrIjyKjcif; rcH&onhf ausmif;wkdufi,frsm; &Sdao;
onf/ e0rt*¾aAmrif;(at'D 828-831)vufxufwGif ausmif;
wdkufi,frsm;rS oHCmawmfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ ,m*kpm; aomuf
zG,fudk &,l&ef r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkY oGm;a&mufMu&onf/
odkY&mwGif xdktaMumif;udk bk&if Mum;odawmfrlaomtcg bk&if
3
onf xdkausmif;wdkufrsm;tm;vnf; axmufyHhvª'gef;rI jyKcJhonf /
bdu©KeDausmif;wdkuf xdef;odrf;a&;ESihf tkyfcsKyfa&;taMumif;
udkrl rod&acs/ odkY&mwGif bdu©KeD ausmif;wdkufrsm;onf Ak'¨0g'
oD[dkVfuRef;odkY pwifa&muf&SdvmcsdefrSpí oD[dkVfü wnf&SdcJhonf/
a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;udk,fwdkif oD[dkVfü tEkvma'0D (bdu©KeD)
ESihf tazmfbdu©KeDrsm;twGuf tEk&m"NrdKUawmf twGif; bdu©KeD
1
r[m0Ho 44? 11-12/
2
Fa Hien, p. 104.
3 1
r[m0Ho 44? 88-90/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 277
olu aus;uReftjzpfjzifh oHCmawmftm; vª'gef;cJhonfrSm oH
o,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ uHraumif;onfrSm oD&dvuFmbk&iftm;
vGwfvyfoljzpfap&ef bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuftm; vª'gef;onhf
]cE¨mudk,fESihf nDrQonhfwefzdk;} yrmPESihf ywfoufí twdtus
rod &jcif;jzpfonf/ tenf;i,frQawmh rjzpfEdkifacs/ udrwd
ed&Sefu rv† (K²rti Niśśaªka Malla)rif; (at'D 1187-1196)
onf om;awmforD;awmfwdkYudk Ak'¨jrwfpG,fawmfESihf Ak'¨oydwf
awmftm; vª'gef;NyD;aemuf a½T"mwfawmfMuKwfwpfck tygt0if
1
ypönf;Opömudk vª'gef;jcif;jzihf ¤if;wdkYudk vGwfvyfaponf / azmfjy
yg om"ursm;t& tcsKdUaom vGwfvyfonhf uRefrsm;rSm uRef
tppfrsm; t[kwfaMumif; azmfjyonf/
ausmufpmrsm;wGif ,if;"avhxkH;pHonf at'D ig;&mpkrS
&Spf&mpktxd tvGefxif&Sm;onhfbmoma&; t,lpGJvef;rIwpf&yf
2
jzpfcJhonf/ a0ó*d&d, (ausmif;wdkuft&yf)rS ausmufpm av;
ckwGif rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifESihf aqGrsKd;rsm;tm; aus;uReftjzpfrS vGwf
ajrmufrIudk &&SdcJhMuolrsm;pGmwdkYudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ ,if;
wdkYteuf wpfa,mufrSm rdrdZeD;r,m;udk uReftjzpfrS vGwfap
onf? tjcm;ESpfa,mufrSm om;orD;rsm;udk vGwfaponf? tjcm;
ESpfa,mufrSm rdrdudk,fwdkifudk vGwfajrmufaponf/ ,if;odkY jyK
vkyfrIaMumifh &&Sdonhf ukodkvfaumif;rIudk owå0gtm; vkH;wdkYtm;
trQay;a0xm;onf/ om;orD;rsm;udk vGwfajrmufaponhf trsKd;
om;ESpfa,mufrSm ,if;ukodkvfrIaMumifh Ak'¨tjzpfudk &&Sdvdk
aMumif; qkawmif;xm;onf/ rdru d dk,fudk vGwfajrmufapol ESpf
a,mufonfyif ,if;wdkY&&Sdonfh ukodkvftzdkYudk owå0g tm;vkH;
wdkYtm; trQa0xm;onf/ tqdkyg azmfjycsufrsm;onf bkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsm;ü aus;uRefjzpf&jcif;ESihf udk,fwdkif aus;uReftjzpfrS
vGwfajrmufrI&&Sdjcif;wdkYudk bmomw&m; udkif;½Idif;rIESihf ukodkvf
EZ. II, p. 107.
2
EZ. II, p. 132-133.
278 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
w&m;tjzpf ,lqaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ rdrdudk,fudk aus;uRef
tjzpfrS vGwfajrmufatmif jyKolESpfa,mufwdkYonf ausmif;wdkuf
tm; u[myP 100 pDvª'gef;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif tjcm;yk*¾Kdvf
rsm;rSm rnfrQpD ay;vªMuaMumif; rod&acs/
uk½kPm*v (Kuruºāgala) c½dkif? wdqm0 aum&mavh
(Tisāva Kōra¼e) t&yf&Sd Mädagama Vihāra ausmif;wdkufwGif
awGU&onhf at'D 7 &mpkcefY ausmufpmt& trsKd;om;wpfOD;
onf rdrd\orD;rsm;tm; aus;uReftjzpfrS vGwfajrmufaponf/
þrSwfwrf;ESihf ZeD;r,m;ukd aus;uReftjzpfrS vGwfaponhf azmf
jyNyD; taxmuftxm;rsm;t& xdktcsdefu trsKd;orD; uRefrsm;
onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü tvkyf vkyfMuaMumif; azmfjy
onf/ pwkw¬r[dE´rif; a&;xdk;onhf r[dE¦avht&yf&Sd ausmufpm
t&vnf; at'D 10 &mpkü trsKd;orD; tvkyform;rsm;udk
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü tvkyfcefYxm;aMumif; od&onf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif vlrsm;pGmonf aus;uReftjzpf pkaygif;cH
,lMuNyD; twlwuG aus;uReftjzpfrS vGwfajrmufapMuonf/ rm
wavh (Mātale)c½dkif? edv*r (Nilagama)t&yf&Sd 'v†arm*¾vm† e
rif; (at'D 611-617) acwf ausmufpmt& emrnftwdtus
azmfjyxm;onhf vl&Spfa,mufonf edv*rt&yf&Sd wdóm&mr
ausmif;wdkufodkY u[myP 100 pDay;vªNyD; uqkefvjynhfaeYwGif
rdrdudk,fudk aus;uReftjzpfrS vGwfajrmufapMuaMumif; qdkonf/
azmfjyyg om"ursm;onf tppftrSefa&m twkta,mif
rsm;yg a&maxG;aeonhf ,if;odkY ]vltrsm;tjym;wdkY aus;uRef
tjzpfcH,ljcif;}\ tusKd;tjrwfrsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf
rsm;\ 0ifaiG&&Sdonhf &if;jrpfwpfckjzpfonf/
aemufxyf 0ifaiG&&Sdonhf &if;jrpfwpfck &Sdao;onf/ at'D
10 &mpk ausmufpmwpfckwGif tokH;rsm;xif&Sm;onhf oHCmhqGrf;
pm;aqmif r[mygVdudk xdef;odrf;&ef tEk&m"yk&NrdKUwGif;odkY o,f
,lvmonhf pyg;tdwfwdkif;rS wpfyw (one Pata) EIef;jzifh tcGef
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 279
wpfck &SifoefcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tjcm;e,fNrdKUrsm;vnf; ,if;odkYaom
tcGefpnf;MuyfrI wnf&SdcJhoavm[laom tcsufESihfywfoufí
taxmuftxm;rsm; r&&Sdacs/ aus;½Gmrsm;twGif;ESihf bkef;BuD;
ausmif;ajrtwGif; pnf;urf;azmufzsufonfh jypfrItwGuf pk
aqmif;&&Sdonhf 'PfaiGrsm;udkvnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufodkY vª
1
'gef;onf /
azmfjyyg 0ifaiG&&SdrI ykHpHrsm;pGmwGif ausmufwdkifpdkufxljcif;
odkYr[kwf avSum;apmif;wef;aqmufvkyfjcif; odkYr[kwf ausmuf
avS (stone-boat) jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzihf ausmif;wdkufudk xdef;odrf;
apmihfa&Smuf&efESihf jyKjyif&ef vlOygoumrsm;ESihf bdu©Krsm; wpf
oD;yk*¾v vª'gef;rIrsm;rS tvm;wl&&Sdonhf tvªaiGrsm;udkvnf;
2
xnfhoGif;oihfonf / xif&Sm;onhf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf bk&if
3
rif;rsm;xHrS txl;qGrf;qefawmf p&dwftvªaiGrsm; &&SdMuonf /
,if; (tvªaiG)onfvnf; oHCmawmfrsm;twGuf xif&Sm;onhf
tcGefawmfaiGrsm; jzpfEdkifonf/
&if;jrpfrsm;pGmrS &&Sdonhf ,if;0ifaiGrsm;onf bkef;BuD;
ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk csrf;omaponf/ 0db*Ft|uxmwGif pdwåv
yAÁw0d[m&ESihf wdór[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufrsm;onf oHCm
awmf wpfaomif;ESpfaxmifudk okH;ESpfwdkifwdkif auR;arG;xm;Edkif
avmufatmif aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;udk odkavSmifxm;aMumif; azmf
4
jyxm;onf / wpfcgwpf&H bk&ifrif;rsm; tcuftcJBuKHae&pOf
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtm; axmufyHhxm;&onf/
odkYjzpfojzihf 'kwd,oHCwdórif; (at'D 611)onf ¤if;tkyfcsKyf
pOf tcuftcJESihf BuKH&pOftwGif; tpm;tpm jywfawmufoGm;
1
Slab-inscription of Kassa V, EZ.I, p. 44.
2
See EZ.III, p. 122; IV, p. 145-149.
3
r[m0Ho 37? 150-=173 *gxm/
4
tbd-| 2? 426/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm; 2 ausmif;wdkufcsKyfa&; 281
1
ausmif;wdkufwpfck aqmufvkyfcJhonf / pwkw¬t*¾aAm"drif;
(at'D 658-674)\ rdzk&m;BuD; aZ|mESihf yÍöruóyrif; (at'D
913-923)wdkY ESpfyg;vnf; bdu©KeDausmif;wdkufrsm; wnfaqmuf
2
MuaMumif;od&onf / tjcm;aom (bdu©K)ausmif;wdkuf rsm;uJh
odkYyif bdu©KeDausmif;wdkuf xdef;odrf;a&;ESihf tkyfcsKyfa&; enf;
pepfwpfck vdktyfcJhrnfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/
ausmufpm taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ykHrSeftm;jzihf bdu©K
ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ESihf bdu©KeDausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ESihf wGJpyf
vsuf aq;½kHrsm;wnf&SdcJhaMumif; od&onf/ ajrmufydkif; A[dka'o
3
wrefu!K0 (Tamanka¹uva)c½dkif&Sd ar!d&d*d&d, (Mä¹irigiriya)
t&yfwGif awGU&Sd&onhf at'D 10 &mpk a&;xdk;onfh ausmufpm
ESpfckwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufESihf wGJpyfaeonhf aq;½kHwpfck
taMumif;udk &nfñTef;xm;onf/ us,f0ef;vSonhf ,if;a'o
wGif emrnfausmf a&S;acwf r@v*d&dausmif;wdkuf\ t<uif;
4
tusefrsm;&Sdonf / ausmufpmESpfckteuf wpfckwGif ]qdwf(ao)
MuufiSuf (ao)rsm;udk ausmif;wdkufaq;½kHtwGuf owfrSwfay;
&rnf}[k azmfjyxm;onf/ a[mif;EGrf;ysufpD;aeNyD; aumif;pGm
zwfr&Edkifawmhonfh tjcm;ausmufpmwpfckwGif ]aq;½kH0efxrf;
rsm;}? ]aq;½kH tvkyform;rsm;}? ]EdkifiHawmf orm;awmfBuD;}?
]aq;½kHESihfqufEG,fonhf aus;½Gmrsm; ajrrsm;}? ]aq;½kHESihf quf
EG,faeonhf ajriSm;rsm;}paom a0g[m&rsm;yg0ifonf/ ,if;rSwf
wrf;udk aumif;pGm xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJhvQif aq;½kHrsm;ESihfywf
oufonhf tzdk;wefowif;tcsuftvufrsm; &Edkifrnfjzpfonf/
&Sif;vif;yDoonhf txufyg pum;vkH;rsm;onfyif owif;tcsKdU
udk ay;onf/ tqdkygaq;½kHrsm;wGif ,if;wdkY\ tokH;jyKrItwGuf
1 2
0d-| 1? 67/ r[m0Ho 46? 27/
3
E.Z. II, p. 25.
4
bk&ifrif;rsm;pGmwdkY þausmif;wdkufwGif taqmufttkHrsm; aqmufvkyf
MuaMumif; od&onf/ r[m0Ho 36? 17/ 46? 29/ 41? 58 udk ½Iyg/
282 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
oD;jcm; aus;½Gmrsm;ESihf ajrrsm;&SdMuNyD; EdkifiHawmform;awmfBuD;
rsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif ,if;aq;½kHrsm;ESihf qufEG,fae
onhf v,f,moD;pm;vkyfudkifolrsm;? tvkyform;rsm;ESihf tcdkif;
tap rsm;&SdMuonf/ ukuk½kr[E´re (Kukurumahandamana)
ausmufpm (at'D 10 &mpk)wGif r[dE´m&mr bdu©KeDausmif;
1
wkdufESihf qufpyfonhf aq;½kHtaMumif;udk azmfjyxm;onf /
tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? r[dE¦avhEiS hf xlyg&mrteD;ESihf tjcm;t&yf
rsm;wGif awGU&Sd&onfh aq;bufwGif tokH;jyKonhf ausmuf
avSrsm;uJhodkYaom a&S;a[mif; t<uif;tusefrsm;u aq;½kHrsm;rSm
bkef;BuD; ausmif;wdkufrsm;ESihf qufpyfaeaMumif; azmfjyvsuf&Sd
onf/ aq;½kHwpfcktm; udkvdkeDESihfwlonhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf
wpfckESifh qufoG,fxm;&ef vdktyfrIudk aumif;pGm em;vnfEdkif
onf/ ,if;bkef;BuD;ausmif; aq;½kHrsm;rSm &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf
ausmif;wdkuftwGif; aexdkifolrsm;udkom &nf½G,foavm odkY
wnf;r[kwf tjyifbufrS vlOygoumrsm;udkyg vufcHoavm[l
onfudkrl uREkfyfwdkY rod&ay/
txufyg azmfjycsufrsm;t& a&S;acwfoD[dkVf&Sd bkef;BuD;
ausmif;wdkufrsm;onf udk,fydkifpDrHtkyf csKyfcGifh&SdNyD; tcsKdUrSm tcGef
rsm;pGmudk &&SdMuvsuf ,if;wdkYonf tvkyfay;Edkifonfh tcsuf
tjcmae&m ,Ofaus;rI\ A[dkXmewdkYjzpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm
awGUjrifEdkifonf/
1
,aeYacwf olemjyK ppöwmrsm;uJhodkY bdu©KeDrsm;udk,fwkdif vlemrsm;udk
jyKpkapmihfa&Smufjcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ vlemrsm;tm; jyKpkapmihfa&Smufjcif;
udk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu BuD;jrwfaom ukodkvftjzpf csD;rGrf;awmfrlonf/

00000000
288 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
xm;&efESihf rdrdaexdkifonhfae&mü tpm;taomufrsm;udk csuf
jyKwf&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf/ &[ef;awmfrsm; udk,fwdkif csufjyKwf
&efvnf; wm;jrpfonf/ odkY&mwGif &mZN*dK[fNrdKUü iwfrGwfacgif;
yg;rIESihf BuKHBudKufpOf ,if;0denf;odu©myk'frsm;udk ajymif;vJ&ef
cGifhjyK awmfrlcJhonf/
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;pOftwGif; vltrsm;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;
tm; vkdtyfonhf tpm;tpmrsm;udk axmufyHhMuonf/ ,if;qGrf;
qefrsm;udk rdrdwdkY oDwif;okH;onhf ae&mrsm;ü odrf;qnf;xm;&ef
wm;jrpfaomaMumihf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ,if;wdkYudk tjyifwGif
odrf;qnf;xm;&onf/ aMumif? <uufrsm;ESihf tjcm;aomwd&dpämef
rsm; ,if;wdkY pm;ypfMuNyD; olcdk;rsm;ESihf qmavmif rGwfodyfolrsm;
,if;wdkY cdk;,loGm;Muonf/ ,if;jzpf&yfudk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm;
avQmufxm;aomtcg Ak'¨u tpm;taomufrsm;udk aexdkif&m
tcef;wGif;ü odrf;qnf;&ef cGihfjyKawmfrlonf/ odYw k ap csufjyKwf
jcif;udk tjyifrSmyif jyKae&qJjzpfonf/ qmavmif rGwfodyfae
olrsm;onf csufjyKwfaeonhf ae&mwpf0dkufwGif pkjyKH a&mufvm
Muonf/ ,if;odkYjzpfjcif;onf tBuD;tus,f taESmihft,Suf
jzpfNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;onf at;csrf;pGm rpm;aomufEdkifMuacs/
Ak'¨odawmfrlaomtcg &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tpm;tpmudk aexdkif
&mausmif;0if;twGif;rSmyif csufjyKwf&ef cGifhjyKawmfrlonf/ odkY
wap iwfrGwfacgif;yg;pOftwGif; &&Sdonhf tpm;tpmtrsm;pk
udk uyÜd,um&ursm;u ckd;,lMuojzihf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; t
enf;i,frQom auR;arG;Edkifonf/ xdkudpöudk Ak'¨ odawmfrlaom
tcg &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; udk,fwdkifcsufjyKwfcGifh jyKawmfrlonf/
tpm;taomufESihf ywfoufonhf 0denf;odu©myk'f rsm;pGmwdkYudk
,if; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rI umvtwGif; jyKjyifajymif;vJawmfrl
onf/ odkYwap iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rI Nidrf;oGm;aomtcg ,if;jyif
qifrItm;vkH;udk jyefí½kyfodrf;awmfrlvsuf odu©myk'fa[mif;rsm;
1
udk usihf&rnfjzpfaMumif; ynwfawmfrlonf /
1
0d 3? 305? 313/
tcef; 10
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vl rIb0 1
wdk;wufrIrsm;
0de,yd#uwGif uREkfyfwdkY avhvmod&Sd&onfhtwdkif; jrwfAk'¨ouf
awmfxif&Sm;&SdpOftxd apmpD;pGmuyif &[ef;awmfrsm;\ aexdkif
rIb0onf vlrIa&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; ajymif;vJoGm;onfhtwdkif;
tcsdeftcg ae&ma'otavsmuf pwifajymif;vJcJhaMumif; &Sif;
vif;pGm awGUjrifEdkifonf/
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rlvwGif okH;r&í vTifhypfxm;onfh
ydwfp tydkif;tprsm;udk csKyfpyfxm;onhf yHhoulouFef;udk 0wf
½kHavh&SdcJhonf/ odkYwap aemiftcgwGif emrnfausmf aq;q&m
BuD; ZD0u\ awmif;yefrIaMumifh Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu &[ef;awmf
rsm;tm; vlOygoumwdkY vª'gef;onhf ouFef;udk 0wf½kH&ef cGifhjyK
awmfrlcJhonf/ ,if;odkYaom tcGifhtvrf;udk &&SdoGm;aomtcg
vltrsm;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;rnhf ouFef;rsm;udk
tvQHy,fjzpfatmif jyKvkyfvmMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif vlrsm;
onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;ü rdrdouFef;udk tvªcHvdkonfh &[ef;r&Sd
ojzihf ouFef;rsm;udkydkufNyD; tdrjf yefcJh&onf/ ,if;ta&;ay: jzpf
&yfudk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf owdjyKrdoGm;aomtcg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf
onf MunfndKolwdkY vª'gef;onhf ouFef;udk vufcH,lrnfh pD0&
y#d*¾g[u &[ef;wpfyg; cefY&rnf[k odu©myk'f ynwfawmfrl
onf/ odkYjzifh ouFef;vufcHol\ ae&mudk pDrHawmfrlonf/ odkY
wap ouFef;vufcHonfh &[ef;rsm;onf ouFef;udkvufcHNyD;
oifhawmfonfhae&mwGif odkrDS;odrf;qnf;jcif;rjyKbJ ae&mwum
286 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
wGif ouFef;udk ypfxm;ojzihf ouFef;rsm; aqG;ajrUukefonf/
,if;aemuf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ouFef;udk odrf;qnf;onhf pD0&
ed'[u &[ef;udk cefYtyfwm0efay;&ef ynwfawmfrlonf/ odkY
&mwGif ,if;&nf½G,fcsuftwGuf oifhawmfonhf ae&mr&Sdojzihf
ouFef;rsm;udk ae&mwumwGif pkykHxm;ojzifh ydk;½Gcsykef;wdkY udkuf
pm;ukefjyefonf/ odkYjzpfí Ak'&¨ Sifawmfjrwfonf &[ef;awmfrsm;
tm; odkavSmif½kH b@m*g&wpfck wnfaqmuf&ef ñTefMum;awmf
rlonf/ ,if;aemuf ,if;odkavSmif½kHudk Munhf½Iapmihfa&Smufonhf
&[ef;wpfyg;udk pDrH&jyefonf/ ,if;odkY odkrSD;pkaqmif;xm;onhf
ouFef;rsm;udk cJGa0&mü &[ef;awmfrsm;tMum; tcuftcJrsm;ESihf
jcm;em;csufrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ ,if;rESpfNrdKUzG,f udpörsm;udk
a&Smif&Sm;&ef Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; oihfwihf
avsmufywfpGm ouFef;rsm;udk cGJa0ay;&ef ouFef;cGJa0ay;ol
pD0&bmZu &[ef;awmfwpfyg;udk cefYtyf&jyefonf/ ,if;odkYjzifh
ouFef; ESihfywfoufonhf 0denf;pnf;urf;rsm; ta&twGuf rsm;
1
jym;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf /
0de,pnf;rsOf;rsm;wGif erlem rsm;pGmrSm tajctaeopfrsm;
ESihf udkufnDap&ef aemufqufwGJ pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzihf rlvynwfNyD;
odu©myk'frsm;udk jyefvnfjznfhpGufxm;ykHudk azmfjyonf/ Oyrm
tm;jzihf *PabmZe (bkHqGrf;) ESihf ywfoufonhf pnf;rsOf;udk
2
ckepfBudrfxufrenf; jyefvnfjyKjyifxm;onfudk awGU&onf /
wpfcgwpf&H 0de,pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf a'oqdkif&m tajc
taersm;aMumifh ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ rlvynwfcsufrsm;t& Oy
orÜ' (&[ef;cH) uHaqmif&ef oHCmq,fyg;vdkonf? om;a&p
wpfckxuf ydkí jyKvkyfxm;aom zdeyfudk tokH;rjyK&? ESpfywf
wpfBudrfxuf ydkía&csKd;jcif;udk wm;jrpfonf? ta& odkYr[kwf
om;a&rsm;udk xkdifckHrsm;tjzpf tokH;rjyK&/ ,if;odu©myk'frsm;udk
1
0d 3? 397 ½Iyg/
2
0d 2? 98/ (*PabmZeodu©my')/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 287
vdkufemusihfokH;vsuf&SdpOf t&Sifr[mupöm,e\ wynhf t&Sif
1
aomPonf t0EÅdwdkif; rS om0w¬dodkY Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; zl;
ajrmf&ef oGm;a&mufcdkufwGif q&mjzpfol t&Sifr[mupöm,e
udk,fpm; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; þodkY avQmufxm;onf ]&Sifawmf
jrwfbk&m;? t0EÅdwdkif;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm; tvGef&Sm;yg;ygonf/
odkYjzpfí &[ef;ta&twGuf tenf;i,frQjzihf OyorÜ'uHaqmif
&ef cGifhjyKawmfrlyg/ t0EÅdwdkif;ü vrf;rsm;rSm tvGef Murf;wrf;vS
ygonf/ odkYjzpfí xdkt&yfü wpfckxufydkaom om;a&pjzihf jyK
vkyfonhfzdeyfudk pD;cGifhvnf; jyKawmfrlyg/ t0EÅd wdkif;om;wdkYonf
rMumcP a&csKd;jcif;udk ESpfoufMuygonf/ odkYjzpfí rMumcP
a&csKd;&ef cGifhjyKawmfrlyg/ EdkifiH tv,fydkif;rSm vltrsm; zsmMurf;
udk tokH;jyKouJhodkY t0EÅdwdki;f rS vltrsm;onf om;a&rsm;udk
xdkifp&mtjzpf tokH;jyKMuygonf/ odkYjzpfí xdkNrKdUwGif om;a&
e,fudk xdkifp&mtjzpf tokH;jyK&ef cGifhjyKawmfrlyg}/
txufyg awmif;yefrIaMumifh Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf oHCm
awmfrsm;tm; pk½kH;vdkufNyD; ,if;odu©myk'f tm;vkH;udk t0EÅdwdkif;
wGifomru rZÑdra'otjyif&Sd EdkifiHtm;vkH;twGufyg ajymif;vJ
ay;cJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí rZÑdra'o tjyifzuf&Sd &[ef;awmf
rsm;onf 0denf;uRrf;usifonhf &[ef;awmf wpfyg;tygt0if
&[ef;ig;yg;jzihf OyorÜ'uHaqmifvmEdkifonf? om;a&p wpfp
xufydkí jyKvkyfxm;onfh zdeyfudk pD;vmEdkifonf? ESpfouforQ
a&udk tBudrfBudrf csKd;vmEdkifonf? om;a&cif;udk xdkifp&m tjzpf
2
tokH;jyKvmEdkifonf /
wpfcgwpf&HwGif iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rIonf &[ef;awmfrsm;
oufaomihfoufom jzpfa&;twGuf tpm;taomufESihf ywf
oufonhf 0denf;odu©myk'fwpfcsKdUudk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef vdktyf
onf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tpm;taomufrsm;udk odrf;qnf;
1
OaZÆeDNrdKU? tdE´d, tv,fydkif; *Ggvd,m (Gwalior) jynfe,f/
2
0d 3? 288/
292 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
wdk;wufpjyKvmonfh tajctaersm;aMumifh b0\ obm0rSef
rsm;udk &ifqdkifvm&NyD; 0de,odu©myk'frsm;udk rlvykHpHtwdkif;
vdkufemusihfokH;&ef cufcJaMumif; qifjcifrdvmMuonf/ &mZ
N*dK[foH*g,em qkH;jzwfcsufonf 0denf;odu©myk'frsm;udk wpfpkH
wpf&m ajymif;vJjyKjyifrIudk qefYusifcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí 0denf;
odu©myk'f\ pmom;udk rajymif;vJ? t&Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD;
xdkrQ tav;ay; csrSwfcJhonhf jynfolwdkY\ jypfwifa0zefrIudk
roihfa&mufapbJ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYudk,fwdkif tcsif;
csif; oabmwlnDrIr&SdbJ 0denf;odu©myk'frsm;udk t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk
jcif;jzihf tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvTm;rnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk azmf
xkwfcJhMuonf/ ,if;t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;csufrsm;
udk ygVdrkwåu0dedpä, (ygVdawmfrsm;ü rawGU&onfh tqkH;tjzwf)
1
rsm;[kac:onf / xdkt&Sifjrwfrsm;onf ,if;odkY r,lqcJhaomf
vnf; ,if;ygVdrkwåu0dedpä,rsm;onf jyifqifcsufrsm;ESihf pnf;
rsOf;topfrsm;ESifh wlnDMuonf/ ygVdawmfrsm;ü awGU&Sd&onhf
twdkif; rlva[mMum;csufrsm;\ tESpfom&ESihf nDñGwfrI r&Sd
aomfvnf; oHCmu vufcHxm;onhf ,lqcsuftopfrsm;ESihf
vdkufemusihfokH;rIrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/
bDpD wpf&mpkonf oD[dkVfAk'¨bmomordkif;ü ta&;tBuD;
qkH;aom tcsdefumvjzpfonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;\ b0aeenf;ESihf
a&m Ak'¨"r®ESifhyg oufqdkifonhf tvGefwmoGm;onfh tusKd;rsm;
ESihf tajccH ajymif;vJrItcsKdU ,if;&mpkESpf ukefcgeD;wGif jzpfay:cJh
onf/ xdktcsdefu wpfEdkifiHvkH; wpfjcrf;udk jynfy usL;ausmf0if
a&mufolrsm;\ zsufqD;jcif;udkcH&NyD; tjcm;wpfjcrf;rSm rBuKHpzl;
aom iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rI ab;aMumihf tBuD;tus,f ysufpD;ae
1
0d-| 2? 23/ at'D 13 &mpkwGif t&Sifom&dykMwm a&;om;onhf ygVd
rkwåu0dedpä,[konhf usrf;pmtkyfwpfck &Sdonf/ ,if;usrf;ü 0de,
yd#url&if;usrf;pmrsm;ü rawGU&onhf aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ESihf qkH;jzwf
csufrsm; yg0ifonf/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 289
azmfjyNyD; erlemtenf;i,frSm 0denf;odu©myk'frsm; ynwfrI
ESihf ,if;odu©myk'frsm;udk jyefvnf jyKjyifjznfhpGufrIwdkYrSm tcsdef
tcgESihf ae&ma'orsm;udk taMumif;jyK&NyD; vlrIa&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;
tajctaersm;\ vTrf;rdk;rI cH&aMumif; azmfjyMuonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ oHCmudk tkyfcsKyfrIonf ppfrSefonhf
'Drdku&ufwpfpepf wpfckESihfwlonf/ trSefpifppf Ak'¨onf oHCm
awmfrsm;tm; trdefYay;Edkifaomfvnf; ,if;tmPmudk wpfBudrf
wpfcg tokH;jyKcJhaMumif; rawGU&acs/
r[my&dedAÁmeokwfawmfü Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu t&SiftmeE´m
tm; ]rdrdtaejzihf oHCmudk pDrHcefYcGJol} odkYr[kwf ]oHCmonf
rdrdtm; rSDckdaeonf}[k vkH;0 rawG;rdaMumif; rdefYMum;awmfrlonf
1
udk awGU&on / xdkYjyif Ak'¨onf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ]udk,fhudk,f
udkESihf"r®udkom trDSo[JjyKMu&ef? tjcm;rnfonhft&m odkYr[kwf
2
rnfolwpfa,mufudkrQ rudk;uG,fMu&ef} ñTefMum;awmfrlonf /
]'Drdkua&pDenf;us wnfaqmufrIudk BudKufESpfoufonhf ousrsKd;
1
wxm*wó acg tmeE´ e {0H a[mwd ]t[H bdu©KoHCH y&d[&d-
ómrDwd 0g rrka'´odaum bdu©KoHaCmwd 0g} ('D 2? 100)/
2
twå'Dyg 0d[&x twåo&Pm teno&Pm? "r®'Dyg "r®o&Pm
teno&Pm (,if;? 100)/ tcsdKUaom Oa&mywdkufom; ynm&Sifrsm;
onf ,if;pmykd'fudk ]rdrdukd,fudk rD;tdrfrsm;uJhodkY (tvif;a&mifjzihf) ae
xdkifMuavmh} (Rays Davids, D²gha Nikāya Translation, Vol. II,p. 108.) [k
bmomjyefvdkMuonf/ odkY&mwGif þpmydk'fü ]'Dy}[laom a0g[m&onf
uRef;udk a[mNyD; rD;tdrfudk rqdkvdkacs/ 'D-| 2? pm 138 wGif ,if;yk'fudk
]r[mork'´*wH 'DyH 0d, twåmeH 'DyH ywd|H uwGm 0d[&x = udk,fh
udk,fudk r[mork'´&mxJü wnf&Sdonhf uRef;uJhodkY (aexdkif&m) jyKíae
xdkifMuavmh}[k zGifhqdkonf/ oHo&mudk r[mork'´&m (oHom&om*&)
ESihf EIdif;,SOfNyD; ork'´&mtv,fü ab;uif;onhft&mrSm uRef;jzpfonf?
rD;tdrfr[kwfacs/ ]'DyH u,d&mx ar"m0D? ,H MoaCm embduD&wd =
ynm&Sdonf a&tvsOf rvTrf;rdk;Edkifonfh uRef;udk zefwD;Muavmh} ("r®y'?
25 *gxm)/ rD;tdrf[laom tawG;udk c&pf,ef bdkifb,fvfusrf;rS &,l
onfrSm aocsmonf/
290 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
0ifjzpfaomaMumihf Ak'¨onf 'Drdku&ufwpf tawG;tjrifrsm;udk
ESpfoufcJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ Ak'¨onf rdrd\ oHCmhy&dowfudk
'Drdkua&pDenf;us zGHUNzdK;apvdkojzihf 0de,pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk t
1
aMumif;wdkufqkdifrSom ynwfcJhonf} /
0de,onf y&rw¬opömr[kwfbJ oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;wpfck\
udk,fusihfw&m; aumif;rGefrItwGuf a0g[m&ynwfrQomjzpf
onf/ ae&ma'otrsKd;rsKd; tcsdeftcgoD;oD;wGif vdktyfvmwdkif;
0de,odu©m yk'frsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJcJh&onf/ ,if;udk odjrif
awmfrlaom Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu t&SiftmeE´mtm; rdrd (Ak'¨)
uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf vdktyfvQif oHCmonf ck'´uodu©myk'frsm;udk
2
½kwfodrf; odkYr[kwf jyKjyifEdkifaMumif; rdefYMum;awmfrlonf /
Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf vtenf;i,ftMumwGif &mZ
N*dK[fNrdKUü usif;yonhf yxroH*g,emwGif ]ck'´gEkck'´u odu©myk'f
rsm;}ESihf ywfoufí ar;cGef;wpfck ay:aygufcJhonf/ ck'´gEkck'´u
odu©myk'frsm;[lonf rnfonfwkYdjzpfaMumif;ESihf ywfoufí ,l
qcsuftrsKd;rsKd; ay:xGufcJhonf/ Ak'¨taejzihf rnfonfudk ck'´g
Ekck'´uodu©myk'frsm;[k qdkvdkaMumif; &Sif;vif;atmif rar;vdkuf
Edkifjcif;twGuf t&SiftmeE´monf tpnf;ta0;\ jypfwifrIudk
cH&onf/ azmfjyyg ar;cGef;ESifhywfoufí wlnDonhf twnf
3
jyKcsuf&&ef rjzpfEdkifcJhacs / odkYjzpfí oH*g,em\ tBuD;tuJjzpf
1
Nalimaksh Dutt in The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol, I, p. 290.
2
tmucFrmaem tmeE´ oHaCm rrpöa,e ck'´gEkck'´umed odu©my'ged
orl[eEÅK ('D 2? 127)/
3
odkY&mwGif t*Fkwå&t|uxmü aemufwpfokwfwGif (tH-| 2? 216)
awGU&onhf ck'´gEkck'´umed[laomyk'fudk zGifhqdk&mwGif ]ck'´gEkck'´umeDwd
pwåm&d yg&mZdumed XaywGm aooodu©my'ged = ck'´gEkck'´umed [lonf
yg&mZdu av;yg;rS wpfyg;aom odu©myk'frsm;udk qdkvdk\}[k zGifhqdkonf/
t|uxmü ,if;t,ltqrSm t*Fkwå&edum,fudk tokH;jyKaomq&mwdkY\
t,ltqjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ ]£rH ye t*Fkwå&edum,H 0vÍÆe
ump&d,m pwåm&d yg&mZdumed XaywGm aoomed oAÁmedyd ck'´gEkck'´umeD
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 291
ol t&Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD; wifjyonhftwdkif; oHCmonf
odu©myk'ftopfrsm; rcsrSwf&ef? wnf&Sdodu©myk'fwdkYudk rxkwfy,f
&ef? Ak'¨ynwfNyD;odu©myk'frsm;udk vdkufemusihfokH;&ef wpfnDwpf
ñGwfwnf; qkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/
,if;odkY qkH;jzwfvdkufjcif;twGuf t&Sifr[muóy\ t"d
uwifjycsufrSm rnfrQyif ck'´gEkck'´u odu©myk'frsm;jzpfapumrl
wpfpkHwpfckaom odu©myk'frsm;udk xkwfy,fcJhvQif jynfolYtjrif
onf rdrdwdkYudk qefYusifvdrfhrnf[líjzpfonf/ tcsKdUaom 0denf;
odu©myk'frsm;udk vlOygoumrsm; odESihfNyD;jzpfonf[k t&Sifjrwf
uqdkonf/ vlwdkYonf &[ef;awmfrsm;tzdkY tyfonf rtyfonf
wdkYudk odESihfNyD;jzpfaeonf/ tu,fí oHCmonf ck'´uodu©m
yk'ftcsKdUudk xkwfy,fcJhvQif ]Munfhprf;? &[ef;a*gwr\ wynhf
rsm;twGuf csrSwfcJhaom pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf ol\tavmif;udk rD;
½IdU&mrSxGufonhf rD;cdk;rsm; rNidrf;rDtxdyif MumcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkY\
q&m toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf tcsdefwGifom ,if;pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
vdkufemcJhMuonf? ,cktcsdefwGif ¤if;wdkY\ q&mt&Sif uG,fvGef
NyD? ¤if;wdkYonf ,if;odu©myk'frsm;udk rvdkufemMuawmhNyD}[k ajym
qdkolrsm;&SdvmEdkifonf/ ,if;rSm t&Sifr[muóy\ qkH;jzwf
csufudk vufcHcJhonfh taMumif;jycsufjzpfonf/ t&Sifjrwftae
jzihf jynfolYjypfwifa0zefcH&jcif;[laom taMumif;jycsufrS wpf
yg; odu©myk'frsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuf rnfonhf w&m;0if
1
taMumif;jycsufudkrQ ray;cJhonfrSm tvGefta&;ygonf /
xdkaeYrSpí rsufarSmufacwfwdkifatmif ax&0g'oHCm
onf pkaqmif;xm;orQaom odu©myk'frsm;xJrS wpfckwavudkrQ
yifjyKjyifajymif;vJrIvnf;rjyK? odu©myk'ftopfrsm;udkvnf; 0de,
odu©myk'ftwGif;odkY xnfhoGif;jcif; vkH;0rjyKvkyfcJhacs/ odkYwap
tcsdefumv Mumjrifhvmaomtcg ax&0g' oHCmawmfrsm;onf
wd 0'EÅd} (tH-| 2? 216)/
1
0d 4? 480/ (yÍöowdu©E¨u)/
296 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
ESihf 0dyóem"k&[l aom a0g[m&rsm;udk rawGU&acs/ rlvblw
,lqcsuft& "r®ESihfywfoufonfh A[kokwa&m ur®|mef;
bm0em ½IrSwfrIyg &[ef;b0\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY
cGJa0rIudk at'D ig;&mpkwGif a&;om;onhf t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf
tjcm;ygVdawmfr[kwfonhf usrf;rsm;üom awGU&onf/ y&d,wåd
oifMum;rIonf Ak'¨omoemawmf\ &if;jrpfjzpfonf[laom t
awG;opfudk vufcHjcif;onf ,if; (*E¦"k& 0dyóem"k&) qef;opf
wDxGifrIudk ay;cJhykH&onf/
,if;vkyfief;wm0ef ESpfrsKd;teuf *E¦"k&udk 0dyóem"k&
xuf ydkrdk ta&;BuD;onf[k ,lqcJhonf/ t|uxmwdkYü awGU&
onfh erlemrsm;u Aswåy#dAvjzpf (pGrf;EdkifNyD; y&d,wådynm&Sd)
onfh &[ef;rsm;onf rdrdudk,fudk *E¦"k&wm0efudk xrf;aqmifNyD;
y&d,wådynm enf;yg;onhf oufBuD;½G,ftdk &[ef;rsm;? txl;o
jzihf t½G,fvGefrS &[ef;jyKvmolrsm;onf 0dyóem"k& wm0efudk
xrf;aqmifMuaMumif; awGU&onf/
odkYjzihf pu©Kygvrax&fu ]igonf toufBuD;NyD;rS &[ef;
abmifodkY 0ifa&mufcJh\? ightaejzihf *E¦"k&wm0efukd xrf;aqmif
&ef rpGrf;Edkifawmhyg? odkYjzpfí 0dyóem"k&wm0efudk xrf;NyD;
1
w&m;tm; xkwfygrnf}[k rdefYqdkonfudk awGU&onf / oD[dkVf
uRef; a&m[Pt&yfü rkqdk;jzpfol rdvu©wdóonf toufBuD;
aomf omoemhabmifodkY 0ifa&mufvsuf q&mtm; ]t&Sifjrwf
bk&m;? pmayy&d,wåd oif,ljcif;rSm pGrf;Edkifol\ wm0efjzpfyg\/
wynhfawmf\ o'¨gw&m;onf 'ku©udk taMumif;jyKí jzpfcJhyg\/
1
t[H r[v’uumav yAÁZdawm? *E¦"k&H yla&wkH e oud©ówd? 0dy-
óem"k&H ye oud©ómrd ("r®y'-| 1? 4)/ "r®y't|uxm usrf;jyK
q&monf Ak'¨a&SUarSmufü ajymqdkbdouJhodkY ,if;pum;vkH;rsm;udk t&Sif
pu©Kygvrax&fxHodkY ay;tyfcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨vufxuf awmf
tcgu ,if;odkY wm0efcGJa0rIrsm; r&Sdacs/ ,if;cGJa0rIudk *E¦"k&ESifh 0dy-
óem"k&[laom pum;vkH;rsm; wdk;wufvmNyD;aemufrS a&;om;cJh
onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 293
onfudk awGUcJh&NyD/ oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH; z½dkz&Jjzpfaeonf/ yd#
uwfokH;ykHudk EIwfwuftm*kHaqmifrI qufvufwnf&djS cif;udkyif
1
pdk;&drfzG,f Ncdrf;ajcmufcJhonf / ,if;odkYaom tajctaewGif t
a0;udk BudKjrifawmfrlMuonhf rax&fBuD;rsm;onf aemufqkH;wGif
Ak'¨"r®Mum&SnfpGm wnfwHhap&ef &nf½G,fí tvk0d[m&ausmif;
wdkufü yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ayxuftu©&m wifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
,if;pdk;&drfzG,f uyfab;umvwGif oHCmawmfrsm;\ o
abmxm;onf t"duajymif;vJoGm;cJhykH&onf/ iwfrGwfacgif;yg;
ab;BuD;NyD;aemuf uv’*grZey't&yf&Sd r@vm&mrausmif;
wdkufwGif usif;yonfh &maygif;rsm;pGmaom &[ef;awmfrsm;wuf
a&mufonfh tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGif ,cifu wpfBudrfwpfcg
ray:aygufzl;aom ar;cGef;opfwpfck ay:aygufvmjyefonf/
,if;ar;cGef;rSm ]Ak'¨omoemawmf\ rlv&if;jrpfonf tb,f
2
enf;? y&d,wådavm odkYwnf;r[kwf y#dywådavm}[lí jzpfonf /
jrwfAk'¨\ rlvw&m;awmft& "r®udk usihfokH;rI (y#dywåd)onf
oif,ljcif;(y&d,wåd)xufydkí rsm;pGm ta&;BuD;aMumif; uREkfyfwdYk
tm;vkH; odMuonf/ odkYwap ,if;tajccH ,lqcsufESifh ywf
oufonhf tawG;tjrif jcm;em;csufonf rax&fjrwfrsm;
tMum; ay:aygufcJhykH&onf/
,if; taMumif;t&mESihfywfoufí ,lqcsuf tkyfpkESpfck&Sd
onf/ yHhoulaqmif rax&frsm;u y#dywådonf omoemawmf\
&if;jrpfjzpf\[k qdkMuonf/ odkY&mwGif "r®uxdurax&frsm;url
1
ykHpHtm;jzihf ,if;acwfwGif &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onfom r[meda'´o
ygVdawmfudk tm*kHaqmifEdkifawmhonf/ xdk&[ef;rSm udk,fusihfw&m;
ysufjym;rIjzihf ausmfMum;onf/ odkYjzpfvihfupm; oDv&SdMuonhf ynm
wwfrax&fBuD;rsm;onf ,if;usrf;udk xdk&[ef;xHrS roifvdkaomf
vnf; xdkrax&fuG,fvGefNyD;aemuf xdkusrf;*ef aysmufqkH;roGm;ap&ef
xdkrax&fxHrSyif oif,lcJhMu&onf (0d-| 2? 274)/
2
y&d,wåd Ekacg omoeó rlvH O'g[k y#dywåDwd (tH-| 1? 71)/
294 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
y&d,wådt"dujzpf\[k qdkMuonf / tkyfpkESpfckvkH;onfh rdrdwdkY
tqdkudk axmufcH&ef jiif;ckHrIrsm;ESihf taMumif;jycsufrsm;udk wif
jyMuonf/ aemufqkH;wGif y&d,wådonf omoemawmf\ &if;jrpf
jzpfNyD; y#dywådonf omoemh&if;jrpf r[kwf[k qkH;jzwfMuonf/
yHoulaqmifrax&fwdkY EIwfqdwfoGm;MuNyD; "r®uxdu rax&fwdYk
2
tEkdif&oGm;Muonf /
txufyg qkH;jzwfcsufESihf ywfoufí t*Fkwå&t|uxmü
þodkY rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf ]0dyóem w&m;tm;xkwfol &[ef;
wpf&m odkYr[kwf wpfaxmifyif &Sdaomfvnf; y&d,wådudk oif,l
3
rIr&SdvQif opömav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;í odjrifrI r&SdEdkif / xdkt,l
tqESihfwlpGmyif 'DCESihf rZÑdredum,ft|uxmusrf;rsm;üvnf;
atmufygpum;vkH;rsm;jzihf azmfjyMuonf/ ]y#dywådESihf y#da0"&Sd
onfjzpfap r&Sdonfjzpfap y&d,wåd&SdvQif Ak'¨omoemawmf
wnfwHhEdkif\/ ynm&Sdyk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufonf wdyd#uudk Mum;em
&jcif;ü usefESpfrsKd;vkH;udk &&SdEdkif\/ odkYjzpfí y&d,wådwnf&SdvQif
4
Ak'¨omoemonf wnf&SdEdkif\} / 0db*Ft|uxmüvnf; y&d,wåd
oifMum;rI\ wefzdk;udk ao;odrfatmif jyKvkyfjcif;rSm r[m
5
trSm;wpfck jzpfaMumif; qdkonf /
odkY&mwGif t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü azmfjyonhf ,if;,lqcsuf
onf "r®y'wGifawGU&onhf tenf;i,frQom y&d,wådoifMum;rI
1
yHhoulaqmifrax&f[lonf zkeftvdrf;vdrf; ayusHaeonhf ouFef;udk
om 0wff½kHolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ "r®uxdurax&f[lonf"r®udk uRrf;usif
onhf w&m;a[myk*¾Kdvf odkYr[kwf q&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/
2
tH-| 1? 71/
3
tm&'¨0dyóumeH bdu©LeH owrÜd o[órÜd oH0dZÆmae y&d,wåd,m
towd t&d,r*¾yÜ#da0a"m emr ea[mwd (tH-| 1? 71)/
4
y#da0a"m p y#dywåd p a[mwdyd e a[mwdyd? omoe|dwd,m
y&d,wådyrmPH/ y@dawm [d awyd#uH okwGm a'Gyd yla&wd ..
wo®m y&d,wåd,m Xdwd,m omoeH XdwH a[mwd ('D-| 3? 82/ r-| 4?
81)/
5
tbd-| 2? 455/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 295
&Sdaomfvnf; "r®udkodjrifolonf y&d,wådudk rsm;pGmoifMum;rI&Sd
aomfvnf; "r®udk odjrifrIr&Sd olxuf ydkjrwfonf[laom rlv
1
tawG;tjrifESihf nDñGwfrIr&SdaMumif; uREkfyfwdkY odMuonf / odkY
wap tajctaersm;u &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ,if;odkYaom o
abmxm;udk cH,l&ef wGef;tm;ay;cJhykH&onf/
y&d,wådoifMum;rIonf vlrIa&; ta&;wBuD; vdktyfcsufudk
&&SdapaomaMumihf ,if;\wefzdk;udk tvGefESpfoufcJhMuonf/
qdwfNidrf&mü wpfudk,fwnf; ur®|mef;w&m; yGm;rsm;aeolonf
vlYtodkif;t0dkif;ESihf jywfawmufoGm;onf/ xdkyk*¾Kdvf\ vlYtrsm;
twGuf tokH;usrIudk tvsiftjref em;vnfrI r&Sd/ ynmwwf
yk*¾Kdvfum; vlYtrsm;u tvGefvdktyfNyD; rsm;pGm ESpfoufonhf vdk
tyfcsufudk ay;onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;odkYjzpfjcif;rSm obm0jzpf
ojzihf y&d,wådoifMum;rIudk rsm;pGm ta&;ay;jcif; jzpfonf/ odkY
jzpfí owådxmr &SdMuonhf ynmwwf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
pmayoifMum;MuNyD; y&d,wåd (oifMum;rI)onf y#dywåd (tm;
xkwfrI)ESihf y#da0" (xdk;xGif;odjrifrI)wdkYxuf rsm;pGm ta&;BuD;
onf[laom ,lqcsufudk ydkí cdkifrmpGm wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/
,if;wdk;wuf ajymif;vJrItopfrS r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonfhtae
jzihf *E¦"k&ESihf 0dyóem"k&[laom oufarG;0rf;ausmif;tvkyf
2
ESpfrsKd;odkY qifhuJajymif;vJoGm;cJhykH&onf / *E¦"k& odkYr[kwf usrf;
pmrsm;jzihf toufarG;jcif;[lonf "r®udk oif,ljcif; ydkYcsjcif;[k
qdkvdkNyD; 0dyóem"k& ur®|mef;jzihf toufarG;jcif;[lonf b0
udk tedpö (tNrJr&Sdjcif;)? 'ku© (qif;&Jjcif;)ESihf tewå (xm0&
wnfNrJonhf t&mr&Sd)[k qifjcifí aexdkifjcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&
3
onf / rl&if;ygVdawmfusrf;*efrsm;ü ,if;odkYaom tvkyfcGJjcm;
owfrSwfjcif;rsKd;udk rawGU&acs/ a&S;OD;Ak'¨0g'usrf;*efrsm;ü *E¦"k&
1
"r®y'? 19-20 *gxm/
2
0dyóem"k&udk wpfcgwpf&H 0go"k&[kvnf;ac:onf (tbd-| 3? 77)/
3
"r®y'-| 1? 5/
300 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rdrdtaejzihf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ rwnfNrJrIudk oufaojy&ef r[m
or®wrif;quf\ trnftm;vkH;udk ½GwfjycJhbdouJhodkY ]tedpöm
1
0w ocFg&m} tpcsDonhf*gxmudk ½kwfw&uf xnfhoGif;vdkuf
onf/ ,if;onfvnf; t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü azmfjyonhf tawG;
tjrifESihf udkufnDrIyif jzpfonf/
t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf tjcm;usrf;rsm;rS aq;ynmrSmyif
2 2
txl;uRrf;usifonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;&SdaMumif; odMu&onf / rlv
ygVdawmfusrf;rsm;t& &[ef;awmfrsm;onf aq;ynmudk oif,l
3
&ef rjzpfEdkifaomfvnf; t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü &[ef;awmfrsm;
tm; oDwif;okH;azmfrsm;? rdzuJhodkYaom tvGef eD;pyfolrsm;ESifh
rdrdwdkYESihf qufpyfywfoufaeonhf tjcm;eD;pyfolrsm;tm; aq;
4
0g; uko&ef cGifhjyKxm;onf /
ajr,mOya'ESifhywfoufonhf A[kokwtygt0if tod
ynme,fy,fü &[ef;awmfrsm;\ atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufrIrSm r[m
0d[m&ausmif;wdkufrS tmbd"r®du a*g'wå trnf&Sd rax&ftm;
bwd,rif; (at'D 36-66) u oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ w&m;½kH;csKyfeD;yg;rQ
wlnDonhf &mxl;udk ay;tyfcJhonftxd tvGef txGwftxdyfodkY
5
a&mufoGm;cJhykH&onf / a*g'wårax&fonf 0de,tbd"r®mESpfrsKd;
vkH;wGif trSefwu,f uRrf;usifonfh uRrf;usifynm&Sifjzpfonf/
1
'Dy0Ho 5? 49/
2
yorkv (Pasmula) r[momrd rax&fa&;om;onhf aboZÆrÍÆLom
usrf;? r,l&yg' y&da0Pausmif;wdkufae jyÍödyv (Principal) rax&f
(at'D 13 &mpk) a&;onhf a,m*&P0 (Yogarºava) usrf;ESihf jya,m*
&wem0vD (Prayogaratval²) usrf;rsm;rSm Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmfrsm; a&;
om;onhf aESmif;acwf aq;usrf;rsm;teuf tcsKdUjzpfonf/ aboZÆ
rÍÆLomusrf;\ oD[dkVfbmomedó,udk a0vd0d# (Väliviµa) yd@ygwdu
o&PuF& rax&f a&;om;cJhonf/
3 0go"k&H yla&ómrd (tH-| 1? 28)/
'D 1? 10? 58/ jA[®ZmvESihf omrnzvokwf/
4 ,aeYacwfrSmyif ,if;odkYaom b0rsKd;udk vdkufemaeonhf &[ef;awmf
0d-| 2? 64/
5 rsm;&SdMuonf/
0d-| 1? 266/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 297
1
wynhfawmf 0dyóem"k&udk jznfhqnf;ygrnf}[k avQmufonf /
,if;odkYavQmufvsuf rdvu©wdóonf q&mxHrS ur®|mef;
w&m; &,lNyD;aemuf bk&m;zl;oGm;&if; tjcm;0wfBuD;0wfi,frsm;
udk jznhfusihf&if; pdwåvyAÁwwGif wpfaeY? *ar@0gv r[m
0d[m&wGif wpfaeY? uw&*grESihf tjcm; bk&m;zl;ae&mrsm;wGif
wpfaeY? oGm;a&mufaexdkifvsuf ur®|mef;w&m;[k ¤if;,lqonhf
t&mü udk,fhudk,fudk `rIyfESHcJhonf /
,if;odkYaom wdk;wufrItopfrsm;t& &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
rdrdudk,fudk pmayoifMum;&eftwGuf t"du`rIyfESHMuNyD; ur®|mef;
bm0em ½IrSwfrIudk 'kwd,tjzpf ,lqcJhMuonf/ yd#uwfokH;ykHudk
oif,l&mrSmyif y#dywådtusihfudk oifMum;ay;onfh 0de,yd#u
udk EIdif;,SOfrIt& aemufydkif; wdk;wufvmonhf yd#uwfwpfck
jzpfaom ½kyfydkif; pdwfydkif;qdkif&m jyóemrsm;ESihf oufqdkifonhf
tbd"r®yd#uavmuf ta&;ryg[k ,lqvmMuonf/ odkYjzpfí
pwkw¬ r[dE´rif; a&;xdk;onhf emrnfausmf r[dE¦avh ausmufpm
wGif 0de,yd#uudk oifMum;onhf q&mtm; ig;zdkY (oD[dkVfa0g
3
[m& vasag) ? okwåefyd#uudk oifMum;onhf q&mtm; ckepfzdkY
ay;&rnfjzpfNyD; tbd"r®myd#uudk oifMum;olq&mtm;rl q,hf
ESpfzdkY ay;&rnf[k csrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onf/ 0de,ESihf okwåyd#uudk
oifMum;ol q&mtm;ay;onhf ESpzf dkYvkH;udk tbd"r®myd#uudk oif
Mum;onhf q&mwpfa,mufwnf;tm; ay;xm;onf/ ,if; qGrf;
qefawmf cGJa0rIEIef;onf 0denf;oifq&mtm; wwd,qifhwGif
xm;NyD; tbd"r®moifq&mtm; yxrqifhwGif xm;aMumif; xif
&Sm;pGm od&onf/ þonfrSm ynmodu©mudk oDvodu©mxuf t
1
baEÅ *aE¦m emr y#dAvó bma&m? r,SH ye 'ku©Lyedom o'¨g?
2
3
vasag [laom a0g[m&\ t"dyÜm,fESihfywfoufí raocsmao;acs/
298 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
qihf`rSifhxm;aMumif; qdkvdkonf/
rlvtm;jzihf *E¦"k&[lonf yd#uwfudk oif,lydkYcsjcif;udkom
vQif qdkvdkonf/ odkY&mwGif umva½GU avsmaomtcg ,if;a0g
[m&\ rlvt"dyÜm,f us,f0ef;oGm;NyD; ,if;onf bmompum;?
o'´g? ordkif;? ,kwådaA'? aq;ESifh tjcm;oifMum;rI e,fy,frsm;
1
udkyg ikHrdvmonf / bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;onf oifMum;
ydkYcsjcif;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIwdkYtwGuf tcsuftjcmae&mrsm;jzpfvm
NyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;onf rif;nDrif;om;rSpí v,form;rsm;txd
oifMum;ay;&rnfh bmom&yftm;vkH;wGif uRrf;usifMu&onf/
tvGefpdwf0ifpm;&mESihf ta&;ygonhf *E¦"k&wdk;wufrI\
tusKd;qufwpfckrSm at'D 6 &mpkü r[m0Housrf;udk a&;om;
jcif;jzpfonf/ okwåefrsm;pGmwdkYü bk&ifrif;rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;? ol
ykefrsm;? ckd;om;rsm;? ppfwyfrsm;? ppfjyKjcif;rsm;? wdkufyGJrsm;? aus;
½Gmrsm;? NrdKUrsm;? NrdKUawmfrsm;? e,fy,frsm;ESifh ,if;odkYaom t
aMumif;t&mrsm;udk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu wd&dpämeuxm (wd&pämef
pum;)[k a[m>rufNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ,if;odkYaom edrfh
usNyD; ydefzsif;onhf pum;rsm;udk ajymqdkjcif;tay: ESpfoufjcif;rS
2
wm;jrpfxm;onf /
tm;vkH;odMuonhftwdkif;yif r[m0Housrf;onf bk&ifrif;
rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;? olykefrsm;? ppfyGJrsm;? aus;½Gmrsm;ESihf NrdKUrsm;uJhodkY
aom wd&dpämeuxm (wd&pämefpum;)rsm;udk rsm;pGmazmfjyonf/
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;tzdkY ,if;odkYaom avmuDpum;rsm;ESihf quf
pyfaerIrSm ta&;ygonf/ r[m0Housrf;udk a&;om;ol t&Sif
r[memronf ,if;udk aumif;pGm odNyD;jzpfonf/ odkYwap t&Sif
jrwfonf Ak'¨omoemawmfudk apmihfa&Smufrnhf uHygvmMuonhf
1
ausmufpmwGif ,kwådaA'ESihf o'´gusrf;rsm;udk uRrf;usif
Päpi¼iyāna
onhf q&mrsm;udk &Edkifaomtcg ¤if;q&mwdkYtm; ]vpmaiG}ay;NyD;
,if;bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;&rnf[k qdkxm;onf/
2 1
'D 1? 62/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 299
onhf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;\ ordkif;udk a&;oihfonf[k ,lqonf/
odkYwap ,if;okdYaom ordkif;taMumif;t&mrsm;ü epfjrKyfaejcif;
rSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ rlvoifMum;csufESihf qefYusifonf/ odkY
jzpfí t&Sifjrwfonf ,if;tcuftcJudk ausmfvTm;&ef enf;vrf;
wpfckudk awGU&SdcJhonf/
t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü bk&ifrif;rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;ESihf ,if;odkY
aom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;taMumif;udk ajymqdkNyD;aemuf tu,fí wpfpkH
wpfa,mufonf xdkrQ wefckd;tmPmESifh jynhfpkHolonfyif aemuf
qkH;ü tdkjcif;emjcif;ESihf BuKHawGU&ao;\[k qifjcifrnfqdkvQif
1
,if;ajymjcif;onf ur®|mef;tm½kHjzpfvmEdkifaMumif; azmfjyonf /
odkYjzpfí r[m0Housrf;ü u@wpfck qkH;wdkif; usrf;jyKq&monf
b0\rwnfNrJrI tawG;tjrif odkYr[kwf pdwfydkif;b0 tqkH;tr
wpfckygonhf *gxmwpfyk'fudk xnfhoGif;xm;onf/ r[m0Ho
usrf; pmudk,füvnf; oihfawmfonhf ae&mrsm;ü Mum;ñSyf xnhf
xm;onhf pdwfydkif;qkdif&m qkH;rpum;rsm; yg&Sdonf/ xdkYjyif u@
wdkif;udkvnf; ]okZeyÜom'oHa0*w¬m, uaw r[m0Hao =
MunfñdkolwdkY\ ESpfoufyDwd jzpfjcif;ESihf oHa0*yGm;rsm;&ef a&;
om;tyfaom r[m0Housrf;} [kazmfjyonhf ykHpHuspmaMumif;
jzihf tqkH;owfxm;onf/ usrf;jyKq&monf rdrdusrf;pmtm;
bk&ifrif;rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;? olykefrsm;ESihf ppfyGJrsm; taMumif;ESihf
ywfoufonhf ordkif;taejzihf r[kwfbJ avmu\ tedpöobm
0udk oifMum;&efESihf pmzwfol\ pdwfxJodkY wnfNidrfonhf aysmf
½TifrIESihf oHa0*w&m; ysHESHYap&ef &nff½G,fonhf ur®|mef;tm½kHjzpf
onhf bmoma&;qdkif&m usrf;pmtaejzihf todtrSwfjyK&ef
BudK;pm;cJhykH&onf/ ,if;onf ynmwwf usrf;jyKt&Sifjrwf\
wd&dpämeuxm (wd&pämefpum;)rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;cJhykHjzpfonf/
'Dy0Housrf;jyKq&monfvnf; r[mor®wrif;rSpí rif;
om; od'¨w¬wdkifatmif bk&ifrif;wdkY\ pm&if;udk azmfjyNyD;aemuf
'D-| 1? 85/
304 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&[ef;oHCmawmfta&twGuf rsm;jym;vmNyD; ¤if;wdkY\
vlOygoumrsm;tay: vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk vdktyfonf[k ,lq
vmaomtcg &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tm; apmifha&Smuf&ef bkef;
BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm; BuD;rm; rsm;ajrmifonfh tvª'gersm;
jyKvkyfvmMuaMumif; odcJhMuNyDjzpfonf/ ,if;odkYaom ,m,D t
ajctaersm;onf &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;\ b0wGif aemufxyf
ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/ tu,fí &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;ydkifajrudk okH;pGJ&ef vdyfjymoefYonfqdkvQif
,if;onf bmoma&;jzihf vTrf;jcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
tajctaeopfudk ykHrSefjzpfoGm;ap&ef oHCmonf 0de,
pnf;urf;topfrsm; wDxGifrItay: oabmwl&NyD; ]vmboDrm}
[kac:onhf usifhpOfopfwpfckudk wDxGif&onf/ odkYjzpfí orEÅ
ygom'dumwGif ]]vmboDrm (0ifaiG tydkif;tjcm;)ESihf ywfouf
í ,if;udk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfvnf; cGifhjyKawmfrrl (oH*g,emwGif)
"r®udk pkaqmif;cJhMuonfh rax&fBuD;rsm;vnf; rwnfaqmufcJh
Muacs/ odkYwap bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf 0efBuD;rsm;onf ausmif;wkduf
wpfckudk wnfaqmufNyD;aemuf (xdak jrae&m) ywf0ef;usif&Sd wpf
*g0kwf? ,lZem0uf odkYr[kwf wpf,lZem (tuGmta0;twGif;
tydkif;tjcm;rsm;)udk owfrSwfNyD; ]þae&monf igwdkYausmif;
wdkuf\ 0ifaiG&&Sdonfh tydkif;tjcm;jzpf\}[k trnfemrsm;udk
a&;xGif;xm;onhf ausmufwdkifrsm;udk pdkufxlvsuf ]þajr{&d,m
twGif; xGuf&SdorQtm;vkH;udk igwdkYausmif; wkdufudk vª'gef;&rnf}
[k ausmif;wdkuf tydkif;tjcm;udk ydkif;jcm;onf}/ ,if;udk vmboD
MuyfrIjzihf a&;qGJcJhonf (Coomaraswamy : Mediaeval Sinhalese Art, p.
47, 59, 168.)/ 0dZÆmvuFm& y&da0P ausmif;wdkufudk wnfaxmifol
&wermav od&d"r®mavmu rax&f (1828-1887) onf qwaum
&av (Sat-Kōralē)&Sd ausmif;wdkufrsm;pGmudk yef;csDum;rsm; a&;qGJay;cJh
onf[k od&onf (Koµahēnē Prajāñkirti : Sri Dharmāloka Charitaya,
1937, p. 8.)/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 301
bkef;BuD;ausmif;ta&;ESihfqdkifonfh rIcif;wpfckwGif t&SifjrwfqkH;
jzwfcsuftay: tvGefYtvGef ESpfoufoGm;ojzihf bk&ifonf
aMunmarmif;cwfí ]ig touf&SifaeorQ &[ef;awmfrsm;?
&[ef;rdef;rrsm; odkYr[kwf vlrsm;ESihfywfoufonhf rnfonhf trI
wGifrqdk tmbd"r®du a*g'wårax&f\ qkH;jzwfcsufonf aemuf
qkH; jzpf\/ t&Sifjrwf\ qkH;jzwfcsufudk rvdkufemoltm; ig t
1
jypfay;rnf}[laom trdefYjyefwrf;udk xkwfjyefonf /
pmayomru tEkynmonfvnf; *E¦"k&0efaqmif &[ef;
awmfrsm;\ pdwf0ifpm;rI e,fy,ftwGif; xnhfoGif;cJhonf/ tm
eE´ au ukrm&qGmrD (¾nanada K. Coomaraswamy) trnf
&Sd(yk*¾Kdvf)u okH;oyfonfrSm ]Ak'¨0g'onf tdE´d,rS awmifzuf
wGif oD[dkVf? jrefrm? &Srf; (,dk;',m;)ESihf *smAm;ESihf ajrmufzuf
wGif w½kwfESihf *syefEdifiHrsm;odkY jyefYESHUoGm;cJhonhf tEkynmNydKif
zufudk ausmfvGefNyD; trSefyif t"duae&modkY a&mufvmcJhonf/
,if;odkYjzifh &[ef;awmfrsm;onfyif tenf;qkH; vufrIynm t
&nftaoG;\ oDtdk&Dydkif;qdkif&m A[kokwtcsKdU&Sd&ef ta&;w
BuD;jzpfvmNyD; ,if;onf rMumcP ,if;odkYjzpfonf/ &[ef;awmf
1
r,d oaEÅ bdu©LerÜd bdu©LeDerÜd *d[DerÜd t"du&PH tmbd"r®du a*g-
'wåaw¬a&e 0dedpädwH ok0dedpädwH/ wó 0dedpäa, twdw¬rmeH &mZm-
Pm, Xaywd (0d-| 1? 286)/ a*g'wårax&fonf avmuDa&;&m udpö
rsm;wGif w&m;olBuD; wpfa,mufuJhodkY jyKrlcJhoavm[laom tcsuf
udk taotcsm rod&acs/ bk&ifrif;w&m;\ aMunmcsufudk rax&f
jrwf\ todynmESihf Oya'a&;&m wwfuRrf;rIESihf tqihfjrifh t&nf
taoG;rsm;udk todtrSwfjyKonfhtaejzihf azmfjyjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;
onf rax&fjrwftay: jynfolwdkY xm;&Sdonhf tqihfjrifh ½kdaoav;
pm;rIudk ñTefjyjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ tu,fí rax&fjrwftaejzihf rnf
onhf avmuDa&;&m rIcif;rsm;wGifrqdk BuD;rª;aqmif½GufvQifjzpfap BuD;
av;onhf jypf'PfpD&ifrI odkYr[kwf udk,fcE¨mudk ñSOf;yef;rIESihf quf
pyfaeonfh rnfonfh pD&ifrIudkrqdk aqmif½Gufrnf r[kwfacs/ BuD;av;
onhf jypf'PfpD&ifrIESihf udk,fcE¨mñOf;yef;rIudk wm;jrpfonhf bk&ifrif;
rsm;yif &SdcJhonf/
302 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rsm;onf todynmenf;yg;ol tEkynmonf wpfa,muf\
om&dykMwmuJhodkYaom vuf&mrsm;udk ¤if;xHrSoif,l&efxuf &Sif;
jy&ef ydkrdk arQmfhvifhcHMu&onf/ q,fh&Spf&mpkwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;
1
tMum; vufrIynmonfrsm;yif &SdcJhonf} /
plV0*¾ygVdawmfü emrnfqdk;jzihf ausmfMum;onhf qAÁ*¾D&[ef;
rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYaexdkif&m ausmif;rsm;wGif a,musfm; rdef;r
½kyfykHrsm; a&;qGJapaMumif; od&onf/ odkY&mwGif Ak'¨onf ,if;
udpöudk wm;jrpfcJhNyD; EG,frsm;? yef;rsm;uJhodkYaom ykHpHrsm;udkom
2 1
a&;qGJ&ef cGifhjyKawmfrlonf / t|uxmwGif ,if; ,lqcsufudk
tao;pdwfazmfjyNyD; &[ef;wpfyg;tzdkY tjcm;yk*¾Kdvf wpfa,muf
tm; vla,musfm; vlrdef;rykHrsm;udkomru wd&dpämef txD;trykH
rsm; (atmufxpfqkH;) wDaumif\ trykHudkyif rqGJckdif;aumif;
acs/ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf rnfolYudkrqdk *dwfapmihf ('Gg&ygv)
3
ykHudkyif jyKvkyf&ef rawmif;qdk aumif;acs / odkY&mwGif t|uxm
ü yom'(MunfnKdjcif;)ESihf oHa0*udk yGm;apEdkifaom Zmwfedygwf
awmfrsm;ESihf qGrf;cH<uaeonhfykHrsm;uJhodkYaom ½kyfykHrsm;udk ykHoGef;
jcif; yef;csDqGJjcif;rsm;udk cGifhvTwfjcif;jzihf wpfpkHwpfckaom vGwf
4
vyfrItwdkif;twmudk cGifhjyKonf /
odkYjzifh &[ef;awmfrsm;onf MunfnKdolrsm;tm; yom'ESihf
oHa0*udkjzpfyGm;ap&ef &nf½G,fvsuf Zmwfedygwfawmfrsm;ESifh Ak'¨
oufawmf xif&Sm;&SdpOfu jzpf&yfrsm;jzihf rdrdwdkY\ ausmif;wdkuf
1
Mediaeval Sinhalese Art, p. 47.
2
0d 4? 252/
3
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;twGif;odkY 0ifonhf *dwfapmifhykHrSm tvGefvlod
rsm;onf/
4
a&;qGJxm;aom jzpf&yfrsm;ü trsKd;orD;trsKd;om; ½kyfykHrsm;ESihf wd&dpämef
rsm;udk a&;qGJ odkYr[kwf ykHoGef;xm;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ odkYwap
tu,fí ,if;½kyfykHrsm;onf yom'ESihf oHa0*udkjzpfyGm;apEdkifvQif
,if;wdkYudk cGifhvTwfEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfí r[m0Housrf;\ tcef;wdkif;udk
txufygtwdkif; tqkH;owfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 303
rsm;udk vª'gef;&ef tm;&SdvmMuonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif &[ef;
awmfrsm;onf vSyoyÜm,faom yef;csDrsm; qif;wkawmfrsm; &Sd
onhf ausmif;wdkufrsm;u tzdk;wefypönf;rsm; vª'gef;Muonhf bk
&m;zl;rsm;pGmudk qGJaqmifonhf tppftrSefobm0udk rodbJ &SdcJh
Muonf/ þonfrSm &[ef;awmfrsm;tzdkY rdrdwdkYaexdkif&mausmif;
wdkufudk tEkynmcHpm;rIESifh tEkynm vuf&majrmufrIwdkYjzifh qGJ
aqmif&ef rufvkH;wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/
at'D ig;&mpkcefYwGif oD[dkVf &[ef;awmfonf yef;yktEk
ynmwGif wkEdIif;rnhfolr&Sdatmif jzpfcJhykH&onf / w½kwfrSwfwrf;
wpfckt& eefaw (eE´)trnf&onhf oD[dkVf&[ef;awmf wpfyg;
onf at'D 456 ckESpfwGif w½kwf{u&mZfxHodkY oHwref
qufoG,frItwGuf apvTwfcH&ojzihf &[ef;awmfonf xdktcsdef
u rdrdESihftwl rdrdudk,fwdkifjyKvkyfonhf qif;wkawmf okH;qludk
w½kwf{&mZftm; vufaqmiftjzpfay;&ef ,laqmifcJhonf/
at'D 386-556 wGif xD;eef;pdkufcJhonhf a0wmwm (Wai Tartar)
rif;quf ordkif;q&mtvdkt& tm&Stv,fydkif;EdkifiHrsm;rS vlrsm;
ESihf bk&ifrsm;onf qif;wkawmfykHwlrsm; &&Sd&ef tEkynmonf
rsm;udk apvTwfí tcsif;csif; twk,lMuaomfvnf; rnfolrQ
eefaw\ vuf&mrsm;udk r,SOfNydKifEdkifacs/ q,fvSrf;rQtuGmwGif
&yfjcif;ü ,if;wdkYonf trSefyif awmufajymifonf[k xif&
aomfvnf; ydkrdkeD;uyfpGm csOf;uyfoGm;ygu udk,fcE¨monf w
2
jznf;jznf; aysmufuG,f oGm;onf /
1
urÇmausmf qd*d&d, (Sigiriya) yef;csDrsm;onfvnf; at'D 5 &mpk vuf
&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/
2
Ceylon by Tennent, Vol. I. p. 615-620.
'DaCmva'g½k0 (Degaldoruva) ESihf &d'd0d[m&&Sd yef;csDum;rsm;udk at'D
18 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;wGif tausmfMum;qkH; yef;csD q&mjzpfonfh a'0&rayg
v odv0awae trnf&Sd oD[dkVf&[ef;awmf a&;qGJcJhonf/ tEkynm
a0zefa&; q&mrsm;pGmwdkY\ tm½kHpdkufrIudk &&Sdaponhf ,if;yef;csDrsm;udk
rmvm0wåausmif;q&mawmf arm&awm# r[mem,urax&f\ BuD;
308 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
odkYwap wpfcsdefwnf;ü uyÜd,a0g[m&rygbJ vª'gef;aMumif;
azmfjyonhf ausmufpmtcsKdUvnf; &SdMuonf/ tcsKdUaom ,if;
a&avSmifuefESihf wl;ajrmif; vª'gef;rIrsm;udk txl;&nf½G,fcsuf
1
wpfpkHwpf&mudk azmfjyjcif;rjyKbJ xm;Muonf / vª'gef;pOfu
EIwfjzihf uyÜd,a0g[m&rsm;udk tokH;jyKcJhNyD;jzpfí ausmufpmwGif
,if;wdkYudk xyfrH xnhfoGif;rxm;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/
0wåuajrudk Ak'¨omoemawmf wnfwHha&;twGuf vdktyf
onhftaejzihf todtrSwfjyKNyD;onfESihf ,if;wdkYudk xdef;odrf;
apmihfa&Smuf&efrSm oHCm\ wm0efjzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ odkY
jzpfí ausmif;wdkufydkifypönf;udk umuG,f&ef vdktyfonf[k ,lq
vQif oHCduypönf;jzihf olykefoluefrsm;? vk,ufolrsm;ESifh qlyl
aomif;usef;olrsm;tm; {nhfcHauR;arG;&ef &[ef;tm; tBuHjyK
xm;onf/ wpfae&mwGif r[dE¦avhrS em,uq&mawmf tb,
rax&f ausmif;wdkufudk vk,uf&efvmonhf olykefwpfa,muf
2 2
tm; wnfcif;{nfhcHykHudk awGU&onf / tjcm; &[ef;rsm;onf
rax&f\vkyfaqmifcsufESifh ywfoufNyD; jypfwif a0zefMuonf/
odkY&mwGif rax&fu xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ,if;okdY jyKjcif;jzihf
rdrdonf ausmif;wdkufypönf;rsm;udk olykefvufrS u,fwifxm;
vdkufNyD; olykefudkjyKpk&ef tokH;jyKvdkufaom yrmPrSm apwd,
C&wGif cif;onhf ajcokwfzkH\ wefzdk;xufyif enf;ao;aMumif;
&Sif;jyvdkufonf/ odkYjzihf a0zefolrsm; ,kHMunfoGm;Muonf/ ,if;
azmfjyrItNyD;wGif orEÅygom'dumü xufjrufonfh &[ef;awmf
3
onf xdkodkYaom trlt,mjzihf jyKvkyfoifhaMumif; qdkonf /
aq;ynmü uRrf;usifonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;&SdaMumif; uREfkyf
wdkY awGU&NyD;jzpfonf/ eD;pyfonhf vlrsm;rSm aq;0g;ukorIqdkif&m
tBuHÓPftwGuf xdkodkYaom &[ef;rsm;xH oGm;a&mufMurnf
1 t,H vmboDrm emr/
e.g., EZ. III, p. 154. Ihscription of Bhātika Abhaya (38-67 A.D.) etc.
2 See EZ. I, p. 167-168, Iripinniyava pillar Inscription, p. 173, Rambava
þusrf;? pm – 255 wGif ½Iyg/
3 3
0d-| 2? 68/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 305
1
rm[k ac:\}} /
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk vª'gef;rIrsm; ay;tyfonfudk
azmfjyonhf oD[dkVfa&S;acwf ausmufpmrsm;udk ,if;tavht
usihfESihftnD wnfaqmufcJhMuykH&onf/ twåmPduPk (attāºi
kaºu)[kac:onhf ,if;odkYaom ausmufpmrsm;udk wnfaqmuf
onfh tcgor,wGif bk&ifrif;udk,fpm;jyK EdkifiHawmf\ tqihf
jrihf t&m&Sdrsm;onf ,if;ay;tyfrIudk trdefYtmPmay;&ef ,if;
ae&modkY vludk,fwdkif vma&mufMuonf/ odkY&mwGif vmboDrm
[lonfudk bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm; ajrvª'gef;onhf a&S;
acwf ausmufpmrsm;pGmteuf wpfckwGifrQ ryg&Sdjcif;jzpfonfrSm
pl;prf;zG,fjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif e,fedrdwfrsm;udkydkif;jcm;onhf oDrm
tmwkVK aum# (s²mā äµulu koµ) [laom pum;vkH;rsm;udk ,if;
ausmufpma&; rSwfwrf;rsm;teuf tcsKdUwGif xnhfoGif;xm;NyD;
,if;pum;vkH;rsm;onf vmboDrm t,ltqudk aqmifonhf
taejzihf t"dyÜm,faumuf,lEdkifzG,f&Sdonf /
,cktcsdefwGif ydkif;jcm;xm;onhf ajrudk 0de,tpOftvm
rsm;u todtrSwfjyKNyD; oabmwlvufcHojzihf &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf\ 0ifaiGESifh ukefusp&dwfudk pdwf0if
pm;&ef tvGefaumif;aom taMumif;jycsufrsm; &SdcJhonf/ ,cif
awGUcJhNyD;jzpfonfhtwkdif; ESpfywfvnf aiGpm&if; azmfjycsufudk t
3
wnfjyK&ef oHCmhtpnf;ta0;odkY wifjy&aMumif; awGU&onf /
1
0d-| 3? 418/ vmboDrm emr ae0 or®morÁKa'¨e tEknmwm? e
"r®o*Fg[uaw¬a&[d Xydwm/ tyd p acg &mZ&mZr[mrwåm 0d[m&H
uma&wGm *g0kwH 0g t¹a,mZeH 0g a,mZeH 0g orEÅawm y&dpädE´dwGm
t,H trSmuH 0d[m&ó vmboDrmwd emrvdcdwau xarÇ edcPdwGm
,H {w¬EÅa& OyÜZdwd oAÁH wH trSmuH 0d[m&ó a'rmwd oDrH Xaywd?
2
Pillar Inscriiption ; III, p. 103-105, Mannar Kaoceri Pillar Inscription.
þusrf;? pm – 258 udk ½Iyg/
306 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
oHCmhpD;yGma&;b0 ajymif;vJrI\ ra&SmifvTJEdkifaom tusKd;
quftaejzihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ rlvoifMum;csuf tESpfom&
ESihf qefYusifonhf ,if;odkYaom usihfBuHrIrsm;pGmudk ¤if;wdkY\
oDvodu©mwGif vdkufemvmMuonf/ trsKd;orD; trsKd;om; ESpf
rsKd;vkH;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf tvkyform; tcdkif;taprsm;
1
tjzpf vufcHcJhMuykHudk atmufu@rsm;ü awGUcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf /
tajctaeopfu awmif;qdkonhf ,if;odkYaom avhusihf
tm;xkwfrIrsm;pGmwdkYonf rlv 0de,pnf;rsOfrsm;ESihf qefYusifMu
onf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf &mZN*dK[f yxroH*g,em qkH;jzwf
csufrsm;ESihf qefYusifonhf 0de,odu©myk'frsm;udk ajymif;vJ&ef
tcGifhtmPmESihf owådr&SdMuacs/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tajc t
aeopfudk vspfvsL½Ixm;&efvnf; rpGrf;EdkifMuacs/ &[ef;awmf
rsm;onf tcuftcJESifh BuKHMu&onf/ atmufwGif xkwfjyxm;
onhf erlemtcsKdUrSm &[ef;awmfrsm;taejzihf trSefpifppf ¤if;
wdkY\ ajz&Sif;rIrSm Ak'¨"r®\ tESpfom&ESihf tawmftwef qefY
usifaomfvnf; 0de,pnf;rsOf; pmom;rsm;udk qefYusifjcif; r&SdbJ
tcuftcJrsm;tm; vdr®myg;eyfpGm ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhMuykHudk azmfjy
vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/
0denf;awmft& &[ef;onf ajrBuD;udk udk,fwdkif rwl;&
odkYr[kwf tjcm;wpfa,mufudk rwl;ckdif;aumif;acs/ tu,fí
2 3
wl;vQif wl;ckdif;vQif ygpdwftmywfoifhonf / odkY&mwGif bkef;
BuD;ausmif;wdkufESihf qufpyfaeonhf ajr,mrsm;&Sdvmaomtcg
,if;odu©myk'fudk vdkufem&ef tvGefcufcJonf/ odkYjzpfí ,if;
odu©myk'fudk zGifhqdk&mwGif orEÅygom'dumusrf;u ygVdrkwåu
0dedpä,taejzihf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tqkH;tjzwf ay;xm;onf/
,if;0dedpä, tqdkrSm ]þonfrmS ygVdawmfü rawGU&aom tqkH;
tjzwfjzpf\/ tu,fí a&uefudk wl;avmhqdkvQif tyf\/ ae
1 0d-| 3? 20/
þusrf;? pm – 273 udk ½Iyg/
2 e.g., EZ. I, p. 211, Pālumäkiccāva Inscription of Gajabāhu I (174-196 A.D.).
0d 2? 49/ a,m ye bdu©K yx0ð caP,s 0g cPmay,s 0g ygpdwåd,H/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 307
&mwpfckudk wl;rSomvQif a&uef[kac:\/ odkYjzpfí ,if;onf
oifhavsmfaom tokH;tEIef;jzpf\/ a&wGif;udk wl;avmh? a&tdkif
udk wl;avmh? acsmufudk wl;avmh[k qdk&müvnf; þpnf;urf;
twdkif;jzpf\/ odkY&mwGif þae&mudk wl;avmh? þae&mü a&uef
udk wl;avmh[kqdkvQif rtyf/ opfOudk wl;avmh? opfjrpfudk wl;
avmh[k ae&mrñTef;bJqdkvQif tyf\/ þEG,fyifudk wl;avmh?
þae&mü&Sdaom þopfO odkYr[kwf þopfjrpfudk wl;avmh[k
1
qdkvQif rtyf / þonfrSm tcuftcJudk ausmfvTm;&ef pum;vkH;
rsm;udk vSnfhpm;vdkufjcif;omjzpfonf/
a&avSmifuefrsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;twGuf t
awmftwef aumif;rGefaom 0ifaiGtaejzihf axmufyHhrIwpf&yf
2
jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ odkY&mwGif t|uxm tvdkt& tvªY&Sif
u uyÜd,a0g[m&jzihf vª'gef;rSom oHCmonf a&avSmifuefudk
vufcHaumif;onf/ tu,fí ]wynhfawmfonf a&avSmifuef
udk vªyg\}[komqdkvQif ,if;a&avSmifuefudk tvªrcHaumif;
acs/ ypönf;av;yg;udk &&Sd&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf vª'gef;ygu oHCm
onf a&avSmifuefudk tvªcHEdkifonf/ a&avSmifuefrsm;udk
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;odkY vª'gef;aMumif; azmfjyonfh ausmuf
pmtcsdKUwGif ,if;tpOftvmESihftnD ypönf;av;yg;twGuf &nf
rSwfí oHCmawmftm; ,if;a&avSmifuefrsm;udk vª'gef;aMumif;
azmfjyonhf trSefwu,f vdktyfonhf pum;vkH;rsm; yg0ifonf /
1
0d-| 3? 21/ t,H ygVdrkwåu0dedpäa,m - aygu©&Pð cPmwd 0'wd?
0¥wd/ cPma,0 [d aygu©&PD emr a[mwd/ wo®m t,H uyÜd,
a0g[ma&m/ {ao0 ea,m 0gyð wVmuH tm0g#H cPmwd tm'Dokyd/
£rH MomoH cP? £ro®ð Moumao aygu©&Pð cPmwd 0wåKH ye e
0¥wd/ uE´H cP? rlvH cPmwd ted,arwGm 0wåKH 0¥wd/ £rH 0v’ð
cP? £ro®ð Moumao uE´H 0g rlvH 0g cPmwd 0wåKH e 0¥wd/
2
3
312 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
tm; udk;uG,f&mtjzpf cefYtyfxm;cJhovm;? Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;
aemuf oHCmonf aemufqkH;tjzpf rnfolYudk pOf;pm;oenf;[k
ar;jref;onf/ t&SiftmeE´m\ tajzrSm y#dao"yifjzpfonf/
xdkYaemuf 0efBuD;csKyfu þodkY rSwfcsufjyKonf ]t&Sifbk&m;
tmeE´m? udk;uG,f&mr&SdcJhvQif (tyÜ#do&aP) oHCmnDñGwf a&;
twGuf tajccHum; tb,fygenf; (aum a[wk omr*¾d,m)}/
t&SiftmeE´mu ]ykPÖm;? igwdkYrSm udk;uG,f&mr&Sdonf r
1
[kwf/ igwdkYrSm udk;uG,f&m &Sd\/ ,if;rSm "r®jzpf\}[k ajzonf /
EdkifiHawmf 0efBuD;csKyfu tzGJUtpnf;ESihf ywfoufonfh ,if;
jrifhjrwfonhf oabmvu©Pmudk ESpfouf&ef pGrf;&nfr&SdaMumif;
>ruf[aomtcg t&SiftmeE´mu &Sif;vif;csufay;onf ]&[ef;
awmfrsm;twGuf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf csrSwfxm;onhf 0de,pnf;
urf;rsm;&SdNyD; ygwdarmufudk jy|mef;xm;NyD;ygNyD (ygwdarmu©H
O'´d|H)/ wpfpkHwpfckaom yx0D{&d,mtwGif; aexdkifMuonhf
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf OaygoxaeYrsm;ü tm;vkH; pka0;MuNyD;
tvSnhfusol &[ef;awmfwpfyg;udk ,if;0de,udk ½Gwfqdk&ef
awmif;yef\/ xdk½GwfqdkrItwGuf rnfonhf&[ef;rqdk csKd;azmufrI
udk aMunmvQif tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;onf xdk&[ef;awmftm;
"r®ESihftnD aqmif½Guf\/ rnfolurQ xdk&[ef;tm; ,if;udk
jyKvkyf&ef rwdkufwGef;bJ ,if;udk jyKvkyf&ef "r®uom jyK\}/
xdktcg 0efBuD;csKyfu aemufxyf ar;cGef;wpfck xyfar;onf
]t&Sifbk&m; tmeE´m? ,cktcg t&Sifbk&m; ½dkaoaom? ylaZmf
aom? MunfnKdaom? av;pm;aom? NyD;vQif t&Sifbk&m; rSDckd
tm;xm; aom &[ef;awmfwpfyg; &Sdygovm;}/
t&SiftmeE´mu ,if;ar;cGef;udk &SdygaMumif; ajzMum;aom
tcg 0óum&onf a0cGJr&jzpfoGm;onf/ 0efBuD;csKyfu þodkY
tHMopGmqdk\ ]t&Sifbk&m;udk wynhfawmfu Ak'¨ujzpfap odkY
wnf;r[kwf oHCmujzpfap Ak'¨ y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf rnf
1 1
þusrf;? pm- 311/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 309
rSm obm0yifjzpfonf/ odkYwap &[ef;awmfrsm;onf vlwdkif;udk
wpfa,mufcsif;pD aq;uko&ef rarQmfvihfMuacs/ odkYwkdifatmif
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtaejzihf aq;ynmudk rwwfajrmuf
aMumif; ajymMum;jcif;vnf;r&Sd? vltrsm;tm; vSnfhjyefoGm;&ef
vnf; rjiif;qdkMuacs/ em;vnfrjI zihf vkyfaqmif&onhf tajc
taeodkY qdkufvmonf/
tu,fí Oygoum wpfa,mufonf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;
tm; vlemudk uko&ef awmif;yefygu ,if;awmif;yefcsufudk
todtrSwfjyKrnf r[kwfacs/ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;xH aq;zuf
tMuHjyKrI &,lvdkygu vlOygoumonf uyÜd,a0g[m&udk em;
vnf&rnf/ tu,fí Oygoumwpfa,mufonf a&m*gwpfck
twGuf rnfonhfaq;0g;udk ay;&rnfqdkonfudk &[ef;wpfyg;xH
pkHprf;ar;jrefvQif ,if;Oygoumtm; ajymjyaumif;onf/ Oyg
oumu ]t&Sifbk&m;? wynhfawmf\ rdcifonf emrusef; jzpf
aeygí aq;ñTef;ay;ygbk&m;}[kqdkvQif xkdyk*¾Kdvftm; wpfpkH
wpf&m jyefrajymaumif;acs/ odkY&mwGif &[ef;u &[ef;wpfyg;
oifhrdcif\ a&m*grsKd; cHpm;ae&pOf þrnfaomaq;udk ay;zl;
aMumif; &[ef;upwifí 'umtm; ajymMum;aumif;onf/ Oyg
oumu &[ef;ajymjyonfudk em;axmif rSwfom;NyD; rdciftm;
1
xdkenf;twdkif; ukoygu tjypfr&Sd /
orEÅygom'dumü azmfjyonhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpf&yfwpfck
udk o½kyfazmfonhftaejzihf azmfjyEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ 0obrif;
(at'D 127-171)\ rdzk&m; aexdkifraumif; jzpfaomtcg trsKd;
orD;wpfa,mufonf r[my'krax&fxH oGm;a&mufNyD; uko
rnfhaq;udk ñTefMum;ay;&ef awmif;yefonf/ odkYwap 0de,
uRrf;usifol t&Sifjrwfonf aq;ynmudk rwwfuRrf;[k rqdkbJ
txufwGif azmfjyonhf enf;twdkif; tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf p
um;pjrnf ajymonf/ trsKd;orD;onf xdkpum;pjrnf ajymqdkjcif;
,if;? 67/
310 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rS aq;enf;udk odoGm;NyD; ,if;aq;udk vlemtm; pDrHay;cJhonf/
rdzk&m;BuD; usef;rmoGm;aomtcg ¤if;wdkYonf u[myP 300
ESihftwl ouFef;okH;pkHudk aqmif,lcJhMuNyD; ,if;wdkYudk rax&f\a&SU
wGif csxm;NyD; ]t&Sifbk&m;? þtvªaiGrsm;udk yef;tvªtwGuf
tokH;jyKyg}[k avQmufxm;onf/ r[my'krax&fonf ,if;onf
1
q&mvkyfol\ tzdkYbm* (tmp&d,bm*) jzpff\ qifjcifvsuf
,if;0w¬KaiGudk vufcHapNyD; yef;ylaZmf&mü tokH;jyK&ef ñTefMum;
2
awmfrlonf /
tay:wGif xkwfazmfjycJhonhf ,if;odkYaom ykHpHrsm;onf
pD;yGm;a&; vlrIa&; ajymif;vJrI\ &vm'ftjzpf ykHpHopfjzihf bkef;
BuD;ausmif;b0 wdk;wufcJhykHudk o½kyfazmfMuonf/ oD[dkVfEdkifiH\
EdkifiHawmf bmomjzpfvmonhf tusKd;qufaMumihf &[ef;awmf
rsm;onf vlrIa&; EkdifiHa&;udpö&yfrsm;ü pdwf0ifpm;vmMuykHudk
azmfjyNyD; tcef;rsm;ü awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/
1
tmp&d,bm* [lonfudk trIaqmifay;jcif;twGuf aus;Zl;txdrf; t
rSwf taejzihf ,lqEdkifonf/
tcgwpfyg;ü ykPÖm;tdkwpfa,mufonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ tBuHtpnf
twdkif; aqmif½Gufjcif;ü udk,fa&;udk,fwm udpöwpfckwGif atmifjrifrI&
oGm;NyD; &Sifawmfjrwf\ tBuHjyKrItwGuf tmp&d,bm*taejzihf Ak'¨
tm; ouFef;wpfpkH vª'gef;&mwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ,if;ouFef;udk t
vªcHonf/ xdkudpöESifhywfoufí oH,kwåedum,fü tokH;jyKxm;aom
a0g[m&rSm tmp&d,bm* jzpfjcif;rSm xl;jcm;onf (oH 1? 179)/
2
r[my'krrax&f\ ,if;0w¬KaiGudk vufcHjcif;rSm 0denf; ½lyd,odu©myk'f
ESihf qefYusifonf/ ,if;odu©myk'ft& &[ef;onf a½Tudkjzpf ap
aiGudkjzpfap tyfESHonfudk udk,fwdkifvnf; vufrcH&? olrsm;udkvnf;
vufrcHap&/ a,m ye bdu©K Zmw½ly&ZwH O*aPS,s 0g O*PSmay,s
0g? Oyedu©dwåH 0g om'da,,s? ygpdwåd,H (0d 1? 345)/ ,if;xif&Sm;onhf
0denf;pnf;urf;udk azmufzsufrIudk r[my'kr rax&fonf Owå&&mZykwå
ay;ydkYvdkufonfh a½TapwD (ok0PÖapwd,) udk vufcH&ef roifhavsmf
ojzihf jiif;qdkonhf t,ltqjzihf pOf;pm;oihfonf (0d-| 2? 130)/
rax&fjrwfonf 0denf;wGif tvGefuRrf;usifoltjzpf xif&Sm;onf/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 311
tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;ESihf ywfoufí oHCemu,q&mawmf odkY
r[kwf oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH;&Sd oHCmawmfrsm;udk xdef;csKyfrnhf
A[dkoHCmhtzGJUwpfck r&Sdacs/ Ak'y¨ &dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf oHCmawmf
tm; trdefY odkYr[kwf ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk xkwfjyefrnfh tqifh
jrifh tmPmydkiftzGJU r&Sdacs/ oHCmhacgif;aqmif odkYr[kwf
oHCem,u xm;&Sdjcif;rSm Ak'w ¨ &m;awmf\ rlvtESpfom&udk
qefYusifonf/ oHCmhtzGJUudk 'Drdkua&pDenf;us zGJUpnf;xm;
aMumif; awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ysHvGefawmf r
rlrD tcsdefuav;wGif teD;uyfjyKpk apmihfa&Smufoltm; ]tmeE´m?
oifwdkYonf þodkY pOfpm;vdrfhrnf/ "r®onf q&mr&Sdawmhacs/
igwdkYrSm q&m r&Sdawmhacs/ odkYwap tmeE´m? oifwdkYonf xdkodkY
rpOf;pm;oifh/ igbk&m;a[mMum;onhf "r®ESihf 0de,onf igbk&m;
1
y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf oifwdkY\ q&mjzpfvdrfhrnf / ,if;odkYjzihf Ak'¨
y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf oHCmawmfonf "r®udk ,if;q&mtjzpf
owfrSwfNyD; wpfoD;yk*¾v taejzihf r&SdcJhacs/
Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf vtenf;i,ftMumwGif t&Sif
tmeE´mESifh r*"EdkifiH 0efBuD;csKyf 0óum&wdkY ajymMum;cJhonhf
ynmom;ygNyD; oHCmtzGJUtpnf;ESihf oHCmhtkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf ywf
-==========
oufí t&Sdeft0g&Sdonhf Ak'¨0g'oabmxm;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjy
onfh aqG;aEG;ajymqdkrIwpf&yfudk awGU&onf/
0óum&onf t&SiftmeE´mtm; Ak'¨onf rnfonhf &
[ef;tm; udk;uG,f&m (y#do&P)tjzpf cefYtyfxm;cJhovm;? Ak'¨
y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf oHCmonf rnfolYtm; ,cktcg aemuf
qkH; taejzihf pOf;pm;oenf; ({w&[d y#d"ma0,smx)[k pkHprf;
ar;jref;onf/ t&SiftmeE´mu ]xdkodkY vkyfjcif;r&Sdyg}[k ajzonf/
xdktcg 0óum&trwfu oHCmawmfonf rnfonhf &[ef;
1
od,m acg yemeE´ wkrSmuH {0H tó ]twDwow¬KuH yg0peH? ew¬d
aem ow¬m}wd/ e acg yaewH emeE´ {0H '|AÁH/ a,m acg tmeE´ r,m
"ar®m p 0dea,m a'odawm ynawåm? aom a0g rrpöa,e ow¬m ('D
2? 128)/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 313
onhf &[ef;tm; udk;uG,f&m (y#do&P)tjzpf cefYtyfxm;cJh
oenf;} ar;jref;aomtcg t&Sifbk&m;u ]xdkodkY vkyfjcif;r&Sdyg}[k
ajzyg\/ ,ckwpfzef wynhfawmfu ]t&Sifbk&m; ½dkaoaom?
ylaZmfaom? MunfnKdaom? av;pm;aom? NyD;vQif t&Sifbk&m;
rSDckdtm;xm;aom &[ef;awmfwpfyg; &Sdygovm;}[k ar;jref;aom
tcg t&Sifbk&m;u ]&Sdygonf}[k ajz\/ wynhfawmf t&Sif
bk&m; ajzMum;onfudk rnfodkY em;vnf&ygrnfenf;/
t&SiftmeE´mu &SifyifAk'¨onf ,kHMunfrIudk &&Sdaponhf
1
t&nftaoG;q,frsKd; ('o yom'ed,m "r®m) udk a[mMum;
awmfrlcJhNyD; &[ef;awmfwpfyg;ü ,if;q,frsKd;udk awGU&Sdrl oHCm
awmfonf xdk&[ef;awmftm; ½dkao&rnf? ylaZmf&rnf? MunfnKd
&rnf? av;pm;&rnf? NyD;vQif xdk&[ef;awmftm; rSDckdtm;xm;
&rnf[k &Sif;jyawmfrlonf/
0óum&onf t&SiftmeE´m &Sif;jyonfudk ESpfoufyg
2
aMumif; >rufqdkonf /
0óum&ar;onfudk t&SiftmeE´m\ ajzMum;csufrsm;
onf oHCmzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHqdki&f m ckdifvkHaom &Sif;vif;csuf
jzpfonf/ eHygwfwpf? oHCm\ acgif;aqmif odkYr[kwf em,u
r&Sd/ odkYwap oHCmonf oDv ynmESihf Mum;jrifokwrsm;onhf
rnhfonhf &[ef;udkrqdk tNrJwrf; ½dkaovdkufemvdrfhrnf/ eHygwf
ESpf? vkyfydkifcGifhESifh tmPmudk A[dkrjyK/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
ae&ma'otoD;oD;ü tkyfpki,frsm;zGUJ í pnf;vkH;rIESihf pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;Muonf/ oHCm[lonf &[ef;awmf
1
t&nftaoG; q,frsKd;rSm 1/ oDv0g = oDvESihf jynfhpkHjcif; 2/ A[kók
awm = Mum;jrifokwrsm;jcif; 3/ oEÅK|dawm = a&mihf&J vG,fjcif; 4/
psmevmbD = psmefav;yg;udk &jcif; 5/ £'¨drm = wefckd;ESihf jynhfpkHjcif;
6/ 'dAÁaomwH = 'dAÁaomw tbdnmPf&jcif; 7/ y&pdwå0dZmeem =
olwpfyg;pdwfudk odjcif; 8/ ykaAÁed0gomEkówd = a&S;b0cE¨mudk owd
&jcif; 9/ 'dAÁpu©K = 'dAÁpu©K tbdnmPfudk &jcif; 10/ &[EÅm jzpfjcif;
2
r 3? 58 (a*gyu arm*¾v’meokwf)/
314 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rsm;\ tpktaygif;[k t"dyÜm,f&NyD; tenf;qkH; &[ef;av;yg;
tkyfpkwpfck zGJUrdvQif ,if;tkyfpkonf oHCmudk udk,fpm;jyK&ef
tcGifhtmPm&SdNyD; tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;udk trSDtcdkrjyKbJ tcsKdUaom
0denf; udpörsm;udk aqmif½GufEdkifonf1/
odkY&mwGif ,if;tkyfpkrsm;ü udk,fydkifoGifjyif rl0g'r&Sd/ ¤if;
wdkYaexkdif&m a'owdkif;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; vkdufemusihfokH;
onfh wlnDaom 0de,pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vdkufemMuonf/ ae&m
a'o toD;oD;ü tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;onf 0denf;awmfrSm vm&Sd
onhftwdkif; ¤if;wdkY\ rIcif;rsm; tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk Mum;emMu
onf/ Mum;jrifokw&Sd? oDvESihf jynhfpkHNyD; ynm&Sdonhf rax&f
BuD;udk xdktpnf;ta0; odkYr[kwf tkyfpk odkYr[kwf tcrf;tem;\
tBuD;trª;tjzpf cefYtyfonf/ tu,fí ae&ma'o toD;oD;rS
tkyfpkESpfck odkYr[kwf tkyfpktrsm;BuD; pnf;½kHMuvQifrl oHCmawmf
rsm;tm;vkH;onf xdktcrf;tem;twGuf tBuD;trª;wpfa,muf
\ (OD;aqmifrI)atmufü tvdktavsmuf pkpnf;Muonf/ rnf
onhf twif;tMuyfwkdufwGef;rIrSr&SdbJ tm;vkH;rSm rdrdqE´
tavsmufomjzpfonf/ Ak'¨"r®a&;&m tawG;tjrifESihf avhusihf
tm;xkwfrIwdkYü oHCmawmfrsm;tMum; oabmxm;uGJvGJrI ay:
aygufvmrl tvGeftqifhjrifh wefzkd;xm;onhf oHCmawmfrsm;\
nDñGwfrIudk aESmihf,SufNyD; ,if;aemufwGif *dkPf;*P trsKd;rsKd;
edum,trsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufvmrIrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/
tEk&m"yk&acwftwGif; oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;onf wpfpkH
wpf&m t"duajymif;vJrIrsm;r&SdbJ wlnDonhf tpOftvm
usihfpOfudk vdkufemusihfokH;cJhMuonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/
a&S;acwfoD[dkVfwGif A[dkXmeESpfckpDwdkYü wpfESpfvQif ESpfBudrf
0grqdkrDESihf 0gqdkNyD;aemuf oHCmpka0;rIBuD; ESpfBudrf&SdcJhonf/ A[dk
Xme ESpfckteuf wpfckrSm tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmf&Sd r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wkdufjzpfNyD; aemufwpfckrSm a&m[Pt&yf&Sd wdór[m
1
oAÁEÅdare y&dapäa'e pwåma&m bdu©L yu#wåm (ygwdarmuf)/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 1 wdk;wufrIrsm; 315
0d[m& ausmif;wdkuf jzpfonf/ r[m0gvd**Fg (Mahaväli-gañga)
jrpf\ ajrmufzufü oDwif;okH;Muaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü pnf;a0;MuNyD; ,if;jrpf awmifzufü
oDwif;okH;Muaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf wdór[m0d[m&
ausmif;wkdufü pnf;a0;Muonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;\ &nf½G,f
csufrSm rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ 0grqdkrD pnf;a0;Mujcif;rSm apwDawmf
tm; oefY&Sif;&efESihf xkH;okwf&eftjyif ur®|mef;w&m;&,l&ef
xif&Sm;onhf rax&fBuD;rsm;tm; awGUqkH&efjzpfonf/ oDwif;
uRwfNyD;aemuf awGUqkHMujcif;rSm 0gwGif;umvtwGif; rdrdwdkY\
pdwfydkif;b0 avhusifhtm; xkwrf I tajctaeudk ajymqdk&eftjyif
¤if;wdkYoif,lxm;onfh "r®udk½Gwfqdk&efESihf jyefvnfwnf;jzwf
ñSdEIdif;&efvnf; jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefumvrsm;ü rdrdwdkY\ oHo,
rsm;udk uRrf;usifolrsm;ESihf cufcJonhf tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk aqG;
aEG;jcif;jzihf oHo,uif;&Sif;aponhf tcGifhtvrf;&&SdMujcif; jzpf
onf/ wpfESpfvQif ESpfBudrf tpnf;ta0;BuD; ESpf&yfudk usif;y
onfhtavhrSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOfuyif
pwifcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf1 /
1
'D-| 2? 172/
00000000
320 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
okH; (bkH) qGrf;pm;aqmifrsm; &SdMuonf/ axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf xdkae&modkYqGrf;&,l&ef oGm;a&mufMuonf/
zm[D,ef\ rsufjrifrSwfwrf;wGif þodkYazmfjyonf ]&[ef;
awmfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ tpm;tpmudk trsm;okH;ae&mrsm;rS &&Sd
Mu\/ xdkYjyif bk&ifrif;w&m;onf NrdKUawmftwGif; tjcm;ae&m
rsm;wGif ig;axmifajcmufaxmifruaom &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf
trsm;okH; qGrf;taxmuftyHhudk jyifqifxm;\/ qGrf; tvd&k Sd
aomtcg &[ef;awmfrsm;onf oydwfudk,lvsuf qGrf;avmif;
vªonhfae&modkY oGm;NyD; o,f,lEdkifoavmuf &,lum tjyefwGif
oydwfrsm; tjynhfjzpf\}/
&mpkESpf ESpfckvGefNyD;aemuf [l,ifqefu ¤if;Mum;cJh&onhf
tcsufudk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;onf ]bk&ifheef;awmf
ab;wGif csufjyKwfaqmifBuD;aqmufxm;NyD; ,if;taqmifrS &
[ef;&SpfaxmiftwGuf tpm;tpmudk a0iSavmif;vª\/ qGrf;pm;
csdefa&mufvmaomtcg &[ef;awmfrsm;onf oydwfrsm;jzihf rdrd
\ qGrf;a0pkudk&,l&ef <ua&mufvmMu\/ a0pk&NyD; qGrf;bkOf;
ay;NyD;aemuf ¤if;wdkYtm;vkH; rdrdwdkY\ ae&mtoD;oD;odkY jyefoGm;
Mu\/ xdkEdkifiHodkY Ak'¨omoemawmf a&muf&SdcsdefrSpNyD; bk&ifrif;
onf ,if;odkY vª'gef;rIudkjyKNyD; aESmif;acwf bk&ifrif;rsm;onf
2
vnf; igwdkYacwfwdkifatmif qufvuf aqmif½GufcJhMuonf} /
&o0g[deDusrf;ü ausmif;wdkufBuD;ig;ckrS &[ef;rsm;ESihf
&[ef;rdef;rrsm;onf qGrf;twGuf r[mygVd (qGrf;pm;aqmif)ü
pka0;MuaMumif;qdkojzifh w½kwfbk&m;zl;&[ef;awmfrsm;\ tqdk
3
udk axmufcHonf /
&[ef;awmfrsm;taejzihf qGrf;pm;aqmifodkY vrf;avQmuf&ef
ESihf qGrf;pm;aqmifrSjyef&ef? qGrf;avmif;vªonhfae&mü rdrdwdkY
tvSnfhudk apmifhqdkif;&ef &[ef;awmfrsm; tokH;jyK&onfhtcsdefrSm
1 2
Fa Hien, p. 105. Hiuen Tsiang Bk, XI, p. 250.
3
&o0g[deD 2? 51/
tcef; 11
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vl rIb0 2
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
t&yfa'otrsKd;rsKd;wGif jyefYusJaeonhf &nfñTef;csuf tydkif;tp
rsm;t& a&S;acwfoD[dkVfü &[ef;awmfrsm; aexdkifcJhonhf aumif;
rGefonhf b0½kyfykHvTmudk &Edkifonf/
1
aeYpOf vkyfief;rsm;
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzihf eHeufapmapm aerxGuf
rDwGif tdyf&mrS xavh&SdMuonf/ ,if;aemuf pwk&m&u©[k
ac:onhf ur®|mef;av;rsKd;udk qifjcifMuonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm Ak'¨g
Ekówd? arwåmbm0em? tokbmEkyóemESihf r&PówdwdkYjzpf
onf/ ,if;tpOftvmonf tenf;qkH; at'D 10 &mpkxd
r[dE¦avhü vkdufemusihfokH;cJhaMumif; od&onf/ at'D 10 &mpk
rwdkifrDESihf ,if;aemufydkif; umvrsm;wGif tjcm;ae&mrsm;ü
,if;tpOftvmr&Sd[k rqdkEdkifacs/ taMumif;rl ,if;tpOftvm
onf ,aeYacwfwdkif oHCmawmfrsm;tMum; qif;oufcJhaom
aMumifh jzpfonf/
xdkodkY cyfjrefjref ur®|mef;½IrSwfrINyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf oGm;wdkufrsufESmopfjcif;jyKí ¤if;wdkY\ omoema&;wm0ef
rsm;udk aqmif½GufMuonf/ tcsKdUaom t|uxm rSwfwrf;rsm;
1
r[dE¦avh&Sd pwkw¬r[dE´rif;\ ausmufpmrsm;/ tH-| 2? 86/ r-| 1?
128/
 318 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
t& eHeufapmapmwGif ausmif;wdkuf0if;ESifh ywf0ef;usifwGif
wHjrufvSnf;jcif; oefY&Sif;jcif;rsm;ESihf apwd,*FP aAm"d,*FP
0wfrsm;jyKjcif;uJhodkYaom 0wå&m;rsm;udk jyKvkyfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif
pwkw¬r[dE´rif;vufxuf r[dE¦avh ausmufpmwGif ,if;usihf
0wfrsm;udk azmfjyjcif;r&Sd/ ,if;\ azmfjycsufrSm bmoma&;
aqmif½GufrIrsm;NyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ouFef;udk aocd
,odu©myk'fESihftnD aumif;pGmjyif0wfí tcef;odkYoGm;NyD; arwåm
1
okwfudk ½Gwfonf / ,if;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf qGrf;pm;
aqmifodkY qif;oGm;MuNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ eHeufpmudk &,lMuonf/
tu,fí emrusef;jzpfí &[ef;awmf wpfyg;yg;onf qGrf;cH
onhf tcef;odkY roGm;EdkifcJhvQif q&m0efwdkY ñTefMum;onhftwdkif;
2
xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;\ tpm;tpm a0pkudk ydkYay;onf /
3
t*Fkwå&t|uxm üvmonhf aemufrSwfwrf; wpfckt&
t½kPfqGrf;taMumif;udk vkH;0 azmfjyjcif;r&Sd/ odkYwap ,if;rSm
ur®|mef;½IrSwfrIüom b0udk `rIyfESHxm;onfh &[ef;awmfrsm;udk
&nfñTef;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; qGrf;cH
xGuf&ef xonhftcsdefwdkifatmif ormywfESifhaexdkif&ef ñTef
Mum;onf/ qGrf;udpöNyD;aemuf naecsrf;tcsdef apwd,*FP0wf
ESihf tmp&d,0wfrsm;udk aqmif½Guf&rnfhtcsdefxd ur®|mef;xdkif&
onf/ xdkYaemuf aeY\yxr,Hudk ur®|mef;xdkifíukefvGef&onf/
1
0duúroaCF (yk*¾Kdvf)\ met pirit koµ [laom pum;vkH;rsm;ukd ]arwåm
pdwf"mwfudk avhusihfjcif;ESihf y&dwfawmfrsm;udk ½Gwfzwfjcif;}[k bmom
jyefjcif;onf Ak'¨0g'qdkif a0g[m&rsm;ESihf &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifrI vdktyfaom
aMumihfjzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ Met- Pirit rSm okwåedygwfvm arwå
okwå\ tjcm;trnfwpfrsKd;om jzpfonf/ ,if;okwfudk y&dwfBuD;üvnf;
xnhfoGif;xm;onf/ Met-Pirit [laom a0g[m&udk ,if;okwfudk
2
y&dwfBuD;ü xnhfoGif;aomtcg tokH;jyKonf/
þausmufpmü 'kwd,tBudrf odkYr[kwf aeYv,fpmESihf ywfoufí þ
ausmufpmü azmfjyjcif;r&Sd/
3
tH-| 2? 86/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 319
qGrf;cHvSnfhcsdefuJhodkYaom ta&;ygonfh tcsdefpm&if;udk pnf
odkYr[kwf armif;wD;í aMunmonf/ odkYjzihf auvsmPd(Kälyāºi)
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü tcsdefudk pnfwD;í aMunmonf/ odkY
&mwGif 0dZ*&*d&d (Vijagaragiri)0d[m&ürl armif;udk ½dkufcwfí
aMunmonf/ aeYtcgwGif tcsdeu f dk owfrSwf&ef umvxrÇ[k
ac:onhf wdkif (aeem&D ygonfhwdkif jzpfEdkifonf) wpfck&Sdonf/
odkY&mwGif tcsdefudk aumif;pGm wdkufxm;ygu ntcgrSmyif ajym
Edkifonfh ,mr,EÅ ]em&Dpuf} [kac:onfh Bud,mwefqmyvm
aemufwpfrsKd;&Sdao;onf/ ,if;pufudk em&DuJhodkY em&Dwdkif;wGif
½dkufcwf&zG,f&Sdonf (,mr,EÅH y#wd)/ tm&mrfapmifh (tm&m
rdu)rsm;udkjzpfap &[ef;awmftcsKdUudkjzpfap tcsdefpm&if;\ t
csdeftrsKd;rsKd;udk aMunm&ef wm0efay;xm;onf/ auvPd,
ausmif;wdkufwGif tm&mrfapmifhrsm;u ,if;wm0efudk aqmif½Guf
ykH&NyD; 0dZ*&*d&d0d[m&ürl umva'0[kac:onhf rax&fwpf
yg;u txl;ojzihf 0gwGif;umvrsm;ü armif;wD;&ef wm0ef,l
xm;ykH&onf/ umva'0rax&fonf tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf
rwlbJ t&Sifjrwfonf em&DpufudkrMunhfbJ tNrJwrf; armif;wD;
Edkifonftxd tcsdefrSefudkod&mü vdr®muRrf;usifawmfrlaMumif;
od&onf/ t&Sifjrwfonf armif;udkwD;&ef wD;wHjzihf &yfvdkuf
aomtcg odkYr[kwf armif;udk wpfcsuf odkYr[kwf ESpfcsuf rwD;rD
wGif em&Dpufvnf; wlnDpGmyif toHjrnfonf/ t&Sifjrwfonf
1
nOfhokH;,rfywfvkH; ,if;odkY tcsdefudk aMunmonf /
tpm;tpm
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;\ aerGef;rwnhfrD tcsdeftawmfrsm;rsm;udk
enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzihf &&SdEdkifonhf qGrf;uGrf;&SmazGrIjzihf ukefvGe&f
onf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf? tb,*dausmif;wdkufESifh r[dE¦
avhuJhodkYaom ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ESihf qufEG,faeonhf trsm;
1
r-| 1? 128/
324 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
0rf;Ekwfjcif;ESihf tjcm;aq;0g;rsm;okH;aqmifjcif;jzihf rdrd\ cE¨m
udk,ftm; apmihfa&Smmuf&rnf jzpfonf/
1
0dok'¨dr*f rS trSwfrxifawGU&onfh azmfjycsuft& tenf;
qkH; at'D 5 ig;&mpkcefYwGif &[ef;awmftcsKdUaexkdifonhf ae&m
rsm;rSm wpfcgwpf&H tvGefnpfywfaMumif; od&onf/ aumfaZm
rsm;rSm zkefrsm;jzihf jynhfESufaeNyD; ykwfoif uif;vdyfwdkY\ acs;rsm;
rusap&ef acgufxm;Muonf/ tcef;rsm;rSm vif;EdkYeHY <uufeHY
rsm; eHonf/ Murf;cif;rSm cdkiSufacs;rsm;jzifh npfywfaeonf/
jcH0if;xJwGif opf½Gufajcmufrsm; jrufajcmufrsm; avwdkufí jyefY
usJaeonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif ausmif;0if;onf emrusef; jzpfNyD;
tdrfoma&mufatmif roGm;Edkifonhf omraPi,frsm;\ usif
BuD;usifi,frsm;ESihf wHawG;rsm;jzifh pdk½TJaeonf/ rdk;½Gmaom aeY
rsm;wGif ausmif;0if;ü ½THrsm; AGuftkdifrsm;jzihf jynfhaeonf/
ausmif;wdkufrsm; ausmif;aqmifrsm;udk wHjrufvSJjcif; oefY
&Sif;jcif;rsm;\ aus;Zl;udk a&S;a[mif; Ak'¨bmomusrf;pmrsm;ü
txl;jyK a&;om;cJhonfrSm bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuftcsKdUü awGU&
onhf ,if;odkYaom pdwfrcsrf;ajrUzG,f tajctaeaMumihf jzpf
zG,f&Sdonf/ Ak'¨&Siaf wmfjrwf udk,fwdkifvnf; wHjrufvSnf;jcif;
tusKd;ig;rsKd;udk a[mawmfrlNyD;jzpfonf/ orEÅygom'dumusrf;ü
,if;udkaxmufcHNyD; 0w¬Kjzpf&yfrsm;pGmudk azmfjyonf/ tcsKdU&[ef;
awmfrsm;rSm rdrdwdkY oefY&Sif;oyf&yfpGm vSnf;usif;xm;onhf jcH0if;
udk Munhfí&&Sdonhf aysmf½TifrIjzihf edAÁmefukdyif rsufarSmufjyKEdkif
2
aMumif; qdkonf /
onfyif rdrdaexdkifonhf tcef;udk oefY&Sif;a&; aqmif½Gufonfudk awGU&
onf/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf þt&Sifr[moHC&u©dw rax&fxH ur®|mef;
w&m; &,l&ef oGm;aomtcg rax&fBuD;tm; rdrdaexdkif&m ausmif;udk jyK
jyifNyD; oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfí tvkyf½Iyfaeonfudk awGU& onf (tH-| 1? 29)/
1
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 337/
2
0d-| 4? 174/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 321
NiD;aiGUzG,f Mumjrifhrnfjzpfonf/ odkYwap &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
t&ifpvdk jyKjcif;r&SdMuacs/
trsm;okH; qGrf;pm;aqmif (bkHqGrf;) ae&modkYroGm;bJ wpf
tdrf0if wpftdrfxGuf qGrf;cH<uonfh &[ef;awmfrsm; &SdMuonf/
,if;odkY jyKjcif;rSm bkHqGrf;cH&modkY oGm;jcif;xufydkí tcsdefukef
zG,f&Sdonf/ &[ef;awmftcsKdUrSm qGrf;twGuf r[dE¦avhrS tEk
1
&m"yk&odkY vrf;avQmufavh&SdMuonf / &[ef;wpfyg; qGrf;cH<u
2
aomtcg vsifjrefjref r<ua&muf&ef ñTefMum;csuf&Sdonf /
trsm;pkjzpfEdkifonfh &[ef;tcsKdUrSm eHeufapmapm wpfBudrfESihf
3
aerGef;rapmif;rDwpfBudrf wpfaeYESpfBudrf qGrf;cHMuonf / rMum
cPyif &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; MunfnKdol Oygoumrsm;u qGrf;
twGuf &[ef;awmfrsm;udk rdrdwdkYtdrfodkY yifhzdwfMuonfudk trsm;
odNyD;jzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf axmywf
odkYr[kwf qDtwGuf qGrf;cHxGufavh&SdMuNyD; ,if;odkYaom tcg
rsm;wGif xmvu(cGufi,f)udk ,laqmifoGm;avh&SdNyD; ykHrSef qGrf;cH
4
oydwfudk ,laqmifoGm;avhr&Sday /
qGrf;ESpfxyftMum;wGif wpfcgwpf&Hü tEÅ&cZÆu[kac:
onhf oa&pmrsm;jzihf tqmajy pm;aomufrIrsm;&Sdonf/ ,if;
tqmajycJzG,frsm;wGif ysm;(r"k)ESihf wifvJ MuHoum (ou©&)uJh
odkYaom tpm;tpmrsm; yg0ifonf/ wpfcgwpf&H trJom;udk
jyifqifxm;jcif;yif yg0ifonf/ &o0g[deDusrf;vm 0w¬Kjzpf&yf
wpfckrSm olaX;wpfa,mufonf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; eHeufydkif;
wGif ,kefom;tygt0if t&om&Sdonhftpm;tpmrsm;jzihf aerGrf;
1
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 20/ r[mwdó[k ac:onhf rax&fwpfyg;onf apwd,
yAÁw (r[dE¦avh)rS tEk&m"yk&NrdKUodkY qGrf;cH<uavh&Sdonf/ tEk&m"yk&
NrdKUawmfonf r[dE¦avhrS tvGefra0;uGmEdkifacs/ odkYwnf;r[kwf tEk
&m"yk&NrdKUawmfonf r[dE¦avh teD; odkYwkdif us,f0ef;cJhavoavm/
2
'D-| 1? 165/ r-| 1? 259/
3
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 87/
4
o[ó0w¬K? oCFmrpöó 0w¬K/ &o0g[deD 2? 176/
322 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rwnfhrD okH;Budrfwdkifwdkif tvkyftauR;jyKaMumif; azmfjyonf/
,kefom;jzihf txl;jyKjyif pDrHrIonf tEÅ&cZÆrSma&m tjcm;qGrf;
1 1
ESpfBudrfwGifyg yg0ifonf / awmPd*v (Tōºigala) ausmufpm
t& at'D 4 &mpk oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;\ "mwfpmrsm;wGif
'defcJ? ayPd? ysm;&nf? ESrf;? axmywf? qm;ESihf opfjrpfpdrf;rsm;
2
yg0ifonf /
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rlvu wpfaeYvQif wpfBudrfom pm;
aomufEdkifaMumif; odMuonf/ odkYjzpfí &[ef;udk {ubwådu =
wpfxyfwnf;pm;ol[k ac:jcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif {ubwådu
[laom yk'f\ t|uxmtzGifhrsm;ü avsmhayghNyD; rsm;pGm &ufa&m
onf/ ,if;tzGifht& ygw&mobwå (eHeufpm)ESihf om,rm
bwå (aeYv,fpm)[k ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ eHeufpm[lonf aerGrf;
rwnfhrDtcsdefjzpfonf/ aemufqGrf;wpfrsKd;rSm aexGufcsdefESihf
aerGef;wnhftMum;umvwGif jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfojzihf tu,fí
&[ef;wpfyg;onf aerGef;rwnhfrD tcsdefwGif q,fBudrfru pm;
aomufaomfvnf; xdk&[ef;tm; {ubwådu wpfxyfwnf;pm;
3 4
ol[komqdkEdkifonf / aESmif;acwfrsm;wdkifatmifyif wpfaeY wpf
Budrfom pm;&rnf[laom odu©myk'fudk twdtus vdkufem usihf
okH;aeMuaom &[ef;awmftcsKdU &SdEdkifaomfvnf; &[ef;awmf t
rsm;pkrSm eHeufrwdkifrDtwGif; wpfBudrfru pm;okH;MuzG,f&Sdonf/
naecif;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf azsmf&nf odkYr[kwf axmywf
4 5
odkYr[kwf xef;vsufrsm;udk tqmajy pm;aomufMuonf /
wm0ef0wå&m;trsKd;rsKd;
aeYw"l0 vkyf&yfrsm;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tcrf;tem;
trsKd;rsKd;odkY wufa&mufavh&SdMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf udk,f
ydkif ouFef;rsm; csKyfvkyf? avQmfzGwfNyD; aq;qdk;Mu&onf/ apwD
1
&o0g[deD 2? 128/ y&rw¬aZmwdum 1? 301/ 2
EZ. III, p. 178.
3
'D-| 1? 75/ 4
0dok'd̈r*¾ 1? 87/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 323
awmf? aAm"dyifESihf Oykoftdrfrsm;odkY wufa&mufMu&onf/ wpfcg
wpf&H 0ufrSifbD;rsm;(aumpä)ESihf avSum;rsm;jzihf apwDawmftm;
xkH;okwfjcif;rsm;udkyif jyKvkyfMuonf / odkYwap &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf trIvkyfjcif;ü aysmfydkufjcif; (ur®m&mrwm) twGuf tjypf
&SdrnfjzpfaomaMumifh tcsdet f m;vkH;udk ,if;tvkyfrsm;wGifom
`rIyfESHxm;Murnf r[kwfacs/ odkYjzpfí rdrdwdkY\tcsdefudk pmayavh
vm oifMum;jcif;? ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fjcif;? ur®|mef;bm0em tm;
xkwfjcif;ESifh ap,*FP0wfESifh tjcm;wm0efrsm;udk oihfwifh
2
avsmufywfpGm tokH;jyK&ef ñTefMum;onf /
twGif;tjyif ESpfckvkH; oef&Y Sif;p,fMu,frIonf Ak'¨0g'pmay
ü rsm;pGmcsD;rGrf;aom udk,fusihfw&m;jzpfonf/ okr*Fv0dvmodeD
t|uxmü aAmZÑifckepfyg;udk zGifhjy&mwGif 0w¬K0do'ud&d,m
(ypönf;ypö,rsm; oefY&Sif;rIudk aqmif½Gufjcif;) onf "r®0dp,
oarÁmZÑif ("r®udk&SmazGjcif;) udk jznhfusihf&mü vdktyfaom tajc
3
tae ckepfrsKd;teuf wpfckjzpfaMumif; qdkonf / ,if;azmfjycsuf
t& &[ef;wpfyg;onf rdrd\qHyifESifh ajconf;vufonf;rsm;udk
tvGef&Snfatmif rxm;& / &[ef;awmfonf rdrd\ udk,fcE¨mudk
vspfvsL½Irxm;&bJ cE¨mudk,fudk acR;ESihf jrLtnpftaMu;rsm;
rvdrf;usHaeap&ef ykHrSef a&csKd;&rnfjzpfNyD; cE¨mudk,fudk oefY&Sif;
aeap&rnf/ &[ef;onf rdrd0wf½ko H nhfouFef;udk aumif;pGm csKyf
pyf? zGwfavQmf? aq;qdk;jcif;jzihf oefY&Sif;ap&rnf/ tdyf&m ae&m
rsm;udk oefY&Sif;oyf&yfpGm xm;&rnf / &[ef;onf vdktyfygu
1
tH-| 4? 246/ r-| 2? 300/
2
tH-| 3? 160/ ynma&;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;taMumif;udk ynma&; u@
(þusrf;? pm - 498)wGif ½Iyg/
3
'D-| 2? 377/
4
0denf;t& &[ef;onf rdrdqHyif ESpfvufrxuf ydkr&Snfcif odkYr[kwf
ESpfv rausmfvGefrDwGif &dwfjzwf&onf (0d-| 3? 70)/
5
þñTefMum;csufrsm;ESihf tnD ur®|mef;xdkifolrsm;tm; ur®|mef;w&m;
ay;onhf rv,0goD r[moHC&u©dw rax&fuJhodkYaom rax&fBud;rsm;
328 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
onf/ &[ef;rsm;onf rax&frsm;tm; xdcdkufrnfh oGm;vmae
xdkifrIrsm;udk rvkyf&acs/ rax&fBuD;rsm;u edrfhaomae&mü xdkif
aerl rax&fi,frsm;u jrifhaomae&mü rxdkif&acs/ rax&fBuD;
rsm; zdeyfpD;rxm;bJaepOf rdrdu zdeyfudk pD;rxm;&/ rax&fBuD;
rsm;tm; vufñId;xdk;í pum;ajymqdkjcif;rjyK&acs/ rax&fBuD;rsm;
\cGifhjyKcsufr&SdbJ rax&fBuD;rsm;\ a&SUarSmufwGif w&m;a[m
jcif;? ar;cGef;udk ajzMum;jcif; rvkyf&/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkduf t
wGif;? a&csKd;onhfae&m? vlola&SUarSmufponfwdkYü oihfavsmf
onhf trlt&mtjyKtrl tao;pdwfudk &Snfvsm;pGm azmfjyxm;
onf/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf q&mbkef;BuD;wpfyg;xHodkY ur®|mef;
w&m;&,l&ef oGm;a&mufaomtcg tvGef½dkusKd;onhf trlt&m
jzihf oGm;&onf/ xdk&[ef;onff uyÜd, odkYr[kwf wynhfwpf
a,mufudk rdrdESihftwl ac:aqmifroGm;&/ zdeyfpD;roGm;&/ xD;
1
udkyif ,laqmifroGm;& / &[ef;i,fonf rax&fBuD;cyfonhf
a&udk tokH;rjyK&/ rax&fi,fonf ajcudk a&aq;aom tcsdef
rSmyif q&mrax&f rjrifonhfae&modkY oGm;í aq;aMum&onf/
xdk&[ef;onf ur®|mef; w&m;r&rDwGif rax&f\ tvGefESdrhfcs
2
usKd;EGHaom tvkyftauR; wpfa,mufuJhodkY jyKrl&onf /
&[ef;wpfyg;onf ausmif;wdkufwpfckodkY {nfhonftjzpf
oGm;aomtcg ausmif;ae&[ef;rsm;onf xGufNyD; {nfhonf &
[ef;tm; MuifempGm vufcH&rnf/ {nfhonf\ oydwf? ouFef;
ESihf ,yfawmfrsm;udk ,laqmifNyD;? ae&mxdkifcif; ay;vsuf? vdktyf
csufrsm;udk ,laqmifay;&onf/ {nfhonf&[ef;onf jyefoGm;
vdkaMumif; zGifhqdkaomtcg ausmif;aeyk*¾Kdvfrsm;u jyefroGm;&ef
qufvuf oDwif;okH;&ef awmif;yefavQmufxm;&onf/ tu,f
í ausmif;ae &[ef;rsm;u {nfhonf&[ef;rsm;udk MuifempGm
rapmihfa&Smufrl ,if;onf ausmif;ae &[ef;rsm;tzdkY raumif;?
1 vkH;udk MunfEl;aponf/ vaum#yAÁw 0d[m&&Sd em*avPESihf
zdeyfESihf xD;rsm;udkyif ZdrfcHypönf;rsm;[k ,lqykH&onf/
2
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 18? 98/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 325
oJjzLcif;NyD; aumif;pGm vSnf;usif;xm;onhf apwDawmfwpf
ql\ y&d0kPfavmuf rnfonhft&mrQ pdwfMunfEl;onhf ae&m
r&Sdacs/ Ak'¨bmom bkef;BuD;ausmif;onf aus;½GmwGif toefY&Sif;
qkH;ae&mjzpfNyD; aumif;rGefvSyonhf ae&mtm;vkH;\ A[dktcsuf
tcsmae&mjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí &[ef;awmfrsm; udk,fwkdif rdrdwdkY\
bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;udk ykHpH opfaeap&efESihf vma&mufolrsm;tm;
MunfndKo'¨gyGm;ap&ef jyKvkyfMuonf/ aumif;pGm xdef;odrf;
apmihfa&Smufxm;onhf ausmif;0if;onf tZÑwåNidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf
ausmif;wdkuf\ wnfNidrfrItwGuf oauFwuJhodkY jzpfonf/
naecif; wm0efrsm;
apwD&ifjyifawmftm; aeYpOfwHjrufvSnf;jcif;rSm &[ef;awmfrsm;
\ usihf0wfwpfckjzpfNyD; apwDawmftm; ylaZmf0wfjyKNyD;aemuf
apwD&ifjyifawmfwGif twlwuG Nidrf;csrf;pGm xdkifMuNyD; jrwfAk'¨
tm; MunfnKdvsuf o'¨gw&m;xkHrTrf;aeonhf ESvkH;om;jzihf
okwåefrsm;udk ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fMuonf/ bdu©KeDrsm;ESihf tjcm;
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;vnf; &[ef;awmfrsm; okwåefrsm;udk ½Gwfqdkcdkuf xdk
ae&mwGif MunfnKdzG,f ½GwfzwfoHudk em,lvsuf xdkifMuonf /
1
okwåefrsm;udk ½GwfqkNd yD;onhftqkH;wGif rax&fBuD;rsm;u ax&f
i,frsm;tm; w&m;awmfrsm;a[mMum;vsuf "r®ESihfywfoufonhf
2
ar;cGef;taxGaxGudk aqG;aEG;Muonf / ,if;jzpf&yfonf rsm;
aomtm;jzihf naecif;wGif jzpfonf/
,if;pkaygif;½Gwfqdkjcif;tjyif ncsdefü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
wpfyg;csif;vnf; okwåefrsm;udk rdrdaexdkif&m ausmif;aqmifü
½GwfqdkMuonf/ opfyifrsm;jzihf qdwfNidrfonhft&yfwGif wdwf
qdwfNidrfoufonhf ntcgü &[ef;awmfrsm;\ okwåefygVdawmf
rsm;udk oHaeoHxm;jzihf ½GwfzwfoHonf Mum;em&olwdkY\ pdwfES
1 2
r-| 1? 189/ tH-| 2? 215/
326 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
awmifydkif; y*Fk&0d[m&wGif toD;oD; oDwif;okH;Muonhf &[ef;ysKd
wpfyg;½Gwfqdkonhf r[mor,okwåefESihf r[m"r®orm'eokwåef
rsm;udk ½GwfzwfonhftoHtm; emMum;Mu&onfh ewfom;ESpf
a,mufwdkYonfyif &[ef;awmfESpfyg;\ ½GwfzwfoHudk csD;rGrf;Mu
onftxd tvGefESpfoufoGm;aMumif; azmfjyonftxd oHCm
awmfrsm;\ ½GwfzwfoHonf owå0gtaygif;\ pdwfESvkH;udk Munf
1
El;aponf /
"r®a'oem
w&m;a'oem a[mMum;Edkifonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY
tvSnhfusa&mufygu w&m;a[mMum;&onf/ vjynhf&ufESihf
vqef;&ufrsm;wGifomru vqef;vqkwf &Spf&ufaeYrsm;üvnf;
bkef;BuD; ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü w&m;a'oem a[mMum;onf/
,aeYacwfuJhodkYyif w&m;a[m "r®uxdu yk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf ,yf
awmif (ADZeD)udk udkifxm;Muonf/ w&m;a[mcsdefudk aMunm
vdkufaomtcg &[ef;awmfrsm;udk,fwdkif w&m;em&ef pnf;½kH;Mu
onf/ w&m;emcsdef aMunmvdkufNyD;aemuf w&m;em rwuf
a&mufjcif;tm; "r®udk tav;*½krjyKjcif;? "r®udk r½dkaojcif;[k
2 tmp&da,m bdu©a0 taEÅ0godurSd ykwåpdwåH Oy|ayówd? taEÅ0g-
,lqonf / wpfcgwpf&HwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ausmfMum;
onhf "r®uxduyk*¾KdvfwdkY\ w&m;udk emMum;&ef tvGefa0;aom
3
t&yfwdkif c&D;oGm;Muonf /
pkaygif;wm0ef
&[ef;awmfrsm;[lonf pdwfb0udk avhusihfaeYonhf rdom;pkBuD;
jzpfonf/ &[ef;awmfrSefvQif tcsif;csif; vkyfaqmif&ef wm0ef
0wå&m;rsm;ESihf aus;Zl;w&m;rsm; &SdMuonf/ q&mESihf wynhf
1
'D-| 2? 288/ r-| 2? 276/
2
r-| 1? 236/ 'D-| 2? 337/ tH-| 1? 32/
3
tH-| 2? 134/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 327
tMum;&Sd qufqHa&;onf tazESihf om;wdkY\ qufqHa&;ESihf wl
onf/ Ak'¨udk,fwdkifu q&m[lonf rdrdwynhftay: om;tjzpf
,lqNyD; wynhfonf q&mtay: zcifuJhodkY owfrSwf aMumif;
rdefYawmfrlonf/ odkYjzpfí OyZÑm,fq&mESihf o'¨d0d[m&du wynhf
1
wdkY\ tMum;&SdqufqHa&;rSm xdkenf;twdkif;jzpfonf / "r®jzihf
a&m tmrdojzihfyg wynhfonf q&mudk jyKpkapmihfa&Smuf&NyD;
q&monf wynhfudk apmihfa&Smuf&onf/ ykHrSeftm;jzihf wynfh
onf q&mukd jyKpk&aomfvnf; wynhfemrusef;jzpfvQifrl q&m
uwynhfukd tdyf&mjyifay;jcif;? a&aEG;yl jyKvkyfay;jcif;ESihf tjcm;
vdktyfonfrsm;udk jyKjyifpDrHay;jcif;jzihf jyefvnfjyKpk apmihfa&Smuf
&onf/ 0de,ygVdawmfrsm;ü q&mwynhfwdkY\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;
udk tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;jcif;rsm;t& &[ef;awmfrsm;\ tkyfpk
todkif;t0dkif;jzihf opöm&Sd&Sd cspfcifjrwfEdk;pGm aexdkifrIb0udk azmf
2
jyonf / omraPrsm;onf OyorÜ'uHaqmifNyD; &[ef;awmf
3
rsm;\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk ½dkaopGm jyKvkyfay;avh&SdMuonf /
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rax&fBuD;rsm;\ a&SUarSmufwGif vdkuf
emaexdkif&rnfh oihfawmfonhf trlt&mESihf usihf0wfrsm;udk od&
1
odaum tmp&d,rdS ydwkpdwåH Oy|ayówd (0d 3? 60)/ OyZÑm a,m
bdu©a0 o'¨d0d[m&durSd Oy|ayówd? o'¨d0d[m&daum OyZÑm,rSd
ydwkpdwåH Oy|ayówd (0d 3? 57)/
2
0d 3? 57/
3
&[ef;i,fwpfyg;onf omraPi,fwpfyg;ESit fh wl 'efyl&,l&ef oGm;Mu
onf/ vrf;rS twefi,fa0;pGm oGm;onhf omraPi,fonf tokb
bmom0emur®|mef;udk ½IrSwfNyD; r*fzdkvfokH;qifhudk &oGm;onf/ rdrdpdwf
pwkw¬r*fzdkvf (&[EÅm)tqihfudk a&mufvkwGif &[ef;i,fu omraP
i,ftm; vSrf;ac:onf/ omraPonf ]igonf omraPjyKonfhaeYrS
pí &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u ighudk ESpfBurd fac:&onhf tjzpfrsKd;udk rjyKrlcJh
zl;/ wpfaeYwGif pwkw¬r*fzdkvftqifhudk &ygvdrfhrnf}[k qifjcifonf/
odkYjzihf omraPonf ]rSefyg t&Sifbk&m;}[k csufjcif;yif jyefMum;vdkuf
onf ('D-| 1? 166/ tbd-| 2? 333)/
332 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
aumif; wpfa,muftjzpf xifjrifap&ef apwDawmf&ifjyifudk
wHjrufvSnf;Edkifonf? aexdkif&mtcef;udk oefY&Sif;Edkifonf? yef;
wifckHrsm;udk oefY&Sif;Edkifonf? aAm"dyifudk a&avmif;Edkifonf/
vl'g,umrsm; a&SUarSmufwGif &[ef;wpfyg;onf rax&fBuD;rsm;
tm; ]t&Sifbk&m;? wynfhawmf apwD&ifjyifudk wHjrufvSnf;ae
ckduf jrufyifwpfcsKdU ysufpD;ukefygonf? wynhfawmftm; rnf
1
onhf tjypf&Sdygoenf;} ponhf ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;wwfonf /
rax&fBuD;u apwemrygí rnfonhf tmywfrSroifh[k ajz
onf/ ]t&Sifbk&m;? odkY&mwGif wynhfawmfonf tmywfoihf
onfxifrdygonf/ wynhfawmftrIEiS hf ywfoufí *½kwpdkuf ppf
aq;ay;ygbk&m;}[k oDvaMumifyk*¾Kdvfu avQmufonf/
,if;odkYaom tjyeftvSefajymqdkrIrsm;udk em;axmifrdol
todynmenf;onhf 'um'umrrsm;onf ]Mo? tu,fí þ
&[ef;onf þuJhodkYaom ao;i,fonhf tmywfudkyif pdk;&drf
pdwfjzpfbdrl ydkrdk BuD;av;onhf tmywfudkrl rnfrQ pdk;&drfpdwf jyif;
avrnfenf;}[k ,lqaumif; ,lqEdkifonf/
&[ef;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufodkY a&mufvmaom vlt
rsm;udk jrifygu ur®|mef;xkdifaebdouJhodkY [efaqmifEdkifonf/
ynmrwwfonhf tcsKdU&[ef;rSmrl tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ a&SUarSmufü
{&mrynm&SifBuD;uJhodkY [efaqmifwwfonf/ oDvaMumifyk*¾Kdvf
rsm;onf trSefwu,f xif&Sm;r&Sdonhf oDvorm"dynmjzihf
tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;udk qGJaqmif&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuykHudkazmfjyonhf &Snf
vsm;NyD; pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onhf rSwfwrf;rsm;udk t|uxm
2
usrf;rsm; ü azmfjyMuonf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;rsm;u &[ef;rsm;tm;
½dk;om;jzLpifonhfb0jzihf aexdkifa&;udk ñTefMum;&ef oHCmawmf
rsm;\todü rnfrQ pdk;&drfcJhMuonfudk uREkfyfwdkYtm; azmfjyonf/
1
pdrf;pdkonhf jrufopfyifrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;onf 0denf;odu©myk'frsm;t&
ygpdwftmywfoifhonf (0d 2? 51)/
2
tbd-| 2? 457
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 329
taMumif;rl tu,fí ausmif;ae&[ef;rsm;onf ,if;jyKrlquf
qHrl ,if;wdkYtm; qufqHa&;raumif;ol? opömr&Sdol? ESpfouf
zG,f raumif;ol? okefrIefolrsm;tjzpf trsm;u ,lqNyD; tjcm;
&[ef;awmfrsm; vma&mufvnfywfvdkpdwf &Sdrnfr[kwfacs/ ,if;
odkYjzpfrl &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ynm&Sif opömwnfwHhonhf q&m
awmfrsm;ESihf aygif;oif;&rI tcGifhta&; &rnfr[kwfaomaMumihf
ausmif;wdkufESifh ,if;ausmif;wdkufae &[ef;awmfrsm;tzdkY qkH;½IH;
1
rIjzpfonf /
wpfcgwpf&HwGif &[ef;i,frsm;onf tvGef aysmfaysmf½Tif½Tif
aewwfNyD; cyfayghaygh aewwfMuonf/ a&m[Pt&yfü ab&
ygomP0d[m& ausmif;wdkufwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh twlae
xkdifol Owå&trnf&onhf pdwfrrSefol wpfa,muftm; aemuf
ajymifonfh &[ef;i,frsm;\ pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpf&yf wpfck&Sdonf/
xdk&[ef;i,frsm;onf xdkpdwfrESHYoltm; rD;wif;ukyf rdk;,dkae
ojzihf trdk;rdk;&ef oufi,f&Sm&ef awmodkYoGm;Muonf/ jrufudk
&dwfjzwfNyD; pnf;Muaomtcg &[ef;i,frsm;u Owå&tm; jruf
tpnf; 50 o,fEdkifoavm[k ar;Muonf/ pdwfrEHSYolu ro,f
Edkifyg[kqdkonf/ odkYjzihf &[ef;i,frsm;u tpnf; 80 udkaum
o,fEdkifravm[k ar;Mujyefonf/ Owå&onf ,if;ukdvnf;
jiif;onf/ odkY&mwGif tpnf; 100 udkawmh oifro,fEdkifbl;
r[kwfavm[k &[ef;awmfrsm;u pkHprf;Muonf/ tpnf; 100
udkawmh xrf;Edkifyg\[kqdkNyD; jruftpnf; 100 udk bkef;BuD;
ausmif;odkYta&muf cufcufcJcJ o,f,lonf/ bkef;BuD; ausmif;
wdkufrS tjcm;&[ef;;awmfrsm;u Owå& yifyef;ykH&onf[k rSwf
csufjyKMuonf/ ]rSefyghbk&m;? þ&[ef;i,frsm;u wynhfawmfudk
vdrfnmMuygonf wynhfawmfu þtpnf; wpf&mudk awmif
ro,f,lEdkifbJ wynfhawmfudk tpnf; 50 udk awmif o,f ,l
ckdif;ygonf}[k qdkonf/ ][kwfwmaygh Owå&? olwdkY rif;udk vdrfMu
1
tH-| 3? 160/
330 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
NyD}[k &[ef;awmfrsm;u oem;u½kPmjzihf ajymvdkufMuonf /
pdwfydkif;a&;&m tqihftwef;
a&S;acwfoD[dkVfü &[ef;tcsdKU\ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m tqihftwef;rSm
jrifhcJhyHkr&acs/ tapmqkH; at'D 3 &mpkcefYu a0g[m&du wdó
rif;onf &[ef;tcsKdUudk ta<u;avQmfypf&ef aiG 300000 (okH;
odef;) ay;&aMumif; odcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü
awGU&onfh rSwfwrf;wpfckt& at'D 5 &mpk tcsKdU &[ef;awmf
rsm;\ b0onf remvdkrI? tusihfodu©m ysuf,Gif;rIESihf ao;
odrfrIrsm; jynfhESufaeonf[k okH;oyfygu rQwrI&Sdonf/ 0dok'd̈
2
r*f ü awGU&onhf azmfjycsufwpfckonf xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;ü
b0ESifh ywfoufonfudk rD;armif;xdk;jyonf/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf
xif&Sm;onhf ur®|mef;jy q&mxHodkY ur®|mef;w&m;&,l&ef oGm;
a&mufaomtcg xdkq&mxHodkY wdkuf½dkuf tvsifqkH;oGm;&efESihf
q&mESihfrawGUrD tem;,l&eftwGufyif tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;\
ae&modkY roGm;a&muf&ef ñTefMum;onf/ taMumif;rl tu,fí
xdkxif&Sm;onhf ur®|mef;q&mtm; tqdk;jrifonhf tjcm; &[ef;
rsm;\ ae&modkYoGm;rdcJhvQif xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;u xdkur®|mef;
q&mtaMumif; raumif;ajymEdkifNyD; topfvma&mufol &[ef;
awmf\pdwfonf xdkur®|mef;q&mtay: raumif;jrifoGm;Edkif
aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
a&m[Pt&yfrS 'DCbmPu tb,rax&fonf q&m
BuD;wpfqljzpfNyD; tcgwpfyg; t&Sifjrwf t&d,0Hookwfawmfudk
a[mMum;pOf r[m*grwpf½GmvkH; t&Sifjrwf\w&m;udk vm
a&muf em,lMuonf/ vª'gef;zG,ftajrmuftjrm;udk q&mrax&f
1
tH-| 2? 215/ tvkyfu jyefvmonfh trsKd;om;wpfa,muftm; wpf
ywf½dkufoGm;onhf omraPi,frsm;taMumif; aemufjzpf &yfwpfck &Sd
ao;onf/ (r-| 3? 191/ tbd-| 2? 338 udk ½Iyg/)
2 2
0dok'¨r*¾ 1? 98/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 331
tm; vª'gef;Muonf/ tb,rax&f\ ausmfMum;rIESihf vlodrsm;
rIudk remvdkjzpfonfh r[max&fwpfyg;u ]Munfhprf;? 'DCbmP
u yk*¾Kdvfonf t&d,0Hookwfudk a[mMum;rIudk ,dk;r,fzGJUNyD;
wpfnvkH; BuD;pGm taESmifht,Suf jyKbd\}[k rSwfcsufjyKonf/
xdkrax&fBuD; ESpfyg;vkH;onf rdrdwdkYausmif;odkY xGufcGmMuNyD;
wpf*g0kwfavmufta0;wGif rax&fBuD;ESpfyg;onf wpfckwnf;
aomvrf;udk twlwl oGm;Mu&onf/ wpfvrf;vkH; xdkrax&fBuD;
onf 'DCbmPu tb,rax&ftm; xdyg;apmfum;onfh rSwf
csufrsm;udk jyKaomfvnf; tb,rax&furl ajymorQ tm;vkH;udk
onf;cHNyD; wpfcGef;wpfavrQ cGef;wkHY rjyefacs/ rax&f\ pdwfudk
ur®|mef;tm½kHodkY OD;wnfxm;onf/ rdrdwdkY\ ae&modkY oGm;&rnfh
vrf;qkHae&modkY rax&fESpfyg; ta&mufwGif 'DCbmPu r
ax&fu &Sdcdk;0wfjyKNyD; ]t&Sifbk&m;? þvrf;rSm t&Sifjrwf oGm;&
rnfhvrf; jzpfyg\}[k avQmufaomfvnf; raumif;ajymwwf
1
onhf rax&fBuD;um; rMum;a,mifaqmifí xGufoGm;onf /
t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü awGU&onhf tcsKdUaom rSwfwrf;rsm;rSm
trnfemr twdtusjzihf &nfñTef;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; rdrdwYdk
ausmif;wdkufokdY {nfhonftjzpfjzihf vma&mufonfudk rESpfouf
onhf &[ef;tcsKdU&SdaMumif; azmfjyonf/ xdkodkYaom ausmif;ae&
[ef;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ 'um'umrrsm;udk {nfhonf &[ef;rsm;
ESihf &if;ESD;oGm;rnfudk remvdkjzpfMuonf/ xdk&[ef;rsm;onf oH
Cmydkifonhf ypönf;rsm;udkyif tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; cGJjcrf;a0
iSvdkpdwfr&SdMuacs/ tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;\ twwfynmudkyif
2
remvdkonhf &[ef;rsm; &SdMuonf /
olawmfaMumifjzpfrIrSm xif&Sm;onfh tm;enf;csufjzpfonf/
vltrsm; ausmif;wdkufodkY vma&mufMuonfh yGJawmfaeYrsm;wGif
&[ef;onf rdrdtm; vltrsm;u omoemudk MunfnKdol? &[ef;
1
r-| 1? 82/
'D-| 3? 210/
336 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
a&; taqufttkHrsm;tm; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;udk
r[mygVd qGrf;pm;aqmif&Sd ausmufavSay:wGif a&;xkdk;xm;onhf
ausmufpmü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf r[mygVdrS&&Sdonhf rdrdwdkY\
qGrf;qefawmfa0pkudk aZw0eapwDawmf jyefvnf wnfaqmuf
a&;twGuf ylaZmfvª'gef;aMumif; jyqdkonftxd tvGefxl;uJpGm
1
ukodkvf&&SdaMumif; ,lqMuonf / r[m0Housrf;wGif tmumo
apwDodkYwuf&ef omraPi,fwpfyg;u ausmufavSum;qihfrsm;
vª'gef;rIuJhodkYaom tao;tzGJudpöudkyif *½kwpdkuf rSwfwrf;wif
xm;NyD; ,if;vkyfief; ukodkvftjzpf csD;usL;xm;onftxd jyef
2
vnfwnfaqmufrIvkyfief;udk tvGefcsD;usL;xm;onf / omoemh
taqmufttkHrsm;udk wnfaqmufjcif;jzihf tvkyfrsm;jcif;tm;
tm½kHw&m;udk atmifEdkifjcif; xdef;csKyfjcif;twGuf enf;vrf; wpf
cktjzpf ,lqonf/ t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü &[ef;wpfyg;onf
Oykofaqmif (odrf) okdYr[kwf qGrf;pm;ausmif; wnfaqmufjcif;
rsm;jyKvkyfaeaomtcg xdkvkyfief;twGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk pOf;
pm;jcif;jzihf tvkyfrsm;&ojzifh xdk&[ef;\ udavomrsm; arT
3
aemuf&ef tcGihftvrf;romaMumif; azmfjyMuonf / t*Fkw&å
t|uxmü tus,fazmfjyNyD; wpfcgwpf&H &[ef;wpfyg;onf
udavomrsm;udk 0ifa&mufcGihf ray;jcif;rSwpfqihf aemufwpfzef
jzpfay:jcif;udk ESdyfeif;vsuf &[EÅmtjzpfodkYyif a&mufa&muf
oGm;aMumif; jzpf&yfwpfck azmfjyonf –
qm, apwDawmftm; jyefvnfwnfaqmufrIudk aqmif½GufouJhodkY
jzpfonf/
1
rdrdwdkY a0pkudk xdkudpötwGuf ay;vdkufNyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
rnfodkY aexdkifcJhMuoenf;/ tjzpfEdkifqkH;rSm qGrf;cHü aexdkifcJhjcif;jzpf
zG,f&Sdonf/
2
r[m0Ho 22? 25-28/
3
{uapöm ye e0ur®daum a[mwd? Oaygoxm*g& abmZeomvm'Ded
ua&mEÅd? wó awoH Oyu&Pmed pdaEÅEÅó udavom MoumoH e
vbEÅd (tbd-| 2? 335/ tH-| 1? 24)/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 333
rdrdwdkY\ wynhfrsm;ESihf ydkifqdkifypönf;rsm;udk tvGef pGJvrf;
onhf &[ef; (owåocFg& auVm,e yk*¾v) tcsdKUvnf; &SdcJh
onf/ xdk&[ef;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ wynhfrsm;tm; tjcm;yk*¾Kdvf
rsm;twGuf rnfonhfudpöudkrQ aqmif½GufcGifhray;? tjcm; yk*¾Kdvf
1
rsm;tm; rdrdydkifypönf;rsm;udk okH;pGJcGifhvnf; rjyKacs /
aZw0em&mr ouúwausmufpmESihf r[dE¦avh&Sd pwkw¬
r[dE´rif; ausmufjym;rsm;t& at'D 9 &mpkESifh 10 &mpk &[ef;
awmfrsm;\ pdwfydkif;b0tqifhtwef;vnf; edrfhykH&onf/ pdkufysKd;
a&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;udk pdwf0ifpm;ol? v,f,majrrsm; ydkifqdkifol?
&[ef;usihf0wf vlYusihf0wfESpfrsKd;vkH;udk azmufzsufol? tajym
tqdk Murf;wrf;NyD trSefudk rajymqdkol &[ef;tcsKdU &SdcJhonf/
,if;odkYaom &[ef;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYaexkdif&m bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü
2
aexdkifcGifhray;? odkYr[kwf qGrf;ouFef;wdkYudk &,lcGifh rjyKacs /
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;ü aqG;aEG;rIrsm;ESihf ao;odrfaom
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk rawGU&acs/ tcsKdUaomae&mrsm;wGif ,if;
aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefrIrsm;rSm ausmif;wkdufwpfcktm; tvªaiG ay;tyf
rIudk azmfjyonhf at'D 9 &mpkausmufpmwpfcku ]tu,fí
ausmif; wdkufwpfcktwGif; tpmtpm;rsm;udk usD;pmacG;pmtjzpf
vTifhypf &rnf}[laom tajctaewpf&yfudk csrSwfxm;onfxd
3
tvGef vlodrsm; xif&Sm;cJhzG,f&Sdonf /
taqmufttkHrsm;ESihf jyKjyifxdef;odrf;a&;
plV0*¾ygVdawmfü aqGaEG;ajrUysufpD;aeonhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;
udk jyefvnfjyKjyif&efa&m bkef;BuD;ausmif;opfrsm; wnfaqmuf
1
'D-| 3? 210/ r-| 1? 303? tbd-| 2? 272/
2
EZ. I, p. 4-5,86.
3
aumvk'd,aygukP*l ausmufpm (Kaludiyapokuºa) EZ.III,. 258.
334 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
&efyg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf cGifhjyKawmfrlaMumif; qdkonf / Ak'¨&Sifawmf
jrwf y&dedAÁmef pHveG fawmfrlNyD;aemuf &Sifawmfjrwf\ w&m;awmf
rsm;udk oH*g,emwif&ef &mZN*dK[fNrdKUü &[ef;awmfrsm; pnf;a0;
2
Muaomtcg Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf rdefYrSmawmfrlonhftwdkif; yxr
wpfv tcsdeftcgudk ysufpD;aqG;ajrUaeonhf bkef;BuD;ausmif;
rsm;udkjyKjyif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/ odkYjzihf a&S;OD; &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf rdrdwdkY oDwif;okH;&m ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk jyKjyifrIudk rdrdwdkY\
wm0ef 0wå&m;tjzpf ,lqcJhMuonf/
odkYjzpfívnf; aZw0em&mr ouúwausmufpmü &[ef;
awmfrsm;ESifh oufqdkifonhf ae&mrSeforQudk rysufpD;raqG;ajrU
atmif apmihfa&Smmuf&rnf[k csrSwfxm;onf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;
wdkufwpfckü aexkdifonfh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf taqmuf
ttkHopfrsm; aqmufvkyf&ef odkYr[kwf taqmufttkHa[mif;
rsm; jyefjyif&ef tvkyfudkrvkyfcJhvQif rdrdwm0efudk Oayu©mjyKae
3 4
vQif tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ uJh&JUjcif;udkcH&onf / odkYjzpfí bkef;BuD;
ausmif;wdkufwpfckü oDwif;okH;aexdkifonhf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;
onf xdkae&m wdk;wufrIESihf ywfoufonfh tcsKdUaom vkyfief;
rsKd;udk ykHrSeftm;jzihf aqmif½Guf&onf/ odkY&mwGif &[ef;onf
wpfcgwpf&H ur®|mef;bm0em tm;xkwfjcif;ESifh pmayoifMum;
jcif;wdkYü tcsdefjynhf `rIyfESHxm;edkif&ef ,if;odkYaom yvdaAm"
4
vkyf&yfrsm;udk wm;jrpf Oyrmrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf /
1
tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 e0ur®H 'gwkH? e0ur®daum bdu©a0 bdu©K OokuúH
tmyZÆdówd udEÅd Ekacg 0d[ma&m cdyÜH y&da,momeH *apä,smwd
c@zkv’H y#docF&dówd (0d 3? 308)/
2 4
b*0wm acg tm0kaom c@zkv’y#docF&PH 0PÖdwH/ [E´ r,H
c@zkv’H y#docF&dómr (0d 4? 482)/
3 6
e00d[ma& A[kH e0ur®H a[mwd/ tua&mEÅH OZÑm,EÅd (0dok'¨dr*¾ 1?
118)/ ZdPÖ0d[ma& ye A[kH y#dZ*¾wAÁH a[mwd/ tEÅraom twåaem
aoemoerwårÜd ty#dZ*¾EÅH OZÑm,EÅd (0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 118)/
4
,if;? 118/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 335
a,bk,stm;jzihfqdkrl &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;vkH;onf aexdkif
&mausmif;rsm;udk wnfaqmuf jyKjyifxdef;odrf;rIrsm;ESihf ywfouf
onf/ apwDawmfudk jyKjyifjcif;? aAm"daqmif odkYr[kwf Oayg
oxaqmifudk rdk;jcif;ponhf &nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzihf tcgtm;avsmf
pGm pnf(ab&D) odkYr[kwf armif;(*@d)rsm;udk wD;cwfjcif;wdkY
1
twGuf xkH;pHrsm;&SdcJhonf / &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tvGefa&S;us
onhfacwfrsm; tcsdefuyif tEkynmonfrsm;tjzpf jyKrlcJhMu
onf/ r[m0Hoonf udk;xyf&Sdonhf avm[ygom' (aMu;
jymo'f) tkwfjrpf (Plan)udk 'k|*grPdrif;BuD; awmif;yefcsuft&
2
&[EÅmrax&fBuD; &Spfyg;ua&;qGJcJhonf / ½k0ef0gvdqm, (Ru-
vanvälisäya) t&yf&Sd "mwfawmfwdkuf wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;
£E´*kwåtrnf&Sd &[EÅmrax&fBuD;\ BuD;MuyfuGyfuJrIjzihf wnf
3
aqmufcJhonf / &[ef;awmfrsm;onf r[mapwDawmfudk wnf
aqmuf&ef tkwfrsm; o,faqmifjcif;uJhodkYaom enf;rsm;jzihf t
vkyfMurf;rsm;udkyif aqmif½GufcJhaMumif; od&onf / rZÑdredum,f
t|uxmü &Sif;vif;csufrsm;t& r[mapwDawmfudk xkH;okwf
onfh aomwmyefjzpfoGm;onhf &[ef;awmfwpfyg; taMumif;udk
5
rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf /
uw&*gr (at'D 1 ESihf 2 &mpk) ausmufjym;a&;pm wpfck
wGif eE´trnf&onhf rax&fwpfyg;onf xdkaus;½Gm&Sd apwDtm;
t½G,fBuD;atmif wdk;csJUrGr;f cJhNyD; 0ifaygufav;ckü em,uq&m
6
awmfrsm;\ oabmwlcsufjzihf ausmufjym;rsm;cscJhonf / bmom
1 2
tH-| 1? 397/ r[m0Ho 27? 9-20/
3
,if; 3? 89/
,if; 3? 19-41/
5
r-| 2? 300/
EZ. III, p. 215. eE´rax&fonf ,if;udk jyKvkyfcJhykH&onf/ o&PF&
oHC&mZm\ wynhfrsm;onf at'D 18 &mpkwGif ysufpD;,dk,Gif; aeonhf
ausmif;rsm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif wnfaqmufouJhodkY odkYr[kwf em&ef0dw
okreom&rax&fonf at'D 19 &mpk\ aemufqkH;ESpf0ufwGif ½k0ef0gvd
340 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
wpfcgwpf&H &[ef;awmfrsm;\ pdwftm½kHonf aus;½Gm tvS
r,frsm;udkomru eef;wGif;ol tvStyrsm;odkYyif a&mufoGm;
onf/ avm[ygom'rS &[ef;ysKdwpfyg;ESihf o'¨gwdórif;\
ta>ct&H trsKd;orD; wpfa,mufonf tcspftwGuf touf
1
pGefYMuaMumif; od&onf / apwd,*d&dausmif;wdkufrS toufBuD;
NyD;rS &[ef;jyKvmol pdwåtrnf&onhf tjcm;&[ef;awmf wpfyg;
onf r[m'gXdu r[mem*rif; (at'D 67-79) \ acsmarmvSy
onhf wrD;vfrdzk&m;ysKdtm; cspfonhfpdwfjzihf ½l;oGyfoGm;NyD; r[dE¦
2
avh&Sd &[ef;i,frsm;\ ajymifavSmifp&m yk*¾KdvfjzpfoGm;onf /
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf bdu©KeDrsm;ESihf cspfBudKufonhf om"u
rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ wpfcgaomf &[ef;i,frsm;onf r[mapwD
awmfü okwåefrsm;udk ½Gwfzwf o&ZÑm,fMuonf/ naeydkif;wGif
jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ i,f½G,fonhf bdu©KeDrrsm;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;
teD;üuyfvsuf ½GwfzwfoHudk em,l&if; xdkifMuonf/ &[ef;ysKd
wpfyg;onf rdrdvufudk aemufzufodkY qefYwef;vdkufpOf bdu©KeDr
i,f\udk,fudk xdrdonf/ bdu©KeDri,fonf &[ef;ysKd\ vufudk
udkifNyD; &ifbwfay:ü wifxm;onf/ ¤if;wdkY ESpfOD;onf t
3
csif;csif; arwåmydkoGm;NyD; aemifwGif vlxGufoGm;Muonf /
rZÑdredum,f t|uxmü ESpfoufzG,f jzpf&yfwpfck azmfjy
4
onf / r&dp0¥d0d[m& (bDpD 1 &mpk) vª'gef;yGJ tcrf;tem;wGif
rsm;pGmaom bdu©K bdu©KeDrsm;onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü pka0;Mu
1
tH-| 1? 17/
2
ynm&Sif t'du&rf u ,if;rSm oifwef;wpfck[k ,lqonf (EHBC, p.
127.)/ odkY&mwGif ,if;onf &[ef;awmfrsm; apwDawmfü &Sdcdk;0wfjyKMu
NyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ naeydkif;wGif okwåefrsm; ½Gwfzwfjcif;om
jzpfonf/ ,if;tavhtusihfonf ,aeYacwf Ak'¨0g'D&[ef;awmfrsm;
wkdif &Sdao;onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm;onfvnf;
"r®½GwfzwfoHudk em,l&ef xdkifMuonf/
3
r-| 1? 288/ 269/ 'D-| 1? 176/ tbd-| 2? 343/ tH-| 1? 20/
4 1
r-| 2? 51/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 337
pdwåvyAÁwausmif;ae wdó&[ef;onf &[ef;b0udk pdwf
ysufNyD; vlxGuf&ef qkH;jzwfvsuf q&mrax&ftm; xdkudpöudk
avQmufxm;onf/ q&mrax&fum; t&nftcsif; jynfh0onhf
yk*¾Kdvfjzpfonf/ wdó? ,ck ig tdkrif;NyD/ ightwGuf aexdkifp&m
ausmif;wpfck wnfaqmufOD;avmh}[k wynfh&[ef;i,ftm; rdeYf
Mum;onf/ &[ef;i,f xdkudpöudk csufjcif;yif oabmwlvdkuf
onf/ ,if;aemuf rax&fu ]ausmif;aqmufaepOftwGif; oif
\ ur®|mef;tm½kHudk rarhESihf/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm uodkPf;wpf
ckckudk yGm;rsm;avmh}[k qdkonf/ wdóuvnf; oabmwlonf/
&[ef;awmf wdóonf *lwpfckudk &Sif;vif;NyD; eH&Hrsm;udk wnf
aqmufonf? 0ifaygufwHcg;ESihf jywif;aygufrsm;udk wyfqif
onf? vdktyfonfrsm; tm;vkH;udk jyifqifNyD;aemuf q&mrax&f
tm; taMumif;Mum;onf/ ]wdó? oifonf þausmif;udk cuf
yifyef;pGm aqmufvkyf&onf? tb,faMumihf wpfnavmuf þ
ausmif;üraebJ aebdoenf;}[k q&mrax&fu rdefYqdkonf/
wynhf&[ef;u em;axmifonf/ &[ef;i,fonf ajcaxmufudk
aq;aMumNyD; *lxJudk0ifvsuf wifyv†ifacGxkdifum pwif w&m;
½IrSwfonf/ &[ef;i,fonf rdrb d 0ESihf tvkyftaMumif;udk qif
jcifESvkH;oGif;vsuf pdwfudk 0dyóemur®|mef; tm½kHodkY pl;pdkuf
xm;vdkufojzihf &[EÅm jzpfoGm;onf/ odkYjzpfí taqmufttkH
wpfckudk aqmufvkyfjcif;jzihf tvkyfrsm;jcif;onf udavmomudk
1
t<uif;rJh y,f&Sm;&ef taxmuftyHhjyKaMumif; ,lqonf /
udavomudk y,f&Sm;&ef enf;vrf; wpfckjzpfonhf ,if;odkY
aom wnfaqmufjyKjyif tvkyfrsKd;udk pdwfykdif;b0 avhusihfrIwGif
raysmfydkufbJ qkwfepfaeonhf &[ef;awmfrsm; twGufom azmf
jyjcif;jzpfonf/ rdrd\ pdwfydkif;b0 wdk;wufrItwGuf BudK;yrf;
tm;xkwf&ef ESpfESpfumum vdkvm;onhf yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf tzdkYrl
tH-| 1? 34/
338 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
,if;odkYaom vkyfief;rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&rnfh yvdaAm" (t
1
aESmifht,Suf) tjzpf ,lqonf /
ESvkH;om;a&;&m udpörsm;
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ b0onf wif;MuyfpGm xdef;csKyfxm;aomfvnf;
tcgtm;avsmfpGm ESvkH;om;a&;&m uJhodkYaom Mum;0ifudpörsm;rS
rvGwfajrmufEdkifbJ &SdMuonf/ &[ef;i,frsm;udk apmihfa&SmufMu
onfh rax&fBuD;rsm;onf jzm;a,mif;rIESifh tEÅ&m,frsm;\
om;aumifrsm; jzpfoGm;jcif;rS rdrdwdkY\ wynfhrsm;udk umuG,f&ef
twwfEdkifqkH; BudK;pm;Muonf /
2 ,if;aemuf rdbESpfyg;onf &[ef;i,ftm; vQKdU0Sufcsufudk zGifh
umV'DC0gyd'Gg&0d[m&\ em,uq&mawmfonf ½GmwGif;
odkY t0iftxGuf rjyKrSom i,f½G,fol pmoifom; &[ef;awmf
rsm;tm; oifMum;ay;&ef oabmwlonf/ q&mrax&fonf
wynhf&[ef; taejzihf ½GmwGif;ü jzm;a,mif;rI tcsKdUudk t½IH;ay;
&rnfudk pdk;&drfaomaMumihf jzpfonf/ ,if;aus;½GmrSm raumif;
owif; xGufcJhzG,f&Sdonf/
xdk&[ef;i,fonf tb,faMumifh rdrdq&monf rdrdtm;
½GmwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufjcif;udk wm;jrpf xm;&oenf;[lonfudk od
atmif pkHprf;vdkpdwf tvdktavsmuf wdk;yGm;cJhonf/ odkYjzpfí
pmayavh vmoifMum;rINyD;aemuf rdrdae&yfodkY tjyefwGif &[ef;
i,fonf xdkaus;½Gmvrf;twdkif; jzwfavQmufonf/ t0ga&mif
t0wftpm;udk 0wfqifxm;onhf vkHrysKdwpfa,mufonf tdrfrS
1
0dok'¨r*¾ 1? 87/
2
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;pOf umvtwGif;rSmyif r[max&fwpfyg;onf pdwfxJü
oHo,jzpfaprItwGuf omraPi,f wpfyg;tm; jypf'Pf ay;awmh
rnfhqJqJ jzpfcJhonf/ aemiftcg yd#uwfokH;ykHudk uRrf;usifonhf 0wåAÁu
edaj*m"&[ef;tjzpf xif&Sm;vmonhf omraP i,fonf tm½kHrwufrD
tm&nu ("kwif)udk aqmufwnf&ef awmodkY xGufoGm;cJhonf/
odkY&mwGif q&mrax&fonf rdrdwynhfomraP rnfodkYjzpfoGm;cJhonf
udk rodacs (tbd-| 2? 432)/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 339
xGufvmNyD; &[ef;awmf\ oydwfxJodkY ,m*kqGrf; avmif;vª
onf/ vkHri,fonf &[ef;awmftm; jrifvQifjrifcsif; cspfBudKuf
oGm;vsuf tdrfxJjyef0ifNyD; tdyf&may:wGif vJavsmif;aeonf/
tb,faMumifh ,if;odkYjzpf&onfudk rdef;rysKd\ rdbrsm;u
pkHprf;ar;jrefaomtcg &[ef;ysKd\ arwåmudk r&vQif rdrdtouf
&Sifawmhrnf r[kwf[k ajymMum;onf/
rdbrsm;onf &[ef;awmf\ aemufodkY ajy;vdkufoGm;NyD; &Sd
cdk;OD;ñGwfNyD; &[ef;ysKdtm; qGrf;udk rdrdwdkYtdrfwGif bkOf;ay;&ef yihf
avQmufonf/ odkY&mwGif &[ef;i,fu jyefvm&ef jiif;qdkonf/
[ajymqdkonf ]t&Sifbk&m;? wynhfawmfwdkYonf jynfhpkH<u,f0NyD;
orD;unm wpfOD;om&Sdyg\/ t&Sifbk&m;onf wynhfawmfwdkY\
om;tjzpf aysmf½TifpGm aexdkifygavmh}[k avQmufMuonf/
odkYwap &[ef;i,fonf csufjcif;yif q&mt&Sif\ tMuHjyK
csufudkawG;rdNyD; ,if;onf BuD;pGmaom tEÅ&m,fjzpfaMumif; od
jrifNyD; xGufajy;cJhonf/ trsKd;orD;i,fonf tpm;tpmrpm;bJ
vGrf;aqG;NyD; aoqkH;oGm;onf/
tokbtcrf;tem;NyD;aemuf rdbrsm;onf trsKd;orD;i,f
0wfqifonhf t0ga&mift0wfudk teD;tem;&Sd ausmif;wdkufwpf
ckodkY vª'gef;vdkufonf/ ,if;t0ga&mift0wfrS tydkif;tpwpfck
udk tvªa0pk&&Sdonhf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf auvPd,odkY
bk&m;zl;c&D;oGm;pOf xdkae&mwGiaf exdkifcJhol &[ef;i,ftm; ,if;
jzpf&yfukefpifudk taMumif;wdkufqdkif&if; ajymjyvdkufonf/ &
[ef;i,fonf opömwnfwHhNyD; cspfjrwfEdk;wwfonfh b0Muif
azmfudk &&Sdonhf tcGifhta&; qkH;½IH;rItwGuf rsm;pGm aemifw&
1
NyD; &[ef;i,fonfvnf; aomujzihf ysHvGefawmfrlonf /
1
r-| 1? 288/ tH-| 1? 17/ &ufuef;onfrudk BudKufNyD; tdrfaxmif jyK
oGm;onhf omraPi,fwpfyg; taMumif;vnf; &Sdonf (tbd-| 2?
281/ r-| 3? 189)/
344 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
usihfBuHMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzihf tazmfryg
1
bJ wpfyg;wnf; oGm;Muonf /
tEÅ&m,frsm;NyD; cufcJvSonhf tdE´d,&Sd Ak'¨*,m r[maAm"d
odkY bk&m;zl;c&D;udkrl wpfcgwpf&H Oygoum Oygodumrsm; yg
0ifNyD;ykHrSeftm;jzihf tkyfpkvdkuf oGm;Muonf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUrS Ak'¨
*,mtxd c&D;pOfwpfckvkH;twGuf q,fv odkYr[kwf q,fhESpfv
2
txd Mumonf /
oD[dkVfwGif bk&m;zl;c&D;oGm;rnfh xif&Sm;onhfae&m rsm;pGm
&Sdonf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[maAm"dESihf r[mapwd, (½k0ef
3
a0vdqm,) t&yfwdkYrSm tvGefxif&Sm;onf / em*'Dy (,aeY
4
acwf *smzemuRef;qG,f)vnf; xyfwlyif vlodrsm;onf / awmif
5
zufwGif wdóm&mr0d[m& ESihf taemufzufwGif uvsmPD
6
apwD wdkYrSm tjcm;xif&Sm;onhf ae&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/ wpfcgwpf
7
&H orEÅul# (od&dyg')udkvnf; azmfjyonf / azmfjyyg xif&Sm;
onhf ae&mrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufonhf c&D;pOfwGif bk&m;zl;rsm;onf
rdrdwdkY jzwfausmf&onhf tjcm;bmoma&;qdkif&m ae&mrsm;udk
vnf; ylaZmf0wfjyKMuonf/
bk&m;zl;wpfa,muf\ xdktcsdefu tusKd;w&m;rsm;rSm rsm;
pGm&Sdonf/ ,if;onf tajccHtm;jzihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwdkif
a[mMum;csufESihftnD a&S;acwf tpOftvmt& apwd,pm&d
umjzpfonf/ EdkifiHwpf0ef;vkH;odkY c&D;oGm;jcif;onf opfqef;onhf
1
tH-| 2? 279/
2
&o0g[deD 2? 124-125/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUrS aum¥y¥e (o'¨r®mvuFm&
usrf;ü ,if;udk rm0#Ky#KH*r[kac:onf)odkY 4 vMumonf/ aum¥y¥e
rS tjcm;urf; (y&wD&)odkY yifv,fc&D;jzihf 2 vMuonf/ xdkae&mrS
Ak'¨*,m r[maAm"dodkY 4 vMumonf/
3
tbd-| 2? 332/ 0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 139/
4 5
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 341
onf/ omraPi,fwpfyg;onf ,m*k ylylaEG;aEG;ygonhf cGufudk
udkif,lvmonf/ ,m*kcGufrSm ouFef;jzihf ckudkif&onfxd ylaEG;
ojzihf aemufqkH; ajrBuD;ay: csvkduf&onf/ bdu©KeDuav;wpf
a,mufonf omraPi,fudk jrifojzihf ]þyef;uefjym;ay:
wifNyD; ,lygt&Sif} [kqdkí yef;uefjym;udk ay;vdkufonf/
ESpfumv Mumanmif;oGm;cJhNyD; oD[dkVfü tpm&Sm;yg;rIESifh
BuKHonf/ txufazmfjyyg ESpfa,muf tygt0if bdu©K? bdu©KeD
rsm;pGmwdkYonf EdkifiHawmfrS ,cifjzpfzl;onhf xkH;pHtwdkif; tdE´d,
EdkifiHjzpfzG,f&Sdonhf ork'´&mwpfzufurf; (y&ork'´H)odkY xGufajy;
Mu&onf/ xdkbdu©KeDri,fonfvnf; qdkNyD;bdu©KeDrrsm;ESihf twl
,if;odkY ygoGm;onf/ oD[dkVf&[ef;opfwpfyg; a&muf&Sdvm
aMumif; owif;Mum;odaomtcg xdkbdu©KeDri,fonf xdkt&Sif
ESifhoGm;awGUNyD; pum;pjrnfajymqdkonf/ ]t&Sifbk&m;? r&dp0¥d
0d[m&vª'gef;yGJ tcrf;tem;wkef;u oufawmf b,favmuf&Sdyg
NyD;vJbk&m;}[k bdu©KeDri,fu pkHprf;onf/ ]tJ'Dtcsdefu ig ckepf
ESpfom;t½G,f udk&ifrQom&Sdygao;onf/ oifaum tJ'Dwkef;u
touf b,favmuf&SdovJ}[k &[ef;u jyefar;onf/ ]wynhf
awmfrvnf; xdktcsdefu ckepfESpfrQ om&Sdao;onhf omraP&D
jzpfygonf}[k ajzMum;vsuf bdu©KeDru ]tJ'Dwkef;u touf
ckepfavmufom &Sdao;onhf ylaEG;onhf ,m*kcGufudk udkifvmNyD;
ajrBuD;ay:udk ,m*kcGufudkcsaeonhf omri,fwpfyg;udk atmuf
cHcGufwpfck vª'gef;cJh&ygonf}[k a&Smifwcif jzpf&yfuav;udk
ajymjyonf/ rax&fu ]tJ'DomraP[m usKyfyJ}[k tHhMopGmqdk
vsuf xdkyef;uefjym;uav;udk bdu©KeDtm; xkwfjyonf/ twdwf
u atmufarhzG,f jzpf&yfrsm;onf jyefvnf vef;qef;vmNyD;
arwåmpdwfrsm; wdk;yGm;vmNyD;onhf aemufwGif omoemhabmifrS
xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/ þjzpf&yft& xdktcsdefu ¤if;wdkY ESpf

6
'D-| 2? 125/ r-| 2? 295/ tH-| 3? 92/ tH-| 1? 396/ a,mufrSm toufajcmufq,f &SdNyDjzpfonf/
&o0g[deD 2? 17/ tbd-| 2? 338/ azmfjyNyD;jzpf&yfrsm;uJhodkYaom >cif;csufjzpf&yfrsm;rSm &[ef;
7
&o0g[deD 2? 17/ tcsKdU ouFef;0wfjzihf&SdpOf udk,fusihfw&m; acgif;yg;rItwGuf
342 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
trSwfrxifawGU&onhf om"ursm; jzpfMuonf/ "r®jy'Dydum
(oD[dkVfbmom) usrf;ü1 bDpD 2 &mpkwGif wpfckwnf;aom ykHpH
tjzpf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU yef;jcHwpfckü udk,fvufESD;aESmrI jyKMuonhf
2 1
]ouFef;0wf½kHxm;onhf trsKd;orD;ESihf trsKd;om;wpfa,muf} t
aMumif;udk azmfjyonf/ tu,fí &[ef;wpfyg;onf trsKd;orD;
wpfa,mufESihf cspfBudKufNyD; ,if;qGJaqmifrIudk ausmfvTm; EdkifpGrf;
r&SdawmhvQif ykHrSeftm;jzihf xdk&[ef;onf ½dk;om;pGm vlxGufNyD;
xdktrsKd;orD;udk vufxyfjcif;rSm vkH;0 jynhfpkHrQwNyD; cGifhjyKonf/
bk&m;zl;c&D;rsm;
xiff&Sm;onfh ae&mrsm;tm; &Sdckd;0wfjyK&ef bk&m;zl;c&D;oGm;jcif;rSm
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pkwdjywfa<u aovGefbdrl xdkolonf ewfjynfavmu ok*wd
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,if;ygVdawmfudk zGifh&mü t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmot&Sifjrwfu
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2
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abmudk rESpfoufbJ vlrItusKd; aqmif½Gufonhf &[ef;rsm;udk
ydkí ESpfoufMuonf/
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ay:xm;&Sdonhf oHCmhoabmxm;rSm atmufyg*gxmygVdjzihf vl
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a&mufonf –
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tmrdo'gejzihf oifwdkYudk axmufyHhMuonhf Oygoum Oyg
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2
pdwf azmfjyxm;onf /
txufwGif azmfjyonhf *gxmü "r®'ge[laom a0g[m&ü
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onhf wm0efjzpfonf[k cH,lMuonf/
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1
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346 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
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vlrIa&; vkyfaqmifcsuf
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2
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t|uxmü azmfjyonhf jzpf&yftydkif;tp wpfckonf þudpöESihf
ywfoufonhf tawG;tjrifwpf&yfudk ay;onf /
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aus;½Gmwpf½GmrS trsKd;orD; Oygodum wpfa,mufonf plV
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1
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 1/ t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo (at'D ig;&mpk) onf
5/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? a'0geHyd,wdórif; (bDpD 3 &mpk) pdkufysKd;cJhaom rdrda&;om;aom 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmusrf;udk
Ak'¨*,m r[maAm"d yifyGm;awmf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf oHCmawmftm; tyfESif;pOf
urÇmay:wGif oufwrf; t&SnfqkH; aAm"danmifyif jzpfonf/ (auvPd0d[m& ausmif;wdkufrS yef;csDum;)
 2/ uE´DNrdKU? jrwfAk'¨ pG,fawmfwdkuf
(at'D 4 &mpkwGif tdE´d,awmifykdif;rS yifhaqmifcJhonf)

4/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufteD; a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD;

wnf;cJhaom xlyg&mrapwD (bDpD 3 &mpk)

3/ bDpD 3 &mpkwGif t&Sifr[dE´ESihf tdE´d,oHCmig;yg;

yxqkH; <ua&mufoDwif;okH;cJhonhf rdóuawmif (,ck r[DE¦avh)
 12/ a0ó*d&d,rS &[EÅm*lrsm;

6/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? r[mapwD (bDpD 1 &mpk)

13/ a&S;acwf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf

7/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKU? r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufteD;
emrnfausmf avm[ygom' (aMu;jymo'f) ausmif;awmf&m
8/ r&Dpd0#³d,apwDawmf (bDpD 1 &mpk) 10/ tb,*d&dapwD (bdpD 1 &mpk)

9/ r[dE¦avhrS a&S;acwf qGrf;pm;ausmif;

11/ aZw0eapwD (at'D 4 &mpk)

350 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
edum,okH;ckwdkYESihf ,SOfvsuf &nfñTef;cH&onfh tjcm;edum
,ESpfckvnf; &Sdonf/ r[m0Housrf;1ü pwkw¬t*¾aAm"drif;
(at'D 658-674)onf ,if;edum,ESpfckrS ausmif;wkdufrsm;tm;
xdef;odrf;&ef aus;½Gmrsm;pGm vª'gef;NyD; tjcm;edum,okH;cktm;
2
aus;½Gmwpfaxmif vª'gef;aMumif; jyqdkonf / ,if;edum,ESpfck
rSm edum,BuD;okH;ckwGif ygryg odkYr[kwf "r®½kpdESihf om*vd,
odkYr[kwf tjcm;edum,ESpfrsKd;avm[lonfudkrl &Sif;vif;pGm rod
&acs/ 0DvsH *dkif*g u þae&mü xlyg&mrESihf r&Dp0¥d0d[m&
3
rsm;udk qdkvdkzG,f&SdaMumif; ,lqonf / odkY&mwGif ,if;wdkYudk
oD;jcm;edum,ESpfcktjzpf &nfñTef;xm;onfrSm rxif&Sm;ay/
,if;odkYaom edum, odkYr[kwf *dkPf;uGJrsm;taMumif;udk
rMum;&rDwGif bDpD wpf&mpk aemufqkH; ESpf0ufcefY rSwfwrf;rsm;
wGif "r®uxduESihf yHokulvdu[k oHCmtkyfpk ESpfckudk awGU&
4
onf / ,if; wdkYonf oD;jcm;*dkPf;uGJrsm;r[kwfbJ aexdkifenf;
ESpfrsKd;jzihf aexdkifMuonfh tkyfpkESpfckom jzpfonf/ "r®uxdu[l
1
,if; 45? 15-16/ wxm 'GdEéH edum,meH? 0d[ma& rE´ypöa,/
'doGm 0gydp okwGm 0g? abm**gar A[l t'g/
A[kem udEÅK 0kawåe? eduma,okyd wDokyd/
t'g *gro[óH aom? o[kyÜg'H e&mukvH/
2
plV0Ho? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef 1? pm – 99? rSwfcsuf 2/
3
tu,fí txufwGif udk;um;azmfjyxm;onhf r[m0Ho (tcef; 45?
15-16) *gxmESpfyk'fudk wpfqufwnf;,lvQif ]A[kem udEÅK 0kawåe =
rsm;rsm;qdkí tb,ftusKd;&SdtHhenf;}[laom pmaMumif;rSm pOf;pm;zG,f
jzpfvmonf/ ,if;onf *gxmtrSwf 5 wGif azmfjyNyD; edum,ESpfckonf
*gxmtrSwf 16 ü azmfjyonhf edum,ESpfckwGif yg0ifonf/
0d-| 1? 266 ü ausmif;wdkufBuD; ig;wkduf (yÍör[m0d[m&) udk
azmfjyonf/ &o0g[deD 2? pm – 51 üvnf; ausmif;wdkufBuD; ig;wdkuf
(yÍör[m0go) taMumif;udk qdkonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm rnfonfht&mrsm; jzpf
onfudk twdtus rqdkEdkifacs/ odkY&mwGif edum, odkYr[kwf *dkPf;uGJrsm;
r[kwfonfrSm aocsmonf/
4
tH-| 1? 71/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 351
onf pmaya0g[m&tm;jzihf w&m;a[mq&m[k t"dyÜm,f&
onf/ ,if;tkyfpkü pmaywwfuRrf;onhf q&mrax&frsm; yg0if
Mujcif;rSm xif&Sm;onf/ yHou k lvdu[lonf yHoulouFef;rsm;
udkom 0wf½kHonfh tkyfpkjzpfonf/ xdkrax&frsm;ü tqihf okH;rsKd;
&Sdonf/ yxrtqihfrSm xdkokomefrsm;wGif pGefYypfxm;onhf ydwf
prsm;udk aumuf,lNyD; csKyfpyfxm;onhf ouFef;rsm;udkom 0wf
½kHMujcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,tqihfrSm &[ef;awmfrsm; tokH;jyK&ef
Oygoumrsm;u [dkae&m onfae&mwGif pGefYypfxm;onhf ydwfp
rsKd;pkHudk aumuf,lNyD; ouFef;csKyfjcif;jzpfonf/ wwd, tqihf
rSm &[ef;awmfrsm;\ ajc&if;wGif Oygoumrsm; ypfcsxm;onhf
ouFef;udkyif vufcHMujcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;wdkY tm;vkH;
onf rdrdwdkY\qE´ESihf ESpfoufrIrsm;t& OygoumwdkY vª'gef;
onhf ouFef;udk vufcH,ljcif; r&SdMuacs1/ r[m0HorSwfwrf;
tcsKdUt& at'D 8 &mpkESihf 10 &mpkrsm;ü bk&ifrif;rsm; vª'gef;
onhf ouFef;udk vufcHonhf yHoulaqmifrax&frsm;rSm wwd,
2
qifh yk*¾Kdvfrsm;jzpfonf /
odkYwap *dkPf;uGJtrsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufvmaomtcg xdk*kdPf;
uGJrsm; twGif;rSmyif yHhoulaqmifrsm; &SdvmMuonf/ odkYjzpfí
r[m0d[m&*dkPf;0if yHhoulaqmif rax&frsm;ESihf&SdouJhodkY tb
3
,*d&d*dkPf;0if rsm;vnf;&SdMuonf / odkYwap 'kwd,aoerif;
(at'D 851-885)eef;pH 22 ESpfajrmufwGif tb,*d&d*dkPf;0if
yHhoulaqmif rax&frsm;onf uGJjym;oGm;NyD; oD;jcm;*dkPf;tjzpf
4
wnfaxmifMuonf / ,if;tkyfpkonf oD;jcm;*dkPf;tjzpf quf
1
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 61/
2
r[m0Ho 48? 16/ 52? 27/ 53? 48/ 54? 25/
*dkif*gonf tcef; 52? *gxmtrSwf 27 \ 'kwd,pmaMumif;udk ]yHok
ulvdurmwleH}[k zwfonf/ udkvrÁKdrlü ]yHokulvdubdu©LeH} [k qdkonf/
þae&mü ]rmwleH}[k zwfNyD; ]bdu©LeH}[k rzwf&ef taMumif;r&Sdacs/
3
tH-| 2? 279/ r[m0Ho 47? 66/ 50? 52/
4
r[m0Ho 51? 52/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ vlrIb0 2 vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; 353
yHokulvduESihf tm&nuwdkYrSm "kwif 13 yg;teuf ESpfrsKd;
omjzpfonf/ yd@ygwduuJhodkYaom tjcm;"kwifrsm;udk aqmuf
wnfonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ odkYwap ,if;wdkYudk
oD;jcm;*dkPf;rsm;tjzpf r,lqMuacs/ yHokulvduESihf tm&nu
rsm;udkomvQif oD;jcm;*dkPf;tjzpf ,lqjcif;ESihf ywfoufí pkHprf;
zG,f&SdNyD; ,if;udpötwGuf ESpfoufavmufonhf &Sif;vif;csuf&
&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/

bdu©KeDrsm;
bdu©KeDrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rItaMumif;udk tenf;i,frQom od&onf/
at'D 10 &mpkwGif a&;xdk;onhf ukuk½kr[E´reausmufpmwGif
(tEk&m"yk&) NrdKUawmf twGif;&Sd Hight Street ay:&Sd r[dE´m&mr
[kxif&Sm;onhf bdu©KeDausmif;wdkuf\ a&SUwGif aq;½kHwpfck&SdcJh
1
aMumif; jyqdkonf / bdu©KeDrsm;onf aq;½kHrsm;wGif olemjyKrsm;
uJhodkY tvkyftauR;jyKEdkifoavm [lonfudk ar;jref;vdkayonf/
onf/ aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif tm&nursm;vnf; *gr0goDrsm;uJhodkY tod
ynmqdkif&m &,lvdkrIwGif rsm;pGmpdwf0ifpm;NyD; bmomw&m;ESihf rywf
oufavmufaom usrf;pmrsm;a&;om;rIudkyif aqmif½GufMuonf/ tm
&nu0goD 'drÁKvm*v r[muóyrax&f a&;om;onhf Amvm0
aAm"e ouúwo'´gusrf;rSm erlemaumif;wpfck jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí
t&n0goDESihf *gr0goDwdkYtMum; jcm;em;csufrSm trnfemrrQom &SdykH
&NyD; avhusihftm;xkwfrItaejzihf jcm;em;csuf &SdykHr&acs/ t&nursm;
vnf; *gr0goDrsm;\ b0aeenf;udk ESpfoufykH&onf/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;vkH;udk
aemifwGif *gr0goD t&n0goDESpfrsKd;vkH;aeonhf Ob,0goDrsm;[k ac:
Muonf (edum,o*F[? pm – 20? 22? 24)/ uE´dNrdKU&Sd ,aeYacwf rv
0wåESihf tó*d&d,[laom t"duausmif;wdkufESpfckrSm ,cifu *gr
0goDESihf t&n0goD jzpfcJhonhf Ob,0goDrsm;rS qif;oufcJhykH&onf/
vmb0goD[k xif&Sm;aom aemuf&[ef;tkyfpkwpfpkudk at'D 10
&mpkESihf aESmif;ydkif;wGif jzpfonf (r[m0Ho 54? 27/ 60? 68? 72)/
odkY&mwGif ,if;taMumif; tenf;i,frQom od&onf/
1
EZ. II, p. 22.
354 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
om"ursm;pGmonf jynhfpkH<u,f0onhf bdu©KeDausmif;wdkufrsm;udk
1
bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf rdzk&m;rsm;u wnfaqmufcJhMuonf / 'Dy0Ho
usrf;ü xif&Sm;onhf bdu©KeDrsm;pm&if;udk azmfjyaomfvnf;
0denf;udk oifMum;ay;Muonf[laom tcsufrSwpfyg; ¤if;wdkY\
tvkyftudkif taMumif;udk wpfpGef;wpfprQ rod&acs/ bdu©KeDr
rsm;vnf; &[ef;awmfrsm;uJhodkY wlnDaom b0wpfckudkyif ae
xdkifcJhrnfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f taMumif;r&Sdacs/

1
r[m0Ho 39? 43/ 66? 27/

00000000
360 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
pm;csufrsKd; &rdonf /
bDpD 1 &mpk 'k|*grPdrif;ESihf ¤if;\nDawmf o'¨gwdórif;
2
vufxufwGif &[EÅmrax&frsm;pGmwdkY &SdcJhaMumif;qdkonf / odkY&m
wGif tvGefxl;jcm;pGmyif o'¨gwdórif;u &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;
rdrd\ av;pm;rIudk xdkufwefonhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;udkomvQif t,s
(t&Sif)[k ac:rnfjzpfaMumif; awmif;yefrIudk awGU&onf / ,if;
3 &[ef;awmfrsm;\ vl rIb0 3
awmif;yefrIonf bDpDwpf&mpk oHCmawmfrsm;tay: a&mifjyef
[yfcsufwpf&yf jzpfonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ o'¨gwdó
rif;onf rdrdvufxufü &[ef;ta&twGuf rsm;jcif;udk ESpfouf
ykHr&bJ rdrdtaejzihf rwkefvIyfaom o'¨gw&m;jzifh MunfndKEdkif
4
rnfholudk rawGUEdkifbJ jzpfaeykH&onf /
azmfjyyg rsufarSmufypöu© vlYtzGJUtpnf;tay: a,bk,s
tm;jzihf rESpfoufbJ twdwfudk csD;rGrf;jcif;rsKd;udk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf
vufxufawmftxd jyefí ajc&mcHEdkifonf/
wpfaeYwGif t&Sifr[muóyonf &mZN*dK[fNrdKU a0VK0ef
ausmif;awmfü oDwif;okH;aeaom Ak'¨&Sifjrwftm; <ua&mufzl;
ajrmfonf/ wpfudk,fwpfum,wnf; oDwif;okH;&mwGif NydKifzuf
uif;atmif ausmfapmvSonhf t&Sifjrwfonf vloluif;qdwf
&mü taersm;NyD; tcgtm;avsmfpGmomvQif Ak'¨xHodkY tzl;tajrmf
<ua&mufonf/ Ak'¨udk,fwkdif t&Sifjrwftm; rsm;pGm av;pm;
awmfrlNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; tav;teuf wdkufwGef;vsuf
t&Sifjrwftm; rdrdudk,fwdkifESihf xyfwljyKawmfrlonf/ odkYjzpfí
1
rdrdwdkYwynfhrsm;udk pGJvrf;NyD; tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; tvkyftauR; jyKcGifh
ray;onhf &[ef;rsm;taMumif; ,cifu azmfjycJhonfudk owd&oifh
onf (þusrf;? pm – 333)/
2
tcef; 12
NcKd;NcHpGm usihfokH;jcif;
txufrSm azmfjycJhonhf ,ciftcef;ESpfckwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;
onf ,if;wdkY\ xdef;csKyfrI tvGef&Sd tajctae rsm;pGmwdkYaMumihf
wjznf;jznf; b0aeenf; ajymif;vJoGm;&ef zdtm;ay;cJhykHudk awGU
cJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;tajymif;tvJudk a&S;½kd;pGJoHCmrsm;u owd
jyKrdaomfvnf; a&SmifvTJr&onhf wdk;wufrI? jzpfNrJobm0ESihf
ykHrSeftjzpf todtrSwf rjyKcJhacs/ xdkoHCmawmfrsm;onf ,if;
tajymif;tvJudk ysufpD;,kd,Gif;rIwpf&yftjzpf pdk;&drfBuD;pGm ½Ijrif
cJhMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;\ omoemawmf oefY&Sif; pifMu,f&ef
pdwftm;txufoefqkH;ESihf xyfjyefwvJvJ BudK;yrf;rItpm; ,if;
ajymif;vJwdk;wufrI 'Da&vTrf;rdk;rIudk qefYusif&ef rjzpfEdkifaMumif;
em;vnfcJhMuonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ odkYjzpfí acwfNydKif udpö&yf
rsm;\ tajctaeudk pdwfroufrom jzpfMuojzifh xdkoHCm
awmfrsm;onf jynhfpkHaumif;rGefNyD; pHjytjzpf ,lqcJhonhf twdwf
udk vrf;ñTef ajymjyp&mtjzpf jyefvnf ½IjrifcJhMuonf/
twdwfjzpf&yfrsm;u tm;vkH;wGif taumif;qkH;jzpfNyD; ypöu©
jzpf&yfrsm;rSm qdk;½Gm;vsuf tem*wfjzpf&yfrsm;um; ydkrdkqdk;vdrfh
rnf[k tNrJvdkvdkyif vlom;wdkY ,kHMunfjcif;rSm qifjcifzG,f jzpf
ouJhodkY trsm;jzpfcsifonhf oabmxm;vnf; jzpfonf/ &[EÅm

3
oD[dkVf &[EÅmrsm;taMumif;udk a&SUtcef;wGif ½Iyg/ olawmfpifrsm;tjzpf ,lqxm;onhf aumif;rGef jrifhjrwfaom
baEÅ r,H 0E´dwAÁ,kwåuH {uH t,sH tmpdu©dóx (tH-| 2/ 132)/ yk*¾Kdvftm;vkH;onf twdwfumvwGif &SdcJhonf/ ,aeYacwf
4
o'¨gwdórif;onf rdrd\eef;wGif;ol trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufESihf arwåmrQ yk*¾Kdvfrsm;um; pm&dwåysufjym;NyD; edrfYusonf/ uREkfyfwdkY NyD;aemuf
onhf avm[ygom'ausmif;wdkufrS &[ef;ysKd wpfyg;aMumifh ,if;odkY BudK
wifqkH;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdoavm/ þusrf;? pm – 338 udk½Iyg/
tem*wfonf ydkrdk qdk;½Gm;oGm;rnf/ trSefpifppf wpfcsdefu vkH;0
r&SdcJhaom ,if;pHjy twdwfumvonf teD;odkY a&mufoGm;aom
358 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
tcg a0;ía0;í vGifharsmoGm;aom wHvQyfuJhodkY jzpfonf/
tu,fí pHjytwdwfumvudk eufeuf½Idif;½Idif; oGm;MunhfNyD;
,if;umvwGif &SdcJhonhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tawGUtBuKHrsm;udk avh
vmppfaq;MunhfvQif ypöKyÜeftajctaersm;uJhodkYyif ESpfoufzG,f
r&SdEdkifonfudk awGU&rnfjzpfvsuf twdwfuyk*¾Kdvfrsm; udk,fwdkif
vnf; pHjytwdwfumv wpf&yftay: jyefvnfpOf;pm;rIudk tNrJ
wrf; tm½kHpdkufxm;Muonf/
odkYjzpfí ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;ü twdwfwGif &SdcJhMuonhf
rax&fausmfrsm;udk csD;rGrf;NyD; ypöu© &[ef;avmu tenf;qkH;
at'D 5 &mpkacwftcsdef\ rESpfoufzG,f obm0tay: oG,f
1
0dkufNyD; rSwfcsufjyKMuonfudk awGU&onf /
ykHpHtm;jzihf rdrd\ wynhfjzpfol wdyd#uplVem*rax&f\
w&m;yGJodkY wufa&mufonhf wdyd#u plVmb,rax&ftaMumif;
jzpf&yfwGif t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü a&S;acwfax&frsm;onf "r®udk
Mum;emjcif;udk ESpfoufMuaMumif;ESihf (w&m;yGJudk) aMunmarmif;
cwfonfudk Mum;od&onfESihf tNydKiftqdkif w&m;emoGm;a&muf
2
MuaMumif; azmfjyonf / ,if;t|uxmpum;&yftm; tqdkyg
azmfjycsufudk a&;om;csdefu &[ef;tcsKdUonf "r®Mum;emrIudk
aumif;pGm *½kpdkufrIr&SdaMumif; oG,f0dkufazmfjyonhf t&dyft>ruf
tjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/
euf½Idif;onhf "r®a&;&m t"dutcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí
q&mESihfwynhftMum; jcm;em;onhf ,lqcsufrsm;&SdNyD; aemufqkH;
1 odkY&mwGif a&S;acwf&[ef;vnf; ydkrdk aumif;rGefMuonfr[kwfacs/ aum
þae&mü ,aeYacwf t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü awGU&onhf azmfjycsufrsm;
rSm ,cif &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm uwnf;u a&;om;xm;cJhonhf rl&if; oD
[dkVfbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk ygVdbmomjyefqdkxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;
owd&oihfonf/ odkYjzpfí ,if;azmfjycsufrsm;onf at'D 5 &mpkrwdkif
rDuyif wnf&SdcJhonhf &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk &nfñTef;onf/
2 &ykHudk uREkfyfwdkY odMuonf/
ayg&mPuaw¬&m ud& yd,"r®ó0em a[mEÅd/ o'´H okwGm0 t[H
yXrH t[H yXrEÅd {uyÜ[ma&ae0 Moo&EÅd ('D-| 2? 337/ r-| 1?
236/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\vlrIb0 3 NcKd;NcHpGmusihfokH;jcif; 359
wGif q&monf rdrdwynhf\ t,ltqudk yGifhvif;pGm vufcH
aMumif; od&onf/ þae&mwGif wpfzef t|uxmü plVokre
rax&f\ pdwfxm;BuD;jrwfrIudk csD;usL;vsuf ]a&S;acwf rax&f
rsm;onf remvdk0efwdkjcif; r&SdMu/ xdkt&SifwdkYonf MuHyif\
tpnf;uJhodkY rdrdESpfoufonfudkom r,lMu/ xdkt&SifwdkYonf
aMumif;usKd; qDavsmfonfudkom vufcHNyD; rnDñGwfonfudk
1
vufrcHMu}[k azmfjyonf / þazmfjycsufonf a,bk,stm;jzihf
xdkacwfu &[ef;rsm;onf taMumif;,kwådudk vufcHvdkpdwf r&Sd
MubJ rSm;onfjzpfap rSefonfjzpfap rdrdwdkY\ ,lqcsufrsm;udk
2
wif;Muyf acgif;rmpGm pGJudkifcJhMuaMumif; vSpfjyjcif;jzpfonf /
rax&fBuD;rsm;tm; jyKpkvkyfauR;jcif;ESihf ywfoufí azmfjy
&mwGif t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü ],cktcgwGif a&S;acwf &[ef;
awmfrsm;onf þum; ig\OyZÑm,fq&mwnf;? "r®mp&d,q&m
wnf;[k pOf;pm; qifjcifvsuf rsufESmvdkufNyD; ½dkaorIudk rjyMu/
xdk&[ef;rsm;onf a&mufvmonhf ({nfhonfrsm;) uJhodkY jyKpkMu
3
\}[k qdkonf / þpmydk'fudk zwf&aomtcg ,if;udk a&;om;
pOfu &[ef;awmfrsm;onf rdrw d dkY\ q&m? OyZÑm,fq&mESihf
,if;odkYaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;udkom 0wfBuD;0wfi,fjyKNyD; rdrdwdkY&if;ESD;
uRrf;0ifjcif; r&Sdonhf tjcm; rax&frsm;tay: rjyKMu[laom cH
1
ayg&mPduaw¬&m [d tEkok,sum a[mEÅd/ e twåaem ½kpð {0 OpäK
bm&H 0d, Ou©dydwGm 0dp&EÅd/ um&PH {0 *PSEÅd? tum&PH 0dóaZÆEÅd
('D-| 2? 337/ r-| 1? 236)/
2
orÁDrS tjiif;oefonhf &[ef;rsm;onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ qkH;r Mo0g'
udkyif vufrcHbJ rajymyavmufonfh udpötay: rdrdwdkY\ tkyfpkuGJ
tjrifrsm;udk acgif;rmcH,lNyD; aMumif;usKd;rJhpGm pGJudkifcJhMuojzihf Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwfudk,fwdkif ausmif;wdkufrS xGufcGmNyD; awmxJwGif oDwif;okH;cJh
3
ayg&mPubdu©L ud& e trSmuH OyZÑma,m trSm tmp&da,mwd rkcH
MoavmauwGm 0wåH ua&mEÅd/ orÜwåy&dapäa'ae0 ua&mEÅd ('D-| 1?
168/ oH-| 3? 220/ r-| 1? 260/ tbd-| 2? 334)/
364 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
azmfjyNyD;om"ursm;onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf vufxufawmf
ESihf Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrDtcsdefuyif vlaumif;
rsm;onf twdwfwGif&SdNyD; ypöu©vltrsm;rSm ESpfoufavmuf
zG,fr&SdbJ tem*wfrsKd;qufrsm;rSm arQmfvihfzG,f vkH;0raumif;
avmufatmif tusihfodu©m ysuf,Gif;rnf[laom tawG;tjrif
\ jyif;jyonhf tajccHwpfck&SdcJhaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyonf/
Ak'¨udk,fwdkifvnf; rsufarSmufacwfxd qif;oufcJhaom ,if;
tawG;tjrifudk ay;cJhaMumif; od&onf/
,if;t,ltq vTrf;rdk;cH&onhf a&S;acwf oD[dkVf&[ef;awmf
rsm;onfvnf; obm0tm;jzihf ypöu©tajctaersm;udk rauseyf
rESpfoufbJ &SdMuonf/ xdk&[ef;awmfrsm; taejzihf ajymif;vJrI
rsm;[lonf ra&SmifvTJEdkifbJ ordkif; jzpf&yfrSefrsm; jzpfaMumif;
oabmrwlMuacs/ ,if;wdkY\ tjrift& ajymif;vJrIrsm;onf
qkwf,kwfrI\ vu©Pmrsm; jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí ydkrdkí avmukwå&m w&m;zufudk pdwfoefonhf
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf xkH;pHtwdkif; pHjyjrifhjrwfonfh b0ESifh ywf
oufí twdwfudk jyefajymif; ajymjyMuonf/ ,if;odkYjyKjcif;jzihf
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf Ak'¨"r®\ tESpfom&udk em;vnfjcif;r&SdbJ
pmom;rQudk twdtus vdkufemcJhykH&vsuf tusKd;rSm arQmfvihf
xm;onhf twdkif;yif jzpfonf/
cdkifvkHonhf om"ursm;t& Ak'¨vufxufawmfu &[ef;
awmfrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzihf aysmf½TifNyD; a&mifh&JMuaMumif;
od&onf/ wpfaeYwGif aumovbk&if yaoe'Donf ousEdkifiH
twGif;&Sd NrdKUwpfNrdKUü oDwif;okH;aeaom Ak'¨udk oGm;a&mufzl;
ajrmfNyD; rdrdtaejzihf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; MunfnKd&jcif;\ t
aMumif;rsm;udk avQmufxm;onf/ aumov avQmufxm;onhf
taMumif;w&m;rsm;teuf wpfckrSm rif;BuD;onf tjcm;ausmif;
rsm;rS orPjA[®Prsm;rSm ydefvSD? Murf;MuKwf? ½kyfqdk;NyD; jzLyyfjzL
a&mf&SdMuvsuf cE¨mwpfudk,fvkH; taMumNydKif;NydKif; xaeMuonf
udk awGU&jcif;jzpfonf/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\vlrIb0 3 NcKd;NcHpGmusihfokH;jcif; 361
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf t&Sifr[muóytm; &[ef;awmf
rsm;udk tMuHÓPf ay;&efESihf xdkudpöESihf ywfoufí w&m;a[m
Mum;&ef wdkufwGef;awmfrlonf/
odkYwap t&Sifr[muóyonf ,if;odkYjyK&ef rsm;pGm pdwf
xufoefjcif;r&Sdojzihf Ak'¨tm; þodkY jyefavQmuf\ ]t&Sifjrwf
bk&m;? ,cktcgü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf ajymvG,fqdkvG,f r&Sdyg
ukef/ emcHvdkpdwf r&Sdygukef/ tMuH ÓPfay;onfudk vufcHvdk
jcif; r&Sdygukef/ tmeE´m\ teD;aewynhf b@KESihf tEk½k'¨g\
teD;aewynhf tmbdÍÆduwdkYonf ]]vmprf;? rnfol ydk½GwfEdkifrnf
enf;? rnfol ydkNyD;aumif;aumif; ½GwfEdkifrnfenf;? rnfol ydkNyD;
MumMum ½GwfEdkifrnfenf;}}[k rdrd\todynmESihf ywfoufí
1
tcsif;csif; ESdrfhcs ajymqdkaeMuonfudk wynhfawmf awGUrdyg\} /
xdktwl om0w¬dNrdKU&Sd aemufjzpf&yfESpfckwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf
u t&Sifr[muóytm; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; Mo0g'ay;&ef
rdefYMum;aomtcg t&Sifjrwfu &[ef;awmfrsm;onf qdk;½Gm;onf
[laom taMumif;jycsufjzihf aemufqHwif;aeNyD; jA[®p&d,udk
usihfokH;olwpfa,muftzdkY vdktyfonhf t&nftcsif;r&SdaMumif;
2
oG,f0dkufí avQmufxm;onf /
1
oH 2? 204/
2
oH 2? 204/ tcgwpfyg;ü t&Sifr[muóy\ wynhfwpfyg;u
&mZN*dK[fteD;u t&SifjrwfoDwif;okH;onhf ausmif;ocFrf;udk rD;½IdUcJhonf
udk tu,fí owd&cJhygu t&Sifjrwf\ pdwfraumif;jzpfrIudk ydkí ESpf
oufEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ xdktcsdefu t&Sijf rwfESihftwl wynhfESpfyg; oDwif;
okH;vsuf&SdNyD; wpfyg;rSm pdwfxm;aumif;rGefNyD; usefwpfyg;rSm qdk;onf/
tcgaygif;rsm;pGmyif t&Sifjrwfonf xdkwynhfqdk;tm; rdrd\ tjyKtrlrsm;
udk jyKjyif&ef Mo0g'ay;ojzihf ,if;&[ef;i,fonf rax&fjrwftay:
qefYusifonhf a'gocHpm;rIudk wnf;xm;onf/ wpfaeY t&Sifjrwf tjyif
odkY<uoGm;pOf aumufuspfol &[ef;i,fonf rax&f\ tokH;taqmif
ypönf;rsm;udk zsufqD;NyD; ocFrf;ausmif;udk rD;½IdUNyD; xGufajy;onf/ odkYjzpfí
t&Sifr[muóy rax&fBuD; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; Mo0g'ray;vdkonfudk
tHhMozG,fr&Sdacs ("r®y'-| 1? 293)/ uk#d'loeZmwfawmfudkvnf; ½Iyg/
362 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
]uóy? xdktwdkif;yif jzpfay\} Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oabmwl
awmfrlNyD; vuf&Sdypöu©tajctaeudk þodkY&Sif;jyonf ]a&S;tcg
wkef;u &[ef;awmfrsm;onf awmawmifrsm;ü aexdkifMu\/
qGrf;cHí toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;jyKMu\/ yHhoulouFef;rsm;udk
okH;aqmifMu\/ ouFef;okH;xnfom &SdMu\/ rnfonfht&mudkrQ
rwyfrufMuacs/ a&mifh&JvG,fMu\/ vltrsm;ESihf a&maESm,Suf
wif r&SdMubJ wpfudk,fwnf; aexdkifMu\/ vkHYv0D&d, &SdMu\/
odu©mokH;&yfudk jrwffEdk;Mu\}/ ,if;a[mawmfrlcsufonf odu©m
okH;&yfudk vdkufemusihfokH;&ef &[ef;i,frsm;tzdkY pdwf"mwfcGeftm;
udk `rSihfwifay;onf/
odkYwap ,cktcgü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf odu©mokH;&yfudk r
avhusihfMuacs/ ,cktcgü &[ef;wpfyg;onf tu,fí atmif
jrifausmfMum; vlodrsm;vmvQif? tu,fí ypönf;av;yg;udk
aygrsm;pGm &&SdvQif t&Sifjrwfrsm;onf ¤if;tm; vufcH½dkaoMu
vdrfhrnf/ &[ef;i,frsm;onfvnf; xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;\ pHerludk
vdkufemMuonf/ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;olrsm;onf jA[®p&d,tusihf
1
jrwf\ tEÅ&m,frsm; vTrf;rdk;cH&onf[k ajymEdkifMuonf /
aemufwpfBudrfwGif r[muóyrax&fonf jrwfAk'¨tm;
tb,faMumihf a&S;tcgwkef;u oDv odu©myk'fenf;NyD; &[EÅm
rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;NyD; ,cktcgü oDvodu©myk'frsm;NyD; &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf
tenf;i,f om&SdMuygoenf;[k avQmufxm;onf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ]uóy? xdktwdkif; rSefay\/ vltrsm;
tusihfysufjym;NyD; "r®aumif;rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;aomtcg
oDvodu©myk'frsm; rsm;jym;vmNyD; &[ef;tenf;i,fom &[EÅm
2
tjzpfudk &&SdMu\} a[mawmfrlonf /
1
oH 1? 205/
2
,if;? 205/ b'´gvd&[ef;u Ak'&¨ Sifawmfjrwftm; tvm;wl ar;cGef;
rsKd; ar;avQmufcJhNyD; tvm;wl tajzay;cJhonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmf jrwfu
odu©myk'fynwf&ef taMumif;w&m; rjzpfay:rcsif; ynwfawmfrrl
aMumif; rdefYMum;awmfrlonf (r 2? 101)/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\vlrIb0 3 NcKd;NcHpGmusihfokH;jcif; 363
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf tcgwpfyg;
ü t&Sifr[muóyrax&fu t&SiftmeE´mtm; vlxGufNyD;
rdrdudk,fudk rapmihfpnf;Muaom &[ef;i,frsm;ESihftwl oGm;vm
aejcif;ESihf ywfoufí jypfwif ½Iwfcsawmfrlonf/ t&Sifr[m
uóyonf t&SiftmeE´mtm; twdkif;twm yrmPudk rod
onhf uav; (ukrm&u) [k ac:awmfrlonf/
t&SiftmeE´monf rdrdOD;acgif;ay:ü qHjzLrsm;&Sdaom tcsdef
rSmyif t&Sifr[muóyrax&fu rdrdtm; ukrm&u (uav;
i,f) [k ac:yg[k awmif;yefonf/ t&Sifr[muóyrax&fu
,if;odkY jzpfjcif;rSm pdwfudk rxdef;csKyfbJ wm0efrodwwfaom
1
&[ef;i,frsm;aMumifh jzpfaMumif; qufvufrdefY Mum;onf /
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf yg&my&d,trnf&Sd
onhf rax&fwpfyg;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ *kPfodu©m edrfhus
rIESihf ukd,fusihfw&m; ysuf,Gif;rIESihf ywfoufNyD; &Snfvsm;pGm
awG;onf/ xdk&[ef;u Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOf
u &[ef; awmfrsm;onf jA[®p&d,udk usifhMuHcJhMuaomfvnf;
,cktcgürl pdwfrcsrf;ajrUzG,f&m udk,fusihfodu©medrfhus ysuf
,Gif;aeMuNyD; raumif;rIrsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeMuonf/ xdkBuD;jrwf
onhf &[EÅmBuD;rsm;onf ,cktcgü y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlMuNyD/
,if;odkYaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;um; ,cktcg &Sm;yg;vSay\}[k pdwfr
2
csrf;omjzpfonf /
zkótrnf&onhf aemufrax&fwpfyg;u tem*wfwpfcsdef
ü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf pdwfysufz, G f tusihfysufNyD; udk,fusihf
w&m;edrhfusrnfjzpfNyD; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif wm;jrpfonhf tvkyfrsm;
aMumihf tjypf&SdMuvsuf avmuDvlom;wdkY\ b0aeenf;jzihf ae
3
xdkifMuvdrfhrnf /
1
oH 1? 418/
2
ax&*gxm? 254/
3
,if;? 340/
368 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
odkYwap þae&mü rax&fonf rSm;,Gif;pGm em;vnf
odkYr[kwf oHo,vGefuJjcif; jzpfonf/ 0denf;odu©myk'frsm;t&
aqGrsKd;rawmfonhf bdu©KeDrxHrS qGrf;udkvufcHrIudkom wm;jrpf
onf/ tu,fí &[ef;onf aqGrsKd;awmfpyfonhf bdu©KeDrxHrS
1
qGrf;udk tvªcH,lvQif 0dodu©myk'ft& tjypf r&Sdacs /
odkY&mwGif em*rax&fonf pdk;&drfvGefuJNyD; ]aqGrsKd;rawmf
onhf bdu©KeDrxHrS qGrf;udkyif vufrcH&vQif udk,fhESrt&if;jzpf
onhf bdu©KeDryifjzpfap bdu©KeDrtm;vkH;xHrS qGrf;udk tb,f
aMumihf vufcHrnfenf;/ odkYjzpfrl tjypf&Sd&ef tcGifhtvrf;
tenf;i,frQyif &Sdawmhrnfr[kwf}[k pOf;pm;cJhonf/
o'¨gw&m;aumif;onhf &[ef;awmfrsm;onf pdwfydkif;b0
wdk;wufrIESihf todÓPfxl;udk &&Sdjcif;twGuf 0de,odu©myk'frsm;
udkom ,EÅ&m;qefpGm wnfrSDcJhMuykHudk azmfusL;&ef pHjyykHpHtjzpf
udk;um;Edkifonhf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpf&yfwpfckudk 0dok'¨dr*f ü
azmfjyonf/
pdwå*kwårax&fonf a&m[Pe,f? r[m*gr½GmteD;
uk&@u r[mavPtwGif; ESpf 60 xufrenf; oDwif;okH;cJh
onf/ ,if;vkdPf*lxJwGif bk&m;&SifckepfqlwdkY\ awmxGufcef;
o½kyfazmf vSyonhf yef;csDaq;a&;rsm; &Sdonf/ ,if;vkdPf*lodkY
tvnftywf <ua&mufvmMuonfh &[ef;awmfrsm;onf Xmae
rax&fBuD;tm; xkdyef;csDum;wdkY\ tvSudk ESpfoufaMumif;
avQmufxm;Muonf/ ]t&Sifbk&m;wdkY? wynhfawmfonf þvkdPf
*lü tESpf 60 ausmfaexdkifcJhyg\/ odkY&mwGif wynhfawmfonf
yef;csDaq;a&;rsm; &Sdonfudkyif rod&SdcJhyg/ ,aeYwGifusrSomvQif
rsufvkH;&SdMuonhf þ&[ef;awmfrsm;aMumihf xdkyef;csDaq;a&;rsm;
udk wynhfawmf od&ygonf}/
1
0d 2? 222/
2
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 38/ þjzpf&yfudk tjcm;t"dyÜm,fjzihf a&SUydkif;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;
jzpfonf/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\vlrIb0 3 NcKd;NcHpGmusihfokH;jcif; 365
]odkY&mwGif t&Sifbk&m;\ ausmif;wkdufü &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
aysmf½Tifvef;qef;vsuf? pdwf"mwf wuf<uvsuf? arGUavsmfvsuf?
½kyf£a`E´ Munfvifvsuf? aomuuif;a0;NyD; wnfNidrf at;csrf;
vsuf ayghyg;aom ESvkH;om;jzihf aexdkifvsuf &Sdygukef\/ þ
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf t&Sifbk&m; a[mMum;onfh w&m;awmf rsm;
BuD;jrwfjynhf0onhf crf;em;rIudk trSefyif oabmaygufMu
onf[k xifyg onfbk&m;}[k avQmufxm;onf/
rif;BuD;xGufcGmoGm;NyD;aemuf Ak'¨u &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;
aumovrif;BuD;\ avQmufxm;csufrsm;udk em;vnf&efwdkuf
wGef;NyD; ,if;odkYjzihf aumovrif; azmfjyonfh cHpm;csufudk rSef
1
uefaMumif; rdefYawmfrlonf /
,if;azmfjycsufonf a&S;acwfrsm;ü b0tay: &[ef;awmf
rsm;\ oabmxm;rSm aysmf½Tif aumif;rGefaMumif; azmfjyonfrSm
aocsmonf/ &[ef;rsm;onf twGi;f oEÅmefü okefokefrIefrIef
wtkH aEG;aEG;pOf;pmNyD; raumif;jrifavh&SdcJhykHr&acs/
wpfaeYvQif wpfxyfompm;NyD; ½dk;om;at;csrf;onhf b0jzihf
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ ½kyfoGifonf ,if;okdY tvGefMunfvif&ykH ar;
cGef;udk Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu ]&[ef;rsm;onf twdwfudk ylyefrae?
tem*wf udkvnf; wrf;wrae? ypöKyÜefrSm aexdkifMu\/ odkYjzpfí
&[ef;awmfrsm;\ cE¨mudk,f Munfvif 0if;y\/ tem*wfudk
wtkHaEG;aEG; pOf;pm;jcif; twdwfudk ylyefjcif;jzihf vlrdkufrsm;onf
atmufodkY a<uusonhf opf½Gufpdrf;uJhodkY ajcmufaoGUoGm;&\}[k
2
ajzMum;awmfrlonf /
,if;aumif;rGefonhf oabmxm;onf tcsdefumv\ jzpf
pOfwGif ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhykH&vsuf ]&[ef;aumif;
rsm;}onf b0tay: ted|m½kHoabmxm;udk vufcHcJhonf[kqdk
EdkifzG,f &Sdonf/ orEÅygom'dumESihf r[m0Ho ESpfusrf;vkH;rSmyif
1
r 2? 320 ("r®apwd,okwf)/
2
oH 1? 5/
366 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
o½kyfazmf udk;um;Edkifonhf jzpf&yf0w¬K wpfckudk azmfjyMuonf /
wpfaeYoü rif;om; (wdó) onf trJvdkufpOf om;orif
rsm; awmtkyfwGif ½TifjrL;kckefaygufaeMuonfudk awGUonf/ ,if;
jrifuGif;aMumihf rif;om;onf ]awmxJü jrufudk pm;aomuf&
onfh þom;orifrsm;onfyif þrQ aysmf½TifMuao;\/ aumif;
rGefpGm pm;aomufaexdkif&onhf &[ef;rsm;onf tb,faMumihf
raysmf½TifbJ&SdMurnfenf;}[k pOf;pm;rdonf/
eef;awmfudk jyefa&mufNyD;aemuf rif;om;onf zcifrif;BuD;
tm; rdrd\ awG;awmrIudk ajymjyonf/ rif;om;tm; oifMum;&ef
rif;BuD;u ]om;awmf? wpfywfMum xD;eef;pnf;pdrfudk cHpm;yg/
,if;aemuf om;awmftm; ao'Pfay;rnf}[k qdkNyD; rif;om;
tm; xD;eef;pnf;pdrfudk wpfywfMum vTJajymif; ay;tyfonf/
wpfywfMumNyD;aemuf ]om;awmf? tb,faMumifh jzLyyfjzL
a&mfESihf raysmfr½Tif jzpf&oenf;}[k rif;BuD;u om;awmftm;
ar;onf/ ]ao&rnfudk a&mufaomaMumihf jzpfygonf}[k rif;
om;u ajzaomtcg ]wpfywf ukefvGefNyD;aemuf ao&rnf
qdkonfudk qifjcifvsuf om;awmfonf aysmfjrL;½Tifysjcif;r&SdcJh/
okdYjzpfaomf aojcif;w&m;udk tNrJwrf; qifjcifaeMuonhf &[ef;
awmfrsm;onf tb,frSmvQif aysmf½TifjrL;wl;EdkifMurnfenf;}[k
rif;BuD;u &Sif;jyvdkufonf/
þjzpf&yfudk pmt&Sdtwdkif; r,loihfacs/ þ0w¬KaMumif;\
t"duqdkvdk&if;rSm &[ef;awmfrsm;onf aojcif;w&m;rS aMumuf
½GHUí aysmf½TifjrL;wl;jcif;r&Sd[k jzpfonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ao
1
0d-| 1? 41/ r[m0Ho 5;154-159/ þusrf;ü r[m0Hoü azmfjyonhf
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cJhaomnu tpmraMuol trsKd;om;wpfa,muf vTihfypfxm;
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ckü awGUjrifEdkifonf/
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vnf owd&aponf/ rax&fonf xdkae&mwGifyif &[EÅm
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trsKd;orD;\ cifyGef;u rax&fudk vrf;rSmawGUojzihf þvrf;
twdkif;oGm;onhf trsKd;orD;wpfa,mufudk awGUrdygovm;[k ar;
avQmufonf/ rax&fu ]þvrf;twdkif; oGm;onfholudk rdef;r
a,musfm;qdkonfudk uREkfyfrodyg/ odkYwap tpdk;½kwpfck jzwf
oGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf\}[k ajzMum;onf/
NyD;chJaom tcef;ü &[ef;awmfrsm;\ aeYpOf vkyfief; aqmif
wmrsm; taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;&mwGif ur®|mef;bm0em ½IrSwfrI
twGuf b0udk `rIyfESHxm;Muonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ tcsdefZ,m;
udk azmfjycJhonf/
ur®|mef;½IrSwfonhf &[ef;onf wpfcPrQyif ur®|mef;
tm½kHrS rdrdpdwfudk tvGwfrcH&acs/ &[ef;onf wpfaeYwm
ywfvkH; vrf;avQmufjcif;ESifh xdkifjcif;[laom £&d,mykwf ESpfck
jzihfom ukefvGefonf/ &[ef;onf nOfh\ yxr,HESihf 'kwd ,,H
tcsdefwGif tdyfpufNyD; wwd,,HwGif Edk;xvsuf ,if;tcsdef
vrf;avQmufjcif; xdkifjcif;jzihfom ukefvGefonf/
eHeufapmapmwGif &[ef;onf apwDawmfESihf r[maAm"dyif
0wfw&m;rsm;udk aqmif½Guf&onf/ &[ef;onf aeYtcg okH;
aqmifrnhf okH;a&aomufa&udk cyf,l&NyD; q&morm;tm; apmihf
a&Smuf&onf/ udk,fvufoefYpifNyD;aemuf tcef;wGif xkdifvsuf
qGrf;cHxGufcsdefxd ur®|mef;xkdif&onf/ qGrf;cHxGuf&ef tqif
oihf jzpfaomtcg rdrd\ ur®|mef;tm½kHudk rarh&acs/
tjyifodkY rxGufrD apwDawmfESihf aAm"dyifudk &Sdcdk;ylaZmf
onf/ &[ef;onf &Sdckd;ylaZmfaeckdufwGifom rdrd\ ur®|mef;tm½kH
udk vTwfxm;vdku vTwfxm;Edkifonf/ Ak'¨gEkówdtm½kHjzpfvQif
ur®|mef;tm½kHudk vTwfrxm;bJ bk&m;tm½kH ur®|mef;jzihf qufí
&Sdckd;0wfjyKEdkifonf/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\vlrIb0 3 NcKd;NcHpGmusihfokH;jcif; 375
&[ef;onf qGrf;cHxGufcGmaomtcg vltrsm;u tdrfodkY
yifhzdwfNyD; ,m*kqefjyKwfrsm;jzihf eHeufpm auR;arG;vsuf eHeufpm
okH;aqmif&ef avQmufxm;Edkifonf/ &[ef;u oabmwlvQif
qGrf;uGrf; tqifoihf rjzpfrDtwGif; vltrsm;u &[ef;awmftm;
ar;cGef;rsm;ar;avQmufEdkif odkYr[kwf wpfckckudk em,l&ef avQmuf
xm;Edkifonf/ xdkodkYaom tcsdefrsm;wGif xdk&[ef;onf vlrsm;
tm; Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m a[majymrIrSeforQwGif ur®|mef;bm0em
1
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ur®|mef;xdkifaom &[ef;tm; apwDawmfzGifhyGJESihf w&m;
a[majymyGJBuD;rsm;uJhodkYaom bmoma&;qdkif&m BuD;us,fonhf
yGJawmfrsm;odkY r<ua&muf&ef ñTefMum;onf/ ,if;odkYaom tcrf;
tem;rsm;ü axmifcsDaom Oygoum Oygodumrsm;onf vSypGm
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aumif;rGefrIwdkYrSm trSefyif tHhMopHjyKzG,faumif;onf/
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380 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
0denf;awmft& &[ef;onf rdbrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;eD;pyfvQif
rnfonhf tjypfrS r&Sdacs/ rdbwdkYtm; aq;uko&ef vdktyfvQif
1
jyKpkapmihfa&Smuf&efyif &[ef;tm;cGifhjyKonf / odkYwap xdk&[ef;
i,fonf rdbrsm;ESihfyif uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;aexdkifjcif;rSm t
aumif;qkH;jzpfonf[k awG;cJhykH&onf/ &[ef;awmf\ pdwf0ifpm;
rIrSm rdrdaumif;usKd;twGufom jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí rdbrsm;onf rdrdwdkYrSm om;&if;udk jyKpkapmifha&Smuf
aeaMumif;rodbJ okH;vjynhfonfxd jyKpkapmihfa&SmufMuonf/ oD
wif;uRwfojzihf rdrdxGufcGmawmhrnfjzpfaMumif; taMumif;Mum;
aomtcg qDbl;udk qDjznhfNyD; udk;awmif&Snfonhf ydwfp wpfck
ESihf oMum;wpfcJ vª'gef;onf/
&[ef;i,fonf a&m[PodkY xGufcGmvsuf vrf;wGif OD;av;
awmfOyZÑm,fq&mudk wpfzefawGUjyefonf/ OyZÑm,fq&monf
&[ef;i,ftaejzihf rdcifukad wGUNyD; rdrdcif\qGrf;udk okH;aqmifcJh
onfudk od&ojzihf auseyfoGm;cJhaomfvnf; rdbrsm;u rdrdom;
&[efrSef rodbJ jyKpkapmihfa&SmufcJhMuaMumif; rodcJhacs/
&[ef;i,fonf OyZÑm,fq&m\ajcudk ajce,fqDjzihf ESdyf
ay;vsuf odMum;jzihf azsmfxm;onfh azsmf&nfudk qufuyfNyD; rdb
rsm;vª'gef;onhf ydwfpudkyg q&mrax&ftm; vª'gef;onf/ rdrd
aus;½GmodkY wpfudk,fwnf;jyefvmonhf rax&ftm; awGUaom
tcg ESrjzpfolu rdrdom;&[ef; ysHvGefNyDjzpfí ,if;odkY wpfyg;
wnf;<uvmonf[k xifrSwfoGm;onf/ odkYjzpfí ESronf ajy;
xGufoGm;NyD; armifbkef;BuD;\ ajc&if;ü idka<u;onf/ xdktcsdef
usrSom OD;av;awmfrax&fu &[ef;i,f\ tvGef wyfrufrI
enf;aomaMumihf rdrdrnfolrnf0gjzpfaMumif;udk xkwfazmfjcif;r&Sd
bJ jyefvmcJhaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm oabmaygufoGm;onf/ rax&f
onf jzpfaMumif;ukefpifudk ESrjzpfoltm; &Sif;jyNyD; om;awmf
armif vª'gef;vdkufonhf ydwfpudk oufaotjzpf jyvdkufonf/
1
0d-| 2? 68/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\vlrIb0 3 NcKd;NcHpGmusihfokH;jcif; 377
oGm;NyD; usefwpfyg;rSm xlyg&mrausmif;wkdufrSmyif usef&pfonf/
ygpDec@&mZDt&yfonf ur®|mef;w&m; tm;xkwf&ef oihfwihf
avsmufywfaom t&yfjzpfonf/ ESpftwef MumNyD;aemuf ygpDe
c@&mZD &[ef;awmfonf rdrdae&m\ vufcHEdkifzG,f obm0udk
rdwfaqG&[ef;tm; today;&ef xlyg&mrodkY oGm;cJhonf/
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&[ef;tm; rsm;pGm azmfa½GrIudk jyoonf/ {nfhonf&[ef;onf
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aomufzG,f&mudk ydkYvdrfhrnf/ olonf NrdKUawmfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
aecJhNyD}[k awG;aeonf/ odkY&mwGif xdk&[ef;onf xdknwGif rnf
onhft&mudkrQ r&&Sdacs/
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ESihf wpfpkHwpf&m pm;aomufzG,fudk ay;vmvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifh
onf/ odkY&mwGif rnfonhft&mrQ ay:rvmacs/ rax&fonf
]tif;? vlawG þae&modkY pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm; rydkYonfrSm
aocsm\/ odkYwap tu,fí olwdkYxHodkY igwdkY oGm;vQif igwdkYudk
wpfckck ay;ygvdrfhrnf}[k awG;onf/
xl;qef;zG,f&Sdaomfvnf; eHeufwGif Xmae&[ef;u rdwfaqG
tm; t½kPfqGrf;twGuf wpfckck&SmazG&ef rdrdESifh twlvdkufyg&ef
zdwfMum;onf/ ,if;onf rdwfaqG&[ef;tm; auR;arG;&ef wpfck
wnf;aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif vrf;wpfvrf;odkY vSnfh
vnfNyD;aemuf rax&fESpfyg;onf tenf;i,frQaom ,m*kudkom
&&SdMuojzihf {nfhonf&[ef;onf ]þae&mwGif t½kPfqGrf; t
wGuf aumif;pGm jyifqifxm;ykHr&/ odkYwap aeYqGrf;twGufawmh
vltrsm;u aumif;pGm vª'gef;zG,f&Sd\}[k pOf;pm;onf/ odkYwap
&[ef;ESpfyg;onf aeYqGrf;twGufvnf; vkHavmufpGm r&Muacs/
1
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1
þazmfjycsufrS rax&fESpfyg;onf aexdkifonhf ausmif;aqmifodkY rjyef
bJ tjyifwpfae&mwGif qGrf;bkOf;ay;MuaMumif; rSwfom;&onf/
378 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
tNrJwrf;yif xdktwdkif; oDwif;okH;oavm[k pkHprf;ar;jref;onf/
]rSefygonft&Sifbk&m;}[k Xmae&[ef;u ajzojzihf {nfhonf
&[ef;u ]ygpDec@&mZDt&yfonf oufaomihfoufom &Sdyg\/
xdkt&yfodkY oGm;MupdkY}[k qdkonf/
twefMumNyD;aemuf xlyg&mr&[ef;tm; awmifzuf*dwfrS
ukrÇum&*grodkY oGm;onhfvrf;odkY xGufoGm;onfudk awGU&onf/
{nfhonf&[ef;onf xdkrax&f tb,faMumihf ,if;odkY jyKonf
udk pkHprf;onf/ Xmae&[ef;u ]t&Sifbk&m;? ygpDec@&mZDt&yf
udk csD;rGrf;onf r[kwfygavm} ar;onf/ {nfhonf&[ef;u ]rSef
ygonf t&Sifbk&m;? odkYwap t&Sifbk&m; þrQ ESpfvMum&SnfpGm
aexdkifcJhonhf t&Sifbk&m;ausmif;rSm rnfonhfypönf;rS rusef&pf
cJhbl;avm}[k ar;onf/ ]xdkae&mwGif oHCmydkif tdyf&mwpfckESihf
ukvm;xkdifwpfvkH; &Sdygonf/ ,if;wdkYudk aumif;pGm odrf;qnf;
xm;cJhygNyD/ aemufxyf bmwpfckrS rusefawmhyg}[k Xmae
&[ef;u jyefMum;onf/ {nfhonf&[ef;u ]odkY&mwGif wynhf
awmfuawmh awmifa0S;? qDusnfESihf zdeyfbl;rsm; usefcJhygonf}
[k qdkonf/ Xmae&[ef;u ]t&Sif bk&m;onf wpfaeYrQae½kHjzihf
ypönf;awG rsm;pGm xm;ypfchJ\}[k tHhMopGm qdkonf/
ygpDec@&mZD &[ef;onf rdwfaqG&[ef;\ tvGefYtvGef
½dk;&Sif;rIESihf rwyfrufrItay: rsm;pGm pdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;NyD;
]t&Sifbk&m;? rnfonhfae&myif aeapumrl t&Sifbk&m;tzdkY
awmausmif;yif jzpfyg\/ t&Sifbk&m;tzdkY þjrifhjrwfonhfae&m
xlyg&mrausmif;wdkufrSmyif qufvufí oDwif;okH;jcif;u ydkí
aumif;yg\}[k ajymMum;NyD; aemufaeYwGif ygpDec@&mZDt&yfodYk
jyefoGm;cJhonf/
1
0dok'¨dr*¾usrf; rSmyif &[ef;awmftcsKdU rnfrQ avmuDa&;ESihf
qufEG,fywfoufrIrsm;udk rwyfrufykHudk azmfjyonhf aemufxyf
pGJNidzG,f jzpf&yfwpfckudk awGU&onf/
1
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 88/
&[ef;awmfrsm;\vlrIb0 3 NcKd;NcHpGmusihfokH;jcif; 379
vli,fwpfa,mufonf aum&@u½Gmausmif;&Sd rdcifbuf
rS OD;awmfonhf rax&fwpfyg;xHwGif &[ef;jyKNyD; pmayoifMum;
&ef a&m[PNrdKUodkY <uonf/ rdcifonf armifjzpfol rax&fxHrS
om;armif &[ef;awmftaMumif;udk rMumrMum pkHprf;onf/
&[ef;i,fonf a&m[PodkY xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf rdbrsm;xH vkH;
0jyefrvmawmhacs/
wpfaeYoü OD;av;awmf bkef;BuD;onf &[ef;i,ftm;ac:
,l&ef a&m[PodkY <uawmfrlonf/ &[ef;i,fvnf; OD;av;
awmfESihf rdciftm; awGUqkH&ef a&[PrS xGufcJhonf/ &[ef;
ESpfyg;onf jrpfurf; (r[ma0vd**Fgjrpf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf) wpfae
&mwGif awGUqkHMuNyD; rdrdwdkY vm&jcif;taMumif;udk ajymqdkMu
onf/ OD;av;bkef;BuD;onf xdkjrpfteD; wpfae&mrSmyif 0gqdkNyD;
&[ef;i,furl aum&@u ausmif;wdkufodkY <uoGm;onf/
&[ef;i,fonf xdkausmif;wkdufodkY 0gr0ifrD tzdwfaeYwGif
a&mufoGm;NyD; rdrdzcif&if;udk,fwdkif aqmufvkyfonhf ausmif;ü
&[ef;i,f oDwif;okH;&onf/ &[ef;i,f\zcifonf aemufaeY
eHeufwGif ausmif;wdkufodkY a&mufvmNyD; rdrdaqmufvkyfxm;
onhf ausmif;ocFrf;ü 0gqdkoDwif;okH;&ef a&mufvmonhf &[ef;
opfwpfyg;&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ 'g,umonf &[ef;tm; þ
ausmif;ocFrf;ü 0gqdkoDwif;okH;onhf &[ef;awmfonf 0gwGif;
okH;v rdrdtdrfrSm qGrf;tvªcH&NyD; oDwif;uRwfí jyefr<urD
rdrdtm; taMumif;Mum;&onhf xkH;pH&SdaMumif; avQmufxm;onf/
&[ef;i,fonf qdwfqdwfaeí vufcHonf/
&[ef;i,fonf rdbrsm;tdrfodkY aeYwdkif;<uNyD; qGrf;bkOf;ay;
onf/ odkYwap rdbrsm;rSm rdrw d dkY\ om;awmfarmiftm; rrSwf
rdacs/ &[ef;i,fonf xdkrQavmufyif vkH;0ajymif;vJoGm;onf/
&[ef;i,fonf tawmfi,fpOftcguyif tdrfrSxGufoGm;cJhNyD; ESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm MumNyD;aemuf t½G,fa&muf BuD;jyif;csdefusrS yxr
qkH;tBudrf tdrfjyefvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ &[ef;i,fvnf; rdrdb,f
olb,f0gjzpfonfudk ajym&efvdktyfonf[k vkH;0 rawG;rdacs/
 &[ef;awmfrsm;\vlrIb0 3 NcKd;NcHpGmusihfokH;jcif; 381
,if;aemuf Oygodumronf om;armif&[ef;\ csD;rGrf;tHh
MozG,f udk,fusihfw&m;udk ESpo f ufMunfndKvGef;ojzihf om;armif
<uoGm;onhf ae&mzufodkY vuftkyfcsDvsuf ajrBuD;ay:odkY xdkif
csvdkufNyD; aysmf½TifNyD; rdcifarwåmpdwfjzihf ]igom;awmfum; csD;rGrf;
tHhMozG,faumif;onhf yk*¾Kdvfaywum;/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf þ
uJhodkYaom a,musfm;rsm;twGuf jA[®p&d,tusifhjrwfudk a[m
Mum;awmfrlcJhay\}[k O'gef;usKL;vdkufonf/
"kwif[kac:onhf tusihfrsm;udk apmihfcJhMuonhf &[ef;awmf
rsm;\ tao;pdwfrsm;udk azmfjy&efrvdkay/ yd@ygwdu? yHok
ulvduESihf tm&nu"kwifrsm;udk aqmufwnfMuonhf &[ef;
awmfrsm;udk ydkí rMumcPawGU&onf/ xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; &nf
1
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&[ef;awmfrsm; wduspGm vdkufemusihfokH;NyD; NcdK;jcHonhf pdwf
ydkif;b0udk vdkufemusihfokH;onhf &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;ae
xdkifcJhonhf bmomw&m;e,fajrtjzpf oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ ausmfMum;
rIonf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;odkY jyefYESHYoGm;cJhykH&onf/
Oyrmqdkrl tdE´d,EdkifiH yg#vdykwf(ywåem;)NrdKUom; ykPÖm;ESpf
a,mufonf txufwGifazmfjycJhonhf umv0v†dr@y aus;½GmrS
r[mem*ax&f\ ausmfMum;rIowif;udk Mum;odcJhonf[k qdk
onf/ ¤if;wdkY ESpfa,mufvkH; oD[dkVfodkY xGufcGmcJhMuaomfvnf;
wpfa,mufrSm vrf;c&D;wGif uG,v f GefcJhvsuf tjcm;wpfa,muf
rSmrl oGm;vdk&modkY qdkufa&mufoGm;NyD; xdkrax&fxHwGif &[ef;jyKchJ
1
tm&nu"kwif odkYr[kwf awmausmif;wGif aexdkifjcif;onf wpfcgwpf
&H tEÅ&m,frsm;onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif tEÅ&m,fjyKwwfonhf vk,ufol
rsm;onf ,if;tjypfrJhonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; csnfaESmifxm;cJhMu
aMumif; od&onf/ xdktwGuf taMumif;&if;udk rod&acs/ ,if;odkYaom
&[ef;awmfESpfyg; csnfaESmifcH&í aoqkH;aMumif; od&onf (0dok'¨dr*¾ 1?
34)/ *0&0gvd, t*FPaus;½GmwGif ur®|mef;xdkifaeonhf aemufxyf
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;rSm orif[kxifojzihf rkqdk;wpfa,mufu nwGif
jrm;jzihf ypfcH&onf (r-| 1? 242)/
382 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
onf / ywåem;NrdKUrS 0domctrnf&onhf ol<u,fwpfa,muf
onfvnf; wrÁyPÖd'Dyonf bmomw&m; vdkufemusihfokH;&ef
pHjyae&mwpfckjzpfonf[k Mum;od&jzihf oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmcJhNyD;
r[m0d[m& ausmif;wdkufü &[ef;jyKcJhonf/ xdkrax&fonf
&[EÅmtjzpfudk a&mufNyD; pdwåvyAÁwü toufxufqkH; oDwif;
2
okH;cJhonf /
at'D 5 &mpkwGif oD[dkVfü ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifcJhol
w½kwfr[mc&D;onf zm[D,efonf t&d,moHCmawmfrsm;&Sd&m
ajrtjzpf oD[dkVf\ausmfMum;rIudk rsufjrifudk,fawGU azmfjycJh
onf/ zm[D,efonf r[dE¦avhü oDwif;okH;awmfrlonfh "r®*kwå
trnf&Sd udk,fusihfoDv BuD;jrwfrIukd azmfjyonf/ zm[D,efonf
0denf;odu©myk'frsm;udk apmihfxdef;&mwGif vltrsm;u &[EÅm[k
,kHMunf&onftxd rusKd;aygufonhf oDvESihf jrifhjrwfpifMu,f
3
onhf rax&fwpfyg;udkvnf; &nfñTef;onf /
at'D 7 &mpk oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;\ bmoma&;b0
taMumif;ESihf ywfoufí [l,ifqefxHrS tjcm;aom cdkifrmonhf
owif;tcsuf&&Sdonf/ [l,ifqefonf oD[dkVfodkY vnfywfcGifh
r&cJhaomfvnf; xdktcsdefu tdE´d,odkY <ua&mufMuonfh oD[dkVf
&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf qkHawGUcGifh&cJhonf/ w½kwf&[ef;awmfonf
atmufyg pum;vkH;rsm;jzihf oD[dkVf&[ef;awmftm; rdrd MunfnKd
rdykHtaMumif;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf ]&[ef;awmfrsm;onf
ukd,fusihfoDvudk apmifhxdef;Muvsuf pdwfydkif;b0ESifh todynm
pGrf;&nfrsm;aMumif; xif&Sm;Mu\/ ¤if;wdkY\ rSefuefonhf udk,f
usihfw&m;onf aemifvmaemifom;rsm;twGuf pHerljzpf\/ ¤if;
4
wdkY\ trlt&mrSm tvGef av;eufwnfNidrf\} /
1 2
tH-| 2? 132/ 0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 305/
3
Fa Hien, p. 107.
4
Hiuen Tsiang, Bk. XI, P. 247.

00000000
388 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
Muonf (½k0ef0gvdqm,)/ xdktwlyif r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf
\ tjcm;*dwfokH;ckpDESihf NrdKUawmftaemufzuf*dwf&Sd xlyg&mr
apwDawmf*dwf&Sd ynmr@yüvnf; &[ef;okH;aomif; &[EÅmjzpf
oGm;onf/ tb,a&uefESihf tEk&m"yk& a&uefrsm;\ abmif
rsm;üvnf; &[EÅmjzpfoGm;Muonf/ t&d,0Hookwfudk ½Gwfzwf
ol r[max&fwpfyg; (r[mt&d,0Ho bmPurax&f) onf
txufyg jzpfykHrsm;udk ESpfoufjcif;r&Sdojzihf ]t&Sifbk&m;wdkY t
b,fudpöudkudk ajymqdkaeMuygoenf;? r[mapwDawmf\ apmif;
wef;edrfhae&mrS jrifEdkifonfh tuGmta0;twGif; rnfonhf ajc
ESpfacsmif;udkrqdk xm;Edkifonf[k qdk&ef jzpfEdkifygovm;}[k qdk
onf/ tjcm; r[max&fwpfyg;u r[mapwD\ &ifjyifay:wGif
BuJjyefYaeonhf oJyGifhrsm;xufyif rsm;jym;onf[k rSwfcsufay;
vdkufonf[k qdkonf/ xdkta&twGufrSm tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[m
apwDawmf {&d,mtwGif; &[EÅmtjzpfudk &&SdoGm;Muonhfyk*¾Kdvf
rsm;udkom &nfñTef;vdkjcif;jzpfaMumif; qdkvdkonf/ 0db*Ft|u
1
xm usrf;wGif jA[®Pwdóolykefab;twGif; wdór[m&mrESihf
pdwåvyAÁwwdkYwGif &[EÅm tyg;aygif; 2400 (ESpfaomif; av;
axmif) &SdcJhaMumif; jyqdkonf/
xdkom"ursm;ESihf tjcm;rsm;pGmaom om"ursm;u oD[dkVf
EdkifiHwGif &[EÅmaygif; rsm;pGm &SdcJhaMumif;jyqdkonf/ xdk&[EÅm
rsm;[lonf tb,fodkYaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm; jzpfMuygoenf;/ Ak'¨vuf
xufawmfu &SdcJhonhf ausmfMum;onhf &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfrsm;ESihf
tqifhwl t&nftcsif;&Sdonhf &[EÅmrsm; jzpfMuoavm/ a&S;
acwfoD[dkVf &[EÅmrsm;onf rnfodkYaom tppftrSefb0 &SdcJh
onf[laomtcsufudk ,aeYacwfwGif em;vnf&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/
odkYwap t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf tjcm;aom taxmuftxm;
rsm;t& &[EÅmrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;NyD; at'D 5 &mpk vltrsm;ESihf
qdkifonhf oihfawmfaom tawG;tjrif,lqrIwpf&yf &&SdEdkifonf/
1
tbd-| 2? 426/
tcef; 13
oD[dkVf&[EÅmrsm;
t&[yk'frS qif;oufvmonhf t&[EÅ[laoma0g[m&\ rlv
t"dyÜm,frSm ]xdkufwefjcif;} jzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'rwkdifrDtcsdefu þ
a0g[m&udk tqihfjrifht&m&Sdrsm;tm; *kPfjyKbGJUtjzpfyif tokH;
1
jyKcJhykH&onf / odkYwap Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf edAÁmefudk xdk;xGif;
odjrifrIwGif tqihftjrifhqkH;udk&&Sdoltm; tokH;jyK&ef ,if;a0g
2
[m&udk ,lcJhonf / t&[EÅ[laomyk'fudk rMumcP tpm;xdk;
okH;onhf tvGef tokH;rsm;xif&Sm;onfh a0g[m&rSm cDPmo0 =
3
tmoa0gukefNyD;ol jzpfonf /
wdyd#uygVdawmfrsm;ü &[EÅmrsm;tm; pdwfydkif;avhusihfrI\
tqifhjrifh&&SdrIudk azmfusL;vsuf ]cDPm Zmwd? 0kodwH jA[®p&d,H?
emy&H £w¬wåm, (y#doaE¨aerI ukefNyD? tusihfjrwfukd usihfokH;
NyD;NyD? aemifb0wpfzef jzpfjyefjcif; r&SdawmhNyD)}[laom azmjfyNrJ
ykHpHjzihf rMumcP zGifhqdkxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ rZÑdredum,f
qAÁdaom"eokwfwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu wynhfom0ursm;tm;
tu,fí &[ef;wpfyg;onf ,if;azmfjycsufrsKd;udk jyKvkyfrl vuf
1
2
See e.g. Sat, Br.III, 4,1,3,4,1,6;4,1,6; S.B.E. XXVI
xdktwlyif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf raumif;rIrS vGwfajrmufNyD;oltm; t
okH;jyK&ef jA[®P[laom a0g[m&udk&,lNyD; jA[®P Zmwf&Sdoludk rqdk
vdkacs/
3
umrmo0 = umr*kPfudk wyfrufrI? b0go0 = b0udk wyfrufrI?
t0dZÆmo0 = arm[ [k tmo0w&m; okH;rsKd;&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&H
'd|mo0 = t,lrSm; udkygxnhfí tmo0w&m; av;rsKd;jzpfonf/
386 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
vnf;rcH&? jiif;vnf; rjiif;qkd&/ odkYwap xdk&[ef;tm; tcsKdU
aom tcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufí ar;jref;&rnf[k owday;zl;
1
onf / tu,fí xdk&[ef;\ tajzrSm auseyfzG,f&SdvQif xdk&
[ef;tm; &[EÅm[k vufcH&rnf/ xdkokwåefü Ak'¨&Sifawmf jrwfu
2
ar;cGef;rsm;twGuf tajzrSefrsm;udk ay;xm;NyD;jzpfonf /
edum,fig;&yfvm okwåefrsm;pGmwdkYrS &[EÅm[lonf owd
"r®0dp, 0D&d, yDwd yó'¨d orm"dESihf Oayu©m[laom aAmZÑif
ckepfyg;? umrpäE´ Asmyg' xderd'¨ O'¨pöukuúKpö 0Dpdudpäm[laom
eD0&P ig;yg;udk y,fNyD;ol? avmb a'go arm[[laom
tukodkvfrlv okH;rsKd;udk tjrpfjzwfNyD;ol? oDv orm"d ynm
odu©mokH;yg;udk jznhfusihfNyD;ol? vlb0jyefjzpfapEdkifaom cE¨mig;
yg;udk wyfrufrI b0wPSm ukefNyD;ol? ouúm,'d|d 0Dpdudpäm
oDvAÁy&mrmo umr&m* Asmyg' ½ly&m* t½ly&m* rme O'¨pö
t0dZÆm [laomoHa,mZOf q,fyg;udk jzwfawmufNyD;ol? um,
0pD reokH;rsKd; pifMu,fol? umrwPSm b0wPSm 0db0wPSm
okH;rsKd;rS vGwfajrmufNyD;ol ... tcsKyftm;jzihf udavom (pdwf
3
tnpftaMu;) tm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmufNyD;oljzpfonf /
1
'd| (udk,fwdkifjrifjcif;)?okw (olwpfyg;xHrSm Mum;&jcif;) rkw (jrifod
jcif;)ESihf 0dnmw (pdwfjzihfodjcif;) [laom a0g[m&av;rsKd;jzihf xdk&[ef;
\pdwf vGwfajrmufoGm;ykHudk ar;jref;jcif;jzpfonf/ a0g[m&av;rsKd;rSm -
½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmP[laom Oyg'gemu©E¨m ig;yg;? yx0D
tmayg awaZm 0ga,m tmumo 0dnmP [laom "mwf ajcmufyg;?
pu©K aomw Cme Zd0Sm um, re ESihf ½ly o'´ *E¨ &o azm|AÁ
"r®[laom twGif;tjyif tm,we ajcmufyg;? þcE¨mudk,fESihf tjyif
tm½kHw&m;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
2
qAÁdaom"eokwfonf Ak'¨oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfu rdrdudk,fudk &[EÅm
jzpfNyD[k rSm;,Gif;pGm odkYr[kwf pdwfazmufjcif;jzihf ajymqdkonfh &[ef;
awmfrsm; &SdcJhaMumif;udk azmfjyrIwpf&yfjzpfonf/
3
tao;pdwfudk 'DCedum,f omrnzvokwf? rZÑdredum,f oAÁmo0
okwf? r[moukvk'g,dokwf? apawmcdvokwEf Sihf qAÁdaom"eokwfESihf
okwåedygwygVd? 0gao|okwfrsm;udk ½Iyg/
oD[dkVf&[EÅmrsm; 387
&[EÅm[laomyk'f\ rlvt"dyÜm,f rnfodkYjzpfapumrl aemif
wGif tcsdefumvtrsKd;trsKd; ae&mtoD;oD;wdkYü ,if; t"dyÜm,f
rSm jcm;em;oGm;cJhonfudk oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ t|uxmusrf;
rsm;ESihf ygVdordkif;usrf;rsm;ü a&S;acwf oD[kdVfwGif &[EÅmtjzpf
,lqcH&olESihf ywfoufonhf tawG;tjrifudk &&Sd&ef taxmuf
tuljyKonhf owif;tcsufudk trSwfrwif ay;Edkifaom 0w¬Kjzpf
&yfESihf azmfjycsuftcsKdU yg&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwdkYtaejzihf ,if;,lq
csuf\ cdkifvkHrI odkYr[kwf ,if;0w¬Krsm;\ ppfrSefrIESifh ywfoufí
pdk;&drfrIrjzpfay/ uREfkyfwdkY\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm &Edkifonhf tcsuf
tvufrsm;t& &[EÅm[lonfudk ordkif;t& rnfodkY ,lqcJh
onfudk aqG;aEG;&efomjzpfonf/
t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü wpfcsdefu oD[dkVfuRef;wGif ykxkZOf
1
&[ef;oHCm wpfyg;wavrQyif r&SdcJhaMumif; azmjfyxm;onf /
,if;onf xdktcsdefu oD[kdVf&[ef;awmfrsm;tm;vkH;onf aom
wmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grf? &[EÅm[laom edAÁmefudk rsuf
arSmufjyKonhf tqihfav;rsKd;teuf wpfrsKd;udk &&SdNyD;jzpfaMumif;
qdkvdkonf/ aemufxyf t|uxmazmfjycsuf wpfckrSm tjcm;wpf
csdefwGifrl ykxkZOf&[ef;[lonfudk &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; &SmazG,l&onf
2
txdjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf / ,m*kqGrf;bkOf;ay;NyD;aemuf &
[EÅm tjzpfudk r&zl;ao;onhf oD[dkVfaus;½Gm&Sd qGrf;pm;aqmifrS
3
xdkifckH wpfckwavrQyif r&SdaMumif;vnf; qdkxm;onf /
oH,kwåt|uxm4 azmfjycsufwpfckt& &[ef;awmf okH;
aomif;onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ awmifzuf*dwfwGif rwf
wwf&yfvsuf r[mapwDudk zl;ajrmf&if; &[EÅmtjzpfudk &&SdoGm;
1
r-| 4? 81/ 'D-| 3? 82/ £roða,0 'Day {u0ga& ykxkZÆebdu©K emr
ema[mod//
2
{uoð® [d umav y#da0"u&m bdu©L A[l a[mEÅd? {o bdu©K
ykxkZÆaem wd t*Dkvð yoma&wGm 'aówaAÁm a[mwd/ r-| 4? 81/
'D-| 3? 82/
3
'D-| 1? 169/ r-| 1? 255/ 4
oH-| 3? 218/
392 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
om,mrI r&SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ rdrdq&m&if;udkyif &[EÅm
[kwfr[kwf pkHprf;ppfaq;cJhol t&Sif"r®'dEérax&fonf rdrdudk,f
udk &[EÅm[kxifrSm;aeonfh pdwåvawmifü oDwif;okH;aom r
ax&fBuD;tm; udk,fwdkifzefqif;onhf ESpfoufzG,f trsKd;orD;i,f
½kyfoGifudk Munhf½Ickdif;jcif;jzihf ESpfajcmufq,frQ zdESdyfxm;cJhonhf
wPSm&m*udk x<uapcJhaMumif; qdkonf/ olawmfaumif; yk*¾Kdvf
wpfa,mufonf rdrdudk,fudk &[EÅmr[kwfao;rSef; odjrifoGm;
1
aomtcg t&Sif"r®'dEé\ tultnDudk &,lMuonf /
&[EÅmt&Sifjrwfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí aemufxyfpHEIef;rSwf
ausmufwpfrsKd;rSm rSm;,Gif;pGm jyKusihfrI odkYr[kwf vufajc
ajcrsm;ESihf tusihfpm&dwåysufjym;onhf trlt,mrsm; r&Sdjcif;jzpf
onf/ t½G,fBuD;NyDjzpfonfh &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf rax&fjrwf ckZÆwdó
onf txufwGif azmfjyNyD;onfhtwdkif; qdwfNidrf&mt&yfudk ESpf
oufvsuf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfrS ig;,lZemcefYtuGm&Sd r*FP
t&yfwGif oDwif;okH;aeawmfro l nf/ t&Sifjrwfum; rnfoludkrQ
jrifvdk awGUvdkjcif;r&Sd/ o'¨gwdórif; (bDpD 77-59) onf rdrd
tm; zl;ajrmf&efvmaMumif; od&aomtcg rax&fonf wrif
oufouf tdyf&may:wGif vJavsmif;vsuf rif;BuD;udk pdwfysuf
2
apvdkojzihf ajrBuD;ay:wGif wGm;aeonf / bk&ifonf rax&f
jrwftm; ,if;odkY uav;qefonhf trlt&mudk awGUjrif&aom
tcg &[EÅmwpfyg;onf ,if;odkY udk,fvufwdkYjzihf rzG,fr&mtjyK
trlrsKd;aMumihf ajymqdkjypfwifzG,f&Sdrnfr[kwf[k rSwfcsufjyKvsuf
3
t½dktoyif ray;bJ jyefvSnfhoGm;onf /
1 2
r-| 2? 85/ r-| 1? 188/
3
ESpfoufjcif; rESpfoufjcif; (tEke,*[P)tygt0if tvdkqE´tm;vkH;
rS vGwfajrmufNyD;ol[k qdk&onfh &[EÅmrax&fwpfyg;onf rdrdudk zl;ajrmf
&ef ta0;rSvmcJhonhf MunfnKdolOygoum wpfa,muftm; tb,f
aMumihf pdwfysufoGm;apvdk&oenf;[lonfrSm aemufxyf ar;p&mwpfck
jzpfonf/
4
tH-| 3? 133/ cDPmo0geH emr [w¬ukuúKpöH ew¬d/
oD[dkVf&[EÅmrsm; 389
&[EÅmt&Sifjrwfrsm;onf vly&dowfNcdrf;ajcmufrIrS a0;&m
qdwfNidrfonhf ae&mwGif wpfudk,fa& oDwif;okH;aexdkifrIudk
ESpfoufMuonf/ &[EÅmrsm;onf vlolrsm;onhf ae&mrsm;odkY yihf
zdwfcH&rIudk rESpfoufMuacs/ odkYjzpfí wv*F&t&yfrS "r®'dE´r
ax&ftm; &[ef;oHCmrsm;tm; ur®|mef;w&m;ay;&ef rdrd
ausmif;rS wdór[m&mrodkY <ua&mufrnfh taMumif;udk tvGef
1
cJ,Of;pGm avQmufxm;cJh&onf / &[EÅmrsm;onf vma&muf
vnfywfolrsm;tm; tawGUrcHvdkMuacs/ r*FPausmif;ae
ckZÆwdórax&fonf rdrdtm; bk&ifu tzl;ajrmfvmonfudkyif
2
vufrcHcJhaMumif; od&onf / odkY&mwGif xdk&[EÅmrsm;onf t
jcm; yk*¾Kdvfrsm;uJhodkYyif vloly&dowfudk jzpfEdkiforQ a&Smifvsuf
tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[mapwDESihf r[maAm"duJhodkYaom ae&mrsm;
udk bk&m;zl; <ua&mufMuonf/ tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfodkY bk&m;
zl;<ua&mufonhf &[EÅmwpfyg;onf vly&dowfukd a&Smifvdk
ojzihf &[ef;&Sifvlrsm;r&Sdonhf ntcsdefa&mufrSom r[mapwD
3
awmfudk zl;ajrmf&ef <ua&mufaMumif; od&onf /
&[EÅmwpfyg;\ aocsmaom pHerlwpfckrSm xdkt&Sifjrwf
onf aMumuf½GHUrIrS uif;a0;NyD;oljzpfonf/ orEÅygom'dumwGif
xdkt&Sifjrwf\ OD;acgif;ay:odkY rdk;BudK;oGm;usa&mufvQifawmif
&[EÅmwpfyg;onf aMumuf½GHU odkYr[kwf aESmihf,SufcH&rnfr[kwf
acs/ tu,fí aMumuf½GHUrI t&dyfta,mifudk jycJhvQifvnf; xdk
4
t&Sif\ &[EÅmtjzpfudk jiif;qdk&rnfjzpfonf / ygVd t|uxm
usrf;rsm;ü ,if;azmfjycsufudk oufaojyonfh taxmuftxm;
erlemrsm;udk azmfjyMuonf/ wv*F&ausmif;rS t&Sif"r®'dEéax&f
1
r-| 1? 188/ 2
tH-| 2? 132/
3
r-| 3? 189/ tbd-| 2? 332/
4
0d-| 2? 83/ cDPmo0ó emr toed,myd rw¬au yw,rmem,
b,H0g qrÇdwwåH 0g avmr[Haom 0g e a[mwd? o pó b,H 0g
qrÇdwwåH 0g avmr[Haom 0g OyÜZÆdówd? e wGH t&[mwd
tyaewaAÁm/
390 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
(ñTef;NyD;)onf ausmfMum;onhf &[EÅwpfqljzpfonf/ t&Sifjrwf
\ q&mjzpfol pmayy&d,wåd wwfuRrf;NyD; olawmf aumif;jzpf
onhf Opö0gvduausmif;ae t&Sifr[mem* rax&fonf ykxkZOf
orm"dtqihfrQudkom &&SdNyD;oljzpfvsuf rdrdudk,fudk &[EÅm[k
txifrSm;rIjzpfaeonf/ wpfaeYwiG f t&Sif"r®'dEérax&fonf q
&mt&Sif\ rSm;,Gif;pGm xifjrifaerIukd z,f&Sm;Edkif&ef &nf½G,f
vsuf q&mt&SifxHodkY tzl;ajrmf<ua&mufonf/ aqG;aEG;
avQmufxm;NyD;aemuf t&Sif"r®'dEérax&fu q&mt&Siftm; rnf
onhftcsdefu w&m;xl;udk xdkxGif;odjrifcJhoenf;[lonfudk ar;
avQmufonf/ xdkarG;cGef;udk q&mt&Sifu w&m;xl;udk ESpfaygif;
60 tvGefuyif &&SdaMumif; ajzMum;onf/ ,if;aemuf t
&Sif"r®'dEéu orm"dudkvnf; cHpm;ygovm;[k ar;avQmufonf/
cHpm;aMumif; tajz&&Sdaomtcg "r®'dEérax&fu q&mtm; wef
cdk;jzihf Ncdrf;ajcmufrmefrlonhf[efjzihf t&SifjrwfxHodkY a&SU½Ivmae
onhf qifykHoP²mef zefqif;jy&ef avQmufonf/ r[mem* r
ax&fonf wynhf\ awmif;yefcsuftwdkif; qifoP²mef zefqif;
jycJhaomfvnf; rdrdudk,fwdkif zefqif;cJhonhf qifoP²mefBuD;
ESmarmif;udk yg;pyfwGifxm;vsuf aMumufzG,fatmfoHjzihf rdrdxH
odkY wl½lvmaeonfudk jrif&jcif;ü xajy;rnfjyKonf/ odkYwap
"r®'dEérax&fu q&mt&Sif\ ouFe;f pGef;udk udkifvsuf ]t&Sif
bk&m;? &[EÅmwdkYrnfonf aMumuf½HGUygoavm}[k ar;avQmuf
onf/ r[mem*rax&fonf trSm;udk odjrifoGm;NyD; wynhf"r®
'dEétm; rdrdudkulnD&ef awmif;yefonf/ wynfhjzpfol "r®'dEér
ax&fu q&mt&Siftm; ur®|mef;w&m;ay;ojzihf r[mem*r
1
ax&fonf rMumrD &[EÅmtjzpfodkYa&mufoGm;onf / "r®'dEé
rax&fonf [uFet&yfrS r[m'wårax&ftm;vnf; txufyg
2
enf;udk tokH;jyKvsuf &[EÅmtjzpfudk &&SdapaMumif; od&onf /
1
0dok'¨dr*¾ 2? 270/
2
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112)onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ oHCmhrax&ftm; &[EÅm
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&SifjrwfrSm touft½G,fBuD;NyDjzpfojzihf rsufpdtjrif raumif;
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udkufonf[k xifrSwfap&ef rax&fjrwf\ ajcaxmufudk qdwf
onf/ rax&fjrwfonf ausmufwdkifuJhodkY a½GUvsm;jcif;rjyKbJ
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yg;onf rdrdrSm &[EÅmjzpfaeNyD[k xifrSm;aeonf/ odkYwap 'DC
bmPuwdó rax&fonf xdktcsufudk oHo,&Sdojzihf yd@yg
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onf rdausmif;txifjzihf aMumufí atmfonf/ ,if; odkYjzihf
2
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t|uxmwGif wpfcgwpf&Hü tvGefvdr®myg;eyfNyD; aMumuf
½GHUrI r&SdMuonfh ykxkZOfrsm;yif&SdaMumif; qdkxm;onf/ ,if;odkY
jzpfygu xdk&[ef;rsm;udk umr*kPftm½kHudk x<uaponhf tm½kH
rsm;jzihf prf;oyf&onf/ 0obrif; (at'D 127-171)onf xdk
enf;jzihf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;tm; prf;oyfcJhaMumif; od&onf/
xdkrif;onf &[ef;awmftm; eef;awmfodkY yifhzdwfvsuf rax&f\
teD;ü xdkifvsuf ZD;oD;jzihf jyKvkyfonhf (tcsOf"mwf) cyfjyif;jyif;
t½GufokyfwpfrsKd;udk jyKvkyfonf/ rax&f\ yg;pyfrS oGm;&nfrsm;
usvmojzihf xkdrax&frSm &[EÅmr[kwfaMumif; xif&Sm;oGm;cJh
onf/ taMumif;rl &[EÅmrsm;onf t&omüwyfrufrI odkYr[kwf
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396 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
ausmif;wdkufu tu©&muRrf;usifonhf ynm&Sifrsm;xHrSm toH
xGufrSefudk oGm;NyD; oif,lMuyg}[k rdefYMum;onf/ &[EÅmt&Sif
jrwfonf pdwfraumif;jzpfNyD; xdk&[ef;awmfESpfyg;tm; ur®|mef;
1
ray;bJ ta0;odkY ESifvTwfvdkufonfrSm xif&Sm;onf /
pdwåvyAÁwausmif;wdkufwGif oDwif;okH;onhf &[EÅmwpfyg;
onf vjynfhwpfnwGif tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; &[EÅmrsm;
onf rnfonhf £&d,mykxfjzihf y&dedAÁmefpH0ifonfudk awGUzl;Mu
ygoenf;[k ar;jref;onf/ tcsKdUu xdkifckHay:wGif ysHvGefawmfrl
onfudk jrifzl;aMumif; qdkMuNyD;? tcsKdUrSm avxJwGifxdkifvsuf y&d
edAÁmefpHonfudk awGUzl;aMumif; ajzMum;Muonf/ xdktcg &[EÅm
t&Sifjrwfu ],cktcg t&Sifbk&m;wdkYudk vrf;avQmufNyD; y&d
edAÁmefpHykHudk wynhfawmf jyygrnf}[kqdkonf/ xdkYaemuf &[EÅm
t&Sifjrwfonf pBuøvrf;wGif trSwfwpfck vkyfxm;NyD; xdk&[ef;
awmfrsm;tm; þodkYqdkrdefYonf ]wynhfawmf aemufwpfzuf t
pGef;udkoGm;NyD; tjyefwGif þtrSwfodkY a&mufcsdefusrSom wynhf
awmf y&dedAÁmefpHygrnf}/ xdktrSwftom; aemufodkY t&Sifjrwf
2
a&mufonfESihf wpfNydKifeuf &[EÅmt&Sifjrwf y&dedAÁmefpHonf /
xdk&[EÅmt&Sifjrwfonf jrifhjrwfaomenf;jzihf y&dedAÁmefpHjcif;jzihf
rSwfwrf;wpfckudk wnfaqmuf&ef qE´&SdcJhonf/
tay:wGif azmfjyNyD;jzpfonfh r*FPausmif;wdkufae ckZÆ
wdórax&f\ rD;oN*ØK[f&m xif;ykHonf a0[ifrSwpfqihf tEk
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taygif;onf MunfnKdpdwfjzihf [pfatmf a<u;aMumfMuonf/
avm[ygom'ausmif;rS &[EÅmt&Sif r[mAs*¾rax&fonf xdk
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&[EÅmtjzpfudk &,lEkdifonf[laom ,kHMunfcsufwpf&yf&SdcJhonf/
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pdwfydkif;avhusihfrI tqihfudk ar;avQmufMuonf/ t&Sifjrwfu
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tvkyftauR;jyKonhf &[ef;awmfu ]t&Sifbk&m;? t&Sifbk&m;
y&dedAÁmefpH (&[EÅmtjzpfjzihf uG,fvGef)NyD[k xifrSwfNyD; 12
,lZem a0;uGmonhft&yfrS vltrsm;onf pka0;vsuf &SdMuyg\/
tu,fí t&Sifbk&m;onf ykxkZOftjzpfjzihf uG,fvGefvQif vl
trsm;onf rsm;pGm pdwfESvkH; rcsrf;ajrU jzpfMuygvdrfhrnf}[k
avQmufxm;onf/ &[ef;tkdu ]arawå,s Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifudk zl;awGU
rnf[laom tawG;jzihf igonf ur®|mef;bm0em ½IrSwfjcif;rjyK
cJhyg/ oifajymonhftwdkif; rSefvQif wynhfawmftm; xdkifay;yg?
NyD;wpfyg;wnf; aeyg&ap}[krdefYonf/ tvkyftauR; &[ef;awmf
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onf tvkyftauR;&[ef;awmf tvGefa0;uGmonhf ae&modkY
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1
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onf oufawmf 80 t½G,f ao&manmifapmif;wGif jyif;xef
onhf emusifrIaMumihf nnf;nLvsuf vJavsmif;aeonf/ 0ob
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&Sdygvsuf tenf;i,frQaom emusifrIudk onf;cHEdkifpGrf;r&Sdonhf
1
0dok'¨r*¾ 1? 45/
394 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&[ef;wpfyg;udk zl;ajrmfvdkjcif;r&Sd[k rSwfcsufjyKNyD; wHcg;aygufrS
vSnfhjyefoGm;cJhonf/ tvkyftauR;jyKonhf &[ef;awmfu bk&if
onf t&Sifbk&m;\ nnf;oHudk Mum;&ojzihf tMunfnKdysufNyD;
jyefoGm;ygonf[k ysHvGefawmfrlcgeD; rax&fBuD;tm; today;
vsuf ]t&Sifbk&m;? tb,faMumihf wynhfawmfwdkYudk þuJhodYk
odu©musatmif jyKvkyfygoenf;}[k avQmufxm;onf/ ]odkYjzpf
vQif wynhfawmftm; wpfyg;wnf; xm;cJhyg}[k rax&fBuD;u rdeYf
ojzihf emusifrIudk onfcHNyD; 0dyóem½Iojzifh &[EÅmtjzpfudk
&&SdoGm;onf/ ,if;aemuf rax&fonf tvkyftauR;jyKonhf
&[ef;awmfudk bk&iftm; rdrdudk vma&muf zl;ajrmfEdkifNyD;jzpf
1
aMumif; ajymMum;&ef rdefYqdkonf /
azmfjyNyD; om"ursm;u edAÁmefudk xdk;xGif;odjrifrIjzpfonhf
&[EÅm[lonf tenf;qkH; at'D 5 &mpk t|uxmusrf;jyK
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ tawG;tjrift& wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf vdktyfvQif
wpfcPrQ owdjyKvdkufrdonfESihf r&ao;aomfvnf; &&Sd&ef
pGrf;&nf&Sdygu vufwpfurf;wGif tqifoihfjzpfEdkifaomt&m
jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/
t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü azmfjycsufrsm;t& &[EÅmt&Sifjrwf
rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ yk*¾vdu tm;enf;csuf tenf;i,f&SdMuykH&
onf/ wv*F&wdóyAÁausmif;ae a&SUem;wGif azmfjyNyD;jzpfonfh
t&Sif"r®'dEérax&fonf wdór[m&mrausmif;ü oDwif;okH;
vsuf&SdMuonfh oHCmawmfrsm;tm; ur®|mef;w&m; ay;&ef
oHCmawmfrsm;\ Budrfzefrsm;pGm yifhavsmufcsuft& xdkausmif;
wdkufBuD;odkY <ua&mufawmfrlonf/ t&Sifjrwf a&mufoGm;csdefwGif
ausmif;wdkufae oHCmawmfrsm;onf xdkt&SifwdkY\ aeYpOfvkyf½dk;
vkyfpOftwdkif; ae&mudk wHjrufvSJNyD;aemuf apwD&ifjyifawmfay:
wGif Ak'¨gEkówd ur®|mef;udk yGm;rsm;NyD; xdkifaeMuonf/ t&Sif
"r®'dEérax&ftm; BudKqdkrnfhol odkYr[kwf pum;ajymrnfhol wpf
1 ae&mrS csufjcif; cGmoGm;avmufatmifyif pdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;onf/
'D-| 1? 260/
oD[dkVf&[EÅmrsm; 395
yg;wavrQr&Sdacs/ t&Sif"r®'dEré ax&fjzpfaMumif; oHCmawmfrsm;
odoGm;Muaomtcg t&Sifjrwftm; ar;cGef;rsm; ar;avQmufMu
onf/ t&Sifjrwfonf ar;cGef;tm;vkH;udk ]Mum½dk;pnf;udk xufpGm
aom "m;jzihf jzwfbdouJhodkY} ajzMum;vsuf ajczsm;jzihf ajr
BuD;udk ½dkufcwfvsuf ]t&Sifbk&m;wdkY? þoufrJh r[myx0D ajr
BuD;onfyif "r®'dEérax&f\ oDv*kPfrsm;udk od\? t&Sifbk&m;
wdkYu xdkoDv*kPf&nfrsm;udk rodMuyg}[k qdkonf/ ,if;aemuf
t&Sifjrwfonf avxJodkY tvsiftjref ysHwufNyD; wv*F&yAÁw
1
odkY jyef<uawmfrlonf /
þom"urSm t&Sif"r®'dEérax&fonf rdrdtm; oifhawmf
onfh t½dktaoay;rIudk r&&Sdojzihf rESpfouf pdwfraumif;jzpf
oGm;aMumif; azmfjyykH&onf/ t&Sif"r®'dEéonf t&Sifjrwftm; yihf
zdwfcJhonhf ur®|mef;w&m;ay;&ef[laom tcsufudkyif rapmihf
2
qdkif;cJhacs /
wpfcgwpf&HwGif t&Sif"r®'dEérax&fuJhodkY tqihfjrifh ynm
rwwfonhf &[EÅmrsm;onf ,if;odkYaom pdwfrcsrf;omrIrsKd;udk
jyoonf/ 0dZ,m&mrausmif;wdkufae &[EÅmrax&fwpfyg;onf
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ur®|mef;w&m;ay;aepOf ork'´udk ork'¨[k
"edwjzifh rSm;,Gif;pGm toHxGufrdonf/ &[ef;ESpfyg;teuf wpf
yg;u ]t&Sifbk&m;? ork'´jzpfygovm;}[k ar;avQmufonf/
&[EÅmt&Sifjrwfu ]t&Sifbk&m;wdkY? ork'´[k toHxGufonfjzpf
ap? ork'¨[k toHxGufonfjzpfap a&iefonhf ork'´&mjzpf
aMumif; wynhfawmfwdkY odMuygonf? t&Sifbk&m;wdkYum; pmvkH;
udk &SmazGaeMuNyD; teuft"dyÜm,fudk r&SmMuay? r[m0d[m&
1
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2
tu,fí wpfckck cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;&SdcJhvQif tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ aumif;
usKd; csrf;omtwGuf ,if;wdYuk dk cGifhvTwfoihfonf/ aemufqkH;wGif wpfpkH
wpf&m ta&;wBuD; rjzpfysufcJhacs/ odkY&mwGif t&Sif"r®'dEérax&fonf
400 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
oydwfudk tpdwfpdwf t>rm>rmcGJypfNyD; rsufpOf; aq;tjzpf
tokH;&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ay;a0&rnf[k trdefY csrSwfawmfrl
onf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu &[ef;rsm;onf vlOygoumrsm;udk
wefckd;jyjcif;ESihf opfom;jzihf jyKvkyfaom oydwfudk tokH;jyKjcif;rS
1
wm; jrpfonhf odu©myk'fudkvnf; ynwfawmfrlonf /
rl&if; 0denf;usrf;*efwpfckjzpfonfh plV0*¾ygVdawmfü vm
onhf ,if;jzpf&yfonf t&Sifyda@mvbm&'GgZrax&f\ aqmif
½GufrIonf &[ef;awmfwpfyg;ESihf oihfavsmfaom tjyKtrl
r[kwfaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyonf/ wefcdk;jyjcif;onf ]trsKd;
orD;wpfa,muf aiGaMu;twGuf rdrd\ udk,fcE¨mudk vSpfjyonf
ESihfwl\}[k Ak'¨rdefYawmfrlonftxd roifhawmf ravsmufacs/
t&Sifr[marm*¾v†mefudk,fwdkifyif twGif;rSm ,if;odkYaom udpöü
tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; wefcdk;jym#d[mudk jy&ef &[ef;awmfwpfyg;
odkYr[kwf rdrd (t&Sifjrwf)\*kPfodu©mESihf nDñGwfrIr&Sd[k ,lq
ojzihf 0g;wdkifrS oydwfudk &,l&ef qE´r&SdcJhjcif; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
odkYwap t&Sifjrwfonf t&Sifyda@mvtm; ,if;odkY wefckd;jy
jcif;udk rjyKvkyf&ef azsmif;zsajymqdk&ef pdwfrñGwfcJhacs/ t&Sif
yda@mvrax&fonfvnf; Ak'¨&iS fawmfjrwfu axmufjyonfh
tcsdefxd wefcdk;jyjcif;udk roihfavsmfonhf tjyKtrltjzpf awG;
rdykH r&acs/ þjzpf&yfu &[EÅmwpfyg;onf tjyKtrla&;&m tm;
vkH;wGif rjynhfpkHaMumif; oHo,&SdzG,frvdkbJ tu,fí Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwf\ ñTefMum;csufudk ay;cJhvQif txufyg tao;tzGJ
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onf/ ,if;onf tenf;qkH; plV0*¾ygVdawmfudk pkpnf;cJhMuonhf
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ ,lqcsufwGif xdkuJhodkY jzpfonf/
2
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onf crf;em;onhf oN*ØK[frIudkjyvdkaMumif; azmfjyonf/
&[EÅmwpfyg; (txufü azmfjyNyD;)onf r[mapwDawmfudk
0wfjyKylaZmfaecJhonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkt&Sifü (ylaZmf&ef) yef;r&Sd
acs/ tvkyftauR;jyKonhf wefcdk;&SdMuonhf omraPi,frsm;
onf xdkae&modkY a&mufvmNyD; tu,fí xdkyef;udk &vQif yef;udk
ylaZmfrnfvm;[k ar;avQmufonf/ ]rSefygonf ukd&ifwdkY? wpfae
&mwnf;wGif xdkrQrsm;jym;onhf "mwfawmfrsm;udk Xmyemxm;
onhf apwDawmf r&Sdyg? tu,fí yef;rsm;om &EdkifrnfqdkygvQif
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onf yef;jzihf rylaZmfvdkbJ &Sdygrnfenf;}[k rax&fu qdkonf/
omraPi,frsm;onf wefckd;£'¨dyg'fjzihf a&ppfxJwGif vSyarT;
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tm; ay;vdkufonf/ xdkrax&fonf yef;rsm;udk vufcHNyD;aemuf
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,if;rSwfcsufonf t&Sifjrwftaejzihf yef;ta&twGuf enf;rI
twGuf wpfpkHwpfckaomtaMumif;aMumihf rESpfoufjcif;jzpfNyD;
&[EÅmt&Sifjrwftaejzihf xdkxufydkrdk vdkcsifcJhonf/ t&SifjrwfrSm
yef;vkH;0r&SdcJhojzihf omraPrsm;udk ESpfoufNyD; aus;Zl;pum;qdk&
rnfhtpm; yef;rsm;rSm enf;vGef;onf[k apm'uwufcJhonf/
aus;½Gmwpf½GmwGif &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfwpfyg;ESihf &[ef;i,f
wpfyg;onf qGrf;cHvSnfhvnfMuonf/ yxrqkH;aom tdrfwGif
,m*kylylaEG;aEG;udk &&SdMuonf/ &[EÅmrax&fonf avema&m*g
&Sdojzihf ,m*kylylaEG;aEG;&Sdaecdkuf pm;okH;&vQif aumif;rnf[k
awG;onf/ odkYjzihf &[EÅmrax&fonf ,if;,m*kyludk avSum;ckH
tjzpf tokH;jyK&ef vltrsm; ,laqmifvmonhf opfwkH;ay:wGif
tH-| 2? 134/
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398 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
xdkifNyD; ,m*kudk tvsiftjref bkOf;ay;onf/ &[ef;i,fonf
rESpfoufEdkifjzpfoGm;NyD; qmavmifrGwfodyfaeonfh þ&[ef;tdk
onf &[ef;rsm;udk odu©musatmif jyKvkyfbdonf[k rSwfcsufjyK
1
onf / vrf;ab;wGif&do S nhf opfwkH;ay:ü xdkifvsuf ,m*kqGrf;
bkOf;ay;jcif;udk &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; wm;jrpfonhf 0de,odu©myk'f
r&Sdacs/ odkYwap vlrI,Ofaus;rIt& ,if;odkY jyKjcif;udk roifh
avsmf[k ,lqojzihf &[ef;i,fu rax&ftdk\ tjyKtrludk
odu©musaponf[k ,ljcif;jzpfonf/ olawmfpifBuD;rsm;onf
vlrIa&; oifhwifhavsmufywfrIrsm;udk rodusKd;uRHjyKEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/
odkY wap &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfrsm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzihf aumif;rGefpGm
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aom ZmwfudktaMumif;jyKí aus;uRefrsm;tm; omoemhabmi
odkY 0ifa&mufcGifh rjyKcJhjcif;r[kwfbJ tjcm;aom vlrIa&;ESihf pD;
yGm;a&; taMumif;rsm;aMumihfom jzpfonf/ trSefpifppf uRef[l
onf rnfonhf trsKd;ZmwfESihfrQ ywfoufjcif;r&Sdacs/ xdktwlyif
1
tH 3? 39/
2
ax&*gxm? 310/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 409
vrf;&SdvQif tqihfESdrfhcscH&onhf jypf'PfrS vGwfuif;EdkifzG,f&Sd
onf/ Oya't& ¤if;wdkYudk yef;rIdufoGeftqihfodkY twif;tMuyf
avQmhcsvdkufaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf ok'¨rsKd;tppfuJhodkY ,lq
cJhykHr&acs/ taMumif;rl umvtwefMumNyD;aemuf xdkrif;onfyif
tqdkyg ok'¨rsKd;0if wpfa,muf\ orD;acsmudk eef;wGif;ol&mxl;
odkY wdk;`rSifhcJhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ ,if;ok'¨rsKd;tm;vkH;udk rlvae
&modkY `rSifhwifay;cJhoavmqdkonfudkrl taotcsm rod&acs/
odkYwap ,if;acsmarmvSyonhf owdkYorD;i,f\ aqGrsKd;rsm;tm;
vkH;onf owdkYorD;i,ftm; bk&ifodrf;ydkufcH&NyD;aemuf ouf
1
aomihfoufom b0wpfckudk jyef&oGm;aMumif; od&onff /
,if;aemuf trsKd;Zmwfwpfck r[kwfaomfvnf; oD;jcm; vl
wef;pm;wpfcktjzpf wnf&Sdaom aus;uRefrsm;jzpfonf/ NyD;cJh
onhf tcef;rsm;wGif ,if;aus;uRefrsm;udk bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkduf
2
rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfMuaMumif; awGU&NyD;jzpfonf /
3
orEÅygom'dumusrf; tqdkt& uRefav;rsKd;&Sdonf/ yxr
trsKd;tpm;rSm arG;&myg aus;uRef(taEÅmZm)jzpfonhf trsKd;orD;
rS arG;zGm;onhf om;orD;rsm;[laom tdrfaygufuRef? þtqifh
aus;uRefrsm;udk tu,fí uReftjzpfrS rvGwfao;vQif &[ef;jyK
4 5
ray;aumif;acs / t|uxm wGif o½kyfazmf 0w¬Kjzpf&yfwpfckudk
azmfjyonf/
tEk&m"yk&NrdKUrS uReftrsKd;orD;i,fwpfa,mufonf a&m[
Pt&yfrS trsKd;om;wpfa,mufESihf cdk;&mvdkufajy;onf/ xdktrsKd;
1
tbd-| 2? 421/ at'D 12 &mpkcefYrSmyif EGm;om;pm;olrsm;udk ok'¨rsKd;
rsm;tjzpf ,lqcH&onf/
2
3
þusrf;? pm- 272 ½Iyg/
0d-| 3? 282/
4
0denf;tvdkt& aus;uRefudk &[ef;abmifodkY 0ifa&mufcGifhrjyK/ e
bdu©a0 'gaom yAÁmaZwaAÁm? a,m yAÁmaZ,s tmywåd 'kuú#ó (0d
3? 107)/
5
0d-| 3? 282/
410 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
orD;\ om;onf &[ef;jzpfvmonf/ &[ef;cHNyD;aemuf rdrd\
&[ef;b0 pifMu,frIESifhywfoufNyD; pdwfxJwGif oHo,0ifvm
onf/ &[ef;awmfonf rdciftm; tb,faMumihf tpfudkarmif?
tpfrnDr odkYr[kwf tjcm;rnfonhf aqGrsKd;&if;csmrQ r&Sd&onf
udk rdcifxHrS pkHprf;onf/ rdcifu om;armif &[ef;udk rdrd\
twdwf Zmwfvrf;udk jyefvnfajymjyonf/ ½dk;om;NyD; oDvodu©m
udk jrwfEdk;oljzpfjcif;ü &[ef;i,fonf rdrd\ &[ef;tjzpfrSm 0d
enf;awmfESihf rnDnGwfojzihf pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí
&[ef;awmfonf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfodkY csufcsif; xGufcGmoGm;
onf/ &[ef;i,fonf uRefykdif&Sif\ tdrfwHcg;a&SUwGif &yfaeNyD;
rdrdonf ¤if;xHrS xGufajy;oGm;aom uReftrsKd;orD;i,f\ om;
jzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ ]tu,fí oifu uREkfyfudk cGifhjyKvQif
uREkfyf &[ef;jzpfvdrfhrnf/ oifonf uREkfyf\ t&Sifocifjzpfyg\}
[k qdkonf/ tvGefESpfoufoGm;jcif;ü uRefydkif&Sifu ]t&Sifbk&m;?
t&Sifbk&m;\ &[ef;tjzpfrSm pifMu,fyg\} qdkNyD; &[ef;i,f
tm; vGwfvyfcGifhay;vdkufNyD; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü oDwif;
okH;aexdkifEdkif&ef pDpOfay;onf/ aemiftcgwGif &[ef;i,fonf
1
&[EÅmtjzpfudk &&SdoGm;aMumif; od&onf /
'kwd,trsKd;tpm;wGif aiGjzihf 0,f,lonfh uReftrsKd;tpm;
yg0ifonf/ olonf olYrdbrsm;xHrS 0,f,lol odkYr[kwf ydkif&SifxH
1
þjzpf&yft& 0denf;Oya'onf &[ef;wpfyg;\ atmifjrifonhf pdwfydkif;
b0twGuf vdktyfonhf tajctaetjzpf vlrIa&; tqifhtwef; tcsdKU
udk vufcHaMumif;azmfjyonf/ þ&[ef;awmf\ &[EÅmtjzpfudk ol\ t
&Sifocifjzpfolu xdef;csKyfxm;onf/ tu,fí uRefydkif&Sifu þ&[ef;
i,ftm; vGwfvyfcGifh ray;cJhvQif þ&[ef;awmfonf &[ef;tjzpfjzihf
&[EÅmtjzpfudk b,fawmhrS &Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ taMumif;rl rnfrQyif
pdwfydkif;b0 wkd;wufapumrl 0denf;awmft& ¤if;\&[ef;tjzpf rpif
Mu,faomaMumihf jzpfonf/ vlrIa&;tpOftvmjzpfonhf ,if;odkYaom
uRefpepfonf todynmESihf pdwfydkif;b0vGwf ajrmufrIjzpfonhf edAÁmefudk
rsufarSmufjyKonhf enf;vrf;wGif &yfwnfEdkifonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 411
rS 0,fol aus;uRef jzpfEdkifonf/ rnfonfhenf;jzihfyif uRefjzpf
apumrl rvGwfvyfao;orQ &[ef;tjzpfudk 0ifcGifh r&Sdaom
aMumihfjzpfonf/
wwd,uReftrsKd;tpm;rSm ppfokHYyef;rsm; jzpfonf/ ppfyGJwGif
atmifjrifNyD;aemuf qkvmbftjzpf EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfwpfckrS &
vmonhf ppfokHyef;rsm;? odkYr[kwf awmfvSefykefuefrIuJhodkYaom
BuD;rm;onhf &mZ0wfrIwGif yg0ifcJhrIaMumihf jypf'Pfay;rItjzpf
tusOf;csonhf uRef;wGif aexdkifolrsm;vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ rnf
onhfenf;jzifh uRefjzpfapumrl zrf;,lxm;olrsm;\ xdef;csKyfrI r
1
vGwfao;orQ &[ef;tjzpfodkY 0ifa&mufcGifh r&Sdacs / ¤if;wdkYtm;
ykHrSefenf;jzihf vGwfajrmufoGm;aomtcgrSom odkYr[kwf zrf;csKyfcH
b0rS vGwfajrmufNyD; vGwfvyfonhf tjcm;ae&mwpfckodkY vGwf
ajrmufoGm;aomtcgrSom (&[ef;tjzpfodkY) 0ifa&mufEdkifonf/
þudpöwGif twif;tMuyf aus;uRefjyKcHcJh&onhf vGwfvyfolrsm;
jzpfcJhaomaMumihf 'kwd, cGifhjyKcsufudk ay;tyfjcif;jzpfonf/
pwkw¬uReftrsKd;tpm;rSm oufarG;0rf;ausmif; odkYr[kwf vkH
NcKHrItwGuf rdrd\ qE´t& uRef odkYr[kwf tvkyftauR; jzpfvm
olrsm;jzpfonf/ þuReftrsKd;tpm;udk þtcef; aemufydkif;wGif
awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ xdktajctaewGif &Sdaeoa½GU þtrsKd;tpm;
2
0if aus;uRefrsm;udkvnf; &[ef;tjzpfodkY 0ifa&mufcGifh rjyKacs /
þudpöESihfywfoufí ta&;tBuD;qkH; ar;cGef;wpfck &Sdvm
onf/ Ak'¨0g'onf vlrsKd;Zmwfpepfudk rqefYusifoavm? tb,f
1
a&SUtcef;rsm;ü xdkenf;jzifh zrf;,lcJhonhf wrDvftusOf;om;rsm;tm;
odvmarC0PÖrif;u bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;odkY aus;uRefrsm;tjzpf ay;
tyfcJhaMumif; awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/
2
rEkordwdusrf;? twGJ 8 wGif tjcm;aom uRefckepfrsKd;udk azmfjyonf/ 1?
okHYyef;uRef 2? aeYpOftpm;tpm aqmif½Gufol 3? tdrfaygufuRef 4? aiG
0,fuRef 5? tjcm;wpfa,muf ay;onhfuRef 6? tarG&onhfuRef 7? jypf
'PfaMumihf uRefjzpfol/ rEkusrf;wGif azmfjyonhf ckepfrsKd;vkH;udk oD[dkVfü
rawGU&acs/
416 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
odkYwap ,if;xkH;pHonf jrwfAk'¨ vufcHonfjzpfap vuf
rcHonfjzpfap vltrsm;cHpm;&onhf oufa&mufrI&Sdaom vltzGJU
tpnf;\ tppftrSefw&m;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí ,if;udk Ak'¨0g'\
tajccH oifMum;csufjzpfonfh ur®oDtdk&Djzihf ajz&Sif;cJhjcif;jzpfNyD;
1
xdktcsufudk rZÑdredum,f? plVur®0db*Fokwfawmfü awGU&onf /
vlonf ,cifb0u tukodkvfuH\ tusKd;quftjzpf
ZmwfjrihfrSmjzpfap odkYr[kwf ZmwfedrfhrSmjzpfap arG;zGm;aMumif;?
Oyrmqdkrl ,cifb0 uHtusKd;ay;twdkif; toufwdkjcif; touf
&Snfjcif;? usef;rmjcif; rusef;rmjcif;? vSyjcif; t½kyfqdk;jcif;? bkef;
wefcdk;BuD;jcif; bkef;enf;jcif;? csrf;omjcif; qif;&Jjcif;? ynm&Sdjcif;
ynmrJhjcif;wdkY jzpf&aMumif; ,if;okwåefü rdefYawmfrlonf/
odkYjzifh urÇmay:&Sd ukd,fcE¨m? pdwfydkif;b0? vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;
a&;toGif rwlrItm;vkH;udk ur®oDtdk&Djzihf &Sif;jyonf/ ,if;\
tusKd;quftaejzihf ZmwfcGJjcm;rIonf tppftrSef obm0jzpfNyD;
<u,f0jcif;? vSyjcif;? pGrf;tm;? usef;rmjcif;? nPfynm xuf
jrufjcif;rSmvnf; xdktwlyif tppftrSef obm0rsm;yifjzpfonf/
obm0jzpfap tppftrSefyifjzpfap Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf pepf
BuD;wpfckvkH;\ rnDrQrIudk odjrifaomfvnf; ,if;udk vkH;vkH; vsm;
vsm; rajymif;vJEdkifcJhay/
odkYjzpfí Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf aemufxyf taumif;qkH;
t&mwpfckudk vkyfcJhonf/ Ak'¨&iS fawmfjrwfonf udk,fusihfw&m;
ESihf oDvodu©mudk trsKd;Zmwf? pnf;pdrfcsrf;omrI? tvS? wefckd;
t&Sdeft0g? usef;rma&; odkYr[kwf urÇmay:&Sd t&mtm;vkH;\
tay:wGif xm;cJhNyD; xdkjcm;em;onhf t&mtm;vkH;onf bmom
w&m;\ pdwfydkif;b0e,fy,fwGif crf;em;BuD;us,fjcif; r&SdbJ
azsmhawmh aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
aqG;aEG;aeqJ taMumif;t&mESihf ywfoufí tawG;tjrif
okH;&yf &Sif;vif;pGm xGufvmonf -
1 ½Iyg/
r 3? 234/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 413
ppfom;rsm;? olykefrsm;? a<u;&Sdolrsm;ESihf tjcm;rsm;pGmaom
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm;vnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumihf omoemhabmif
odkY 0ifa&mufcGifhudk wm;jrpfcJhaomfvnf; Zmwf[laom taMumif;
1
aMumihf r[kwfacs / Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfwGif
oHCmawmfrsm;twGif; rnfonhf trsKd;ZmwfcGJjcm;rIrsKd;rS r&SdcJh
2
onfrSm tvGefxif&Sm;onf /
odkYwap xdktajctaeonf vlOygoumrsm;ESihf ywfouf
írl jcm;em;rI&Sdonf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf rdrd aexdkifcJhonhf
avmutwGif; vlrIa&; wnfaqmufrItaejzihf tcdkiftrm
tjrpfpGJ aeNyDjzpfonfh ZmwfcGJjcm;rI pepfudk vspfvsL rjyKEdkifcJhacs/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf udk,fawmfjrwftaejzihf ZmwfcGJjcm;rIudk
vdktyfonf odkYr[kwf rQwonf[k vufrcHaomfvnf; ,if;
tcsufudk xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;cJh&onf/
tjcm;wpfzufwGif jAm[®Prsm;onf ZmwfcGJjcm;rIpepfudk
tav;*½kjyKtyfonhft&m? bmoma&; usihf0wftaejzihf pGJudkif
xm;NyD; vlom;rsm;twGif; rdrdudk,fudk tjrwfqkH; tjrihfqkH;ESihf t
pifMu,fqkH;[k owfrSwfxm;onf/ jAm[®Prsm;onf ok'¨rsKd;rsm;
tm; wd&dpämefrsm;toGif qufqHNyD; ¤if;wdkYtm; tjcm;vlom;rsm;
&&Sdonhf rnfonhf vlrIa&; pD;yGm;a&; odkYr[kwf bmoma&;
3
tcGifhta&;rsKd;udkrQ ay;tyfjcif; rjyKacs / jAm[®Pwpfa,muf
\ oabmxm;rSm rdrdonfom pifMu,fNyD; jAm[®Pr[kwfolrsm;
4
rpifMu,fMu (jAm[®Pm0 okZÑEÅd? aem tjAm[®Pm) ojzifh
xdkyk*¾Kdvf txl;ojzihf ok'¨rsKd;wdkY\ pdwfydkif;b0 pifMu,frIukdyif
jiif;qdkMuonf/
1
0d 3? 106 ponfudk ½Iyg/
2
odkY&mwGif ,aeYacwf oD[dkVfoHCmhtzGJUtpnf;twGif; w&m;0ifr[kwfbJ
(twGif;pdwfu) ZmwfcGJjcm;rIrsm;udk awGUjrif&onf/
3
tao;pdwfrsm;udk Manu. iv 80, 81; viii 413, 414, xi 73087, xii, 43 wGif
4
'D 3? 68 (t*¾nokwf)? r 2? 355 (tóvm,eokwf)/
414 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ,if;twåA[dkjyK ukd,fusKd;qefonhf
jAm[®P0g' oabmxm;\ awmfvSef&ef cufcJaom qefYusifol
yk*¾Kdvf jzpfonf/ onf;rcHEdkifaom ,if; vlrIa&; azmufjyefrI
oabmxm;udk qefYusif&mwGif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ ta&;w,l
pdwf0ifpm;rIrSm ZmwfcGJjcm;rIpepfudk vlrItaqmufttkHwpfckt
jzpf uJh&JU½Iwfcs&ef? jAm[®Prsm;udk uJh&JU½Iwfcs&efESihf jAm[®Prsm;
rSm tjrifhqkH;r[kwf[lonfudk oufaojy&efcsnf; r[kwfacs/ odkY
jzpfí tcsKdUae&mrsm;ü Ak'¨&Siaf wmfjrwfu cwåd,rsm;onf jAm[®
Prsm;xuf ydkrdk jrifhjrwfaMumif; (cwåd,m0 ao|m? [Dem
1 2
jAm[®Pm) oufaojy&ef rdefYqdkcJhonf/ odkYwap ,if;onf ]igh
trsKd;onf oifhtrsKd;xuf jrwfonf}[k cGJjcm;jcif;jzpfonhf Zmwf
cGJjcm;rIudk vufcHaejcif;yif jzpfonf/ odkYwap jAm[®PwdkYonhf
ZmwfcGJjcm;rIpepf\ taMumif;&if;jzpfojzihf tu,fí jAm[®P
wdkYudk wdkufckdufjcif;rSm Zmwfpepfwnfaqmufxm;ykH wpfckvkH;udk
wdkufckdufjcif;yif jzpfaMumif; em;vnfvQif Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\
oabmxm;udk ESpfoufEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
vufawGU jzpfEdkifzG,fr&Sdonhf vkH;0ajymifajymifwif;wif;
uJh&JUjypfrnfhtpm; Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf jAm[®PwdkYtm; arG;&myg
wGif tajccHonhf vlrsKd;Zmwfpepf wnf&SdrIESifhywfoufonhf
udk,fusifhw&m;a&;&m t"dyÜm,faumuf,lrIwpf&yfudk ay;&ef
BuKd;pm;cJhonf/ jAm[®PwdkYonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ trsKd;av;yg;
vkH;onf pifMu,frIwGif wlnD\ (oraPm a*gwarm pwk0PÖH
ok'¨ð ynaywd) [k aMunmvdkufrIudk jyif;jyif;xefxef uefYuGuf
Muonf/ jAm[®P0g'tjrifwGif ,if;tqdkrSm tjypf&Sdaom azmf
jycsufjzpfonf/ odkYwap Ak'¨&iS fawmfjrwfu arG;zGm;jcif;onf
jAm[®P odkYr[kwf 0ovudkvnf; rjzpfap? ,if;odkYjzpfjcif;onf
tjrifhqkH;jzpfonhf pdwfydkif;b0wdk;wufrIvnf; rwm;qD;aMumif;
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfu rdefYawmfrlonf/ oDvESifhjynhfpkHonhf Zmwfedrfh
1 wpfckjzpf onhf "r®y'ygVdawmf jAm[®P0*füvnf; awGU&onf/
'D 1? 92 (trÁ|okwf)/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 415
wpfa,mufonf oDvr&Sdonfh jAm[®Pwpfa,mufxuf ydkrdkjrihf
1
jrwfonf / ,if;onf jA[®Prsm;tm; Zmwfjrifhol 0ovrsm;
tm; Zmwfedrfhrsm;tjzpf ,lqxm;NyD;jzpfojzihf tvGefjyif;xef
onhf udk,fusihfw&m;a&;&m tjiif;yGm;rIwpf&yf jzpfaomfvnf;
a0g[m&wpfrsKd;jzihf Zmwfpepfudk vufcHjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ &nf½G,fcsuftwGuf vkHavmufrIr&Sdacs/
rZÑdredum,fESihf okwåedygwfygVdawmfrsm;ü yg&Sdonhf 0gao|
okwfawmfü ZmwfcGJjcm;rIESihf vlom;rsKd;EG,f\ vlrIa&;wnf
aqmufykHESihf ywfoufí ydkrdk*½kwpdkuf odyÜHenf;us cGJjcrf;pdwf
jzmrIwpf&yfudk ay;xm;onf /
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfonf ,if;okwfawmfü opfyiftrsKd;rsKd;wGif
arG;&mygtm;jzihf uGJjym;jcm;em;rIudk awGUEdkifaMumif;? tajcav;
acsmif;&Sdaom owå0gonf a>rESihf rwljcif;? iSufonf ig;ESifhrwl
jcif;wdkYaMumihf xdkUtwl wd&pämefrsm;wGif arG;&mygtm;jzihf jcm;em;
rIrsm;udk awGUEkdifaMumif;? odkY&mwGif vlom;owå0grsm;rSmrl rsufpd?
em;? yg;pyf? vuf? ajc odkYr[kwf tjcm;rnfonhf udk,fcE¨mtpdwf
tydkif;rQ ,if;odkYaom arG;&myg jcm;em;rIrsKd;udk rawGU&aMumif;
jiif;qdkxm;onf/ rnfolrQ arG;&mygtm;jzihf jAm[®P odkYr[kwf
jAm[®Pr[kwfol jzpfvmMuonfr[kwf/ pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;
aqmif½Gufolonf v,form;jzpfNyD; jAm[®P r[kwf? ukefoG,frI
jyKolonf ukefonfjzpfNyD; jAm[®P r[kwf? ckd;olonf olcdk;jzpf
NyD; jAm[®Pr[kwfacs/ Zmwf[o l nf xkH;"avh rQomjzpfonf/
1
okwåed? 298 (0ovokwf)/
2
r 2? 407/ okwåed ? 374/ 0gao|okwfonf þtaMumif;t&mESihf ywf
oufí a&S;tusqkH;aom okwåefrsm;teuf wpfckjzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/
a&S;tusqkH;ygVdrsm;teuf wpfckjzpfonfh okwåedygwfygVdawmfü azmfjy
aomtcsufonf ,if;ygVdawmftm; oufwrf; MumjrihfaMumif; azmfjy
onf/ þokwfü yg&Sdonhf *gxmyk'fa& 28 yk'fudk a&S;tusqkH; ygVdawmf
420 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
wm;jrpfvsuf Oya'ESihftnD aqmif½Gufay;onf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif bk&ifrif;w&m;udk,fwdkif vlwpfa,mufudk
EkdifxufpD;eif; vkyfEdkifonf/ ,if;odkYaom tajctaewGif xdkol
rSm ulnDEdkifolr&SdbJ rnfonhf tqifhjrifh t&m&SdrS ay:vmjcif;r
&Sdacs/ o'¨gwdóuJhodkYaom rif;aumif;wpfyg;onfyif rk@*kwå
trnf&Sdol qif;&Jom; wpfa,mufydkifonhf EGm;rudk EdkYxGuf
tvGefaumif;onf[k owif;Mum;aomaMumihf t"r®&,l&ef ESpf
oufcJhaMumif; od&onf/ qif;&Jom;a,musfm;u a'ocHtmPm
&Sdol\ rdom;pkudk EdkYcsOfykHrSef tcrJh ay;&ef ysufuGufaomaMumihf
xdkqif;&Jom;tm; pdwfqdk;a'goxGufNyD; ,if;a'ocH tmPmydkif
2
u bk&ifrif;tm; em;0ifatmif ajymqdkcJhaomaMumihfjzpfonf /
o'¨gwdóuJhodkYaom bmomw&m;MunfnKdonf[k xif&Sm;aom
bk&ifwpfyg;\ ,if;odkYaom a&Smifwcifjzpf&yfudk jzefYjzL;ay;&ef
tu,fí usrf;pmrsm;u wGefYqkwfjcif;r&SdvQif xdkqif;&Jom;
awmom;wpfa,muf\ uHMur®monf tMuifemrJhonhf tpdk;&
t&m&Sdrsm;\ vufü rnfodkY&Sdrnfudk pOf;pm;Munhf&ef rcufacs/
xif&Sm;pGm a½G;cs,fxm;onhf ygvDref\ vkyfaqmifrI\
rnfonhf ysufuGufrIwGifrqdk jynfolvlxkrSm EdkifiHa&; tajct
aeodkY vlxktcGifhta&; oabmw&m;wpfck wdk;wuf&ef tcGihf
tvrf;rsKd; r&Sdacs/
vlxk\ oufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfudkifaqmif½GufrIrsm;wGif
tcef; 2 wGif awGUjrifcJhMu&onftwdkif; pdkufysKd;a&;onf yxr
jzpfonf/ ta&;ay:umvrsm;wGif tpm;tpm xkwfvkyf&ef
tm;ay;onhf taejzihf a&ajrUt&Sif bk&ifrif;udk,fwkdif v,fajr
odkY uGif;qif;NyD; tjcm;olrsm;ESihftwl yg0ifaqmif½Gufonftxd
*kPfjyK ta&;ygaom vkyfief;tjzpf pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udk ,lqcJh
1
See Badulla Pilla Inscription.
2
&o0g[deD 2? 33/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 417
(1) Ak'¨0g'onf ZmwfcGJjcm;rI pepfudk w&m;rQw odkYr[kwf
aumif;onf[k vufrcHacs
(2) odkY wap ZmwfcGJjcm;rIonf vltzGJUtpnf;wGif tppftrSef
w&m;wpf cktjzpf wnf&SdNyD;jzpfaomaMumihf ,if;pepfudk ur®
oDtkd&Djzihf &Sif;vif;cJhonf
(3) odkYwap udk,fusihfw&m; pdwfydkif;b0 tm;xkwfrI\ &
vm'frSm rnfonhf trsKd;Zmwfxufrqdk tqihfydkjrihfonf/
tcsKdUaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsKd;wGif tawG;tjriftcsKdUrSm t
jcm;wpfrsKd;xuf ydkrdkvlodrsm;vmonfrSm obm0w&m;jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí ya'o&mZfpepf vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif 'kwd,t&mudk yx
rt&mxuf ydkí vufcHEdkifonf/ wwd,t,ltqtm; t,lpGJ
oefol jA[®PrSwpfyg; tjcm;rnfonhf aMumif;usKd; qDavsmf
olrS ry,fpGefYEdkifacs/ odkYjzpfí yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf\ twdwfuH
t& Zmwfedrfh ZmwfjrihfwGif arG;zGm;onf[laom plVur®0db*F
okwfawmfwGif >rufqdkonhf ,lqcsufonf ya'o&mZfacwf oD
[dkVfwGif vlom;rsKd;EG,frsm;tMum; tppftrSeftm;jzihf arG;&myg
jcm;em;csufr&Sd[laom 0gao|okwfvm tawG;tjrifxuf ydkí
1
vlBudKufESpfoufoGm;ykH&onf /
a&S;acwfoD[dkVfEdkifiHwGif oD[dkVfAk'¨0g'Drsm;tm; xdktawG;t
jrifrsm; vTrf;rdk;cJhonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ odkY&mwGif tdE´d,rSmuJhodkY
2
wif;usyfaom Zmwfpepfr[kwfacs / ,if;onf vlUavmutvTm
wGifomjzpfNyD; jA[®P0g' ZmwfpepfuJhodkY bmoma&;t& r[kwf
acs/ vlwpfa,muf\ Zmwfonf edrfhusaomfvnf; avmukwå&m
1
vlom;tm;vkH; arG;&mygtm;jzihf wlnDonf[laom yxr,lqcsufonf
acwfopf vlrI pD;yGm;ESihf EdkifiHa&; wdk;wufrIrsm;atmufwGif acwfopf 'Drdk
u&ufwpf oD[dkVfEdkifiHwGif ydkí vlBudKufrsm;aeonf/
2
odkY&mwGif cwåd,ESihf jA[®PwdkrY S wpfyg; Zmwfrwlolrsm;ESihf tdrfaxmifjyK
jcif;udpör&Sd[k qdkonf/ uk@em*rif; (248-249 at'D)onf jA[®P t
rsKd;orD;jzpfonf (r[m0Ho 36? 23/ &o0g[ddeD 2? 7)/ oD[dkVfESifh wrd;vf
rsm; vufxyfjcif; &SdaMumif;vnf; od&onf/ r[m'gXdu r[mem*rif;
418 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
pdwfydkif;b0 xdk;xGif;odjrifrI tcGifhta&;½IaxmihfrSrl rnfolYudkrQ
1
cGJjcm;rIr&Sdacs / Oyrmqdkrl qif;&Jom;tm; qif;&Jjcif;[laom t
aMumif;aMumihf tqdkyg tcGifhta&;rSm jcm;em;jcif; r&Sd/ Zmwfedrfh
olonf qif;&Jom;uJhodkYyif twdwfb0 tukodkvfuHaMumihfom
jzpfonf/ ,if;onf Ak'¨0g'½Iaxmifht& u½kPma&SUxm;í Muif
empGm qufqH&efom jzpfonf/ ,if;trsKd;Zmwf trsKd;rsKd;onf
rcsKd;azmuf odkYr[kwf rvGefusL;ap&aom 'kr*Fv okr*Fvudpö
2
rsm;ESihfywfoufonhf "avhxkH;pHtcsKdUudk vdkufem&onf /
bk&ifonf EdkifiHawmfwpfckvkH;\ tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifpdk;
oljzpfaomfvnf; a'ocHvlxk\ axmufcHrIjzihf bk&ifht&m&Sdrsm;
tkyfcsKyfonhf a'oqdkif&m udp&ö yfrsm;wGif vlxkonf tawmf
3
twef 'Drdkua&pDenf;us vGwfvyfcGifh&SdykH&onf / oD[dkVfuRef;
udk e,fy,f odkYr[kwf &| rsm; ydkif;jcm;xm;NyD; ,if;&|rsm;udk
wpfzef tkyfcsKyfa&;vG,fulap&ef aus;½Gmq,fckygonhf tkyfpk
rsm; cGJjcm;xm;jyefonf/
Vevalkariy ausmufpmt& ,if;aus;½Gmtkyfpkrsm;twGif;
]rIcif;a&;&m tqkH;tjzwfrsm;udk bk&ifhaumifpD t&m&Sdrsm;\
vufatmufcH aus;½Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf wm0ef&Sd tdrfaxmifOD;
(at'D 67-79) wGif 'rdVa'0Dtrnf&Sdonhf rdzk&m;wpfyg;&Sdonf (tH-| 1?
13)/ pE´rkcod0rif; (at'D 103-112)\ rdzk&m;onfvnf; wrD;vf
trsKd;orD;jzpfonf ('Dy0Ho 21? 45)/
1
odkY&mwGif trÁ*rk0 ausmufpm (E.Z. II, p. 210 ff. lines 34-35) wGif yxr
0dZ,Am[k (at'D 1059-1114)onf od&dyg' (Ak'¨ajcawmf&m) wnf&Sd
onhf txufqihf oraemvawmif (Adam's Peak) \ atmufwGif
Zmwfedrfholrsm; xdkapwDudk zl;ajrmfEdkif&ef apmif;wef;wpfck wnfaqmuf
aMumif; qdkonf/ Ak'¨bmom 0wfjyKqkawmif;jcif;ü ,if;cGJjcm;rIonf xkH;
pH r[kwfbJ awGUawmihfawGUcJ aqmif½GufrIom jzpfonf/
2
E.Z. I, p. 246 or 247; Vevalkariya Inscription, lones 32-34.
3
a'ocHvlxk[lonf ,aeYacwf oD&dvuFmEdkifiH&Sd aus;½GmaumfrwD\ a&SU
ajy;ykHpHjzpfonf/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 419
pD;rsm;jzihf zGJUpnf;xm;onhf a'oqdkif&m w&m;½kH;u qkH;jzwf
onf/ ,if;aus;½Gm w&m;½kH;udk bk&ihfaumifpDESihf trwfrsm;u
csrSwfxm;onhf Oya'rsm; oufa&mufap&ef tqdkyg aus;½Gm w
&m;½kH;udk trdefYtmPm ay;xm;onf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf ,if;aus;½Gm
½kH;awmfonf Oay'csKd;azmufolrsm;xHrS &&Sdonhf owfrSwf 'Pf
aiG rsm;rSwpfyg; vlowfrIESifh vk,ufrIrsm;udk ppfaq;EdkifNyD;
1
tcsKdUtrIrsm;wGif ao'Pfudkyif ay;Edkifonf} /
xdktwlyif ]a'oqdkif&m ukeo f G,frIESihf tjcm; aumfydka&;
&Sif;rsm;tm; 'PfaiGrsm;pnf;MuyfaumufcH&ef? vlolowf&mZ0wf
om;rsm;tm; zrf;qD;&efESihf w&m;Oya'a&;&m pDrHaqmif½GufrI
2
wGif bk&ihft&m&Sdrsm;tm; ulnD&ef vkyfydkifcGifh ay;xm;onf /
uefYowftcsdefwpfcktwGif; ¤if;wdkY\ ydkifeuftwGif; ½Gmom;wdYk
udk zrf;csKyfjcif; &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefolrsm;tm; jypf'Pfay;jcif;rsm;
twGufrSm pkaygif;tkyfcsKyfolrsm;\ wm0efjzpfNyD; wm0efudk csKd;
3
azmufolrsm;&SdcJhvQif vlxkudk jypf'Pfrsm;udk csrSwfonf /
jypfrItrsKd;rsKd;twGuf jypf'Pfrsm;rSm tvGefyif &ufpuf
Murf;MuKwfonf/ ao'Pf? udk,fcE¨mtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk jzwf
awmufjcif;? oHyluyfí udk,fcE¨mrSm trSwfwHqdyfjyKjcif;? jypf
'PfusL;vGefolrsm;tm; &J&JeDatmif zkwfxm;onhf oHylay:wGif
zdeyfrygonhf ajcjzihf twif;tMuyf jzwfavQmufckdif;jcif;ponf
wdkYrSm ,if;jypf'Pfrsm;rS tcsKdUjzpfonf/
vltcsKdUrSm a'oqdkif&m tmPm&Sdolrsm;\ tEdkifusihfjcif;
vkyfMuHjcif; cHMu&onf/ xdkodkYaom tajctaersm;wGif ½Gmol½Gm
om;rsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H bk&ifrif; Xmersm;pGmodkY tcgtm;
avsmfpGm wdkif;cef;vSnfhvnfpOf wifjyMuvsuf bk&ifu ,if;odkY
aom w&m;Oya'ESihf rnDnGwf w&m;rrQwaom tjyKtrlrsm;udk
1
W Wickremasinghe : E.Z. I, p. 244.
2
Paranavitana : E.Z. III, p. 74.
3
Vevalkariya Inscription, E.Z. III, p. 245.
424 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 421
½GufvTifhvsuf ukefonfrsm; c&D;oGm;MuNyD; tcsKdUrSm ,if;wdkif; onf/ 'k|*grPDonf {Vm&aus;rif;udk wdkufckdufrnfh ppfqif
1
jynfrsm;ü ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumonf / at'D 7 &mpk\ aemufqkH; a&;rpwifrDwGif 'DC0gydt&yf (r[m0gvd**Fgjrpf awmifzuf&Sd
ESpf0uf odkYr[kwf 8 &mpk tpydkif; ouúwbmoma&; wd&d,m, ta&SUzsm; a'o)&Sd us,fajymonhf e,fajrrsm;ü xGef,ufpdkufysKd;
2 2
ausmufpm (Tiriyāy Rock Inscription)wGif ]a&mif;0,frIudk aqmif a&;aqmif½Guf&ef nDawmfwdótm; vTJtyfcJhaMumif; qdkonf /
½GufNyD; oabFmay:wGif wifaqmifxm;onhf ukefypönf; trsKd;rsKd; csrf;omonhf v,form;rsm;onf vl&maygif;rsm;pGmudk zdwf
udk jyoonfh yifv,fa&aMumif; uRrf;usifol ukefonf tkyfpk Mum;auR;arG;vsuf pyg;pdkufysKd;jcif;ESihfqdkifonhf crf;em;aom
3
rsm;taMumif;} azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;ukrÜPDrsm;udk Ak'¨&Sifawmf v,fxGefr*Fvmudk usif;yMuonf / tjcm;olrsm;\ v,fajr
jrwf aAm"dÓPfudk &NyD;aemuf yxrqkH; qGrf;qufuyfNyD; urÇm rsm;wGif pyg;vSnfhctaejzihf rdrd&&Sdonfh pyg;tenf;i,fudk
ay:wGif yxrqkH;aom Ak'¨0g'D Oygoumrsm;tjzpf ,lqcH& tjrwfjzihfacs;iSm;&mrS csrf;omoGm;aom tvGefYtvGef qif;&Jol
onhf xif&Sm;onhf Ak'¨0g'D wykóESihf bv†du emrnfrsm;jzihf wpfa,muftaMumif; Mum;&avmufatmifyif pyg;rSm tusKd;jzpf
3 4
rSnfhac:Muonf / xGef;onhf ukefoG,fpD;yGm;jzpfonf /
awmPd*vausmufpmt& pyg;omru tjcm;pdkufysKd;oD;ESH
1
&o0g[deD 2? 139/ 171/ 192/ ok0PÖblrdEdkifiHonf ,if;wdkYteuf rsm;udkvnf; tjrwftpGrf;rsm;ay;aMumif;ESihf trSefaomf oD;ESH
wpfEdkifiHjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ rsKd;pkHudk tjrwf aumif;aumif;jzihf tyfESHEdkifrnfjzpfaom oD;ESHodk
2
E. Z. IV, p. 158 and 314. avSmifbPfrsm;yif&SdaMumif; od&onf/ ,if;ausmufpmt&yif
3
þausmufpmonf at'D 7 odkYr[kwf 8 &mpkwGif wnf&SdcJhonfh ukef pyg;tjyif tjcm;oD;ESHrsm;udkvnf; us,fjyefYpGm pdkufysKd;aMumif;
onftkyfpkrsm;udk &nfñTef;oavm? odkYwnf;r[kwf ausmufpmyg Trapus- em;vnf&onf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf vlcsrf;omwpfa,muf[lonf
sakairv Vallikakairv Vanigganaih ]MwykóuESihf bv’duu trnf&onhf 5
udk pyg;? yJESihf tjcm;oD;ESHrsm;ydkifqdkifoltjzpf azmfjyonf /
ukefonftkyfpk}[laom pum;vkH;rsm;rSm rnfonfudk twdtus t"dyÜm,f
qdkvdkonfESihf ywfoufí t,ltq jcm;em;csufrsm; &SdcJhykH&onf/ y&e0d r[m0Housrf;ü emrnfausmf a*gXdrÁ&wdkY nDtpfudk pdkufysKd;onhf
6
weyk*¾Kdvfu ,if;pum;vkH;rsm;rSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf aAm"dÓPfudk &NyD; yJcif;taMumif;udk azmfjyxm;onf /
aemuf rsm;rMumrD Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; qGrf;qufuyfcJhonhf wykó þacwftydkif;tjcm;wGif tkef;yifpdkufysKd;jcif; taMumif;ESihf
bv’duESihf ¤if;wdkY\ aemufvdkufaemufyg ukefonfrsm;udk &nfñTef;onf tvkHtavmuf rMum;&jcif;rSm qef;aomfvnf; tkef;yifpdkufysKd;
7
[k ,lqcJhonf/ Rao Bahadur K.N. Dikshit yk*¾Kdvfu ,if;onf ]wykó jcif;rSm tvGef xif&Sm;onf/ &o0g[deDusrf; ü a&m[P t&yf
ESihf bv’duwdkY\ wynhfaemufygrsm; jzpfonf}[k ,lqonf/ B. Ch.
Chhabra url wykóESihf bv’dutrnf&Sd ukefonftkyfpkESpfckrSm Ak'¨&Sif 1
&o0g[deD 2? 113/
awmfjrwftm; yxrqkH; qGrf;udk qufuyfcJhMuonhf wykó bv’duESifh 2
,if;? 69/
¤if;wdkY\ aemufygrsm;udk &nf½G,faomfvnf; þausmufpmudk ra&;xkd;rD 3
,if;? 116/
wd&d,m, t&yfü bk&m;ausmif; wnfaqmufcJhMuonhf ukefonfrsm; 4
,if;? 125/
tjzpf ,l&rnf[k wdkufwGef;xm;onf/ pD;yGm;a&; tajccHwpfckudk enf; 5
&o0g[deD 2? 131/
vrf; trsKd;rsKd;jzihf rSnhfac:Edkifonf/ ,if;trnfudk ydkifqdkifol\ trnf 6
r[m0Ho 28? 51/
odkYr[kwf xif&Sm;ausmfMum;ol wpfa,muf\ trnfrsm;jzihf rSnfhac:Edkif 7
&o0g[deD 2? 94/
422 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&Sd uyÜuE´&0d[m&wGif BuD;rm;onhf tkef;cif;&SdaMumif; azmfjy
1
onf/ r[m0Housrf; üvnf; yxrt*¾aAm"drif; (at'D 568-
601) wnfaqmufonhf uk½kE´ausmif;wdkuftm; okH;,lZem us,f
0ef;onhf tkef;jcH (emvdau&m&mrH wda,mZeH) wpfck taMumif;
azmfjyonf/ BuHpdkufysKd;a&;rSmvnf; xif&Sm;NyD; oMum;puf½kH t
2
aMumif;udkyif od&onf /
at'D 7 &mpkwGif [l,ifqefu oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ pdkufysKd;a&;
csrf;om<u,f0ykHtaMumif;udk þodkYa&;cJhonf ]ajronf csrf;om
NyD; ajrMoZmaumif;\/ &moDOwkrSm yl\/ ajrudk ykHrSef xGef,uf
3
pdkufysKd;Mu\/ yef;refopfoD;rsm; aygrsm;\} /
uJREGm;arG;jrLa&;rSmvnf; pdkufysKd;a&;uJhodkYyif tusKd;jzpf
xGef;onf/ EdkYxGufEGm;rwpfaumif\ wefzdk;rSm 8 u[myPESihf
4
12 u[myPtMum; wefzdk;&Sdonf / ykHrSeftm;jzihf EGm;r
5
wpfaumifudk eHeufwpfBudrf naewpfBudrf EdkYñSpfonf / csrf;
omonhf v,form;wpfa,mufonf uRJEGm;rsm;pGmESihf v,fajr
rsm;udk ydkifqkdif&ef arQmfvifhonf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;wd&dpämefrsm;
rSm pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
EGm;tkyfrsm;ESihf oD;jcm;aus;½Gmrsm;ESihf tcef;ESpfwGif azmfjyNyD;
6
onhftwdkif; eHeufwGif uRJEGm;ausmif;&ef xGufoGm;NyD; naewGif
tdrfjyefonfh uRJEGm;ausmif;olrsm; Mum;od&onftxd us,fjyefY
aomtwdkif;twmjzihf a&S;acwf oD[dkVfwGif uRJEGm;arG;jrLa&;vkyf
1 udk OykofaeYrsm;ü &yfqdkif;xm;&rnfjzpfonf/
r[m0Ho 42? 16/
2
tH-| 1? 395/ &o0g[deD 2? 143/ (&o0g[deDü ,EÅbwð [laom
a0g[m&udk okH;xm; NyD; ,if;udk o'¨r®mvuFm&usrf;ü oMum;puf½kHwGif
tvkyfvkyfjcif;[k t"dyÜm,fjyefxm;onf/
3
Hiuen Tsiang : Bk. XI, p. 235.
4
&o0g[deD 2? 32/ tH-| 1? 277/
5
tH-| 1? 395/
6 3
&o0g[deD 2? 22/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 423
ief;rsm;udk aqmif½GufMuonf/ a&SUtcef;rsm;wGif awGUcJh&onhf
twdkif; EGm;om;udk pm;okH;jcif;rSm vlrIa&;t& a&SmifMuOfrIwpf&yf
jzpfojzihf uRJEGm;rsm;udk EdkYESihf pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf trsm;qkH; arG;
jrLNyD; tom;twGuf r[kwfonfrSm aocsmonf/
jynfwGif; jynfyukefoG,frIrSm BuD;rm;onhf vkyfief;jzpf
onf/ ukefonfrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tvkyfjzihf EdkifiHwpf0ef;vkH;odkY
1
vSnfhvnf oGm;vmMuaMumif; od&NyD; tcsKdUrSm *sif;uJhodkYaom
ukefypönf;rsm;udk pkaqmif;vsuf rv,uJhodkYaom ae&mrsm;odYk
2
vSnf;rsm;jzihf oGm;Muonf / A'kv†ausmufpmwGif r[d,*FPt
eD;&Sd a[m#dyd*grü 10 &mpk aps;ae&mwpfck\ ½kyfykHvTmudk &Sif;
3
vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onf /
xdkae&mwGif qdkifae&mrsm;udk tcGefaqmif&rnfh ukefypönf;
trsKd;rsKd;udk a&mif;csjcif;ESihf oD;jcm;cGJxm;onf/ i½kyfaumif;ESihf
ZmwdyæKdvfoD;rsm;udkyif ,if;udk 0,f&efvmolrsm;tm; xkdqdkifrsm;
ü a&mif;cs&NyD; tu,fí ,if;wdkYudk tjcm;ae&mrsm;ü a&mif;cs
vQif aps;wm0efcH tmPmydkifrsm;u a&mif;csolrsm;tm; z,f&Sm;
Edkifonf/ cGifhjyKtav;csdefESihf twdkif;twmtm;vkH;udk tpdk;&wH
qdyf ½dkufESdyfxm;onf/ ]arSmifckdaps;}udk awGU&NyD; ,if;rSm w&m;
r0ifacs/ ukefypönf;tm;vkH;udk aMunm&rnfjzpfNyD; raMunm
onhf ukefypönf;udk awGU&vQif xdkukefypönf;rsm;rS tcGefESpfqudk
aumufcHonf/ a&mif;cs&ef r&nf½G,fonhf ae&mrsm;ü ukef
ypönf;rsm;udk csdefwG,f wdkif;wmrnfr[kwfacs/ ukefoG,frItm;vkH;
EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;ESihf ukefa&mif;ukef0,frI trsm;tjym;
&SdcJhonf/ pD;yGm;a&;udpöjzihf EdkifiHjcm; wkdif;jynfrsm;odkY oabFmrsm;
1
,if;? 136/
2
r[m0Ho 38? 21/
E. Z. III, p. 74.
428 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
tcsKdUrSm tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ v,fwGif pyg;tiSm;&dwfjcif; ?
2
vlcsrf;omtdrfrsm;ü tvkyfvkyfjcif; uJhodkYaom qef;jym;onhf t
vkyfrsm;ESihf pyg;vSnhfjcif;ESihf csrf;omonhf v,form;rsm; pGeYf
ypfNyD;jzpfonfh weif;e,fonhfuGif;rS aumuf½dk;rsm;udk cg,lvsuf
3
&onhf pyg;tenf;i,fudk pkaqmif;íyif toufarG;Muonf /
tvkyftudkif &SmazGMuonhf qif;&Jom;rsm;udk awGU&aomf
vnf; rnfonhfacwfwGifrS ppfrSefonhf tvkyfvufrJhjyóem &SdcJh
ykHr&acs/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpepfwiG f tvkyfvufrJhjyóem vkH;0
r&Sdacs/
tjcm;wpfbufwGif csrf;om<u,f0rIudk ajr&Sifrsm;ESihf ukef
onfrsm;u csKyfudkifxm;NyD; tjcm;wpfbufwGifrl qif;&JpkwfcsmrI
onf qif;&Jom;rsm;tm; tBuD;tus,f ysufpD;apykH&onf/ qif;
&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm;ü qif;&JrGJawrIonf wpfcgwpf&HwGif rdb
rsm;tm; rdrdwdkY\ om;orD;rsm;udk u[myPtenf;i,frQjzihf
aus;uReftjzpf a&mif;cs&ef odkYr[kwf aygifESH&ef wGef;ydkY ay;onf
txdyif vGefuJcJhonf/ ,if;odkYaom qif;&Jom;wpfa,muf
onf rdrd\ orD;tm; 12 u[myPjzihfcsrf;omonhf rdom;
pkwpfpkodkY aygifESHcJhNyD; om;wpfa,mufrSmrl 8 u[myPjzihf
4
vlcsrf;omtdrfodkY rdbrsm;\ aygifESHjcif;udk cHcJh&onf / tcsKdU
rdbrsm;rSm ¤if;wdkY\ om;orD;rsm;udk ta&;ay: aiGaMu;vdktyfyg
u &Edkifonhf ukefypönf;tjzpfyif ,lqcJhykH&onf/ txufwGif
azmfjycJhonhf taygifcH trsKd;orD;i,f\ rdcifonf cifyGef;onf
tm; ]om;orD;&Sdolrsm;onf qif;&Jygrnfavm? oif\ orD;&Sdyg
1
o[ó0w¬K? t&d,*gv r[mwdóó 0w¬K/
2
&o0g[deD 2? 125/
3
,if;? 125? 149/
4
tH-| 1? 395/ &o0g[deD 2? 143/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 425
tEk&m"yk&NrdKUonf ukefonftkyfpk trsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ A[dkXme jzpf
cJhonf/ vdvm0wDrdzk&m;a&;xdk;aom ausmufpmwpfckt& at'D
onf/ ,aeYacwf oD[dkVfwGif Ak'¨acwfu xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onhf ZD0u
aq;q&mBuD;\ trnfudk,lNyD; rSnfhac:xm;aom ZD0uMoo"mv,
(ZD0uaq;ay;cef;)rsm;udk awGUEdkifonf/ xdktwlyif tqdkyg ukefonf
tkyfpkrsm;onf tvGefoihfawmf aumif;rGefonhf trnfjzpfonfh Ak'¨&Sif
awmfjrwftm; yxrqkH; qGrf;uyfvªNyD; urÇmay:wGif yxrqkH; Ak'¨bmom
Oyoumrsm; jzpfvmMuonhf wykóESihf bv’duwdkY\ emrnfudk,lí rSnhf
ac:cJhzG,f&Sdonf/
wykóESihf bv’duemrnfwdkY\a&SUwGif awGU&onhf utu©&m tydk
rSm trsm; ,lqxm;Muonhftwdkif; jyóemwpfck r[kwfacs/ þusrf;jyK
ol (0gvfydkvm &m[kvm)taejzihfrl ,if; utu©&mudk ykHrSeftm;jzihf
tjcm;trnfrsm;uJhodkYyif yk*¾Kdvfa&;trnfudk tzGJU odkYr[kwf tkyfpktrnf
jzihf okH;onhftcg wGJpyfonhf aemufqufyk'ftjzpf ,lqonf/ awmPd
*Vausmufpm (E.Z. II,p. 177) yg uV[kreu (ka¼ahumanaka) ed,r
we[d [laom pum;&yfudk y&e0dweyk*¾Kdvfu ]uVm[kret&yfü pD;yGm;
a&;tkyfpkwpfck\ nDvmcH}[k bmomjyefonf/ odkY&mwGif uV[kre (um
Vokre)[lonf ,if;pD;yGm;a&; tkyfpku emrnfay;xm;onhf vlwpf
a,muf\ emrnfjzpfojzihf ,if;udk ]uVm[kre trnf&Sdonhf pD;yGm;a&;
tkyfpk\ nDvmcH}bmomjyefvQif ydkí oihfjrwfonf/ r[mwkAu e,
rwe[d [lonfvnf; twlwljzpfonf/ ,if;onf ]r[wkAu (r[m
xly)[kac:onhf pD;yGm;a&;tkyfpk}udk qdkvdkonf/ xl;jcm;onhf oD[dkVf
tokH;tEIef;ESifhtnD ,if;odkYaom yk*¾Kdvfa&; trnfrsm;wGif qufxm;
onhf ,if;utu©&mudk ouúwbmomjzihf a&;xm;aomfvnf; wykó
bv’du trnfrsm;ü xnfhoGif; okH;EIef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYtm;
vkH;rSm yk*¾vduemrfyk'frsm; jzpfMuonf/ a'oqdkif&m ygVdESihf ouúw
ta&;tom;rsm;wGif rMumcP oD[dkVfbmompum; vTrf;rdk;rIudk awGU&
onf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf txufwGif azmfjyxm;onhf aZw0em&mr ausmuf
pm (E.Z. I, p. 4) udk Munhfyg/ ouúwbmompum;wGifvnf; aemuf
quf utu©&mudk &nf½G,fcsuf trsKd;rsKd;jzihf okH;EIef;onfrSm xif&Sm;
onf/ a&S;acwf oD[dkVfü ,if; aemufquf utu©&m tokH;jyKrI ,u©
'ka0 od&dynm&mrrax&f a&;om;onhf rZÑdredum,f\ oD[dkVfbmom
ed'gef;ü a0zefcsufudk avhvmzwf½Iyg/
426 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 427
12 &mpkrSmyif ,if;NrdKUü EdkifiHaygif;pkHrS pD;yGm;a&;tkyfpkrsm; (em cif jzpfaewwfonf/ aemufqkH;ü aomPrax&fonf zcif
ema'oD Asmyg&,H) &SdcJhaMumif;ESihf a'otoD;oD;rS NrdKUawmf odkY rkqdk;rSm omoemhabmifodkY 0ifa&mufvdkonhf qE´r&SdbJvsuf
1
vmMuonhf qif;&Jom;rsm; tokH;jyK&ef tcrJhwnf;cdkaqmifudk &[ef;jyKay;vdkufonf / usrf;*efpmayü azmfjyonfh rkqdk;trsm;
wnfaqmuf xdef;odrf;a&;twGuf taxmuftyHhudk &&SdaMumif; pkrSm aemufqkH;wGif &[ef;jyKvmNyD; tcsKdUrSm &[EÅmtjzpfudkyif
1 2
od&onf / w½kwfbk&m;zl;&[ef;awmf zm[D,efu at'D ig;&m &&SdoGm;aMumif; jyqdkMuonf / rkqdk;wpfa,muf\ ZeD;onf
pktcsdefu taMumif;t&mudk ]NrdKUawmfü a0ó (ukefonf)rsm; vnf; ¤if;\ cif;yGef;rkqdk; &[ef;rjyKcifrSmyif omoemhabmifodYk
3
ESihf wdkif;wpfyg; ukefonfrsm; &SdMuNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ tdrfrsm;rSm 0if a&mufcJhaMumif; od&onf /
crf;em; vSyMu\/ vlaevrf;rsm;ESihf vrf;usOf;rsm;udk pepfwus wHigonftvkyfjzihf ig;udk a&mif;í oufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyK
2 4 5
xdef;odrf;xm;\} / olrsm; vnf; &SdMuNyD; wHigonf ½Gmrsm;udk azmfjyonf / w½kwf
pD;yGm;a&; vTJajymif;rIESifh oabmwlnDrIrsm;udk ykHrSeftm;jzihf &[ef;awmf [l,ifqefu at'D 7 &mpk oD[dkVfwGif ykvJikyf vkyf
6 7
a&;rSwfxm;NyD; oabmwlnDcsuf NyD;qkH;aomtcg ,if;pm½Gufpm ief;taMumif;udk azmfjyonf / Muufwdkufjcif; &Sdaomfvnf; ,if;
3
wrf;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfMuonf / onf avmif;upm;rI [kwfr[kwf[lonfudkrl rod&acs/
tcef; 2 wGif Ak'¨0g' rwdkifrD oD[dkVfü trJvdkufjcif;rSm oMum;puf½kH (OpäK,EÅ)uJhodkYaom ae&mrsm;ü tvkyform;
xif&Sm;aMumif; od&onf/ toufudk owfjzwfjcif;rSm Ak'¨"r®ESihf rsm;onf tvkyftudkif &&SdEdkifMuonf/ qif;&Jom;wpfa,muf
qefYusifaomfvnf; Ak'¨0g'xGef;um;NyD;aeufrSmyif ydkrdk qif;&J onf oMum;puf½kHwGif ajcmufvMum tvkyfvkyfNyD;aemuf 12
8
onhf vltcsKdUonf trJvdkufjcif;ESifh ig;rQm;jcif;udk toufarG; u[myPpkrdaMumif; od&onf / tqdkygqif;&Jom;onf oMum;
0rf;ausmif;rItjzpf rjzpfrae vkyfMu&onf/ ,if;wdkYteuf t puf½kHwGif tvkyfr&rDu r[m*grü xif;a&mif;NyD; toufarG;
4
csKdUrSm trJvdkuf&ef trJvdkufacG;rsm;&SdMuonf / wpfcgwpf&HwGif 0rf;ausmif; jyKcJhonf/
5
rkqdk;rsm;onf oD;jcm;aexkdkifMuonf (aeom'*gr) / ¤if;wdkYonf
teD;tem;&Sd aps;ae&mrsm;wGif tom;rsm;udk a&mif;csNyD; 0ifaiG& 1
6 r-| 4? 87/ tH-| 1? 364/ tbd-| 2? 420/
&SdMuonfrSm xif&Sm;onf / 2
wpfcgwpf&HwGif rkqdk; wpfa,mufonf ausmfMum;onhf "r® tH-| 1? 27/ &o0g[deD 2? 132/ 147/
3
&o0g[deD 2? 147/
uxduq&mawmf t&SifaomPuJhodkYaom rax&fBuD;rsm;\zcif 4
tH-| 2? 107/ r-| 4? 229/
5
1
&o0g[deD 2? 147/
E.Z. I, p. 179. 6
2 Hiuen Tsiang : Bk. XI, p. 251.
Fa Hien, p. 104. 7
3 tbd-| 2? 425/ ukuúKa# ,kZÑmayod//
&o0g[deD 2? 18/ 187/ 8
4
r-| 4? 87/ tH-| 1? 364/ tbd-| 2? 420/ r[m0Ho 38? 9/ tH-| 1? 395/ &o0g[deD 2? 143/
5
&o0g[deD 2? 147/ wpfcgwpf&H oMum;cJrsm;udk vkyftm;ctjzpf ay;onf/ oMum;puf
&o0g[deD 2? 132/ rHao 0duúdPdwGm ykwå'ga& aygaoaEÅm ]tom;wdkY ½kHwGif [efaqmif tvkyfvkyfcJhaom r[mpkvd r[mwdó rif;onf
udk a&mif;csvsuf ZeD;r,m;ESihf om;orD;wdkYudk arG;jrLvsuf}/ oMum;cJrsm;udk vkyfctjzpf &&SdcJhaMumif; od&onf (r[m0Ho 34? 4)/
432 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
ewforD; (a'0unm) rsm;uJhodkY 0wfpm;xm;onf[laom
tcsufrSvGJí trsKd;orD;rsm; 0wfpm;qif,ifrItaMumif;udk t
1
enf;i,frQom od&onf / trsKd;orD;rsm; 0wfpm;qif,ifrIESihf
ywfoufí qD*d&d, (S²griya)ESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd trsKd;orD;
rsm;\ ykHoP²mefrsm;rSm tppftrSefudk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;xuf ydkrdk
í xkH;wrf;pOfvmtwdkif; 0wfpm;qif,ifrI jzpfojzihf ,if; ½kyfykH
rsm;rS rnfodkY aumufcsufqGJrnfudk qkH;jzwf&ef cufonf/ rnfodkY
jzpfap a,musfm; rdef;rrsm;onf wwfEdkiforQ yef;csDaq;&kyfrsm;
uJhodkY vSypGm 0wfqifvsuf yGJawmfBuD;rsm;odkY vma&mufMu
aMumif;od&ojzihf vltrsm;onf tcgtm;avsmfpGm tEkynm
2
ajrmufpGm 0wfpm;qif,ifMuonf /
vltrsm;rSm rdrdudk,fudk tvGefvSyonf[k txif&SdcJhMu[ef
&Sdonf/ (,if;odkY xifrSwf&mü) &[ef;awmfrsm;yif >cif;csufr&Sd
acs// wpfcgaomf tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü &[ef;awmfwpfyg;ESihf
trwfwpfa,muf\om;wdkY tvSNydKifyGJESihf qifonhf jzpf&yfwpfck
&SdykH&onf/ tb,rax&fESifh trwf\om;onf wlnDpGmyif vSy
Muojzihf NrdKUxJwGif rnfoluydk vSoenf;[k ajymqdkMuonf/
¤if;wdkY ESpfa,mufvkH;udk jrifawGU&ef trwf\aqGrsKd;rsm;onf
vli,ftm; vSypGm 0wfqifvsuf r[mapwDudk zl;ajrmf&ef
,laqmifvmMuonf/ rax&f\ rdcifonfvnf; om;awmfxH
ouFef;topf wpfpkHydkYvsuf OD;acgif;rS qHyifudk &dwfjzwfNyD;
ouFef;opfudk 0wf½kHvsuf aemufyg &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf twl
r[mapwDodkY <uvm&ef rSmMum;vdkufonf/ trwf\ om;a&m
tb,rax&fyg ESpfOD;vkH;onf r[mapwDawmf&ifjyifü qkHawGU
1
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 20/
2
'D-| ? 166/ r-| 1? 269/ ]yef;csDaq;½kyfrsm;uJodkY (pdwåur®½lyged
0d,)[laom pum;vkH;rSm yef;csDaq;½kyrf sm;[efjzihf 0wfqifxm;Muonf
[k rqdkvdkacs/ ,if;odkY qdkjcif;rSm Oyrmpum;rQom jzpfNyD; ¤if;wdkYrSm ]t
vGef vSyonf}[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 429
\? olYudk tdrfwpftdrfrSm xm;NyD; 12 u[myP ,lNyD; EdkYpm;EGm;r
1
wpfaumif 0,fyg}[k qdkonf /
wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf aiGudk acs;iSm;NyD; wpfpkHwpfckaom
uefYowftcsdeftwGif; ta<u;jyefqyfrItaejzihf a<u;&Sif\
tvkyform; jzpfvmonhf pepfwpf&yf &SdcJhonf/ em*'DyrS trsKd;
orD;wpfa,mufonf u[myP 60 acs;iSm;NyD; csrf;omonhf
tdrfwpftdrfü aeYtvkyform; jzpfoGm;onf/ aemiftcgwGif xdk
trsKd;orD;onf ntvkyform;(&wåd'goD) jzpf&ef oabmwlnD
2
csufjzihf aemufxyf u[myP 60 udkyg xyfacs;onf / txuf
wGif azmfjycJhonhftwdkif; trsKd;om;wpfa,mufESifh ¤if;\ZeD;
onf olaX;tdrfü tvkyfvkyfvkyfvsuf ¤if;wdkY acs;iSm;xm;onhf
ta<u; u[myP 60 udk ay;qyfonhftaejzihf rdrdwdkY\om;udk
3
8 u[myPjzihf aygifESHcJhaMumif; od&onf /
zm[D,ef rSwfwrf;t& at'D 5 &mpkwGif NrdKUawmf&Sd ukef
onfrsm;\ tdrfrsm;rSm crf;em;vSyaMumif; apmapmu odcJhMu&
aomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf rnfodkY tdrfaxmify&dabm* jyifqif
xm;onfudk rod&acs/ odkY&mwGif rZÑdredum,ft|uxm azmf
ñTef;csufwpfckt& rlvkyÜv0gydaus;½Gm&Sd trwfwpfa,muf\
tdrfwGif xkdifckHwpfckrSm ajrxdkifckH (w@dvyDXu)jzpfaMumif; od&
4 5
onf / ,if;onf &Snfvsm;NyD; wpfa,mufru xdkifEdkifonf /
1
oykwåum 'k*¾wm emr ew¬d? t,H aw "Dwm? £rH {uo®ð ukav
XaywGm 'Gg'o u[myaP *PSdwGm {uH cD&a"EkH tm[& (tH-| 1?
395)/
2
&o0g[deD 2? 17-18/
3
,if;? 31/
4
r-| 2? 284/
5
xdkif&eftwGufa&m tdyf&eftwGufyg eH&Hudkxdvsuf ajrukvm;xdkif&Snf jyK
vkyfjcif;rSm oD[dkVfaus;½Gmrsm;&Sd qif;&Jom;rsm;\ tdrfüvnf;awGU&onf/
430 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm ü vmonhf aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfonhf
taxmuftxm;wpfckt& aus;½Gmrsm;wGif tdrfrsm;ESihf ,if;wdkY
\ ywf0ef;usifrsm;ESihf ,if;tdrfrsm;odkY oGm;aom vrf;rsm;rSm r
oefY&Sif;aMumif; od&onf/ rdk;&moDwGif aus;½Gmvrf;rsm;onf rdk;
&moDtwGif; ½THUñGefxlxyfNyD; AGuftdkifrsm; jynhfaevsuf ajcmuf
aoGU&moDwGif vrf;rsm;onf jrLzkefrsm;&SdNyD; avwdkufojzihf c&D;
oGm;rsm;\ udk,fcE¨mwGif jrLzkefrsm; vdrf;usHukeo
f nf/ tdrfrsm;t
eD;wGif ,ifaumifrsm; 0dkif;tkHaeonhf trIdufo½dkufESihf pGefYypf
ypönf;rsm; tykHvdkuf&SdNyD; a&aotdkifrsm;rSm wDaumif ydk;aumif
rsm;jzihf jynhfaeonf/ ywf0ef;usifrsm;wGif acR;ovdyfrsm;ESihf acG;
0ufwdkY\ rpifrsm;jzihf npfnrf;aeonf/
vltrsm; 0wfpm;qif,ifrIrSm ½dk;&Sif;ykH&onf/ a,bk,s
tm;jzihf cE¨mudk,ftay:ydkif;rSm zkH;vTrf;xm;jcif;r&Sd/ trsKd;om;
rsm;onf cg;atmufydkif;ü t0wftpm;udk 0wfqifavh&SdNyD;
aemuf ydwfpwpfckudk yckH;ay:wGif wifxm;Muonf/ a&S;OD;bk&if
rif;rsm;onfyif omreftcrf;tem;rsm;ü ,if;0wf½kHxufydkí
rnfonhft0wftpm;udkrQ 0wfpm;qif,ifykHr&acs/ &o0g[deD
usrf;ü tcgwpfyg;wGif umu0PÖwdórif;tm; wdór[m0d
[m&ausmif;wdkufü azmjfyyg t0wftpm;jzihf awGU&onf[k jyqdk
2
onf / rif;BuD;onf xdkausmif;wdkufü &[ef;awmfwpfyg;tm;
tay:½kHt0wf (Owå&mo*F)udk vª'gef;rnfMuHaomfvnf; xdkt
ckdufü rdrdrSm xdk0wf½kHwpfckrQom ygvmaomaMumihf ({uom#u
bma0e em'god) rvª'gef;EdkifcJhacs/ þazmfjycsufrS rif;BuD;onf
EdkifiHawmftcrf;tem;rsm;üvnf; xdkt0wftpm;udkyif 0wfonf
[k t"dyÜm,faumuf,lcGifh r&Sdacs/ Oygoumrsm;onf bk&m;
ausmif;uefrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufaomtcg ½dk;&Sif;pGm 0wfpm;qif
1 &o0g[deD 2? 175/
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 337/
2
&o0g[deD 2? 63/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 431
,ifavh&SdMuonf/ ydwfpESpfckrSm trsKd;om;wpfa,muf\ ykHrSef
0wfpkH jzpfonf/
trsKd;om;rsm;onf aemufxyf em;pGyfrsm;ESihf vnfqGJ&wem
1
rsm; 0wfqifMuonf/ r[m0HoHusrf; ü tu©cg,du iwfrGwf
acgif;yg;ab;twGif; tcgwpfyg;ü 'k|*grPDrif;onf ¤if;\ em;
pGyfudka&mif;csNyD; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; qGrf;vª'gef;aMumif; azmfjy
onf/ tcgwpfyg;ü oCFmrpötrnf&onhf Oygoumonf
ta&;ay:tcsdefwpfckü &[ef;awmfwpfyg;tm; qGrf;vª'gef;&ef
wpf u[myPwefonhf qGrf;qeftwGuf u[myPwpfaxmif
2
wefonhf vnfqGJ&wemudk aygifESHcJhonf /
rkwfqdwfarG; &dwfjcif;rSm vkyfavhvkyfx&Sdonhftvkyf [kwf
ykHr&acs/ r[m'gXdu r[mem*rif; (at'D 67-79)onf qwåm
onfrsm;tm; *d&db@ylZmumvtwGi;f (NrdKUawmf) *dwfav;ckü
3
tqufrjywftvkyfvkyf&ef trdefYay;aMumif; od&onf / qHrkwf
qdwfudk &dwfy,frIrSm tdrf&maxmifonhf vlUtvkyf r[kwfaom
aMumihf bk&m;zl;trsm;pkonf acgif;r&dwfbJ vmMuaomaMumihf
,if;trdefYonf vdktyfykH&onf/ xdkacwftcsdefu oifwkef;"m;
rsm;udk vG,fvG,fulul r&EdkifonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ odkYwap
þtxl;yGJawmfü bk&m;zl;rsm;taejzihf qHrkwfqdwfudk &dwfvdkyg
u &dwfEdkif&ef pDpOfay;jcif;jzpfonf/ o[ó0w¬Kusrf;rS oCFm
rpöonf bk&if (emrnfrod) tm; tcpm;0if&ef oGm;a&muf
aomtcg bk&ifonf rkwfqdwfarG;udk &dwfjzwfaeckduf jzpf
aMumif; ¤if; (oCFmrpö) tm; taMumif;Mum;ojzihf bk&ifonf
4
rkwfqdwfarG;udk &dwfjzwfaMumif; qdkEdkifonf /
1
r[m0Ho 34? 84/
2
3
r[m0Ho 34? 84/
4
o[ó0w¬K? oCFmrpöó 0w¬K/
436 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
0obrif;\ om;awmftm; 0uFemoduwdó (at'D 171-
174)[k ac:onf/ t"dyÜm,f ]ESmacgif;aumufonhf wdó}[k
1
jzpfonf/ trSefaomf þrif;\ emrnf&if;rSm wdójzpfNyD; ¤if;
\ om;awmf yrx *ZAm[krif; pdkufxlonfh ausmufpmwGif ]ESm
acgif;aumuf}[lonfudk azmfjyjcif; r&Sdacs/ odkY&mwGif r[m0Ho
usrf;jyKq&monf at'D 5 &mpkü xdkdbk&iftm; 0uFemodu
wdó[k ac:a0:cJhonf/ taMumif;rl xdktcsdefu xdkrif;tm;
vltrsm;u xif&Sm;pGm xdkemrnfjzifh odaeMuaom aMumihfjzpf
onf/ wdóemrnf rsm;pGm&SdNyD; omrefvlrsm;onf xdkemrnfudk
aumif;pGm cGJjcm;í rodEdkifacs/ odkYjzpfí r[m0Ho usrf;jyKq&m
onf tjcm;wdórsm;ESihf uGJjym;ap&efom ]ESmacgif;aumuf
wdó}[k ac:a0:cJhjcif;jzpfojzihf r[m0Ho\ tac:ta0:rSm
oifhjrwfonf/ uk#uPÖwdó ]em;½GufcRefonhf wdó} (at'D
16-38)? xkv†xe ]BuD;aom EdkY&Sdol} (bDpD 59)? cv†m# em*
]xdyfajymif em*} (bDpD 50- 43)? r[m'gXdu r[mem* ]EIwfcrf;
arT;xlonhf r[mem*} (at'D 67-79)? rdwåaoe 0D[dapm&
]pyg;olcdk; rdwåaoe} (at'D 432) rsm;rSm tcsKdUbk&ifrsm;\
emrnfajymifrsm; jzpfMuonf/
0efBuD;rsm;ESihf AkdvfcsKyfrsm;vnf; ,if;odkYaom emrnfajymif
rsm;jzihf xif&Sm;Muonf/ 0¥*grPdrif;\ trwfwpfa,mufrSm
2
uydoDo ]arsmufacgif;} emrnfjzihf xif&Sm;onf / xdktrwf\
emrnf&if;udk rod&acs/ &o0g[deDusrf;ü a&m[Pt&yf&Sd aus;
½Gmwpf½GmrS trsKd;om;wpfa,mufrSm twefi,f ykuGaomaMumihf
(þouH yeó 0grewåm) ½Gmol½Gmom;rsm;u a*gV ]a*:vkH;}[k
ac:aMumif; jyqdkonf /
3 ,ckighudk ,SOfNydKif&ef vmbdonf}[k rax&fu rSwfcsufjyKonf/ Oy"d
1
E.Z. I, p. 221, III, p, 116 udk½Iyg
2
r[m0Ho 33? 70-71/
3
&00g[deD 2? 170/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 433
MuaMumif; od&aomfvnf; tqkH;tjzwfudk rod&onfrSm pdk;
aESmihfpzG,fjzpfonf/ jzpfEdkifajc t&SdqkH;rSm tqkH;tjzwfudk rarQmf
vifhEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYwap ,if;jzpf&yft& tb,rax&fu
ydkrdk acsmarmaMumif; qdkEdkif&monf/ taMumif;rl ¤if;wdkYESpfOD;
awGUqkHMuaomtcg rax&fonf pdwfxJrS axhaighNyD; qdkvsuf
vGefcJhaomb0ü jzpfysufcJhonfh a&Smifwcifjzpf&yfudk ñTefjycJh
1
aomaMumihf jzpfonf /
a,bk,stm;jzihf csrf;om<u,f0olrsm;onf wpfaeYvQif
2
okH;Budrf pm;aomufMuonf / vltrsm;\ t"dupm;onhf qef
tjyif [if;trsKd;rsKd;? 'defcJ? ysm;&nf? csLdcsOfrsm;? axmywf?
opfjrpf? qefavSmf (ykxku)ESihf MumOESihf Mum½dk; (bdorkvmv)wdkY
3
udkyif pm;okH;Muonf /
Oa'gif;om; (r,l&rHo)? orifom;? 0ufom;? ,kHom;ESihf
Muufom;uJhodkYaom tom;trsKd;rsKd;rSm ESpfoufBuNyD; t&om&Sd
4
aom [if;rsm;tjzpf ,lqykH&onf / &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; azmfjy
yg [if;rsm;jzihf rMumcP auR;arG;Muonf/ tom;csKd (r"krHo)
5
[kac:onhf tpm;taomuf jyifqifrIwpfckvnf; &Sdonf / rk
qdk;rsm; jzpfEdkifzG,ft&SdqkH;jzpfonhf tcsKdUvlrsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H
6
arsmufom; (0ge&rHo)udkyif pm;aomufMuonf / odkY&mwGif
txufwGif awGUcJh&onhftwdkif; trJom;udk pm;jcif;rSm 'Pfcwf
1
0d-| 4? 174/ twdwfb0wpfckwGif tb,rax&fonf apwDwpfql\
&ifjyifudk wHjrufvSnf;NyD; trwf\om;onf trIdufrsm;udk ta0;odkY ypf
vTifhonf/ ]igvSnf;ypfonhf trIdufudk ta0;odkYvTifhypfNyD;aemuf oifonf
orÜwådESihf jynfhpkHrIrSm apwD&ifjyifawmfudk oefY&Sif;zl;cJhonhf ukodkvf\
tusKd;qufjzpfonf/
2
o[ó0w¬K? ol&edr®v0w¬K/
3
&o0g[deD 2? 24? 180?/
4
&o0g[deD 2? 10? 91? 128? 181?/
5 6
,if;? 180/ ,if;? 147/
434 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 435
xdkufaom jypfrIjzpfonf/ a&S;acwfoD[dkVfü vlBudKuf rsm;onfh uGrf;0g;jcif;rSm xif&Sm;onhf tavhtusihfwpfckjzpfNyD; vlt
oufowfvGwfpm;rIuJhodkYaom wpfpkHwpf&m &SdcJhaMumif; azmfjy&ef rsm;onf rdrdwdkYESihftwl uGrf;tpfrsm;udk o,faqmifoGm;avh&Sd
tcsuftvuf r&Sdacs/ onf/ bk&ifrif;rsm;onfyif rdrdEiS hftwl uGrf;tpfudk o,f,loGm;
csufjyKwfrIynmudk trsKd;orD;rsm;\ BuD;rm;aom wefzdk; onftxd trsKd;om;a&;&m xkH;pHwpfckjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí r[m0H
tjzpf ,lqonf/ EdkifiHawmftrwfuJhodkYaom xif&Sm;olrsm;\ ousrf;ü wwd, aZ|wdórif;onf uGrf;tpf (wrÁLvw¬0d) xJ
orD;acsmrsm;yif csufjyKwfrI twwfynm (olyow¬ odkYr[kwf wGif odrf;xm;onfh "m;jzihf rdrdudk,fudk tqkH;pD&ifoGm;aMumif;
1 1
ypeur®) udk wwfuRrf;Muonf / EdkYñSpfjcif;onfvnf; trsKd; jyqdkaomaMumihf jzpfonf /
orD;rsm; jyKvkyf&onhf wm0efjzpfonf/ o'¨gwdórif;\ rdzk&m; AkdvfcsKyfwpfa,mufjzpfonfh 0obrif;\ OD;av;onf wl
2
onfyif EGm;rsm;udk rnfokdYEdkYñSpf&rnfudk odonf[k qdkonf / awmf (0ob)tm; okbbk&ifxH ay;tyf&ef oGm;rnfjyKaomt
t&ufaopm aomufokH;jcif;onf avmuDvlom;rsm;t cg AkdvfcsKyf\ uawmfu cifyGef;onftwGuf uGrf;rsm;udk jyifqif
wGuf &nf½G,fonhf ig;yg;oDvteuf aemufqkH;odu©myk'fESihf cJhonf/ AkdvfcsKyfonf eef;awmf*dwfwGif vufudkifudk zGifhvdkuf
qefYusifaomfvnf; vltcsKdUtwGif; xif&Sm;cJhykH&onf/ t&uf aomtcg uGrf;wpf,mtwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom tqmwpfck
aopm yrmPrsm;rsm;udk aomufokH;EdkifrIudk udk,fcE¨mcGeftm; &Sd jzpfonfh xkH;rIrygaMumif; awGU&onf/
3
rI\ oauFwtjzpf ,lqonf/ &o0g[deDusrf; ü 'k|*grPD xif&Sm;onhf yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufudk rawGUqkHrD uGrf;0g;jcif;
rif;onf ok&medr®vtm; cGeftm;udk prf;oyf&ef xef;&nf 16 rSm xkH;pHwpf&yf odkYr[kwf AdkvfcsKyfonf bk&ifudk ay;urf;&ef
emVdudk aomufckdif;onf[k qdkonf/ 'k|*grPD\ aemufAkdvfcsKyf uGrf;udk ,laqmifvmjcif;jzpfzG,&f Sdonf/ tqifhfjrifht&m&Sdrsm;
wpfa,mufjzpfol a*gX£rÁ&onfvnf; t&ufaopm aomuf tm; uGrf;udk vufaqmifay;jcif;rSm ,aeYacwf oD[dkVfrSmyif
4
okH;aMumif; od&onf / ,Ofaus;onhf trsKd;om; tpOftvmwpf&yf jzpfonf/
w&m;0ifudpöjzihf aus;½Gmom;rsm; vma&mufvnfywfaom uGrf;0g;onhf tavhonf a[mydwd*raps;wGif uGrf;ESihfuGrf;
tcg tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;onf t&ufaopmudk vufcHvsuf ½Gmom; oD;udk a&mif;&ef txl;qdkifrsm; &Sdonftxd tvGefxif&Sm;onf/
rsm;ESihftwl t&ufaopm aomufokH;aMumif; od&onf/ A'kv’ a&S;acwf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;onf aumif;pGm wdk;wufonhf
ausmufpmt& wpfcgwpf&H t&m&Sdrsm;onf aus;½Gmom;rsm;xHrS [motjrifESihf cspfpEdk;trnfemrrsm; ay;jcif;twGuf txkHyg&rD
t&ufaopmudk awmif;qdkMuaMumif;ESihf aus;½GmodkY ,laqmif &SdaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ wdkif;jynf\ bk&ifrif;rsm;onfyif
5
vmonhf t&ufrsm;udk t"r®,laqmifMuaMumif;yif od&onf / ,if;tavhtusihfrS vGwfajrmufjcif; r&SdEdkifacs/ Oyrmtm;jzihf
1 1
,if;? 45/ r[m0Ho 44? 3/
2 2
,if;? 32? 34/ ,if; 35? 61? 63/
3 3
,if;? 84/ E.Z. III, p. 77.
4 4
,if;? 89/ ,if;tajccHudk ,aeYacwf aus;vufae oD[dkVfvltrsm;rSmyif awGUEkdif
5
,if;? 181/ E.Z. III, p. 76. onf/
440 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
'kwd,azmfjycsufudk 'DCedum,f od*Fgavm0g'okwfü azmf
jyonf/ ,if;okwfawmfwGif Ak'&¨ Sifawmfjrwfu vl'g,umrsm;t
ay: &[ef;awmfwpfyg;\ 0wå&m;ajcmufrsKd;teuf vl 'g,um
rsm;tm; ewfjynfa&mufaMumif; vrf;pOfudk jyo&ef[laom
0wå&m;wpf&yfudk csrSwfxm;onf1/ vl'g,umrsm;tm; &[ef;
awmfrsm;u jyo&rnfrSm edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;vrf; (o*¾ó r*¾H)
jzpfNyD; oHo&mrS vGwfajrmuf&mvrf; (armu©ó r*¾H)r[kwfonf
rSm tvGef xl;jcm;onf/ edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;vrf;onf omref
vl rsm;pktaejzihf avQmufvSrf;&ef tvGefYtvGef cufcJhonfrSm
ao csmonf/
a&S;acwfoD[dkVf&Sd vl0wfaMumifrsm;\ bmoma&;rSm a,
bk,stm;jzifh tajccH,lqcsufjzpfonfh ¤if;wdkY em;vnfEdkifpGrf;?
tqihfjrifh pdwfydkif;b0ESihf todynmqdkif&m opömw&m;udk vdkuf
emrI tuefYtowftay:wGif tajccHcJhonf/ obm0tm;jzifh
Oya'wdkif;ü >cif;csufrsm; &SdNrJjzpfonf/
a&S;acwfoD[dkVfü vl0wfaMumif;rsm;tm; a[mMum;onhf
tcsdKUaom w&m;a'oemrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYudk ESpfoufaponhf t
awG;tjrifrsKd;jzpfaMumif; ñTejf yonf/ 'u©dPm0db*FokwfawmfrSm
2
xif&Sm;onhf a'oemawmfrsm;teuf wpfckjzpfonf / ,if;okwf
awmfonf Ak'¨&SifawmfjrwfrSpí wd&dpämefrsm;wdkifatmif 14 rsKd;
aom tvªcHyk*¾KdvftoD;oD;tm; vªzG,f0w¬Krsm; ay;urf;jcif;jzihf
&&Sdaom aumif;rItqifhtwef; trsKd;rsKd;taMumif;ESihf oHCmudk
&nfrSef;í vª'gef;aom tvª0w¬K ckepfrsKd;\ tusKd;BuD;jrwfykHudk
azmfjyonf/ ,if;okwåefonf tvª'ge\ pifMu,fykH rpifMu,fykH
3
ar;cGef;ESifhvnf; ywfoufonf / tqdkygokwfawmfü azmfjyonfh
1
'D 3? 153/ o*¾ó r*¾H tmpdu©w/d o*¾[laom pum;vkH;udk ]aysmf½TifrI
tajctae}[kvnf; bmomjyefEdkifonf/
2
&o0g[deD 2? 163? 189/
3
r 3? 295/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 1 vlrIa&; 437
&[ef;awmfrsm;udkyif >cif;csufrxm;acs/ 'k|*grPDrif;vuf
1
xufwGif rax&fwpfyg;tm; a*g"*wåwdó [k ac:a0:cJhonf/
taMumif;rSm ta&jym;ESihfywfoufonhf a&m*gjzpfzl;ojzihf xdk
rax&f\ ta&rSm zGwf\ ta&jym;uJhodkY taMu;cHG&SdaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ 0¥*grPD vufxufwGif A[vrókwdó ]rkwfqdwf
2
arT;xl wdó}[k xif&Sm;aom rax&fwpfyg; &SdcJhonf /
tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd ausmufxGif;ESihf yef;yk½kyfwkrsm;ESihf qD*d&d,
t&yfrS yef;csDaq;a&;rsm;u a&S;acwf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;onf ,Of
aus;onhf tvStyESifh wnfMunfcefYnm;rI tawG;tjrifrsm; &SdcJh
aMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyonf/ þacwftwGif; wnfaqmuf
cJhonhf BuD;rm;onhf apwDykxdk;rsm;ESihf us,fajymonhf a&avSmif
uefrsm;onf rNiD;aiGUEdkifaom ZGJvkHYv\ ñTef;udef;wpfckjzpfNyD;
EdkifiHawmf\ rjrifEdkifaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ,aeY
acwf vma&mufvnfywfoltm; ai;Munfh½kHrQjzihf rl;aemufap
aom qD*d&d,&Sd r,SOfNydKifEdkifavmufaom awmifukef;jrifhrsm;uJh
odkYaom awmifpGef;rsm;onf a&S;acwfoD[dkVfvlrsKd;wdkY &SdcJhNyD;jzpf
aom tvGefYtvGef usef;rmoefprG f;onhf ZJGowådudk azmfjyvsuf
&SdMuonf/
1
r[m0Ho 24? 49/
2
r[m0Ho 33? 96/
00000000
 tcef; 15
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 2
bmoma&;
a,bk,stm;jzihf vlYavmu bmoma&;ESihf ywfoufí oabm
xm;jyif;xefonhf Ak'¨0g'oabmxm; tñTef;wpf&yftjzpf t
a&;ygonhf xkwfazmfcsuf ESpf&yfudk azmfjyEdkifonf/
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwftm; rsm;pGmaxmufyHhcJhol temxydPfolaX;
ao&manmifapmif;wGif &Sdaeaomtcg t&Sifom&dykwå&mESihf t
&SiftmeE´mwdkYonf vlem½I&ef <ua&mufvmMuNyD; tqihfjrihf
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m odrfarGUeufeJonhf taMumif;t&mygonhf w&m;
"r®udk a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ bPfolaX;BuD;onf rsuf&nfusNyD;
rdrdrSm &SifawmfA'k ¨ESihf &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf xdkrQMum&SnfpGm aygif;
oif;qufqHaecJh&aomfvnf; ,cifu ,if;odkYaom "r®rsKd;udk
remzl;cJhaMumif; qdkonf/ t&Sifom&dykwå&mu ,if;odkYaom
bmoma&;ESihfywfoufonhf a[mMum;rIrsm;udk vl0wfaMumifrsm;
em;rvnfEdkifbJ &[ef;awmfrsm;om em;vnfEdkifaMumif; &Sif;jycJh
onf1/ ,if;azmfjycsufudk zGihfqdk&mwGif t|uxmü vl0wf
aMumifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ jcHajr v,fajrrsm;? a½TESihf pnf;pdrfOpöm
rsm;? ZeD;r,m; om;orD;aus;uRefrsm;udk jyif;xefpGm wyfruf pGJ
vef;rI&SdMuNyD; vltrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk pGefY&ef
tav;ay;a[mMum;onhf w&m;awmfrsm;udk em;vnf;rvnfMu?
2
Mum;em&efvnf; rESpfoufMu[k rSwfcsufjyKcJhonf /

1
r 3? 305/ e acg *[ywd *d[DeH Mo'gw0oemeH {0½lyD "r®D uxm
y#dbmwd? yAÁZdwmeH acg *[ywd {0½lyD "r®D uxm y#dbmwd/
2
r-| 4? 230/
444 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
]ukodkvfrSwfpkpmtkyf} &Sdonf[k jyqdkonhf om"urawGU&acs /
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ pdwfydkif;b0 wdk;wufrIudk pdwf0if
pm;MuNyD; ,if;udk pmtkyfwGif rSwfwrf;wif a&;xdk;jcif;r&Sdacs/ odYk
jzpfí ]ukodkvfpm&if;pmtkyf} [lonf tdrf&mwnfaxmif vl0wf
aMumifrsm;tzdkY tzdk;wef &wemodkufjzpfaomfvnf; &[ef;awmf
rsm;tzdkY ,if;onf tokH;0ifaom &nf½G,fcsufr[kwfacs/ odkYjzpf
í 'k|*grPDrif;rSm ]ukodkvfpm&if;pmtkyf}wpfck &SdcJhNyD; ,if;pm
&if;udk rif;BuD; uG,fvGefcgeD;rSm vu©utrnf&Sd rif;BuD;\ udk,f
2 3
a&;t&m&Sdu zwfjyonf / ,if;pmtkyfü rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom
ukodkvfaumif;rIrsm;rSm apwDrsm;wnfjcif;? oHCmtm; tvª'ge
3
jyKjcif;ESihf yGJvrf;obifrsm; usif;yjcif;rsm;jzpfonf /
ukodkvfaumif;rI tm;vkH;rSm wefzdk;jcif; rwlnDMuacs/
ukodkvftrsKd;rsKd;u tusKd;taxGaxGudk ay;onf/ odkYjzpfí Oyo
umrsm;onf txl;ojzihf bk&ifrif;rsm;onf jzpfEdkifoa½GU rsm;pGm
aom ukodkvfaumif;rItrsKd;rsKd;udk &&SdvdkMuonf/ 'k|*grPDrif;
BuD;onf "r®'geonf tmrdo'gexuf jrifhjrwfaMumif;Mum;od&
ojzihf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; ½dkaoav;pm;rI ysufuGufaomfvnf;
oHCmawmfrsm;a&SUarSmufü avm[ygom'jymo'frSm r*Fvokwf
4
udk a[mMum;&ef BudK;pm;onf / rif;BuD;onf a[mMum;EdkifpGrf;
aomaMumihf odkYr[kwf ,if;a[mMum;jcif;twGuf trSefwu,f
vdktyfaomaMumifh a[mMum;vdkonfr[kwfbJ w&m;a[mí &
aom xif&Sm;onhf ukodkvfwHqdyfudk &&SdvdkaomaMumihfomjzpf
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1
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onf/ odkYwap ,if;pmtkyfü Ak'¨"r®*kPf&nfrsm;udk a&;om;NyD; ukodkvf
aumif;rI pm&if;udk a&;om;jcif;r[kwfacs (r-| 1? 394)/
2
tH-| 2? 107/ r[m0Ho 32? 25/
3
r[m0Ho 32? 26/
4
r[m0Ho 32? 42-43/ &o0g[deD 2? 77/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 2 bomoma&; 441
t,ltqrsm;rSm tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;NyD; vltaygif;onf
,if;okwfawmfü tqihftwef; cGJjcm;xm;rIESihftnD rdrdwdkY wwf
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&ef tvGef pdwfxufoefolrsm;tm; EId;aqmfay;onf/ tvª'ge
jyK&mü pHerltjzpf,lqcH&onhf a0óEÅ&mZmwfawmf (trSwfpOf
547)rSm tvGef vlodrsm; xif&Sm;onf/ ,if;Zmwfawmfonf
1
vnf; vlwdkY\ odrfarGUonhf pdwftm½kHudk Edk;xaponf /
2
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ck jzpfonf / ,if;okwåefwGif raumif;rIjyKolwdkY i&JwGif cHpm;&
rnfjzpfaom ESdyfpufrIESihf emusifrIrsm;taMumif;udk yDjyifpGm &Sif;
vif;csufay;xm;onf/ ,if;okweå fonf arhavsmh aumufuspf
olrsm;tm; raumif;rIudk a&SmifMuOf&efESihf aumif;rIudk jyKvkyf&ef
udk,fusihf odkYr[kwf vlrIa&; 0wå&m;rsm;udk rjyKvdkaomtcg
owfjzwfjcif;? cdk;jcif;? toufaopm aomufpm; jcif;uJhodkYaom
tukodkvfrIudkjyK&ef xdwfvefYapjcif;jzihf tvGefyif taxmuf
tyHhjyKcJhykH&onf/
tcsKdUaom okwåefrsm;udk vlrIa&; vkyfief;wGif pdwf0ifpm;rI
wpf&yfudk emMum;olrsm;wGif jrifhwufvmap&ef &nfñGef;onf/
Oyrmtm;jzihf a'0rax&f a[mMum;onhf *dvmeokwfawmf
onf a0g[mwdórif; (at'D 269-291) tm; ae&mig;ck (yÍöm
0go) wGif aq;ESifhqdkifaom ypönf;rsm; jzefYjzL;&ef tm;ay;cJh
4
onf / wkvm"m&ausmif;wdkufae ZmwubmPu r[my'kr
rax&f a[mMum;onhf uydZmwfawmfwGif yg&Sdonhf vlom;wpf
1
tH-| 2? 105/
2
r 3? 217/
3
&o0g[deD 2? 133? 135/ 0da'¨gv trnf&do
S nhf rkqdk;wpfa,mufonf
,if;okwåefudk r[m*gr&Sd wdórm[m0d[m&ü a[mMum;aeonfudk
ESpfBudrf Mum;em&onf/
4
'Dy0Ho 22? 41/ r[m0Ho 36? 29/
442 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
a,muftay: touf[laom taMumif;aMumihfyif udk,fusKd;
rzufonhf vkyfaqmifrI tawG;tjrifu wGef;tm;ay;vdkufonhf
£vem*rif; (at'D 93-102) onf wdó0gydESihf 'l&0gyd a&
uefESpfckESihf a&m[P t&yf&Sd ausmif;wdkufrsm;udk jyefvnf
1 2
jyKjyifcJhonf /
,if;vlodrsm; xif&Sm;onhf udk,fusihfw&m;a&;&m ocFef;pm
rsKd;ESifh "r®puúy0wåeokwfESihf owdy|meokwfuJhodkYaom cufcJ
2
onhf okwåefrsm;udkvnf; vlxktm; a[mMum;onf / odkY&mwGif
,if;okwåefrsm;\ t"dyÜm,fudk vltb,frQ &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnf
3
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okwftm; ,if;okwf ½GwfzwfoHudk em;axmif½kHrQjzihf a>ryg
(Ratsnake) wpfaumifESihf vif;EdkYig;&mwdkY ok*wdb0wGif jyef
vnfarG;zGm;&onf[k xif&Sm;pGm ,kHMunfMuonftxd vGefpGm
4
tav;*½kjyKMuonf / xdktwlyif vltrsm; onf xdkokwåefudk
vkH;0em;rvnfvQifawmif aemifb0twGuf ukodkvf&ap&efom
5
,if;okwåefudk em,lMujcif; jzpfaMumif;cefYrSef;Edkifonf / tcrf;
1
'Dy0Ho 21? 42/ r[m0Ho 35? 30-32/
2
&o0g[deD 2? 136/
3
odkY&mwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU taemufzuf&Sd aus;½Gmwpf½GmrS acsmarmvSy
onhf a[rmtrnf&Sd vkHrysKdwpfa,mufonf t|uxmESihfwuG "r®puú
y0wåeokwfudk avhvmonf[k qdkonf (&o0g[deD 2? 136-137)/
4
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olrSm wv*F&t&yfrS ausmfMum;onhf t&Sif"r®&u©dw rax&fjzpfonf/
5
,aeYwdkifatmifyif oD[dkVfwGif OykofaeYrsm;ü &Spfyg;oDvaqmufwnf
Muonfh Oygoumtrsm;pkonf ykHrSeftm;jzihf oD[dkVfbmom edó,
ESihftwl tprS tqkH;wkdif r[mowdy|meokwfudk ½GwfzwfMuonf/ vl
tcsKdUrSm ,if;okwåefudk tm*kHEIwfvGwf &NyD;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif trsm;pk
rSm ,if;okwåef\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk em;rvnfMuacs/ odkYwap Oygo
umrsm;onf ,if;okwåefudk ykHrSef ½Gwfzwf em,lMuonf/ taMumif;rl
,if;okwåefudk tvGef av;pm;,kHMunfNyD; ,if;odkY ½Gwfqdk em,ljcif;jzihf
ukodkvf&onf[k ,kHMunfMuaomaMumihfjzpfonf/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 2 bomoma&; 443
tem;jzihf ½Gwfqdkavh&Sdonhf t&d,0HokwfrSm Munfñdkol Oygo
umwdkY em,l&ef qE´jyif;jyonfh aemufxyf xif&Sm;onhf okwåef
wpfckjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif xif&Sm;onhfokwåefrsm;tjzpf azmfjycH&
1
onhf tE¨u0dE´okwf? tmoD0daomyrokwf ESihf r[mAk'¨oD[
em'okwf uJhodkYaom okwåefrsm;&SdMuonf/
aemifb0twGuf ,kHMunfpdwfcs&ap&ef ukodkvfaumif;rI
trsKd;rsKd;&&Sda&;onf bk&ifrSpí qif;&Jom; v,form;rsm;txd
vl0wfaMumif;rsm;\ bmoma&;b0wGif ikyfvQLd;aeaom bmom
&nf½G,fcsuf jzpfonf/ csrf;omjcif;? usef;rmjcif;? vSyjcif;?
touf&Snfjcif;? ynmBuD;jcif;? cGet f m;AvBuD;rm;jcif;? trsKd;jrwf
jcif;uJhodkYaom vltrsm;tvdk&Sdonhf t&mrsm;rSm ukodkvfuH\
tusKd;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ odkYjzpfí vltrsm;onf ,if;aysmf½TifzG,f
tajctaersm;udk &&Sda&;twGuf aumif;rIjyK&efESihf vlaumif;jzpf
&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ omref tdrf&mwnfaxmifolwpfa,muf
tzdkY aumif;rGefpifMu,fonhf pdwfydkif;b0 wdk;wufatmif vkyfzdkY
xuf ukodkvf[k ,lqxm;onhf tvkyfu ydkívG,fulonf/
tcef; 12 wGif &[ef;awmftcsKdUonf tb,frQ tqihfjrifh pdwf
ydkif;b0NyD;ajrmufrIudk &&Sd&ef tm;xkwfMuonfudk awGU&Sd&NyD;jzpf
onf/ odkYwap ygVdt|uxmusrf;rsm;rSma&m ordkif;usrf;rsm;
rSmyg vlOygoumrsm;ESifh ywfoufírl pdwfydkif;b0 tajctae
udk azmfjychJNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ bmomw&m;rSm tjyifyef; ukodkvfw&m;
rsm;ESihfom uefYowfxm;ouJhodkY xif&onf/
tcsKdUaom Oygoumrsm;rSm rdrdjyKcJhonhf ukodkvfpm&if;udk
a&;rSwfxm;onhf yknaygw¬uac: ukodkvfrSwfpkpmtkyf&SdMu
onf/ ,if;pmtkyfrSm xkH;pHtm;jzihf aocgeD;yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf
¤if;\ ESvkH;om;udk 0rf;omap&efESihf ok*wdb0udk aocsmap
a&;twGuf ¤if;\ aemufqkH;tm½kHrsm;pifMu,fap&ef ao&m
anmifapmif;ay:wGif zwfjy&ef &nf½G,fonf/ &[ef;wpfyg;ü
1
r 1? 97 rS r[moD[em' okwfudk qdkvdk[efwlygonf/
448 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
aumif;rIudk ukpm;&eftwGuf tcGefb@mrsm; ay;tyfNyD; omu
1
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ppfwyfudk xdef;odrf;&ef 'kwd,uóyrif;onf toufi,f
onhfrif; jzpfonhftwdkif; xlyg&mrESifh 'u©dP0d[m&&Sd apwD
awmfrsm;ESihf tjcm;rsm;pGmaom jrifhjrwfaom ae&mrsm;udk azmuf
NyD; ,cifbk&ifrif;rsm; vª'gef;cJhonhf tzdk;wef &wemodkufrsm;udk
vk,lonf/ odkYwap ¤if;bk&ifjzpfvmaomtcg ]¤if;\ raumif;
rItukodkvfudk zsufqD;&ef}[laom tawG;jzihf (emoH ygyó
ur®ó ygeH twåaem) xdkrif;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;
wnfaqmufjyKjyifjcif;? &HykHaiGrsm; ay;tyfjcif;? bmoma&;yGJawmf
rsm;ESihf tcrf;tem;rsm; usif;yjcif;rsm;jzihf rSefuefpGm tokH;jyK
2
ukodkvfaumif;rI rsm;pGmudk jyKvkyfcJhonf /
Ak'¨bmomw&m;onf aemifb0twGufomru ,ckb0t
wGufyg udk;uG,f&m tumtuG,fw&m; jzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;t&
tEÅ&m,f&Sdaomumvrsm;wGif rif;nDrif;om;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\
toufcsrf;oma&;twGuf omoemhabmifodkY 0ifa&mufMuonf/
Oyrmqdk&rl tEkvmrdzk&m;\&efudk aMumufvefYonhf ued|wdó
(at'D 16-36) rif;om;onf omoemhabmifodkY 0ifa&mufaeNyD;
tcGifhomonhf tcsdefwGif vlxGufNyD; tEkvmrdzk&m;udk owf
3
vsuf rif;jyKonf / xdkYtwl odvmumvrif; (at'D 524-537)
tdE´d,odkY xGufajy;NyD; yxruóyrif;udk aMumufvefYojzihf
&[ef;jyKonf/ uóyrif; uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf vl0wfaMumif t
4
jzpfjzihf EdkifiHawmfodkY jyefvmcJhonf /
odkY&mwGif oD[dkVfbk&ifrsm;teuf trSefwu,f oem;Muif
emwwfNyD; bmomw&m; udkif;½Idif;onhf pwkw¬ t*¾aAm"drif;
1
,if;? 131-135/
2
,if;? 46? 137-151/
3
,if;? 36? 29/
4
,if; 34? 45-55/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 2 bomoma&; 445
wpfckudk vkyfcJhonf/ rif;BuD;onf w&m;a[m "r®uxduyk*¾Kdvf
rsm;tm; qkawmf vmbfawmfrsm; ay;vsuf oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH;
1
"r®a[mMum;jcif;twGuf jyifqifrIrsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhonf /
r[mplvd r[mwdó (bDpD 17-3)onf ezl;rSacR; ajcrus
onfxd vkyftm;rS &&Sdonhf ypönf;rsm;jzihf vª'gef;rIrSm tvGef uk
odkvf&aMumif; od&ojzihf pyg;cif;wpfckwGif [efaqmifí tvkyf
vkyfNyD; vkyfctjzpf &&Sdonfhqefjzihf r[mokrerax&ftm; vª
'gef;onf/ rif;BuD;onf oMum;puf½kHwGif tvkyform;tjzpf
[efaqmif tvkyfvkyfNyD; vkyfc&onhf oMum;cJrsm;udk &[ef;
2
awmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;onf / r[mplvd, r[mwdórif;\ t"d
u &nf½G,fcsufr[kwfaomfvnf; EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkifpdk;olwpfa,mufonf v,form; tvkyform;rsm;ESihf
twl vkyfcpm;tjzpf vkyfonhf pdw0f ifpm;zG,fESihf rSwfom;zG,f
A[kokwwpf&yfjzpfonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ odkYwap
rif;BuD;onf qif;&Joltrsm;pkESihf ywfoufí tokH;0ifonhf A[k
okwaumif;wpf&yfudk OD;pGm &&SdcJhonf/
yxr oHCwdórif; (at'D 303-307)onf 'gr*v†u
r[ma'0rax&f a[mMum;onhf w&m;wpfckwGif ,m*kxrif; vª
'gef;rI\ tusKd;udk Mum;od&NyD; rif;BuD;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;
,m*kqGrf; vª'gef;Edkif&ef NrdKUawmf*dwfav;ckwGif oihfwifhavsmuf
3
ywfonhf jyifqifrIrsm; jyKonf /
,if;odkYaom ukodkvfrsKd;udk aemifb0wGif tvdk&Sdaom t
usKd;w&m;udk &&Sdap&efomru þb0ü tEÅ&m,fuif;rIaocsm
ap&efvnf; jyKvkyfMujcif;jzpfonf/ þtcsufESifh ywfoufonhf
&Sif;vif;aom erlemwpf&yfudk 0obrif; (at'D 127-171) jzpf
&yfwGif yg&Sdonf/ 0obrif;onf ¤if;oGm;a&muf pkHprf;cJhol aA
1
r[m0Ho 32? 44/
2
r[m0Ho 34? 2-6/
3
,if;? 36? 66-69/
446 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
'ifq&m (a[m&mygXu) u ¤if;\rdzk&m;rSm touf 12 ESpfom
touf&Snfrnf[laom a[mMum;csufudk ,kHMunfvsuf&Sdonf[k
qdkonf/ ,if;a[mMum;csufudk rnfolYudkrQ rajymMum;bJ t
oufudk &SnfapEdkifaom enf;vrf;&Sdr&dS oHCmawmfrsm;xHrS pkHprf;
ar;jref;onf/ oHCmawmfrsm;u &SdaMumif; rdefYMum;NyD; enf;vrf;
1
udk ajymjyonf/ a&ppf vª'gef;yg? ae&mxkdifcif;rsm; vª'gef;yg? ae
xdkifraumif;olrsm;udk apmihfa&Smufyg? ysufpD;aeonhf taquf
2
ttkHrsm;udk jyifqifyg? ig;yg;oDv udk apmihfxdef;yg? xdkYjyif
3
OykofaeYrsm;ü &Spfyg;oDv udkvnf; apmihfa&Smihfyg? ,if;t&m
rsm;onf touf&Snfapaom w&m;jzpfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ 0ob
rif;onf ,if;t&mrsm;tm;vkH;xuf ydkíyif jyKvkyfcJhNyD; rif;BuD;
4
onf 44 ESpf tkyfcsKyfcJhaMumif; od&onf /
bk&ifrif;rsm;ESifh jynfoltrsm;onf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifudk bkef;
awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;tm; vª'gef;NyD; ,if;wdkYudk jyefvnfa½G;,lMu
ykHudk a&SUtcef;rsm;wGif odcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYtm;vkH;udk
tjyKtrlwpfckjzifh ukodkvfESpfrsKd;udk &&Sd&ef jyKcJhonf/ yxr
,if;wdkYudk aus;uRefrsm;tjzpf vª'gef;jcif;? ,if;aemuf vª'gef;
xm;olwdkYudk aus;uReftjzpfrS vGwfajrmufap&ef ausmif;wdkuf
rsm;tm; aiGaMu;vª'gef;jcif;jzpfonf/ txufwGif azmfjyNyD;onf
twdkif; bk&ifrsm;pGmwdkYonf omoemawmftm; ]EdkifiHawmfudk
vª'gef;jcif;}rSm þenf;twdkif; jzpfonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;rSm vdr®m
1
y&dó0e ]a&ppf}onf &[ef;wdkY\ y&du©&m &Spfyg;ü yg0ifonf/ a&ppf
udk a&xJrSm&SdzG,f&Sdonhf owå0gi,frsm;\ b0udk rysufpD;ap&ef a&
raomufcif a&udkppf&ef tokH;jyKonf/
2
olYtouf rowfjcif;? olYOpömudk rw&m; r,ljcif;? olwpfyg; om;r,m;
udk rusL;vGef&? rvdrfnm&? t&ufaopm raomufpm;&/
3
olYtouf rowfjcif;? olYOpömudk rw&m; r,ljcif;? arxkefrrSD0J&? rvdrf
nm&? t&ufaopm raomufpm;&? aevGJnpm rpm;&? oDqdk uckefjcif;?
yef;eHYom vdrf;usHjcif; rjyK&? ZdrfcHarGU,mrsm;ESifh rtdyf&/
4
r[m0Ho 35? 71-100/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 2 bomoma&; 447
yg;eyfMuojzihf w&m;ESihftnD rQwpGm tkyfcsKyf&ef tBuHay;NyD;
1
bk&ifrif;udkomvQif tNrJwrf; jyefvnf ay;tyfMuonf /
wpfcgwpf&HwGifrl bk&ifrif;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk
tEÅ&m,f&Sdaomtcg bmoma&;onf jcm;em;csuf r&Sdacs/ bk&if
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ausmif;wdkufrsm;udkyif vk,ufMuonf/ odkYwap xD;eef;udk &
onfESihf wpfNydKifeuf ¤if;wdkYonf omoemudk MunfnKdvmMuNyD;
bmomw&m; vdkufpm;vmMuvsuf ukkodkvfaumif;rIrsm; jyKvkyf
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odkvftusKd;qufrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&ef jzpfonf/ ,if;twGuf erl
em ykHpH rsm;pGm ordkif;wGif xif&Sm;&Sdonf/
tazudkowfonhf uóyrif;\ bmoma&;vkyfaqmif
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2
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'gaXmywdórif;onf ausmif;wdkufokH;ESifh "mwfawmfwkdufcef;rS
tzdk;wef ypönf;rsm;? a½Tqif;wkrsm;udk ,lNyD; xlyg&mrapwD
awmf\ xD;awmfudk csKd;NyD; a½Ttqifwefqmrsm;ESihf &wem
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1
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igwdkYtm; vª'gef;onhf rif;tjzpfudk oifwkdYtm;omvQif jyef ay;tyfyg\/
w&m;ojzihf EdkifiHawmfudk tkyfygavm} (r-| 2? 196)/ arm*¾v’merif;onf
xD;jzLawmfudk oHCmawmftm; vª'gef;aomfvnf; ,if;udk oHCmawmftm;
jyefvnfay;tyfonf/ qawåe oHCH ylaZrd? oHaCm taó0 eH t'g
(r[m0Ho 39? 31)/
2
r[m0Ho 39? 19/ bDawm aom y&avmurSm/
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&nf½G,fcsuftppftrSefudk rodMuaomfvnf; vltrsm;onf bm
omw&m;trnfjzihf toufudkyif ay;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpf
í vltrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ þb0wGifa&m aemifb0wGifyg
b0ESihf pdwf"mwfa&;&m vrf;ñTefrsm;jzpfMuonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;
tm; bmomw&m; avhusihftm;xkwfrItwGuf arQmfvihfMu
onf/ vltrsm;onf jrihfjrwfonhf udpöwGif yg0ifMuNyD; pdwfjzL
pifonhf oHCmawmfwpfyg;tm; ulnDaxmufyHhjcif;jzihf ukodkvf
aumif;rIudk oG,f0dkufí &&SdMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf 'k|*grPDrif;
onf ukd,fwdkif w&m;a[m&ef rpGrf;EdkifaomaMumifh "r®'geuk
odkvfudk &&Sd&eftwGuf w&m;a[myk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; axmufyHhylaZmf
ouJhodkYjzpfonf/
omrefvl0wfaMumif wpfa,muftzdkY bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf
onf Ak'¨omoemawmfudk xdef;odrf;xm;onhf ae&mjzpfNyD;
&[ef;awmfrsm;r&SdbJ bkef;BuD;ausmif;wkduf rwnf&SdEdkif/ odkYjzihf
aemufqkH;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf vl0wfaMumifrsm;\ bmom
w&m; cH,lcsufrsm;ESihf MunfnKdrIrsm;tm;vkH;udk xkwfazmfrIay;
Edkifonhf t&m0w¬Kjzpfvmonf/
xdktwlyif trSwf&tHhMozG,faumif;onhf vl0wfaMumifrsm;
\ oHCmawmfrsm;tay: MunfnKdESpfoufrIudk azmfjyrIwpf&yfudk
awGU&onf/ bDpDESpf&mpkwGif r[mavh 0d'k&def'kem½dk (Mahalē
Viduriňdunāvō)trnf&Sd EdkifiHawmf\ twGif;0efcsKyfonf tEk&m"
yk&NrdKU&Sd yef;jcHwpfckwGif aexkdifonfh ]ouFef;0wfxm;onhf trsKd;
om;ESihf trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf} udk trSwfrxif awGUcJhaMumif;
apmapmydkif;u odcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ xdktwGif;0efonf rdrdrsufvkH;
udk tjypfwifvsuf oHCm\trSm;udk aemufwpfBudrf vkH;0rjrif
Edkifap&ef rsufvkH;xJudk oJrsm;xnfhoGif;vsuf rsufvkH;udk uef;
atmifvkyfcJhaMumif; od&onftxd ]uREfkyfwdkY vlrsKd;\ tapmihf
ewfrsm;}jzpfonfh oHCmESpfyg; usL;vGefonhf ,if;odkYaom vkyf&yf
udk awGUjrif&jcif;twGuf pdwfrcsrf;om raysmf½TifjzpfcJhonf/ t
wGif;0efonf xdkudpöudk rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ rodEdkifatmif
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 2 bomoma&; 449
(at'D 658-674) uJhodkYaom bk&ifrif;tcsKdU&SdcJhonf/ xdkrif;
uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf ¤if;\ jymrsm;udk vltrsm;u aq;tjzpftokH;
jyKMuonftxd wdkif;oljynfom; tvGefcspfjrwfEdk;jcif; cH&avmuf
1
atmif oem;MuifemNyD; w&m;rQwonhfrif; jzpfonf /
avmuDa&;udpörsm;wGif tvTmrsKd;pkHonhf vltzGJUtpnf;t
Mum; rnfodkYyif jcm;em;uGma0;Edkifapumrl Ak'¨0g'onf &Sdcdk;ylaZmf
2
onhf ae&mwGif vkH;0eD;yg; wlnDonhftqifh &SdMuonf / &Sifbk
&iftm; tBuD;us,fqkH;olESihf vltm;vkH;wkdY\ tay:wGif xm;
aomfvnf; bmoma&;qdkif&mudk aqmif½Gufonhf tcsdeftcgrsm;
wGif bk&ifonf omrefjynforl sm;uJhodkY Oygoumwpfa,muft
aejzihf vGwfvyfpGm oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;onf/ bk&ifrif;tcsKdUonf
OykofoDvrsm;udk aqmufwnfvsuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif
wpfaeukef aexkdifavh&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf o'¨gwdórif;onf
apwd,yAÁw&Sd &mZavPwGif OykofaeYudk ukefvGef (Oayg
3
oxur®H ua&maEÅm)aMumif; od&onf / &mZavP rif;\
vdkPf*l[laom trnfyif OykofaeYwGif þvkdPf*lü rif;BuD;
w&m;bm0emtm;xkwfonhf ae&m[k t"dyÜm,foufa&mufap
onf/ ylZmaeYrsm;wGif t|oDv (&Spfyg;oDv) aqmufwnfonhf
Oygoumrsm;vnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif wpfaeukefaexkdifvdkMu
4
onf / ,if;tcrf;tem;rsm;teuf wpfckrSm o'¨gwdórif;onf
r[dE¦avh&Sd umvwdrÁ½kyifatmufwGif oDwif;okH;onhf umvAk'¨
1
,if; 46? 37/ rnfodkYaom ykHpHjzihf ¤if;\jymrsm;udk aq;tjzpf tokH;jyKcJh
onfudkrl rod&acs/
2
odkY&mwGif (þusrf; pm? 418 rSwcf suf 1)wGif yxr0dZ,Am[konf or
aemV (t'rf awmifxGwf)wGif Zmwfedrfhrsm;twGuf wef;vsm; aqmifwpf
ckwnfaqmufcJhaMumif; od&onf/ ,if;onf vkyf½dk;xkHpHwpfck r[kwfacs/
3
r[dE¦avht&yfwGif ,aeYacwfü &mZ*d&davP[kac:onhf *lwpfck&Sd
onf/ ,if;onf a&S;acwf &mZavP jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
4
OykofoDvaqmufwnfolrsm;onf ,aeYwkdifyif wpfaeukef bkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsm;ü aexdkifavh&SdMuonf/
450 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&u©dw rax&fa[mMum;onhf umvumvm&mrokwfudk rxifr
1 2
&Sm;toGifjzihf rwfwwf&yfNyD; wpfnvkH; em,lonf[kqdkonf /
'kwd, 'gaXmywdórif; (at'D 650-658) onf Oykof
3
oDvapmihfokH;jcif;ESihf w&m;em,ljcif; tavh&SdaMumif;od&onf /
odkYwap yÍört*¾aAm"drif; (at'D 711-717)onf azmfjyNyD;
rif;rsm; tm;vkH;xuf ydkí'Drdkua&pD oabmrsKd;&Sdonf/ rif;BuD;
onf OykofaeYrsm;wGif uRef;oluRef;om;rsm;ESihftwl Oykofapmihf
NyD; ¤if;wdkYtm; avmukukwå&maysmf½TifrIudk ay;Edkif&ef w&m;"r®
4
a[m Mum;onf[k qdkonf /
,if;odkYaom tcsdeftcgrsm;wGif bk&ifrif;onf wdkif;oljynf
ol jynfom;rsm;\ pdwfydkif;b0a&;&m q&mjzpfNyD; vlxkxJrS wpf
a,mufomomyif jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrSm
yif wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfoljzpfaomaMumihf av;pm;rI avsmhroGm;
onfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/ bmomw&m;MunfnKdrIESifh ywf
oufí tvkyform;wpfa,mufuJhodkY vkyfudkifcJhonhf r[mplvd
r[mwdórif;uJhodkYaom rif;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;Munhfygu Ak'¨
0g'onf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;ESihf oD[dkVfbk&ifrif;rsm;tm; rnfrQ vTrf;rdk;
cJhaMumif; cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/
vl0wfaMumifrsm; bmoma&;b0\ t&Sif;vif;qkH;ESihf t
xl;jcm;qkH; oGifjyifrSm oHCmawmfrsm;tm; tvGefYtvGef MunfnKd
jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;odkYjzpfjcif;rSm taMumif;ESpfcsufaMumihf jzpf
onf/ yxr vltrsm;onf vltrsm;\ t,kHMunf&qkH; q&mESihf
vrf;ñTefjzpfonf/ &[ef;onf ta&;BuD;udpörsm;tm;vkH;wGif
Mum;0if aqmif½Gufay;NyD; EdkifiHawmfa&;&m udpörsm;rSmyif tjiif;
1
y&dowfudk raESmihf,SufvdkaomaMumifh jzpfEdkifonf/
2
r-| 2? 469? 470/
3
r[m0Ho 45? 25/
4
,if; 43? 10/ OaygoxH Oy0od? o'¨ð 'DyZae[d aom/
"r®Íö awoH a'aood? 'gwkH avmukwå&H okcH/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 2 bomoma&; 451
yGm;rIrsm;udk ajyNidrf;aponf/ udpöBuD;i,fr[l ta&;tcif;tm;
vkH;wGif tBuHÓPfESihf vrf;ñTefrI &,l&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;xHodkY
oGm;MuNyD; ,kHMunfcsufBuD;pGmjzihf wdkifyifMuonf/ 'kwd, &[ef;
onf aemifb0twGuf ¤if;wdkYtm; ydkíyif tm;xm;&mjzpfonf/
a,bk,stm;jzihf a,musfm;rdef;rrsm;onf þb0xuf aemifb
0 csrf;omrIudk ydkrdk pdk;&dfrfMuonf/ aemifb0twGuf ulnDay;Edkif
olrSm &[ef;awmfrsm;rSwpfyg; tjcm;ol r&Sdacs/
ukodkvf[lonf aemifb0twGuf vkHNcKHpGm `rIyfESHxm;aom
t&if;tESD;jzpfonf/ oHCmawmftm; aumif;rIrsKd;aphudk BuJcsNyD;
aemifb0wGif ,if;udk jyefvnf&dwfodrf;&m ukodkvfv,fajr
yknacwå [k ac:onf/ v,fajrraumif;vQif toD;tESH enf;
yg;rnfjzpfNyD; v,form;onf obm0tm;jzihf ,if;twGuf pdwf
rcsrf;romjzpf&onf/ tu,fí oHCmrpifMu,fvQif `rIyfESHonfh
ukodkvf'geonf tusKd;ay;enf;rnfjzpfNyD; tvª&Sifrsm;rSm ,if;
twGuf pdwfrcsrf;ajrUjzpf&onf/ ,if;onf bk&ifESihf jynfol
jynfom;rsm; tb,faMumihf tjypfuif;NyD; pifMu,fonhf oHCm
ESihf ywfoufí pdk;&drf&jcif;\ taMumif;jzpfonf/ rSefonf? ,if;
odkY pdk;&drfrIESihf ywfoufí tjcm;xif&Sm;onhf taMumif; wpf
csuf &Sdao;onf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmf\ q&mESihf
vrf;ñTefoljzpfMuNyD; tu,fí ¤if;wdkY ukd,fusihfw&m; raumif;
vQif wpfEdkifiHvkH; vrf;rSm;odkY oGm;Muvdrfhrnf/ tu,fí &[ef;
awmfrsm;qdk;oGrf;aevQif &[ef;awmfrsm;udk,fwdkifrSm tEÅ&m,f&Sd
onfomru wpfEdkifiHvkH; þb0wGifa&m aemifb0wGifyg ab;
'ku©BuKH&vdrfhjzpfonf/
vlxktrsm;pkonf jrwfAk'¨\ tqifhjrifhw&m;awmfrsm;udk
avhusihftm;xkwfjcif;twGuf vdktyfaom pdwftm;xufoefrI
ESifh pdwfNidrf;csrf;rI r&SdcJhacs/ vltrsm;onf ,if;vdktyfcsuf\ t
a&;ygrIudk em;vnfEdkifonhf todÓPfvnf; r&SdcJhMuacs/ odkY&m
wGif vltrsm;onf bmomw&m;tay: tBuD;jrwfqkH;aom ½dk
ao av;pm;jcif;ESihf ESpfoufjcif; &SdcJhMuonf/ bmomw&m;\
456 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rusef;jzpfojzihf rif;BuD;onf idka<u;½dIufzdkvsuf rax&ftm; jyKpk
1
apmihfa&SmufcJhonf /
r[mcD&*grt&yfrS rxif&Sm;onhf OygodumrwpfOD;onf
avP*d&dt&yfrS rax&fwpfyg;tm; cifrifonf/ xdkOygodumr
onf xdkrax&ftwGuf EdkYxrif;udk jyifqifxm;pOf &[ef;awmf
rsm;pGm tdrfudk qGrf;cH <uMuaomfvnf; xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; EdYk
xrif;udk ravmif;vªbJ aeonf/ aemufqkH; rax&fjrwf tdrfodkY
2
<uvmrSomvQif wdórax&ftm; avmif;vªvdkufonf / jAm[®
Pwdóolykefab;twGif; oHC'wåmESihf armifESrrsm;onf ab;
uif;&mt&yfodkY oGm;MupOf ¤if;wdkYrdom;pk\ rdwfaqGjzpfonhf plV
em*rax&ftm; rdrdwdkYESihftwl yifhoGm;NyD; rax&ftm; apmihf
3
a&Smufxm;Muonf /
crf;em;onhf yGJawmfrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufjcif;ESihf bk&m;zl;c&D;
oGm;jcif;rsm;rSm bmoma&;wnfwHhrIESifh qufEG,faeonhf oGif
jyifESpfrsKd;jzpfonf/ vltrsm;onf yGJawmfrsm;udk yg0ifqifETJ&ef
tvGef a0;uGmaomt&yfrsm;odkY wwfpGrf;orQ vSypGm 0wfpm;
4
qif,ifvsuf c&D;oGm;cJhMuonf[k qdkonf / tcsKdUrSm oD[dkV&f Sd
bk&m;zl;ae&mrsm;udkomru tdE´d,&Sd ae&mrsm;odkYyg bk&m;zl;
5
oGm;Muonf / wpfcgwpf&H bk&m;zl;c&D;tm; eef;awmfrS BuD;Muyf
6
ay;rIudkyif&&Sdonf / at'D 12 &mpkwGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKUodkY ae&yf
toD;oD;rS a&muf&&SdvmMuonhf qif;&Jom;rsm; vª'gef;&ef
vdvm0wD rdzk&m; wnfaqmufcJhonhf tcrJh tvªay;Z&yfwpfck
7
&SdcJhonf / qif;&Jolrsm;tm; ay;urf;vª'gef;&ef tNrJwrf;ae&m
1
tbd-| 2? 433/ 2
r-| 2? 295? tH-| 3? 92/
3
&o0g[deD 2? 178/
4
'D-| 1? 166/ r-| 1? 269/
5
&o0g[deD 2? 30/
6 "r®jy'Dydum? 322/
,if; 2? 38/
7 tH-| 2? 105/
E,Z. I, p. 179.
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 2 bomoma&; 453
tvGef *½kpdkufcJhonf/ odkYwap ¤if;\ pdwf0ifpm;rIrsm;udk apmihf
MunfhcJhonhf &u©owpfa,mufu xdka&Smifwcifjzpf&yftaMumif;
udk twGif;0efcsKyftm; ajymjycJhojzihf 0d'k&def'kem½dkonf tvGeft
rif; a'goxGufNyD; &u©otm; jypfwifa0zefonf/ aemufqkH;
wGif twGif;0ef\ rsufvkH;rsm;onf tHhMozG,f e*dkrlvtwdkif; jyef
1
jzpfoGm;aMumif; 0w¬KaMumif;u qufíqdkonf /
pmayoabmt& ,if;0w¬KaMumif; wpfckvkH;udk trSef[k r
,lEdkifacs/ ,if;odkYaom jzpf&yfwpfck vkH;0rjzpfEdkif[k qdkvQifyif
,if;odkY jyif;jyonhf pdwftm½kH cHpm;rIwpf&yfudk "r®jy'Dydumü
azmfjyonhftcsufu vl0wfaMumiftcsKdUonf oHCmtay: rnf
rQBuD;rm;pGm MunfnKdaMumif;? oHCm\pifMu,frIudk pdk;&drfaMumif;
ESihf oHCm\trSm;udk jynfolYa&SUarSmufü zGifh[cGifhrjyK&ef rnfrQ
*½kpdkufaMumif; oHo,uif;zG,f a0g[m&rsm;jzihf azmfjyonf/
oHCmawmftm; axmufyHhrIonf vl0wfaMumifrsm;\ wm
0ef0wå&m;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí rif;om;'k|*grPdonf tcgwpfyg;
ü ¤if;\ teD;ae i,fuRef (plvky|mu)wpfOD;tm; rdrdonf
oHCmawmftm; rvª'gef;bJ rnfonhf tpm;tpmudkrQ rpm;zl;
2
aMumif; rdefYqdkzl;onf / odkYwap aemiftcgü rif;BuD;onf
&[ef;awmfrsm;udk arhavsmhNyD; i½kyfoD;wpfawmihfudk pm;vkdufo
jzihf rdrd\ ayghavsmhrIudk jypf'Pfay;onhftaejzihf r&Dp0¥dapwD
3
udk wnfaMumif; tqdk&Sdonf /
Ak'¨'gorif;\om; wpfvwGif av;Budrf t|oDv apmihf
okH;onhf tvGefYtvGef bmomw&m; udkif;½dIif;ol yxrOywdó
rif; (at'D 5&mpk) onf jrifhjrwfonhf [efjzihf rdrd\ oHCm
awmftm; MunfnKdav;pm;ykHudk þodkY >rufqdkonf ]'k|*grPDrif;
ESihf rwlbJ toufxufqkH; xdkrif;onf oHCmtrsm;\ qGrf;
1
2
3
r[m0Ho 26? 16-17/
454 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
pm;aqmifjzpfonhf r[mygVdrS xrif;udk pm;aomufcJhonf / þ
onfrSm rif;BuD;taejzihf oHCm\ tvkyftauR; jzpfaMumif;
azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ rif;BuD;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; qGrf;quf
uyfNyD;aemuf pm;okH;cJhjcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
omref qif;&Jom;rsm;\ MunfnKdrIrSm ydkrdkjzLpifNyD; bk&ifrif;
rsm;ESihf 0efBuD;rsm;\ MunfndKrIxuf ESpfoufzG,fjzpfonf/ csrf;
omolrsm;taejzihf oHCmawmfrsm;udk jyKpkapmihfa&Smufjcif;rSm t
cuftcJr&SdbJ xdkudpötwGuf wpfpkHwpf&m pGefYvTwf&ef rvdkacs/
odkYwap wpfcgwpf&Hü qif;&Jolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif
rpm;raomuf&bJ&dSpOfrSm oHCmawmfrsm;tm; auR;arG;Mujcif;
jzpfonf/ tcsKdUrSm oHCmawmftm; rdrd\ om;orD;rsm;uJhodkY
qufqHMuonf/ qif;&Jol trsKd;orD;BuD;wpfa,mufonf uó
yavPü oDwif;okH;onhf r[mrdwårax&fBuD;um; rdrd\om;
awmfuJhodkY jyKpkapmihfa&Smufonf/ xdktrsKd;orD;\ orD;rSmvnf;
t&Sifjrwftm; rdrd\tpfudk&if;uJhodkY apmihfa&Smufonf/ tzGm;tdk
ESihf orD;wdkYrSm tvGefqif;&JpGm pm;aomuf&aomfvnf; t&Sif
jrwftm;rl ¤if;wdkY twdkif;twmt& taumif;rGefqkH;aom tpm;
tpmrsm;jzihf auR;arG;Muonf/ r[mrdwårax&fonf wpfaeYeH
eufwGif xdkom;trdESpfa,muf ajymqdkaeoHudk trSwfrxif
Mum;rdojzihf tvGef MunfEl;oGm;vsuf xdkeHeufrSmyif tzGm;tdkudk
2
oem;u½kPmjzpfojzihf &[EÅmjzpfoGm;onf /
qif;&JoltcsKdUonf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; jyKpkapmihfa&Smuf
a&;twGuf aiG&&Sd&ef rdrdwdkY\om;orD;rsm;udkyif aygifESHMuonf/
Oyrmqdkrl rk@*kwåonf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; jyKpkapmihfa&SmufEdkfif
&ef EGm;wpfaumif0,f,l&ef &Spfu[myPjzihf rdrd\om;udk aygif
3
ESHcJhonf / r[m*grt&yfrS 'g½kb@u r[mwdóonf 12
1
,m0ZD0Íö aom bkÍÆd? r[mygVdrSd abmZeH/ r[m0Ho 37? 202-2-3/
2
'D-| 3? 380/ r-| 1? 298/ tH-| 1? 393/ tbd-| 2? 266/
3
&o0g[deD 2? 33/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 2 bomoma&; 455
u[myPjzihf orD;udk aygifESHNyD; oHCmjyKpk&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf
1
yif EGm;wpfaumif 0,fonf / xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf ydkítHhMozG,fukdyif
jyKcJhao;onf/ orD;tm; a½G;&efarQmfvihfí oMum;puf½kHwGif
tvkyfvkyfí &onfh 12 u[myPjzihf aeYqGrf; vGwfawmhrnfh
2
&[ef;awmftwGuf qGr;f wpfeyfpm 0,fvkdufonf / &o0g[d
usrf;ü rdrdwdkY 0wf½kHxm;onhf ydwfpudk oHCmawmfESpfyg;tm;
vª'gef;onhf udÍödoHCmESihf o'¨gokrem[laom trsKd;orD; ESpf
3
a,muftaMumif; azmfjyonf /
a,bk,stm;jzihf oHCmudk MunfnKdonfomru tcsKdUrSm
yk*¾Kdvfa&;t& tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;xuf ydkrdk pGJvef;rI&Sdvsuf
rdrdwdkYESihf &if;ESD;eD;pyfNyD; MunfnKdESpfoufonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;&Sd
Muonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf uk#uPÖwdórif; (at'D 16-38) wGif
,if;odkYaom &[ef;awmf ESpfyg;&Sdonf/ wpfyg;rSm *d&d*gru@t
&yfrS plVok"r®rax&fjzpfonf/ rif;BuD;onf rax&f\ rdcifxHrS
rax&fBudKufaom tpm;tpmrsKd;udk od&NyD; txl;ojzifh xdktpm;
tpmrsKd;udk jyifqifay;onf/ odkY&mwGif rif;BuD;onf rax&f\
rsufEmS udk wnhfwnhfMunfhEdkifjcif;r&Sd[k qdkonf/ þonfrSm
rax&f\ ½kyf&nfoyÜ,frIESihf rif;BuD;\ rax&ftay: av;pm;rI
ESpfrsKd;vkH;aMumifhjzpfEdkifonf/ rif;BuD;\ wdyd#uplVem*rax&f
tm; MunfnKdpGJvef;rIrSm ydkíyif jyif;jyonf/ wpfcgaomf rax&f
ü vufñId;wGif tempdrf;aygufojzihf rif;BuD;onf rax&ftay:
tvGef cspfcif jrwfEdk;onhfpdwfjzihf rax&f\ vufacsmif;udk EIwf
jzihf ikHxm;vdkufpOf temonf rif;BuD;\ yg;pyfxnf;ü jynf
aygufoGm;onf/ rif;BuD;onf aygufxGufvmonhf jynfudk axG;
xkwfvdkufygu rax&ftm; r½dkao&musrnfpdk;&drfojzihf rsKdcs
vdkufonftxd rif;BuD;\ þrax&ftay: cspfcifrIrSm rsufuef;
qefonf[k qdkonf/ aemiftcgwGif rax&fjrwf aovkeD;yg; em
1
tH-| 1? 395/ 2
,if;? 395/
3
&o0g[deD 2? 47-50/
460 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
jrwfrsm;tjzpf rSwf,lMuaMumif; od&onf/ zm[D,efu ]t"du
vrf;rBuD;av;ck\ xdyfrsm;tm;vkH;wGif w&m;a[m"r®m½kHrsm;
aqmufvkyfxm;\/ xdkae&mwGif vwpfv\ &Spf&ufajrmuf?
q,fhav;&ufajrmufESihf q,fhig;&ufajrmuf aeYrsm;wGif vltrsm;
onf aumaZmrsm;udk cif;NyD; "r®moeyv†ifrsm;udk csvsuf &[ef;
awmfrsm;ESihf t&yfav;rsufESmrS vltrsm;"r®udk em,l&ef pka0;
1
a&muf&SdvmMu\} [k qdkonf/ "r®udk em,l&ef a&mufMuolrsm;
wGif vltrsm;pkrSm &Spfyg;oDvudk aqmufwnfxm;MuonfrSm t
awmf jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/
bmomw&m;vdkufpm;onhf EdkifiHtjzpf oD[kdVf\ ausmfMum;
rIonf uRef;\urf;ajcrS tjyifzufodkYwkdif ysHUESHYoGm;NyD; ,if;o
wif;udk Mum;odcJhol [l,ifqefu ]oD[kdVfvlrsKd;rsm;onf ynm
oifMum;rIudk cspfjrwfEkd;NyD; udk,fusifhw&m;udk tav;*½kjyKMu\/
bmomw&m;qdkif&m xl;cRefrIudk tvGef av;pm;MuNyD; bmom
2
w&m;ESihfqdkifonhf ukodkvf&&Sda&;twGuf tvkyfvkyfMu\} [k
rSwfwrf;a&;cJhonf/
1 rsm;&SdMuonf / tcsKdUewfrsm;rSm jAm[®Pwdóolykefab;twGif;
Fa Hien, p. 104.
2
Hiuen 'Tsiang : Bk. XI, p. 235.
00000000
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 2 bomoma&; 457
Xmewpfck zGihfvSpfjcif;rSm ykHrSef r[kwfacs/ ,if;Z&yfudk jrihfjrwf
onhf NrdKUawmfodkY vnfywfvmMuonhf qif;&Jom; bk&m;zll;rsm;
tm; jyKpkapmuf&ef wnfaqmufcJhonfrSm tvGef jzpfEdkifonf/
Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD oD[kdVfü ewfa'0gwdkYtm; ylaZmfrIrSm xif&Sm;
onhf t,lonf;rIrsm;teuf wpfckjzpfaMumif;udk a&SUtcef;
(þusrf;? pm 34 udk ½Iyg)wGif odcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'a&muf&Sd
vmjcif;u ,if;,kHMunfcsuftay: tvGefYtvGef 0ifa&mufpGuf
zufjcif; rjyKcJhacs/ trSefpifppf a&S;OD; Ak'¨0g' usrf;pmrsm;ü yef;
NcH O,smOfrsm;? opfawmrsm;ESihf opfyiftrsKd;rsKd;ü aexdkifMuonhf
1
ewfa'0gwdkYtm; &nfñTef;csuf rsm;pGm &SdMuonf / odkYjzpfí Ak'¨
0g'ESihf Ak'¨0g'rwdkifrD tMum; ewfa'0gylaZmfrIudk taMumif;jyKí
y#d yu© &ifqdkifawGUrIrsm; r&SdcJhacs/ Ak'¨0g'jyefYyGm;NyD;aemuf oD
[dkVfwGif ,if;ewfrsm;tm;vkH;udk Ak'¨0g'Drsm;tjzpfodkY oGwfoGif;
ay;vdkufjcif;omvQif jcm;em;onf/ ,if;ewfa'0grsm;rSm vlxk
tMum; tvGef xif&Sm;NyD; Ak'¨0g'Drsm;onf ,if;ewfa'0gwdkYudk
ae&mwdkif;eD;yg;wGif xm;Muonf/
ewfa'0grsm;wGif vlrsm;rSmuJhodkYyif csrf;omolESihf qif;&Jol
2
ewfwpfa,mufonf rax&fwpfyg;xHrS tpm;tpmudk vufcH &
3
,l&onftxdyif qif;&Jonf /
Ak'¨0g'Drsm;onf oem;MuifemwwfNyD; bmomw&m;udkif;½dIif;
olrsm;tm; tvGefulnDapmifronhf ewfa'0gwdkY &SdaMumif; ,kH
4
MunfMuonf / xdkYtwlyif ¤if;wdkYonf ,kwfrmonfh ewfrsm;udk
1
r 1? 375/ tm&mra'0wm 0ea'0wm ½ku©a'0wm Moo"dwdP
0eyÜwDok t"d0w¬m a'0wm/
2
&o0g[deD 2? 11/
3
,if; 2? 151/
4
xif&Sm;onhf ewfa'0g ,kHMunfrIrsm;taMumif;udk &o0g[deD 2? pm 11?
14? 24? 51? 151ESihf 185 wdkYwGif ½Iyg/
458 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
vnf; ,kHMunfMuNyD; rEÅ&m;rsm;\ pGrf;tm;jzihf ewfa'0gwdkYukd
1
xdef;csKyftokH;csolrsm;taMumif;udk azmfjycsufawGU&onf /
Ak'¨bmomEdkifiHwpfckonf Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m trnfemrsm;udk
rdrdwdkY\ trnfemrrsm;tjzpf arG;pm;jcif;rSm obm0omvQifjzpf
2
onf/ odkYjzpfí Ak'¨'go? oHCwdó? oHC'wå ? arm*¾vm’ e?
uóyESihf r[dE´uJhodkYaom trnfemrrsm;udk awGU&onf/ Ak'¨'g
orif;onf rdrd\om;awmfrsm;tm; Ak'¨\ r[mom0ursm;\ t
rnfudk ay;cJhonf[k qdkonf/ Ak'¨0g'emrnfrsm;udk arG;pm; rSnhf
ac:jcif;rSm aemiftcgwGif wpfpkHwpfckaomtaMumif;aMumihf a&
yef;pm;vmcJhykH&onf/ taMumif;rl a&S;OD;Ak'¨bmom bk&ifrsm;
wGif Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m trnfemrrsm; r&SdaomaMumihf jzpfonf/
þ udpöESihf ywfoufí yk*¾Kdvfa&; trnfemrrsm;&SdMuonhf Ak'¨
"mwfawmf trsKd;rsKd;jzihf tokH;jyKcH&onhf MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIudk avh
vmMunhfygu pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfonf/ ESpfckvkH; tdE´d,rS yifh
aqmifvmcJhonhf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[maAm"dyif\ yifyGm;ESihf Ak'¨
\ pG,fawmf"mwfwdkYrSm Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ ta&;tygqkH; "mwf
awmf ESpfqljzpfonf/ pG,fawmf"mwfrSm ydkíta&;ygNyD; tNrJwrf;
bk&ifrif;wdkYom ydkifqdkifcJhonf/ bk&ifrif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\
trnfa&SUwGif 'gXm (pG,fawmf"mwf)[laom pum;vkH;udk aygif;
xnhfí trnfay;cJhMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf 'gXmybkwd? 'gaXmy
wdóESihf [|'gXwdkYjzpfonf/ yxrt*¾aAm"drif;\ orD;awmf\
3
trnfrSm 'gXm[laom pum;vkH;rQom jzpfonf /
1
&o0g[deD 2? 142/
2
&o0g[deD 2? 181/
3
r[m0Ho 42? 10/ þae&mwGif tdE´d,wGif Ak'¨\ "mwfawmfudk 'EÅ[k
ac:qdkaMumif; rSwfom;&onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf/ Oyrm 'EÅ
yk& (pG,fawmf"mwfudk xdef;odrf;xm;onhNf rdKU) ESihf 'EÅukrm& (pG,fawmf
"mwfudk oD[dkVfodkY o,f,lvmonhf rif;om;)wdkY jzpfonf/ odkYwap
oD[dkVfwGif ,if;udk 'gXm (oD[dkVfbmom 'V)[k ac:onf/
vl0wfaMumifrsm;\b0 2 bomoma&; 459
xdkenf;wlpGmyif aAm"d[laom yk'fudkvnf; yk*¾Kdvfa&; t
rnfemrrsm;wGif xnfhoGif; okH;EIef;cJhonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf oHC
aAm"dESihf t*¾aAm"dwdkYjzpfonf/ aAm"drmwk r[mwdó[laom
1
rax&fwpfyg;&SdcJhonf / rax&f\ rdcifemrnfudk aAm"drmwm
(aAm"d\ r,fawmf)[k rSnfhac:cJhzG,f&Sdonf/ yxruóyrif;\
orD;awmfESpfyg;teuf wpfyg;udk aAm"d[líom rSnhfac:cJh
2
onf / at'D 11 &mpkwGif auo"mwkuóy (qHawmf"mwf
3
uóy) trnf&onhf ppfolBuD;wpfa,muf &SdcJhonf / "mwk
aoeuJhodkYaom tcsKdUrSm wpfpkHwpf&m txl;jyKjcif;r&SdbJ "mwk
[laom pum;vkH;udk xnhfMuonf/ yk*¾Kdvfa&; trnfemrwpfck
wGif xnfhoGif;xm;onhf "mwfawmfwpfql\ emrnfonf ,if;
emrnf&&Sdoltm; aumif;csD;r*FvmESihf aysmf½TifrIrsm;udk aqmif,l
vmonf[laom ,kHMunfcsufrsKd; &SdcJhykH&onf/
a&S;acwf Ak'¨bmom oD[dkVfEdkifiHwGif OykofaeYonf jynhfolY
tm;vyf&ufjzpfonf/ A'kv†ausmufpmwGif OykofaeYrsm;ü pD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm;vkH; &yfpJ (tem;,l)MuaMumif; a&SUtcef;rsm;
ü odcJhMu&NyD;jzpfonf/ t|r t*¾aAm"drif; (at'D 801-812)
onf OykofaeYrsm;ü NrdKUawmftwGif;odkY ig;? tom;ESihf t&ufudk
4
,laqmifvmrIudk wm;jrpfcJhonf / OykofaeY[lonf &Spfyg;oDv
ESihf bmoma&; vkyfief;rsm;aqmif½GufrItwGuf &nf½G,faom
aeYjzpfonf/ ,if;odkYaom Oykoaf eY wpfvwGif av;&uf&Sdonf/
,if;wdkYrSm vjynhfaeY? vqef;wpf&ufaeYESihf vv,fESpf&ufwdkYjzpf
onf/ ,if;av;&ufvkH; jynfolY tm;vyf&ufjzpfonf/
zm[D,efrSwfwrf;t&vnf; at'D 5 &mpkwGif &Spf&uf
ajrmufaeY? q,fhav;&ufajrmufaeYESihf q,fhig;&ufaeYrsm;udk &uf
1
tH-| 2? 107/
2
r[m0Ho 39? 11/
3
,if; 52? 65? 67? 69? 74? 75/
4
r[m0Ho 49? 48/
464 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
,if;yGJawmfrsm;rSm bmomw&m;ESihf qdkifaomfvnf; qdk;½Gm;
rIefrdIif;aom t&mr[kwfacs/ yGJawmfrsm;ü touf0ifrI? ta&mif
tqif;ESihf rsKd;pkHrIrsm; &SdMuonf/ bmoma&;ESihfqdkifaom tcrf;
tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm;tm;vkH;rSm *DwESihf tqdktursm; yg0if
Muonf/ bk&ifrif;rsm;onf bmoma&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf
uacsonfrsm;ESihf *Dwynm&Sifrsm;udk axmufyHhay;aMumif; od&
1
onf / tvGefa0;uGmonhf t&yfrS vltrsm;onf ,if;yGJawmf
rsm;udk Munhf½I&ef pk½kH;a&mufvmMuonftxd ,if;yGJawmfrsm;rSm
qGJaqmifEkdifonf/
jynfolYvIyf&Sm;rI tm;vkH;eD;yg;rSm bmomw&m;ESihf ywfouf
onf/ avmuDa&;&m aqmif½GufrIrsm;onfyif bmoma&;qdkif&m
3
tpDt&ifwpfrsKd;yg&Sdonf /
,aeYacwfESihf rwlonfrmS a&S;acwfwGif jynfolY azsmfajz
a&; tcGifhtvrf; enf;yg;jcif;jzpfonf/ bmoma&;yGJawmfrsm;
onf azsmfajza&;udka&m bmoma&;pdwftm½kH jyif;jyrItwGuf
ESpfrIudkygay;onf/ odkYjzpfí ,if;odkYaom yGJawmfrsm; ta&t
wGuf rsm;jym;vmjcif;ESihf ESpu f mvrsm; Mumanmif;onhfwdkif jyefY
yGm;vmcJhjcif;twGuf tHhMozG,frvdkacs/ vmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;
wGif ta&;ygonfh bmoma&;tpDtrHrsm;? tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf
yGJawmfrsm;taMumif;udk tusOf;rQ aqG;aEG;rnfjzpfonf/
w&m;yGJ
w&m;a[mjcif;rSm tajccHtm;jzihf em,lolrsm; em;vnfatmif
"r®udk &Sif;jyjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif ,if;ukd
yGJvrf;obifykHpHjzihf ,lqcJhonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif vltrsm;onf
1
Oyrm yxr bmwd,rif; (at'D 38-66)/ 'Dy0Ho 21? 26? 27/
2
'D-| 1? 166/ r-| 1? 279/ tbd-| 2? 333/ 0d-| 1? 166/
3
odkYjzpfí [l,ifqefu bk&ifrif;w&m;udk,fwkdif wpfaeYwGif ykvJikyf
tcrf;tem;ü bmoma&; tpDtrHrsm;udk aqmif½Guf&ef oGm;aMumif;
qdkonf (Hiuen 'Tsiang, Bk. XI, p. 251.)
 tcef; 16
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm;
vl0wfaMumif trsm;pkonf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ ta&;ygonhf w
&m;"r®udk em;vnf&ef odkYr[kwf avhusihftm;xkwf&ef tcGifht
vrf;r&SdcJhaMumif; a&S;tcef;wGif odcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;
wdkYonf ¤if;wdkY\ bmomw&m;udkrl tjrihfjrwfqkH;tjzpf ,lqNyD;
teuf½Idif;qkH; MunfndKMuvsuf ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ bmoma&;
ESihf qdkifonhf pdwftm½kHjyif;jyrIudk xkwfazmfjyornfh enf;vrf;udk
vnf; vdktyfcJhonf/ pdwfydkif;b0a&;&m udk,fusihfw&m; wdk;
wufrIrSm ¤if;wdkYtzdkY tvGefYtvGef odrfarGUNyD; &&Sda&;twGuf
uGmvSrf; vSonf/ ¤if;wdkYtzdkY ydkrdk xdawGUEdkif jrifpGrf;Edkifaom od
jrif em;vnfEdkifonhft&mwpfck vdktyfcJhNyD; ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,f
jcif;? tcrf;tem;ESihf yGJvrf;obifrsm;rSm ,if;pdwftm½kH cHpm;rI
vdktyfcsufudk a&SUtcef;wGif aqG;aEG;cJhonfh usihfBuHrIrsm;ESihf
twl aqmvsifpGm jznfhqnf;ay;onf/ vlwpfa,muftzdYk
bmom w&m;[lonf tjcm;wpfa,muftzdkY apmfum;rIwpf&yf
jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;onf yk*¾Kdvw f pfOD;wpfa,mufpD\ pdwfydkif;
b0ESihf todynmqdkif&m tqifhtwef; ajymif;vJrItay:wGif
wnfrSDonf/ bmoma&;tpDt&if? tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJvrf;
obifrsm;rSm Ak'¨0g'tESpfom&ESihf nDñGwfrIr&Sdaomfvnf; Ak'¨
0g'onf xif&Sm;onhf EdkifiHawmfbmomw&m; jzpfvmaomtcg
,if;wdkYrSm jzpfay:vm&ef OD;oGm;onhf xkH;pHESihf a&SmifvTJr&
Edkifonhf wdk;wufrIrsm; jzpfMuonf/
468 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
onhf t&d,0Hookwf w&m;udk em,l&ef om;i,fudk EdkYwkdufvsuf
ig;,lZemc&D;rS vmcJhonhf trsKd;orD;wpfa,muftm; erlemay;
1
xm;onf/ xdkt|uxm rSmyif *0&0gvt*FPt&yfwGif 0gqdk0g
uyfawmfrlMuaom &[ef;awmfokH;usdyfonf q,fav;&uf Oykof
aeYrsm;ü r[mt&d,0Houdk a[mMum;MuaMumif; zwf&onf/
2
&o0g[deDusrf; ü t&d,0Hookwfudk &nfñTef;onhf jzpf&yf
okH;ckudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ yxrjzpf&yfrSm xdktcsdefu xdk
t&yfü ESpfywfvnfusif;yNrJjzpfonfh t&d,0Hookwf a[mMum;
3 2
rIudk emMum;&ef uk@&ZÆt&yfrS r[m*gr t&yf&Sd r[m0gyd
0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkY <ua&mufaom rax&fwpfyg; jzpfonf/
xdkYjyif ,if;0w¬Kü vltrsm;onf ,if;w&m;udk em,l&ef tvGef
a0;onhft&yfrS vma&muf pka0;MuaMumif;vnf; qdkonf/ 'kwd
1 wGif oD;jcm;pifjrihfrsm;ü "r®uxduyk*¾Kdvf okH;yg;yg0ifonf /
,if; 2? 105//
2
&o0g[deD 2? 4? 183? 190/
3
tqdkyg em*r[m0d[m&onf wdór[m&mr ud&dE´vrf;ay:rS a,m'
0g0 (Gaint's Tank) a&uefabmifwGif wnf&Sdonf/ ,aeYacwf wdó
r[m&mrausmif;wdkuf\ ausmif;xdkifq&mawmf *aP*r £E´om&
rax&fu ,aeYacwf em*r[m0d[m&onf rSm;,Gif;aom trnfjzpf
aMumif;ESihf ,if;onf &o0g[deDusrf;üvmonhf r[m0gyd0d[m&ausmif;
wdkuf ae&ma[mif;jzpfaMumif; uREkfyf (&m[kvm) tm; ajymjyonf/ uG,f
vGefol rm*rf ywåK trsKd;om;tzGJU t&m&Sd (Mudaliyar of the Māgam
Pattu)tdyfcsf tD; tr&aqu&yk*¾Kv d fu em*r[m0d[m&ausmif;a[mif;\
ae&mjzpfaMumif; rSm;,Gif;onhf azmfjycsufjzihf ,if;ausmif;wdkuftm;
,ckac:aeonhf trnfudk ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ,dk" (ygVd a,m") [laom
a0g[m&udk oD[dkVfbmomjzihf (1) ppfolBuD; (2) BuD;aom [lí
t"dyÜm,f ESpfrsKd;jzihf tokH;jyKonf/ BuD;aom t"dyÜm,fjzihf tokH;&mwGif
,if; ,dk" [laom pum;vkH;rSm ygVda0g[m& r[mESihf t"dyÜm,fwlonf/
odkYjzpfí ,ckazmfjyonhf ,dk"0g0onf a&S;acwf r[m0gyd odkYr[kwf r[m
0g0 jzpfEdkifNyD; ,if;udk tpGJjyKí xdkausmif;wdkufudk trnfay;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 465
aus;½Gmwpfckü BuD;rm;onhf r@yfodkYr[kwf cef;rwpfck aqmuf
vkyfNyD; nvkH;ayguf w&m;em,lyGJ (oAÁ&wåð "r®ó0eH)udk aqmf
MoMuonf/ ,if;odkYaom tcgrsm;wGif trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm;
ESihf uav;rsm;onf &yfa0;rS vma&mufíyif vlrsm;pGm pk½kH;Mu
NyD; ntcsdefwGif a0;uGmonhf awmpGefe,fzsm;&Sd tdrfrsm;odkY jyef
oGm;&ef cufcJaomaMumihf xdknudk w&m;a[m r@yfrSmyif ukef
1
vGefMu&vsuf w&m;yGJrSmvnf; wpfnvkH; Mumjrihf&onf / "r®m
oeyv†ifudk a½Tyef;ukH;uJhodkYaom tqifwefqmrsm;jzihf vSypGm
jyifqifxm;onf /
a,bk,stm;jzihf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü ae0ifNyD;rS w&m;
3
yGJudk pwifvsuf armif;xkNyD; aMunmonf / "r®uxduyk*¾KdvfrSm
4
,aeYacwfrSmuJhodkYyif ,yfawmif (ADZeD)udk tokH;jyKonf /
aeYa&mnyg a[mMum;ykH&onhf jynhfpkHonhf w&m;yGJBuD;wpfck
5
yxr 'd0guxdu ]aeYa[myk*¾Kdvf} jzpfonf/ trnfuazmfjyonhf
twdkif; xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf rdrd\ wm0efudk aeYtcsdeftwGif; aqmif
½Gufonf/ þt&Sif\ tpdwftydkif;rSm ygVdawmfudk ½Gwfzwfo
&ZÑm,fjcif;om trsm;qkH;jzpfEdkifonf/ taMumif;rl ,if;aemuf
y'bmPu ]pum;vkH;udk ½Gwfzwfol} vmaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
þt&Sif\ tydkif;onf tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;csufrsm; rvkyfbJ
okwåefudk pum;vkH;wpfvkH;pD oD[dkVfbmomjzihf teufedó,
jyefqdkjcif;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;onf/ yxryk*¾KdvfrmS rsm;pGm oif
,l&ef rvdkaomfvnf; 'kwd,yk*¾KdvfrSm tawmftoihf ynmwwf
&rnfjzpfonf/ aemufqkH;rS vmonhf wwd, yk*¾KdvfrSm okH;yg;t
1
'D-| 1? 166/ tbd-| 2? 333/ r-| 1? 269/
2
0d-| 2? 130/
3
r-| 4? 246/ &o0g[deD 2? 1/
4
'D-| 2? 337/ r-| 1? 236/
5
tH-| 1? 30/ tH 2? 105/
466 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
euf ynmtwwfqkH;ESihf ta&;tygqkH; yk*¾Kdvfjzpfonf/ trSefpif
ppf nOfh\ tydkif;BuD;wpfckvkH;twGif; tao;pdwfrsm; &Sif;vif;
csufrsm;ESihf w&m;udk a[mMum;oljzpfonf/ þtpDtpOfonf
ysif;&dNiD;aiGUzG,fr[kwfbJ vltrsm;tm; aeYa&mnyg ukefvGef
1
apEdkifvsuf tusKd;&SdcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf /
NyD;cJhonhf tcef;wGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKUawmfü t"duvrf;rBuD;
av;ckxdyfrsm;wGif w&m;a[m cef;rrsm;aqmufvkyfxm;aMumif;
ESihf wpfvvQif av;Budrf ,if;cef;rrsm;ü w&m;a[maMumif;
awGUcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/
t&d,0HoyGJawmf
t|uxmusrf;rsm;ESihf ausmufpmrsm;pGmwdkYü a&S;acwfoD[dkVfwGif
tvGefxif&Sm;NyD; BuD;us,fcrf;em;onhf yGJawmfwpf&yfudk t&d,
2
0Ho okwfa[mMum;&ef usif;ycJhaMumif; azmfjyonf / at'D
ig;&mpk rwdkifrDESihf ig;&mpkNyD;aemuf &mpkESpfaygif; rsm;pGmtwGif;
t&d,0Hookwfonf xif&Sm;onhf okwåefwpfckjzpfcJh½kHru xkd
tcsdefu bk&ifrsm;? rª;rwfrsm;ESihf csrf;om<u,f0olrsm; vª'gef;
onhf axmufyHhaiGrsm; wnfNrJa&;twGuf rsm;pGm tav;*½kjyK
usif;ycJhonhf ta&;ygaom taqmufttkHwpfckvnf;jzpfonf/
r[m0Hoü 0obwdórif; (at'D 269-291)onf wpf
uRef;vkH;wGif t&d,0Hookwfudk a[mMum;onhf ae&mwdkif;wGif ykH
3
rSef qGrf;vª'gef;rI wpf&yfudk wnfaxmifcJhaMumif; azmfjyonf /
1
aeY&uftwefMum aeYa&mnyg w&m;a[mjcif;tpOftvmrSm rMumrD
tcsdefuxd oD[dkVfEdkifiH tcsKdUa'orsm;ü awGU&onf/ ,if;odkYaom w&m;
yGJykHpHrSm ]o*Ðwd odkYr[kwf edum,w&m;yGJ}[k xif&Sm;onf/
2 4
t&d,0HoyGJawmfESifh ywfoufonhf em;vnfvG,fonhf aqG;aEG;csufudk
uREkfyf (0gvfydkvm &m[k[m) the UCR. Vol. I, No. I, p. 59 wGif a&;onfh
The Significance of Ariyavamsa aqmif;yg;udk zwf½Iyg/
3
r[m0Ho 36? 38/ ,if;*gxmudk bmomjyef&mü *dkif*gonf t&d,0Ho
[laom pum;vkH;u rnfodkYqdkonf[laomtcsufudk aocsma&&mrI r&SdcJh
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 467
at'D 4 &mpkwGif a&;xdk;onhf awmPd*vausmufpmt&
0efBuD;rsm;tzGJU0if od0trnf&Sdol\om; a'0ac:aomyk*¾Kdvfu
pyg;? OE´KESihf yJwdkYudk &ufa&mpGm axmufyHhrIwpf&yf jyKvkyfcJh
aMumif; od&onf/ t&if;udk rokH;&bJ twdk;aiGudkom t&d,
0Hookwfudk ½Gwfzwf&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzihf ,[doy0wausmif;
wdkuf (00ked, t&yfteD;&Sd ,aeYacwf awmPd*vae&ma[mif;
wGif trsm;qkH; wnf&SdEdkifzG,f&Sdonf) ae &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;
qGrf;uGrf;twGuf okH;pGJ&rnf[laom oabmwlnDcsufjzihf (,if;
1
axmufyhHaiGudk vª'gef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf) /
ajrmufzuf tv,fydkif;a'orS vAktm#Amn'd*v (Labuä-
2
ìabäňdigala) ausmufpm (at'D 5 &mpk) ESpfckwGif t&d,0HoyGJ
awmfudk aqmif½Guf&ef a'0d*d&d[k xif&Sm;aom ausmif;wkdufBuD;
wpfckodkY od&deu [kac:wGifonhf trsKd;om;wpfOD;onf u[m
yP 100 ESihf e#v0d#d,od0[kac:onhf aemufwpfOD;rSm
u[myP 20 udk tyfESHaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf /
3
þyGJawmf\ ausmfMum;xif&Sm;rIudk pmaywGif ,if;yGJawmf
tm; rsm;pGm &nfñTef;xm;csuft& em;vnfEdkifonf/ t*Fkwå&ed
4
um,ft|uxmü 'DCbmPu r[mtb,rax&f a[mMum;
bJ wdkufqdkifrIwpf&yf ay;xm;onf ]pmayenf;t& jrihfjrwfolwdkY\ usrf;
pm [kqdkvdk\/ Ak'¨omoemwGif xif&mS ;cJhMuonhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ taMumif;
t&mrsm; jzpfzG,f&Sd\/ xdkyk*¾Kdvfrsm;taMumif; odatmif xkwfazmf
zwfMum;jcif; jzpfzG,f&Sd\} (r[m0Ho? t*Fvdyfjyef? pm? 268)/ odkYwap
,cktcgü ,if;rSm t&d,0HookwfjzpfaMumif; oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/
1
E.Z. III, p, 177.
2
,if; III, p. 250.
,if;ausmufpm tm;vkH;ü okH;EIef;cJhonhf a0g[m&rSm t&d,0Hojzpfonf/
y&e0dweyk*¾Kdvfu ,if;a0g[m&udk ]jrifhjrwfaom 0g}[k bmomjyefonf/
,if;rSm rSm;,Gif;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/ uREfkyf\ txufwGif ñTef;cJonhf .
The Significance of Ariyavamsa aqmif;yg;udk zwf½Iyg/
1
tH-| 2? 105/
472 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1 1
Budrf t&d,0Hookwfudk a[mMum;avh&SdMuonf /
,aeYwdkifatmifyif 0gwGif;umvü xkH;wrf;pOfvmt&
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf ydkrdkbmomw&m; vdkufpm;Mu? ykHrSef Oykof
tcrf;tem; aqmif½GufMu? rMumcP Oygoumrsm;tm; w&m;
a[mMum;Muonfudk pOf;pm;Munhfygu t&d,0HoyGJawmfudk
0gwGif;umvü ykHrSefusif;yMuonf[k aumufcsufcsygu rSm;Edkif
rnfr[kwfacs/ ,if;yJGawmfudk aqmif½Gufvdkonhf yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\
qE´ESihftnD ESpfwpfESpf\ tjcm;&moDumrsm;üvnf; usif;yEdkif
onf[kqdkygu rjiif;omacs/
bk&ifrif;rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;ESihf tjcm;aumif;usKd;vdkvm;olrsm;
onf t&d,0HoyGJawmf usif;ya&;twGuf &ufa&mpGm vª'gef;Mu
onfh tcsufu ,if;onf tawmftwef aiGukefaMu;usrsm;
onhf yGJwpfckaMumif; qdkEkdifonf/ a0;uGmonhf t&yfa'orS
vmMuNyD; w&m;yGJae&mwGif &uftwefMum oDwif;okH;aexdkifMu
onhf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; qGrf;uGrf;ESihf ae&mxkdifcif;rsm; ay;&ef
ESihf w&m;em,l&ef vmMuolrsm;twGuf ,m,Daexdkifp&mrsm;
aqmufvkyfay;&efwdkYtwGuf jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdonf/
oD[dkVftpOftvmonf taomuacwftwGif; xif&Sm;cJh
onhf tdE´d,tpOftvm tqufjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk
axmufcH&ef taMumif;tcsuftcsKdU &Sdonf/ þpum;&yfESihf ywf
oufí taomurif; a&;xdk;cJhonhf bMbK (Babru) ausmufpm
wGif tvd,0Homed [kazmfjyxm;jcif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpf
onf/ oHCmawmfrsm;tm; &nfñTef;xm;onfh ,if;ausmufpmü
taomurif;w&m;u bdu©K bdu©KeD a,musfm; rdef;rwdkYtm; a½G;
cs,fxm;onhf okwåef ckepfckudk rMumcP em,l qifjcif&ef
wdkufwGef;xm;&mü tvd,0Hookwf yg0ifonf/ rnfonfrSm
1
tH-| 2? 105/ omuD0ifrif;om; emrnfBuD; ta,mifaqmifwwfol
omuD0ifrif;om; OyeE´ &[ef;awmfonfyif 0gwGif;umvü t&d,0Ho
okwfudk a[mMum;vsuf oGm;vmonfrSm xif&Sm;onf (Zm-| 2? 370)/
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 469
,rSm 'kAÁd|dr[m&mZrif; vufxufü t&d,0Hookwfudk O'krÁ&
2
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf ('drÁKvm*v)ü ajcmufvwpfBudrf ½Gwf
zwfNyD; av;,lZemta0;rS vltrsm;onf vma&mufpk½kH;Mu
vsuf yGJawmftwGuf tao;pdwf jyifqifrIrsm; (r[EÅH ylZm
0d"meH) jyKMuonf/ wwd, om"urSm ukrÁvwdóyAÁwt&yf&Sd
t&d,mu&0d[m&[kac:onhf ausmif;wdkufü t&d,0Hookwfudk
yGJawmfusif;yí ½Gwfzwfjcif;jzpfonf/
t&d,0Ho[lonf ½Gwfzwf&ef okwfawmfwpfck jzpfaomf
vnf; t|uxmq&mBuD; t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo t&Sifjrwfu
0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü pmzwfoltaejzihf ,if;rSm okwfawmfwpfckudk
qdkvdkonf[k tawmftwef &Si;f vif;pGm ,kHMunfvsuf t&d,
0Ho[k yk*¾vemrfpm;rQokH;í ac:a0:cJh&onftxdyif ausmfMum;
onf/ ,if;udk azmfjyonhf pum;pyfonf okwåefwpfck\ erl
emudk tvdk&Sdaomtcg t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ pdwfxJü tqif
oihftjzpfqkH; ay:vmonfrSm t&d,0HookwfjzpfaMumif; vnf;
3
ñTefjyykH&onf / xdkYjyif t&d,0Hookwfukd a[mMum;&mü xif&Sm;
onhf t&d,0HobmPu[k xif&Sm;aom rax&ftcsKdU &Sdonf
[laomtcsufESihf ,if;rax&frsm;tm; wpfcgwpf&Hü "r®a&;&m
wGif t&Sdeft0g &Sdolrsm;tjzpf azmfjycH&onf [laom tcsufrsm;
4
aMumifh ,if;,lqcsufudk xkwfazmfjcif; jzpfonf /
a&S;acwf oD[dkVfwGif ,if;odkY ta&;yg xif&Sm;cJhonhf t&d
,0Hookwf[lonf tb,fenf;/
1
r[m'gXdu r[m&mZrif; (at'D 67-79)udk qdkvdkonf/ ,if;odkY xyfwl
jyKjcif;ESifh ywfoufí uREfkyf (&m[kvm)\ Dubbiììhi Mahārāja (UCR.
Vo.. I, No. 2. p. 82)aqmif;yg; rSwfcsufudk Munhfyg/
2
,aeYwdkifatmifyif 'drÁKvm*vt&yfü 0gwGif;umvwGif a&S;tpOftvm
a[mif; wnf&SdrItwGuf ta&;ygonhf t&d,0Hookwfudk ½Gwfzwfonf/
3
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 64/
4
oH-| 3? 167/
470 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
t&d,0Hookwfyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk zGifhqdk &Sif;jyonhf
t|uxm &nfñTef;csuf rsm;pGmwdkYt& t*Fkwåedum,f? pwkuúed
1
ygwf? O½ka0v0*fwGif awGU&onhf xif&Sm;onfh okwåefwpfck t
jzpf qufpyf,l&ef OD;wnfaponf/ ,if;onf t&d,0How&m;
av;yg;ESihf ywfoufNyD; t&d,0Ho? r[mt&d,0Ho? 0Hookwf
[laom trnfrsm;jzihf xif&Sm;ykH&onf/
,if;okwfyg w&m;av;rsKd;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf –
1/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf &&orQaom ouFef;y&du©&mjzihf auseyf
ESpfouf\? &&SdorQaom ouFef;y&du©&mjzihf auseyfrI\ wef
zdk;udk csD;rGrf;pum;qdk\? ouFef;y&du©&mtm; odkrDS;odrf;qnf;
&ef rnfonhf rpifMu,frIudkrQ rusL;vGef? rdrdrSm a&mifh&J ESpf
oufrI pGrf;&nf&SdrIESihf ywfoufí rdrdudk,fudk rcsD;rGrf; odkY
r[kwf olwpfyg;udkvnf; txiftjrifao;rI rjyK? &[ef;onf
xdkYtwlyif
2/ &&orQaom tpm;tpmESihf
2
3/ &&orQaom aexdkifp&m wdkYü txufygtwdkif; jyKrl\ /
4/ &[ef;onf ur®|mef;pD;jzef;rIwGif ESpfoufaysmfarGU\? odkYwap
rdrd\ &SdNyD;t&nftcsif;ESihf ywfoufírl udk,fhudk,fudk csD;rGrf;p
um;rqdk? tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm;vnf; txiftjrifao;jcif;r&Sd/
txufyg tcsufrsm;onf t&d,0Hookwf\ t"dyÜm,f t
>rufjzpfNyD; Ak'¨omoemawmf wnfwHhjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;\ b0tESpfom&rsm; yg0ifonf/ odkYjzpfojzihf
t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü ta&;wBuD;zGifhjyrIESihf oHCmawmfrsm;a&m
vlOygoumrsm;yg tvGefav;pm;onfrSm qdkzG,f&mr&Sdawmhacs/
t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo\ ,if;okwftzGifh t|uxmwGif
yxr t&d,0How&m; okH;yg;jzihf 0de,yd#u wpfckvkH;udk azmfjy
1
tH 1? 204/
2
t|uxmtvdkt& *dvmeypö, (aq;0g;vdktyfcsuf)udk yd@ygwrSmyif
xnfhoGif;&rnf (tH-| 2? 284)/
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 471
NyD; av;ckajrmuf t&d,0How&m;jzihf usefyd#uwfESpfckudk azmfjy
aMumif; qdkonf/ odkYjzpfí þt&d,0Hookwfawmfudk a[mMum;
ol "r®uxduonf rdrdw&m;ü yd#uwfokH;ykHvkH;udk arTaESmufí
a[mMum;Edkifonf/ t|uxmwGif qufvufí aemufqkH;ESihf t
a&;tBuD;qkH;jzpfonhf bm0em&mr t&d,0How&m;udk rnfodkY
tao;pdwf a[mMum;&rnf qdkonfESihfywfoufí "r®uxdu
yk*¾Kdvftm; ñTefMum;csufrsm; ay;xm;onf/ t|uxmq&mu
],if;okwåefudk y#dorÇd'gr*¾ygVdawmfvm aeu©r®ygVd? 'DCedum,f
vm 'okwåokwf? rZÑdredum,fvm owdy|meokwf? tbd"r®
1
yd#um eda'´orsm;ESihftnD a[majym&rnf[k ñTefMum;onf /
"r®uxdu yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; ,if;tao;pdwf ñTefMum;csufrsm;rSm
,if;okwåef xif&Sm;rIESihf ta&;ygrIESihf ywfoufNyD; aemufxyf
azmfjycsufwpf&yf jzpfonf/
txufwGif azmfjyNyD;onftwdkif; ,if;okwåeftm; a[m
Mum;csufukd yGJawmfwpfckESihf twl usif;yaomfvnf; ,if;yGJawmf
twGuf wpfESpfwmwGif owfrSwfumv &SdcJhovm;? tu,fí &Sd
cJhvQif ,if;onf rnfonhftcsdefumv jzpfonf[laom tcsuf
ESihf ywfoufírl &Sif;vif;pGm rod&acs/ &o0g[deDusrf;ü
r[m*grt&yf&Sd r[m0gyd0d[m&ausmif;wdkufwGif t&d,0Ho
okwfudk ESpfpOf½GwfqkdNyD; 'drÁKvm*v (ausmif;wdkuf)ürl ajcmufv
2
wpfBudrf usif;yaMumif; jyqdkonf / a'0*d&d0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf
üvnf; rnfonhftcsdef[k rod&aomfvnf; wpfESpf wpfBudrf
usif;yonf/ odkYwap awmPd*v ausmufpmu ]rdk;umvwkdif;
wGif edudedvqef; 12 &uf}ü ,if; (t&d,0HoyGJ)udk jyK&rnf[k
csrSwfxm;onf/ *0&0gv t*FPausmif;ü 0gwGif;okH;v 0guyf
Muaom &[ef;okH;usdyfonf OykofaeYrsm;ü q,hfav;&ufwpf
1
tH-| 2? 284/
2
&o0g[deD 2? 4? 183/
476 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
yGJawmfrsm;ukd usif;ycJhJjcif;jzpfonf/ a0g[m&wdórif; (at'D
1 2
269-291) ? a*gXmb, (at'D 309-322) ? aZ|wdó (at'D
3 4
323-333) ? 'v†arm*v†me (at'D 611-617) ? 'kwd,aoe
5 2
(at'D 851-885) rif;tm;vkH;udk 0dqufyJGawmfBuD;rsm; usif;ycJh
onfh bk&ifrif;rsm;tjzpf azmfjycH&onf/ aemufqkH;rif;rSm qif;
&Jom;rsm;tm; tpm;taomufESihf t0wftpm;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY
tvdk&Sdygu ay;urf;vsuf usif;ycJhaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/
,aeYwdkifatmifyif oD[dkVfü 0dqufyJGawmfudk ESpfpOf yGJawmf
BuD;wpfckjzihf crf;em;pGm usif;yNyD; Ak'¨bmomtzGJUtpnf;rsm; ESihf
yk*¾vdu aqmufvkyfonhftcef;? tyef;ajzcef;rrsm;rSm xdkaeY
wGif jrifhjrwfaom ae&mawmfrsm;odkY vma&mufMuonfh bk&m;zl;
rsm;tm; wpfuRef;vkH;wGif aqmif½Gufay;onf/
*d&db@ylZm
ausmfMum;vSonhf *db@ylZmyJGawmfonf r[m'gXdu r[mem*
rif; (at' 67-79)wGif pwifcJhykH&onf/ r[dEÅavht&yfü cufcJ
onhf vkyfief;BuD;jzpfonfh r[mxlyudk wnfaqmufrIvkyfief;
tvkH;pkHNyD;qkH;NyD;aemuf ordkif;0iftcgor,udk txdrf;trSwfjyK
aysmfyGJ½TifyJGwpfckESifhwlonfh ,if;BuD;us,fonhf yGJawmfudk pwif
usif;ycJhonf/ r[dE¦avht&yfrS wpf,lZem0ef;usiftwGif; ae&m
wpfckvkH;udk crf;em;BuD;us,fpGm wefqmqifxm;onf/ awmifudk
ywfoGm;onhf vrf;wpfvrf;udk azmufvkyfxm;NyD; *dwfayguf
av;ck&Sdonf/ vrf;ab; wpfbufwpfcsufwGif aps;qdkif ukefpkH
qdkifrsm; zGifhvSpfxm;onf/ wpfvrf;vkH;udk tvHrsm;? rkcfrsm;ESihf
1
,if; 36? 40/
2
,if; 36? 109/ 'Dy0Ho 22? 59/
3
r[m0Ho 36? 130/
4
,if; 44? 46/
5
,if; 50? 84/
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 473
tvd,0How&m;rsm; tppftrSefjzpfonf [laomtcsufESihf ywf
1
oufírl t,ltq jcm;em;onf / þusrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvf taejzihf
aumorÁD? vefrefESihf A½l;0g;wdkYESifh oabmwlNyD; ,if;onf t
xufwGif azmfjyonhf t&d,0HookwfESihf twlwljzpfonf / odkY
jzpfí t&d,0Hookwf ½GwfzwfrI tcrf;tem;onf tdE´d,Ekdif
iHrS oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmNyD; ,if;tpOftvmonf &mpkESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm xGef;awmufcJhykH&onf/
rnfonfhtcsdefupNyD; rnfonhftaMumif;aMumihf t&d,0H
oyGJawmfudk vlBuKdufrsm;vmoenf;[lonfudk rod&ao;acs/
udwådod&d&mZoD[rif; (at'D 1747-1780) vufxuf uE´DNrdKU
wGif oDwif;okH;cJhonfh t,dwåmvd,a'´rk[E´d&r a&;om;cJhaom
3
oHC&mZom"k p&d,m0usrf; ü o&PuF& oHC&mZrax&f\
wynhf AmrdPd0awå OEémeao a&;om;onhf t&d,0Hookwf
4
oD[dkVfedó,usrf;wpfapmifudk azmfjyxm;onf /
1
rlum*sD (yk*¾Kdvf)\ taomu (pmtkyf) pm? 118? rSwfcsuf 4/ a&;pf a';
Apfu ,if;onf 'DCedum,f o*Ðwdow k fwGif yg&SdaMumif; ,lqonf/
"r®m eE´aumorÁDESifh vefref (Lanman)wdkYu ,if;udk tH 2? 28 [k
qdkonf/ [wfZwf (Hultzach) u ,if;a0g[m&udk t&d,0Homedudk qdkvdk
aMumif; xkwfazmfonf/ A½l;0g; (Barua)url "r®meE´aumorÁD\ tqdkudk
oabmwlonf (Inscriptions of Asoka II, . 203, n. 6)/
2
pwåma&m t&d,0Hom[k ykv’difjzihfawGU&NrJ jzpfaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&H
pwåm&d t&d,0Homed[k eykv’dif (y#dorÇd'gr*¾? 84) jzifhvnf; awGU&onf/
xdktwl ,if;ausmufpmü tvd,0Homed [k eykv’difjzihf awGU&onf/
3
,if;usrf;? pm -34/
4
1898 ckESpf? udkvHAdkwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonhf oD[dkVfbmom edó,
a[mif;ESihftwl t&d,0HookwfESihf ygVdbmom tzGifhusrf;wpfapmif&Sd
onf/ ,if;onf bmompum;t& qkH;jzwf&rl AmrdPd0awå OEémeao
a&;aom usrf;jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;usrf; ausmzufüygonhf rSwfcsufrSm
]a*gavNrdKU? 0dZ,meE´ y&da0Pausmif;tkyfq&mawmf t&Sifay,m*v
od&dokre wdórax&fonf wynhfrsm;tm; oifMum;NyD; ,if;okwfudk
wynhfrsm;tm; aeYpOf a[mMum;&ef wdkufwGef;onf}[k azmfjyonf/
474 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
,aeYwdkifatmifyif t&d,0HoyGJawmfudk oD[dkVfü vkH;0 arhoGm;
jcif; r&Sdao;acs/ rMumrDu oD[dkVfEdkifiH yqf'kef udk&aV (Pasdun
Kōra¼ē)NrdKU *k½kVAm'´ t&yfteD; &SmazGawGU&Sdcgp *lbk&m;ausmif;
wpfckwGif yGJawmftwGif; t&d,0Hookwfudk aeYaygif;rsm;pGm ½Gwf
zwfcJhonf/ 'drÁKvm*vt&yfwGif 0gwGif;umvü ,if;okwfudk
,aeYwdkif a[mMum;qJjzpfaMumif; tpwGif azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/
a0omcyJGawmf
Ak'¨arG;aeY tcrf;tem;twGuf 0dquf (ar)vwGif usif;yonhf
0dquf (ygVda0omc) yGJawmfonf EdkifiHawmf\ xkH;wrf;pOfvm
1
jzpfonf / 0dqufyGJawmfonf tdE´d,rSmyif acwfOD;ykdif;umv
rsm;ü usif;ycJhonhf a&S;tusqkH; Ak'¨bmomyJGawmfjzpfonf/
zm[D,efu at'D 5 &mpkcefYwGif ]ESpfpOf 'kwd,v\ &Spf&uf
ajrmufaeYwGif vltrsm;onf Ak'¨qif;wkawmf vSnhfvnfyGJudk
usif;yMu\/ bD;av;ckygonfh &xm;udk jyKvkyfNyD; ,if;tay:
wGif 0g;rsm;udk wGJcsnfvsuf ig;xyfyg taqmufttkHwpfck
aqmufvkyf\ ... a½TaiGwdkYjzihf ewf½kyfrsm;vkyfvsuf ...
av;bufwGif uvdkifav;aygufygNyD; taygufwdkif;wGif Ak'¨qif;
wkawmfwpfql oDwif;okH;NyD; aAm"dowåwpfqlrSm rwfwwf&yf
vsuf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;tm; cpm;ae\/ &xm;tpD; ESpfq,f
cefY&SdEdkifNyD; tm;vkH;rSm cefYnm;x,f0gMu\/ odkY&mwGif &xm;wkdif;
2
rSm wpfckESihf wpfck rwlMuacs} /
þae&mü taomu\aumufpmtrSwf 4 wGif rif;BuD;
onf wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; pJGvef;ESpfoufapaom ewf&xm;
wrQ vSyonhf &xm;rsm;wGif a½Tqif;wkrsm;cif;usif; jyojcif;ESihf
pDwef;vSnfhvnfyJGrsm; usif;yaMumif; azmfjyonfudk owd&&efvdk
1
'Dy0Ho 21? 28/ a0omcrmao ykPÖrm,H? orÁKa'¨f OyÜZÆx? £rH rmoH
ylZew¬m,/
2
Fa Hien, p. 79.
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 475
onf/ at'D 5 &mpkü w½kwf&[ef;awmf zm[D,efjrifawGUcJhonf
rSm &mpkESpfaygif; rsm;pGm Mumanmif;NyD;aemuf jyifqifrIESihf wdk;
wufajymif;vJrItcsKdU&Sdonhf ,if;a&S;a[mif;yGJawmfudk qufvuf
usif;yMujcif;jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ t&Sifr[dE´onf rdrd\zcif OD;pD;
usif;yonhf ,if;jyyGJESpf pDwef;vSnfhvnfrIrsm; awGUjrifcJh&vsuf
,if;yJGawmf\ vlxkpdwftay: oufa&mufrIudk oabmaygufcJh
ojzihf oD[dkVfü ,if;yGJawmfusif;yrIudk aqmif½GufcJhjcif;vnf;jzpf
Edkifonf/ ñSdEdkif;csuftcsKdUESihftwl oD[dkVf 0dqufyJGawmfrSm bk&if
taomu\ ]jyyGJESihf pDwef;vSnhfvnfrI} udka&m zm[D,efjrif
awGUcJh&onhf ]qif;wkawmfrsm; pDwef;vSnhfvnfrI}udkyg jyKjyifxm;
onf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ w½kwf&[ef;awmfu tdE´d, vSnfhvnfyl
aZmfrIudk 'kwd,vwGif usif;yaMumif; qdkonf/ ,cktcgwGif
tdE´d,jyu©'deft& ESpfwpfESpf\ 'kwd,v[lonf a0omc
(uqkef) v jzpfojzihf tdE´d,ü zm[D,efjrifcJhonfrSm yGJawmf
trnfudk razmfjyaomfvnf; 0dqufyGJawmf jzpfEdkifonf/
oD[dkVf 0dqufyJGawmftaMumif; r[m0Housrf;ü yxrqkH;
aom ½nfñTef;csufrSm 0dqufyGJawmf ESpfq,fhav;ckudk usif;ycJh
aMumif; jyqdkaom 'k|*grPdrif; (bDpD 101-77) vufxufwGif
1
jzpfonf / odkY&mwGif ,if;yGJawmfonf oD[dkVfwGif ,if;acwf
xuf rsm;pGmapmpD;pGmuyif wnf&SdcJhykH&onf/ 'k|*grPdrif;onf
a&S;acwf Ak'¨bmom oD[dkVfEdkifiH\ ol&Jaumif;jzpfojzihf rif;BuD;
onf yGJawmfukd jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; ,cifuxuf ydkrdkcrf;em;us,f
jyefYpGm yGJawmfudk usif;ycJhykH&onf/ rif;BuD;vGefNyD;aemuf rif;rsm;
pGmwdkYonf ,if; (0dquf)yGJawmfudk ykHrSef usif;ycJhaMumif; od&
onf/ bmwd,rif;(at'D 38-67)onf 0dqufyGJawmf ESpfq,hf
2
&Spfck ? 0obrif;(at'D 127-171)rif;onf 0dqufyJGawmf av;
3
q,fhav;ck usif;ycJhonf/ azmfjyyg bk&ifESpfyg;onf ESpfpOfykHrSef
1
r[m0Ho 32? 35/ 2
r[m0Ho 34? 59/
3
,if; 35? 100/
480 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
ESihf a&m*guyfqdk;BuD; yaysmufoGm;onf/ Oywdórif;onf oD
[dkVfwGif tvm;wl ab;tEÅ&m,fBuKHwdkif; ,if;yGJawmfudk usif;y&
1
rnf[k csrSwfcJhonf /
bk&ifrif;aygif;rnfrQ ,if;csrSwfcsufudk vdkufemcJhaMumif; r
od&acs/ odkYwap 'kwd,aoerif; (at'D 851-885)onf
oD[dkVfü uyfab;BuD;wpfck jzpfyGm;pOf tvm;wl yGJawmfwpfck
usif;ycJhaMumif; od&onf/ Ak'<qif;wkawmfae&mwGif t&Siftm
eE´mqif;wkawmfudk wifvsuf y&dwf½GwfyGm;jcif;ESihf y&dwfa& yuf
zsef;jcif;rsm;jyKvsuf &[ef;awmfrsm;u aemufuvdkufNyD; NrdKUawmf
vrf;rsm;wpfavQmufwGif vSnfhvnfcJhonf/
&weokwfawmfudk ½GwfzwfNyD; Ak'<\ oydwfawmfrS a&udk
yufzsef;vsuf a0omvDNrdKUwGif;ü vSnfhvnfoGm;vmcJhonfrSm
t&SiftmeE´mjzpfaomaMumifh þyGJawmfü t&SiftmeE´mqif;wk
awmftm; tokH;jyKjcif;rSm xl;jcm;rI&Sdonf/ 'kwd,aoerif;onf
Oywdórif;\ yGJudk ydkrdk tao;pdwf twk,lvdkufemcJhykH&onf/
'kwd,aoerif;onf &weokwfawmftm; a½Tayay:wGif a&;xdk;
apcJhaMumif;vnf; od&onf/
yÍöruóyrif; (at'D 913-923)onfvnf; NrdKUawmf
twGif; y&dwfa'oem ½GwfMum;&ef *kdPf;okH;*dkPf;rS &[ef;awmf
rsm;udk yg0ifapjcif;jzihf iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ESihf uyfa&m*gtEÅ
&m,fudk z,f&Sm;EdkifcJhaMumif; qdkonf/ þrif;onf txufwGif
azmfjycJhonhftwdkif; ,cif ½dk;&mtpOftvmyGJawmfrsm;udk vdkuf
emusihfokH;cJhoavm[lonfudkrl rod&acs/ odkY&mwGif þyGJawmfü
1
r[m0Ho 37? 189-198/ tdEd́,wGif ywår[[kac:aom yGJawmfwpfck
vnf; usif;yaMumif; qdkonf/ ,if;yGJawmfüvnf; Ak'<\ ausmufoydwf
awmfudk ylaZmfonf (&o0g[deD 1? 34)/
2
r[m0Ho 40? 80-81/
3
r[m0Ho 40? 79/
4
,if; 41? 80/
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 477
rD;ykH;wef;rsm;jzihf xdefxdefvif;aeonhf atmifyGJcH*dwfrsm;jzihf qif
,ifxm;onf/ tu? tqdk? twD;rsm;udk yGJawmfumv\ aysmfyGJ
½TifyGJrsm;tjzpf xnfhoGif;xm;onf/ u'r®e'DrS r[dE¦avhodkY
a&mufaomvrf;udk jrpfwGif aq;aMumNyD;aemuf bk&m;zl;rsm;
oefY&Sif;onhf ajcjzihf vrf;avQmufEdkifap&ef aumfaZmrsm;jzifh zkH;
vTrf;xm;onf/ NrdKUawmf 0ifaygufav;ckwGif BuD;rm;onhf qGrf;
v–'gef;rIudk aqmif½Gufonf/ oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH; jywfawmuf
jcif;r&Sdonhf rD;ykH;rsm;udk xGef;ñSdxm;onf/ uRef;ywfvnf wpf
,lZem a0;aomae&mtxd yifv,fudk ausmfíyif rD;vkH;rsm;
xGef;ñSdonf/ apwDawmf atmifyJGtcrf;tem;odkY pka0;a&muf&Sd
vmMuonhf&[ef;awmf ajrmufjrm;pGmwdkYtm; a½Tpnf&Spfckudk ½dkuf
cwfjcif;ESifhtwl ae&mXme&SpfckwdkYü qGrf;rsm;ESifh v–'gef;zG,f&m
rsm; v–'gef;Muonf/ axmif'Pf uscHae&olrsm;tm; avQmh&uf
vnf; aMunmonf/ *dfwfaygufav;ckwGif qHorsm;tm; quf
1
vufvkyfudkifEdkif&ef tvkyfcefYxm;onf /
tb,faMumifh crf;em;vSonhf ,if;yGJawmfudk *d&db@ylZm
2
yGJ[kac:aMumif; twdtus rod&acs / ,if;a0g[m&\ t
"dyÜm,frSef rnfodkY&Sdonfjzpfap ,if;yGJawmftwGif; vª'gef;rI rsm;
1
r[m0Ho 34? 68-84/
2
trSefyif *d&d[lonf awmif? b@[lonf ypönf;rsm;? ylZm[lonf ylaZmf
jcif;odkYr[kwf yGJawmf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ odkY&mwGif *d&db@[laom pm
rsm;aygif;vdkufaomtcg rnfonfudk &nf½G,foenf;/ ]awmifay:&Sd
ypönf;rsm;udk ylaZmfjcif;} odkYr[kwf ]ypönf;rsm;&Sdonhf awmifukd ylaZmfjcif;}
[k t"dyÜm,fjyefEdkif ('Dy0Ho 21? 32) NyD; *d&db@0g[eylZm ] awmifay:
&Sd ypönf;rsm;udk o,f,ljcif;}[kvnf; t"dyÜm,fjyefEkdifonf(0dok'd̈ 2? 4/
tH-| 1? 17)/ &o0g[deDusrf; 'kwd,wGJ (pm- 185) wGif *d&dr@r[m
ylZm ]awmifylaZmf yGJBuD;}[k ac:onf/ t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü ,if;yGJawmf
wGif taumif;qkH; ouFef;wpfpkHudk &&Sdol avP*d&dt&yfae wdó r[m
ax&fESihf qufpuf ywfoufí &nfñTef;azmjyxm;onf ('D-| 2? 124/
r-| 2/ 296/ tH-| 3? 92)/
478 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
rsm;pGmjyKonfrSm xif&Sm;NyD; taxmuftxm;rsm; tm;vkH;u
,if;yGJudk r[m'gXdu r[mem*rif; vufxufwGif pwifaMumif;
1
wlnDpGm qdkMuonf /
*d&db@yGJonf ordkif;wGif xif&Sm;cJhaomfvnf; tjcm;bk&if
rif;rsm; ,if;yGJudk usif;yjcif;ESihfywfoufí azmfjyrIrawGU&acs/
&mpkESpf &SpfckvGefNyD;aemuf 'kwd,O',rif; (at'D 885-896)
onf *d&db@trnf&onhf ausmif;wdkufwpfckudk jyefvnfjyKjyif
2
cJhaMumif; od&onf / odkYwap ,if;ausmif;wdkufonf r[m
'gXdurif; *d&db@ylaZmfyJGusif;ycJhonhf r[dE¦avh&Sdausmif;wdkuf
ESihf ywfoufoavm odkYr[kwf tjcm; ausmif;wdkufwpfckavm
[l onfudk uREkfyfwdkY twdtus rod&acs/
**Fga&m[PyGJawmf
Ak'<'gorif;\ om;awmf yxr Oywdórif;onf at'D ig;&mpk
tpydkif;wGif ESpfpOf **Fga&m[Ptrnf&onhf yGJawmfwpfckudk
usif;ycJhjcif;jzihf csD;rGrf;ajymqdkMuonf/ xdktcsdefu oD[dkVfuRef;
wGif iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ab;ESifh a&m*gab;qdk;ESihf BuKHBudKufonf/
bk&ifrif;onf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; vltaygif; ,if;qif;&J'ku©rS
vGwfajrmufap&ef ,if;odkYaomtajctaewGif Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwf
onf wpfpkHwpfckudk aqmif½GufawmfrlcJhygovm;[k ar;avQmuf
ojzihf oHCmawmfrsm;u ,if;odkYaom uyfqkd;BuD; a0omvDNrdKU
wGif jzpfyGm;aomtcg Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwfonf &weokwfawmfudk
1
&o0g[deD 'kkwd,wGJ pmrsufESm 185 wGif ,if;yGJawmfonf 'kAÁd|dr[m
&mZrif; vufxufwGif pwifcJhaMumif; qdkonf/ odkywap ,if;rif;onf
r[m'gXdu r[mem*ESihf twlwljzpfaMumif; oHo,jzpfzG,f rvdkacs/
,if; rif;ESpfyg; wlnDaMumif;tqdkESihf ywfoufí rSwfcsufudk UCR. Vol. I,
No. 2. p. 82. wGif uREkfyfa&;om; aom Dubbììhi Mahārāja udk ½Iyg/
2
r[m0Ho 49? 29/
3
r[m0Hoü ,if;udk **Fga&[Pokwf[kvnf; ac:xm;onf/
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 479
1
½GwfyGm;cJhykHtaMumif;udk rif;BuD;tm; rdefYMum;Muonf / odkYjzpfí
rif;BuD;onf Ak'<\ a½Tqif;wkawmfudk xkwfapNyD; a&jznfhxm;
onfh Ak'<\ausmufoydwfawmfudk Ak'<qif;wkawmf\ vufay:ü
wifvsuf ,if;qif;wkawmfudk &xm;ay:wGif wifonf/ ,if;
aemuf rif;BuD;onf qGrf;avmif;vªyGJBuD;wpfckusif;yvsuf NrdKUol
NrdKUom;rsm;tm; OykofoDv aqmufwnfMu&ef aqmfMo vsuf
udk,fwdkifvnf; oDvudk aqmufwnfonf/
NrdKUawmftm; vSypGm wefqmqifvsuf &[ef;oHCmaxmif
aygif;rsm;pGmonf &weokwfudk ½GwfyGm;NyD; a&udk yufzsef;í wpf
nvkH; NrdKUawmfvrf;rsm;wGif vSnfhvnfvrf;avQmufvsuf Ak'<qif;
wkawmf wifaqmifxm;onfh &xm;aemufrS vdkufMuonf/
rif;BuD;udk,fwdkifvnf; &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf vrf;avQmufvsuf
,if;yGJawmfwGif yg0ifonf/ rdk;½GmoGef;NyD; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ab;
1
a0omvDNrdKUawmfü iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ab;ESihf aMumufrufzG,f a&m*gab;
qdk;BuD; jzpfyGm;aepOf Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwfonf vdpä0Drif;wdkY\ yifhzdwfrIaMumifh
NrdKUawmfodkY <ua&mufawmfrlvsuf &weokwfudk a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/
(,if;okwfonf ck'´uygXESihf okwåedygwygVdawmfrsm;ü vmonf/) Ak'<&Sif
awmfjrwfonf ,if;okwfawmfudk t&SiftmeE´mtm; oifay;awmfrlNyD;
vdpä0Drif;rsm; jcH&Hvsuf NrdKUawmfodkY vSnfhvnfí ,if;okwfudk ½Gwfzwf
vsuf Ak'<oydwfawmfrS a&rsm;udk yufzsef;&ef ñTefMum;awmfrlonf/ NrdKU
awmfonf ,if;uyfqdk;BuD;rS uif;a0;oGm;onf/ Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwf<uvm
onfudk ylaZmfonhf taejzihf yGJawmfBuD;wpfck usif;yonf/ avSESpfpif;udk
jrpfxJwGif azmifcwfxm;NyD; ,if;azmifay;wGif r@yfxdk;xm;onf/ ,if;
atmifjrifonhf omoemjyKc&D;NyD;aemuf Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwfonf **Fgjrpf
aMumif;twdkif; &mZN*dK[fodkY jyef<uawmfrlonf/ ,if;c&D;pOfudk **Fga&m
[P[kac:NyD; yJGawmfudkvnf; ,if;trnfudkyif ay;cJhonf (okwåed-| 1?
267-268/ om&w¬orkpö,? 97)/
2
*dkif*gu ,if;onf EdkifiHawmfbmomw&m;u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom xif
&Sm;onhf rdk;rsufvSnfh (aygu©&0órdk;)\ ay:vGifonhf erlemjzpfaMumif;
qdkonf (plV0Ho? *dkif*g t*Fvdyf-jyef? 'kwd,wGJ? pm – 19? rSwfcsuf 5)/
484 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
pG,fawmf onf oD[dkVfodkY aqmif,lcJhorQaom Ak'<"mwfawmf
2
tm;vkH;teuf ta&;tygqkH;ESihf wefzdk;t&SdqkH;jzpfonf /
pG,fawmf"mwfudk ydkifqdkifolonf ykHrSeftm;jzihf jynfolY
taxmuftyHhudk &aomaMumihf jynfwGif;a&; y#dyu©jzpfyGm;csdef
rsm;wGif xD;eef;udk awmfvSefolrsm;onf pG,fawmf"mwfudk ydkif
qdkif&ef BudK;yrf;Muonf/ "mwk0Housrf;t& pG,fawmf"mwfudk
oD[dkVfodkY ryifhaqmifvmrD tdEd́,&Sd tkyfcsKyfolrif;nDrif;om;rsm;
onf pG,fawmf"mwfudk ydkifqdkifrIudk taMumif;jyKí y#dyu© jzpf
3
yGm;aecJhaMumif; od&onf /
4
þusrf;tapmydkif; wGif azmfjycJhonhftwdkif; pG,fawmf"mwf
onf a&S;tusqkH;umvuyif tb,*dausmif;wdkufESihf ywf
oufrI&SdcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí ,if;"mwfawmftm; jynfoludk jyorI
ESihf yGJawmfusif;yjcif;rsm;udk tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufwGif usif;y
5 6
onf / pG,fawmf"mwftwGuf oD;jcm; taqmufttkH&Sdonf /
]bk&ihfeef;awmf\ ab;wGif &wemrsm;jzihf awmufyaeNyD; &Sm;yg;
ausmufoHrsm;jzihf jc,foxm;aom ay&maygif;rsm;pGm jrihfonhf
Ak'<pG,fawmfausmif;BuD;&Sd\/ ausmif;BuD;\ txufwGif ywåjrm;
7
&wemBuD;wyfqifxm;aom axmifrwf ydEéJwdkif&Sd\ ...} /
at'D ig;&mpktpydkif;wGif rsufpdjzihf udk,fwdkifjrifawGUcJh&ol
\ pG,fawmfyGJusif;yykH tao;pdwfudk od&ojzihf uHaumif;
8
onf/ zm[D,ef\ azmfjycsuf t& Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwf\ pG,fawmf
1 r[m0Ho 46? 5/
'gXm"mwk0Ho? 340/ r[m0Ho 37? 92/
2
"mwk0Housrf; pm 6 wGif oD[dkVfü pG,af wmf"mwf ESpfql&SdaMumif;qdk
onf/
3
'gXm"mwk0Ho? 284? 286? 289? 295? 296/
4 &dwf? r[muóyax& aAmZÑ*F? r[marm*¾v†meax&aAmZös*F? r[mpkE´
þusrf;? pm 194-5 udk½Iyg/
5 6
'gXm"mwk0Ho? 408/ Fa Hien, p. 104.
7 r,okwf? tmVm0uokwf? uodbm&'GgZokwf? y&mb0okwf? 0ov
Hiuen Tsiang Bk. XI, p. 248.
8 okwf? opö0db*Fokwfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
Fa Hien, p. 105-107.
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 481
Ak'<qif;wkawmf odkYr[kwf t&SiftmeE´mqif;wk odkYr[kwf Ak'<o
ydwfawmf qdkonfudk azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sd/ ,if;yJGawmftcrf;tem;
1
rSm tcsdefumv MumjrihfNyDjzpfí ajymif;vJoGm;cJhzG,f&Sdonf /
pwkw¬t*¾aAm"drif; (at'D 658-674)onfvnf; y&dwf½GwfyJG
rsm; usif;ycJhaomfvnf; ,if;odkYusif;y&jcif;\ taMumif;ESifh yGJ
2
awmftao;pdwftaMumif;udk azmfjyrxm;ay /
y&dwf½GwfyJGawmf
umuG,fjcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&onhf y&dwå (oD[dkVf yd&dwf)onf ewf
qdk;rsm;tm; ESifxkwf&ef? a&m*grsm; uif;a0;ap&efESihf tdrfopf
wufr*Fvmrsm;ü r*Fvmusufoa&rsm;ESihf jynhfpkHap&ef ponhf
&nf½G,fcsuftrsKd;rsKd;jzihf usif;yonhf yJGawmfjzpfonf/ pwkbmP
0g&[k xif&Sm;onhf y&dwfpmtkyfonf rl&if;edum,frsm;ü vm
onhf okwåefrsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ rdvdE´yOSygVdawmf
t& txif&Sm;qkH; y&dwfawmfrsm;rSm &weokwf? cE<y&dwf? arm&
y&dwf? "Z*¾y&dwf? tm#mem#d,y&dwEf Sihf t*Fkvdrmvy&dwfwdkYjzpf
3
onf / 'DCedum,ft|uxmü arwåokwf? "Z*¾okwfESihf &we
okwfrsm;udk ta&;ygaMumif; azmfjyonf /
4
1
19 &mpk tv,favmufwGif oD[dkVfawmifydkif;&Sd rmw&e,fü **Fga&m[
PyGJawmfwpf&yfudk usif;ycJhonf/ **Fga&m[P0PÖemtrnf&Sd oD[dkVfu
Asmwpfyk'fwGif ,if;yGJawmftaMumif;udk tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onf/
2
3
rdvdE´? 152/
4
'D-| 3? 150/ vuf&dyS &dwf odkYr[kwf pwkbmP0g&pmtkyfrSm txuf
azmfjyyg okwfawmfrsm;tjyif "o"r®okwf? r*Fvokwf? pE´y&dwf? ol&d,y
ax&aAmZös*F? *d&drmeE´okwf? £od*dvdokwf? "r®puúy0wåeokwf? r[mo
482 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
tm#mem#d,okwfonf raumif;qdk;0g;rsm;udk ESifxkwf&mü
ta&;tygqkH;ESihf tpGrf;txufjrufqkH;jzpfonf/ 'DCedum,ft
|uxmü ,if;okwåefudk ½GwfykH½Gwfenf;ESifh ½GwfzwfcsdefwdkYudk t
1
ao;pdwf &Sif;jyxm;onf / ,if;okwåefudk yxrqkH; r&Gwfqdkoihf
ay/ tu,fí ewfqdk;wpfa,mufudk ESifxkwfvdkvQif yxrwGif
arwåokwf? "Z*¾okwfESihf &weokwfrsm;udk OD;pGm ckepf&uf wdkif
wdkif ½Gwfzwf&onf/ tu,fí ewfqdk;onf vlemxHrS xGufcGm
oGm;vQif aumif;rGefonf/ xGucf GmroGm;ygu tm#mem#d,okwf
udk &Gwf&onf/ þudpöESihfywfoufí vdkufemusihfokH;&ef BudKwif
owday;csufESihf okH;oyfcsuf rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ ,if;okwåefudk ½Gwf
qdkonhf &[ef;awmfonf tom;udk rpm;&? rD;uifaom tpm;t
pmudkvnf; rpm;&? okomefü rae&? odkYr[kwfygu ewfqdk;rsm;
onf xdk&[ef;tm; aESmihf,Suf&ef tcGifhtvrf;&oGm;Edkifonf/
aexdkif&m bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS vlemtdrfa&mufonfxd xdk&[ef;
awmftm; umuG,f&ef vufeufESihf vSHwefrsm;udkifaqmifolrsm;
u ydkYaqmifay;&onf/ ½Gwfzwfjcif;rSm vGifwD;acgifwGif rjzpf&/
&[ef;awmfonf wHcg;ESihf jywif;aygufrsm;udk ydwfxm;onhf
tcef;xJwGif aexdkifvsuf rdrEd SvkH;om;ü txufjrufqkH;aom
arwåm"mwfjzihf ,if;okwfawmfrsm;udk ½GwfyGm;&onf/ ½Gwfzwf
aepOftwGif;wGif vufeufudkifaqmifxm;onhf a,musfm;rsm;u
apmihfa&Smihf&rnfjzpfonf/
vlemtm; oDvaqmufwnfapNyD;rS y&dwfawmfudk ½Gwfzwf
&onf/ tu,fí ewfqdk;xGufroGm;ao;vQif vlemudk bkef;BuD;
ausmif;wdkufodkY ,laqmifoGm;NyD; apwD&ifjyifü csxm;onf/
apwD&ifjyifudk wHjrufvn S f;NyD;aemuf yef;qDr;D ylaZmfjcif;rsm; jyK
&onf/ ,if;aemuf r*Fvm*gxmrsm; ½Gwfzwfo&Zösm,f&onf/
ewfa'0gtm;vkH;yg0ifonhf tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk ac:&onf/
ausmif;wdkuf t&mrftwGif;wGif oufwrf;&Snfopfyif&Sdrl xdkopf
1
'D-| 3? 150/
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 483
yifü aexdkifonhf ewftm; xdktpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&muf&ef
oHCmawmfrsm;\ trnfemrjzihf zdwfMum;&onf/ ewfyl;0ifae
onhf a,musfm;tm; ¤if;\trnfjzihf ar;jref;&onf/ trnfemr
udk azmfjyNyD;aomtcg ewfqdk;tm; xdktrnfemrjzihfomvQif ac:
a0: ajymqdk&onf/ ewfqdk;udk tvSL'gejyKjcif;? yef;qDrD;ylaZmf
jcif;rsm;aMumihf &&Sdonhf ukodkvftzdkYudk ¤if; (ewfqdk;)tm; ay;
a0ygaMumif; ajymMum;vsuf r*Fvm*gxmawmfrsm;udk ¤if;\
vufaqmiftjzpfjzifh ½GwfMum;ay;NyD; ,cktcsdefwGif oHCmawmf
rsm;tm; av;pm;aomtm;jzihf vlemxHrS xGufcGmoGm;&rnfjzpf
aMumif; ajymMum;&rnfjzpfonf/ tu,fí ewfqdk;onf jiif;
qefqJ jiif;qefaernfqdkvQif ewfa'0gwdkYtm; zdwfMum;vsuf
ewfqdk;\ aESmihf,SufaerIudk taMumif;Mum;vsuf ]þewfqdk;
onf wynhfawmfwdkY\ pum;udk emrcHyg? wynhfawmfwdkYrSm
oHCmawmf\ trdefYudk emcH&ygrnf}[k aMunmNyD;aemuf tm#m
em#d, okwfudk ½GwfMum;&onf/
tu,fí &[ef;wpfyg;udk ewfqdk;wdkY yl;0ifonfqdkvQif
bk&m;ausmif;udk oefY&Sif;NyD; yef;ylaZmfvsuf ukodkvftrQudk (xdk
ewfqdk;tm;) ay;a0vsuf ewfa'0wm tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf ac:
1
,lNyD;vQif y&dwfawmfrsm;udk ½GwfMum;&rnfjzpfonf /
pG,fawmfbk&m;yGJawmf
r[maoerif;\ om;awmf od&darC0PÖrif; (at'D 371) rif;
2
eef;pH udk;ESpfajrmufwGif oD[dkVfodkY aqmif,lcJhaom Ak'<\ vuf0J
1
,if;onf ya,m* cRwfjcif;rsKd;jzpfNyD; xif&Sm;onhf bmomw&m; tm;vkH;
ESihfqdkifonfh ,kHMunfrIqdkif&m yk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; ay;vSL&ef wdkufwGef;onhf
bk&m;uk ukjcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpfonf/ ,aeYacwfwGif uREfkyfwdkY odNyD;jzpf
onfhtwdkif; jynhfpkHonhf y&dwf½GwfyGJwpfck\ wdk;wufrIukd ayvkEé½k0
acwfNyD; aemufrSomvQif awGUjrifEdkifonf/
2
'gXm"mwk0Ho? 114-119/
488 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
,ufypönf;udk ay;tyfvsuf taqmufttkH aqmufvkyfrnfh
ae&mtwGif; t&yfav;rsufESmwGif rif;BuD;udk,fwdkif xGefa&;qif
onf (furrow)/ ,if;aemuf rif;BuD;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf vl
rsm;tm; v,f,majrrsm;ESihf tdk;tdrfrsm;udk xdktcsdefrSpí om;
pOfajr;quf rnfolrS ESpfpOf odkYr[kwf ,if;aemuf csKd;azmufrI
r&Sd (oufa&mufrI&Sd) ap&ef oHjym;ay:wGif &HykHaiGrsm;udk a&;
1
xGif;vsuf ay;tyfonf} /
Ak'<qif;wk awmf taeuZmwifyGJ
emrnftaxGaxGjzihf xif&Sm;onhf aAm"dyiftrsKd;rsKd;udk þusrf;
2
tpydkif; wpfae&m wGif azmfjycJhonhftwdkif; odcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/
xdktwlyif Ak'<qif;wkawmftrsKd;rsKd;ü OyokrÇESihf tbdaoursm;
3
uJhodkYaom yk*¾vduemrnf trsKd;rsKd; &SdMuonf /
Ak'<qif;wkawmfrsm;tm; tbdaour*Fvmqif,ifonhf t
xl;tcrf;tem;wpf&yf &SdcJhykH&onf/ uHraumif;pGm ,if;tcrf;t
em;ESihfywfoufonhf tao;pdwftcsufrsm;udk rawGU&acs/ odkY&m
wGif ,if;tcrf;tem;udk ta&;BuD;t&mwpfcktjzpf usif;ycJh
aMumif; oHo,jzpfzG,frvdkacs/ rd*g&ppfolBuD;onf odvmorÁK'<
qif;wkawmfxufyif ydkrdkcrf;em;onhf tpDtpOfjzihf usif;y&ef
arQmfvihfcJhonfh Ak'<gbdaour*Fvmqif,ifusif;y&ef cGifhawmif;
onfudk yxr uóyrif;BuD;u jiif;qdkcJhonf/ rd*g&ppfolBuD;
onf rdrd\ qE´udk arm*¾v†merif; a&mufvmonhfwkdif rsKdodyfí
4
apmihfqdkif;aecJhonf / aemuf q,hf&SpfESpfcefYtMum arm*¾vm† e
rif; xD;eef;&aomtcg rd*g&ppfolBuD;onf rdrd qE´&SdcJhonhf
5
twdkif; Ak'<gbdaou r*Fvmudk usif;ycJhonf / ppfolBuD;\ ,if;
1
Fa Hien, P. 108-109.
2
þusrf;? pm 120 wGif ½Iyg/
3
r[m0Ho 38? 66/ 4
r[m0Ho 39? 6-7/
5
,if; 39? 40/
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 485
"mwfudk wwd,v\ tv,f av;&ufajrmufaeYwGif tNrJwrf;
o,f,laMumif; od&onf/ q,f&ufcefYtvdkwGif bk&ifrif;onf
qifajymifBuD;wpfpD;udk crf;em;pGm qif,ifvsuf yDyDoo ajymqdk
Edkifol trsKd;om;wpfa,muftm; xD;eef;0wfpkHrsm;udk 0wfqif
pDeif;apNyD; pnfBuD;udk wD;cwfí Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwf\ b0ESihf *kPf
aus;Zl;awmfrsm;udk azmfjyí jynfoljynfom;rsm;tm; þodkY aMu
jimonf ]Munhf½IMuavmh? ,aeYrpS í q,f&ufMumNyD;aemuf jrwf
Ak'<\ pG,fawmf"mwfudk vSnfhvnfNyD;aemuf tb,*d&dausmif;
wdkufodkY yihfaqmifygvdrfhrnf/ jynfoltm;vkH; &[ef;&Sifvlrnfol
rqdk ukodkvfaumif;rI qnf;yl;vdkolrsm;onf vrf;udk acsmrGwf
tqifajyatmif jyKvkyfNyD; &yfuGufrsm;ESihf vrf;rsm;udk wefqm
qif,ifvsuf Ak'<jrwfpG,fawmftm; ylaZmf&ef yef;rsm; tarT;eHY
omrsm; jynhfpkHvkHavmufonhf qdkifrsm;udk pDrHMuavmh}/
aMunmcsuf NyD;qkH;aomtcg rif;BuD;onf vrf;\ 0J,mwdkY
ü Zmwfawmfrsm;wGif vm&Sdonhftwdkif; Ak'<\ twdwfb0wGif
yg&Sdonhf b0cE<mudk,f ig;&mudk cif;usif;jyo&ef ae&mjyifqif
onf/ ½kyfykHtm;vkH;rSm awmufypGm cs,foxm;NyD; ]wu,fouf&Sd
[k xif&avmufatmif} crf;em;vSonf/
,if;aemuf Ak'<pG,fawmfudk ,laqmifvsuf vrf;r\
tv,fA[dkwGif o,f,lvSnfhvnfonf/ vrf;wpfavQmuf ae&m
wdkif;wGif pG,fawmf"mwftm; ylaZmfrIrsm; jyKvkyfMuojzihf tb,
*dausmif;wdkuf&Sd cef;rodkY a&muf&Sdonf/ xdkae&mwGif &[ef;y&d
owfESihf vly&dowfrsm; pk½kH;MuNyD; tarT;wdkifxGef;ñSdjcif;? qDrD;
wkdifjzihf rD;ylaZmfjcif;rsm;ESihf pDrHxm;onfhtwdkif; &ufaygif; udk;
q,fjynhfonfxd r&yfem;bJ aeYa&mnyg jyKvkyfMuNyD; pG,fawmf
"mwftm; NrdKUawmftwGif;&Sd pG,fawmfausmif;odkY jyefvnf,l
aqmifMuonf/ ylaZmfyGJaeYrsm;wGif ausmif;wdkuf\ wHcg;rsm;udk
zGifhxm;NyD; pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESihftnD tcrf;tem;qdkif&m ylaZmfrIykHpH
rsm;udk aqmif½GufMuonf/
486 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
aemufxyf tao;pdwfazmfjycsufudk [l,ifqef\ rSwfwrf; rS
odMu&onf ]bk&ifonf wpfaeYvQif okH;Budrf Ak'<pG,fawmftm;
tarT;&nf? wpfcgwpf&H eHYomrIt&nfjzihf oefYpifonf/ a&oefY
pifonfjzpfap tarT;wdkifxGef;onfjzpfap tcrf;tem;wpfckvkH;
1
udk tvGeftzdk;wefonhf &wemrsm;jzihf ylaZmfrIrsm; yg0ifonf} /
emrnfausmf uED́ay&[m& yg0ifonhf pG,fawmfvSnfhvnf
yJGudk oD[dkVfwGif ,aeYwkdif ESpfpOf usif;yqJjzpfonf/
r[dE´yGJawmf
r[maoerif;\om;awmf od&darC0PÖrif; (þrif;vufxufü
pG,fawmf"mwfukd oD[dkVfodkY aqmif,lvmonf) onf t&Sifr[dE´
tm; ylaZmfonhfyGJawmfopfwpfck usif;yay;jcif;twGuf aus;Zl;
wif&rnfjzpfonf/ þrif;onf yuwdvlom;t½G,f t&Sifr[dE´
qif;wkawmfwpfckudk a½Tpifjzihf jyKvkyfapvsuf awmfovif; (AkAÁ
Muwådurmo) vqef;ckepf&ufaeYwGif t&Sifr[dE´ax&f a'0geH
yd,wdóudk awGUqkHonhf r[dE¬avht&yf&Sd trÁw¬vodkY ,if;
qif;wkudk aqmif,lonf/ ,if;tcrf;tem;udk *kPfjyKonhf tae
jzihf qGrf;avmif;vSLyGJBuD;wpfck usif;yonf/ r[dE¦avhrS tEk&m"
yk&NrdKUwpfavQmuf vrf;udk vSypGm wefqmqifonf/ xdkv udk;
&ufajrmufaeYwGif bk&ifudk,fwdkifOD;aqmifvsuf rsm;pGmaom vl
xkESihf &[ef;awmfyg0ifonhf tpOftwef;jzihf ,if; qif;wkawmf
udk NrdKUawmf\ ta&SUbuf*dwfteD;&Sd xdkod&darC0PÖrif;BuD;yif
wnfaqmufonhf aomw¬d,mu& ausmif;wdkufodkY ,laqmif
onf/ okH;&ufwkdifwdkif xdkqif;wkonf xdkausmif;wdkufü oDwif;
okH;onf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif NrdKUawmfudk vSypGm wefqm qifxm;
onf/ ,if;v q,fhESpf&ufajrmufaeYwGif ,if;qif;wkawmfudk
NrdKUawmfwpfavQmuf pDwef;vSnhfvnfvsuf r[m0d[m&ausmif;
wdkufodkY ,laqmifvsuf r[maAm"dyif0if; twGif; okH;vwdkifwdkif
1
Hiuen Tsiang Bk. XI, p. 248.
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 487
ylaZmfcHxm;onf/ aemufqkH;wGif ,if;qif;wkudk eef;awmfteD;
ta&SUawmifzufwGif txl;wnfaqmufxm;onhf taqmuf
ttkHü xm;onf/ rif;BuD;onf xdktaqmufttkHxJwGif £¥d,
tygt0if r[dE´ESihf twlvdkufvmonhf tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ qif;
wkrsm;udkvnf; wnfaqmufonf/ ,if;ae&mudk xdef;odrf;
apmihfa&Smuf&efESihf yGJawmfrsm; usif;yEdkif&ef tvSLaiGrsm; xm;&Sd
onf/ qufcHol bk&ifrif;rsm;tm;vkH;onf ESpfpOf ,if;yGJawmfudk
aqmif½Guf&rnf[laom jy|mef;csufwpf&yf csrSwfcJhonf/
r[m0Housrf;\ 'kwd,ydkif; (plV0Ho[kvnf;ac:onf) udk
a&;om;ol t&Sif"r®udwådu xdktcsdefrSpí bk&ifrif;rsm;onf xdk
jy|mef;csufudk av;pm;vdkufemMuNyD; yJGawmfudk pwifusif;ycJhNyD;
&mpkESpfaygif;udk;ck (ESpfaygif;udk;&m) MumcJhNyDjzpfonfh ,aeY at'D
1
13 &mpkwdkifatmif qufvufusif;ycJhMuonf[k qdkonf / "mwk
aoerif; (at'D 460-478) onfvnf; r[dE´yGJawmfudk usif;y
aMumif;qdkNyD; ,if;yJGawmfü ½Gwfzwfo&Zösm,frIESihf cif;usif;jyo
2
rI taMumif;udk 'Dy0Housrf;wGif txl;azmfjyxm;onf /
ausmif;vSL'gef;yGJ
zm[D,ef rSwfwrf;t& a&S;acwfoD[dkVfwGif bk&ifwpfyg;u
oHCmawmftm; ausmif;wdkufvª'gef;ykHtaMumif; rSwfom;csufudk
awGU&onf/ yxrwGif bk&ifrif;onf tpnf;ta0;BuD;wpf&yf
qihfac:onf ]&[ef;awmfrsm; qGrf;qufuyfvsuf rdrd\ vª'gef;
zG,f&mrsm;udk (,if;tcrf;tem;wGif) vª'gef;vsuf EGm;vm;Oob
wpfpkHudk a½G;cs,fvsuf ,if;EGm;rsm;\ OD;csKdudk a½TaiGausmufoH
rsm;jzihf wefqm qif,ifonf/ a½Tjzihfwefqmqifxm;onhf xGef
1
r[m0Ho 37? 66-89/
2
,if; 38? 58-59/ r[dE´yJGawmfudk rMumrDu jyefvnfjyKjyifNyD; ,cktcg
wGif oD[dkVfü ESpfpOf jyefvnf usif;yonf/
492 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
](,if;xif;ykH\} av;zufav;wefwGif ,if;opfom;xif;rD;ykHodkY
wuf&ef avSum;rsm; jyKvkyfxm;\/ ydk;om;twdfNyD;aom qHjzL
a&mif ydwfpjzihf cE<mudk,f (½kyftavmif;)udk txyfxyf &pfywf
1
\ / ckdifrmonhf igwdkY\ tokbwif,mOf oP²mef&Sdaomfvnf;
e*g;ESifhig;ykHrsm;ryg&Sdonhf {&mrwvm;BuD;wpfck jyKvkyfMu\/
]oN*ØK[faomtcgwGif bk&ifESifh ta>ct&Hrsm;? t&yfa'o
toD;oD;rS vltrsm; pk½kH;vmMuNyD; yef;eHYomrsm; vª'gef;ylaZmfMu
onf/ ,if;udpöNyD;qkH;aomtcg ,if;tokbwif,mOfudk tqdkyg
xif;ykHBuD;ay:odkY rwifMuNyD; ,if;wpfckvkH;udk oif;BudKifonfh qD
arT;jzihf oGef;avmif;NyD;aemuf rD;½IdUvdkuf\/ rD;awmufavmifae
pOfwGif vlwdkif;onf MunfnKdav;pm;aom ESvkH;om;jzihf ysHvGef
awmfrlonhf &[EÅmt&Sifjrwf\ udk,f½kHouFef;udk qGJcGmMuvsuf
avmifuRrf;rIudk vG,fulap&ef t&Sifjrwf\ iSufarG;,yfawmif
ESihf xD;rsm;jzihf cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS rD;ykHtv,fodkY ypfvTifhMu\/
oN*ØK[fjcif;udpöNyD;qkH;aomtcg t½dk; ("mwfawmf)rsm;udk aumuf
,lodrf;qnf;vsuf xlywGif xnhfoGif; (apwDwnf)Mu\/ &[ef;
awmf zm[D,efonf (xif&Sm;vSonhf &[EÅmt&Sifjrwftm; t
ouf&SifpOf zl;ajrmf&ef) tcsdefrDra&mufEdkifcJhbJ t&Sifjrwf\ psm
ye tcrf;tem;udkomvQif awGUjrifcJh&\}/
azmfjyNyD; yJGawmfrsm;ESihf tjcm;rsm;pGmaom tcrf;tem;rsm;
yGJawmfrsm;onf vltrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ bmomw&m;qdkif&m t
awG;tjrifudkomru ¤if;wdkY\ cHpm;csufESihf pdwf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
udkyg xkwfazmf&ef tcGifhtcgudk jzpfay:aponf/ ,if;yJGawmfrsm;
onf omrefvltrsm;pktm; jypfru I sL;vGefjcif;rS uif;a0;apNyD;
1 'Dy0Ho 11? 11? 15/
r[my&dedAÁmeokwf ('D 2? 61)awmfwGif azmfjyonhftwdkif; jrwfAk'<&Sif \
tavmif;awmfudk oN*ØK[fonhf tpDtrHudk avhvmEdkifonf/ Ak'<\ t
avmif;awmfudk t0wftpm;opfESihf 0g*Grf;wdkYjzifh txyfxyf &pfywfNyD;
aemuf cE<mudk,ftm; qDavmif;NyD;vQif tzkH;jzihf zkH;tkyfcJhonf/ tEk&m"
yk&oN*ØK[ftcrf;tem;wGif tavmif;udk qDrvdrf;usHacs/
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 489
odkYaom Mum&SnfpGm pdk;&drfrIESifh pdwftm;xuf oefrIwdkYu rnf
odkYyifjzpfap a&S;acwf oD[dkVfvlrsKd;rsm;taejzihf Ak'<gbdaou
r*Fvm qif,ifusif;yrIrSm tvGepf dwf0ifpm;rI&SdNyD; ta&;yg
aMumif; azmfjyonf/
qDrD;ylaZmfjcif;
'DyylZm odkYr[kwf qDrD;ylaZmfjcif;onf tvGefxif&Sm;aom yGJ
1
awmf wpfckjzpfonf / ausmif;wdkuf0if;wpfck\ ajray:wGif ykHrSef
pDwef;í qDrD;cGuf axmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk xGef;ñSdjcif;onf Munf
nKdol Oygoumrsm;tm; pdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,f vSyonhf vkHYv jyKrI
rsm;udk jzpfaponf/
xdktwlyif bk&m;ausmif;aqmif;rsm;ESihf apwDwefaqmif;
rsm;yg yg0ifzG,f&Sdonhf ae&mrsm;udk yef;rsm;jzihf zkH;vTrf;vsuf
usif;yonhf tmoeylZm[k xif&Sm;onhf tcrf;tem;wpf&yf
vnf; &Sdonf /
2
ausmif;wdkufü &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif;
Ak'<0g'Dwpfa,mufonf ausmif;wdkufwpfckodkY oGm;a&mufaomt
cg &Sdcdk;ylaZmfrIESihf ywfoufí "avhxkH;pHwpfcsKdUudk vdkufem&
onf/ yxr apwDawmfudk zl;ajrmfylaZmf&onf/ taMumif;rl
,if;wGif Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwf\ udk,fcE<m tpdwftydkif;jzpfonfh
"mwfawmfrsm; udef;0yfaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ Ak'<0g'D Oyoum
onf apwDawmftm; okH;Budrf vufsm&pf vSnhfvnf&onf/ apwD
1
2
r-| 4? 88/ tH-| 2? 377/ ,if; t|uxmrsm;ü xvoE¦&ylZm
trnf&Sd ylaZmfyGJ wpfcktaMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyao;onf/ ,if;onf
apwD (ausmif;wdkuf) 0if;udk yef;rsm;jzihf jzefYusufNyD; tcrf;tem; usif;y
jcif; jzpfEdkifrnfvm; rodyg/ r"kb@ylZmrSm aemufyGJawmf wpfck jzpfNyD;
,if;\ tao;pdwfudk rod&acs ('Dy0Ho 19? 10)/
490 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
awmfrSm BuD;vQif &yfem;NyD; ae&mav;ckwdkYü &Sdcdk;0wfjyK&onf/
apwDawmfrSm i,fvQif &yfem;NyD; ae&m&SpfckwdkYü &Sdckd;0wfjyK&
1
onf / a&S;acwfu Oygoumrsm;onf a0'dumblrd (apmif;
wef;)rsm;odkY wufa&mufMuNyD; yef;rsm;udk ylaZmfMuvsuf tpydkif;
wGif awGU&onhftwdkif; apwDawmfudk vusfm&pf vSnhfvnfaepOf
2
wGif yef;rsm;udk ylaZmfMuonf / apwDawmftm; ylaZmfNyD;aemuf
3
Ak'<0g'Donf aAm"dyifudk &Sdcdk;0wfjyKonf / ,aeYacwfwGif aemuf
xyf &Sdckd;ylaZmfzG,fwpfckrSm Ak'<qif;wkawmf jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
a&S;OD; Ak'<bmomusrf;pmrsm;wGif Ak'<qif;wkawmftm; ylaZmfp&m
t&mwpfcktaejzihf txl;wvnf azmfjyjcif;r&Sday/
apwDawmftm; oufawmfxif&Sm; bk&m;&SifuJhodkY owffrSwf
xm;&onf/ Ak'<bk&m;&Siftm; ay;tyfonhf ½dkaoylaZmfjcif; tm;
vkH;udk apwDawmftm;vnf; xyfwlxyfrQ ay;&onf/ tu,fí
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf apwDawmftm; ylaZmf0wfjyK&ef roGm;yg
vQif ,if;udk Ak'<&Sifawmf&Sifawmfjrwftm; zl;ajrmfcpm;jcif; r&Sd
ouJhodkY owfrSwfonf/ &[ef;awmfonf apwDawmfwpfql\
jrifuGif;twGif;ü yckH;ESpfzufvkH;udk rzkH;vTrf;&? zdeyfrpD;&? xD;
4
raqmif;&? a&rcsKd;&? obm0\ac:oHrsm;udk rajzMum;&acs /
0gqdkESifh uxdefyGJ
&[ef;awmfrsm; ae&mwpfckwGif 0gqdk0guyfrIudk apmihfokH;onhf
tMurf;zsif;tm;jzihf ZlvdkifvrS atmufwdkbmvtxd rdk;&moDt
csdefonf wpfEdkifiHvkH; bmomw&m;qdkif&m pdwf"mwf&Sdvmonfh
1
odkY&mwGif tcsKdU t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü Oyoumonf &yfem;NyD; ae&m
q,fhajcmufckwdkYü ylaZmf0wfjyK&rnfjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ tao;pdwf
udk þusrf; pmrsufESm 227? atmufajcrSwfcsuf 4 wGif ½Iyg/
2 3
þusrf;? pmrsufESm 227 udk ½Iyg/
4
'D-| 1? 107/ r-| 1? 260/ tbd-| 2? 332/
4 4
'D-| 3? 217/ tbd-| 2? 487/
tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 491
tcsdefumvjzpfonf/ þtcef;tpydkif;wGif awGU&NyD;onfhtwkdif;
t&d,0HoyGJawmfuJhodkYaom yGJawmfrsm;udk þ&moDwGif usif;yMu
onf/ þ&moDwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ulnDapmihfa&Smuf&ef
1
ykHrSefjyifqifrIrsm; &SdMuonf / uxdefyGJrSm rdk;&moD 0gqdk0guyfjyK
jcif;\ atmifjrifNyD;ajrmufrI jzpfonf/ okH;vukefqkH;csdefwGif u
xdef[k trnf&onfh txl;ouFef;udk 0gqdk0guyfonhf ausmif;
wdkufrS &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; vSL'gef;Muonf/ ,if;vSL'gef; jcif;udk
txl;ukodkvf &onf[k ,lqMuonf/ 'v†arm*¾vmerif; (wwd
, arm*¾vm† erif;)onf oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vkH;&Sd bkef;BuD;ausmif;
wdkufrsm;wGif oDwif;okH;Muonfh &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; uxdef
2
ouFef; vSL'gef;aMumif; od&onf / ,aeYwdkifatmifyif uxdef
ouFef;vSLtcrf;tem;rSm oD[dkVfAk'<bmom0ifrsm;\ bmoma&;
3
b0wGif txl; tcsdeftcgwpf&yfjzpfonf /
tokbtcrf;tem;
4
zm[D,ef onf at'Dig;&mpk oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm; aqmif½Guf
&onhf tokbqdkif&m tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí tzdk;wef
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;xm;onf/ ,if;azmfjycsufrSm xdk
tcsdefu &[EÅmtjzpf owfrSwfcH&onfh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;tm;
oN*ØK[fonhf tcrf;tem;taMumif;udk &nfñTef;xm;onf/
]ausmif;wdkuf\ ta&SUzuf av;ig;vD cefYtuGmwGif tvH
av;q,f pwk&ef;us,fxufyif us,f0ef;EdkifNyD; tjrihf,if;
yrmP&Sdonhf {&mr opfom; xif;rD;ykHBuD;wpfckudk ykHxm;\/
xif;rD;ykH xdyfteD;wGif pE´ul;? u&ruf (aole)ESihf tjcm; tarT;
eHYom opfom;rsKd;rsm;udk wifxm;\/
1 2
'Dy0Ho 19? 25/ r[m0Ho 44? 48/
0gqdkjcif;ESihf uxdeftaMumif;ESihf ywfoufí tao;pdwfudk 0denf;r[m
0gygVdawmf pmrsufESm 163? 304 wdkYwGif ½Iyg/
Fa Hien, P. 107-108.
496 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; tcrf;tem;rsm;ESihf yGJawmfrsm; 493
1
'DCedum,fvm od*Fgvokwfawmf wGif vlOygoumrsm;tm; aumif;rGefonhf vlrIa&; wef;wlnDrQrIudk xdef;odrf;&ef vdktyfrI
todynmay;jcif;ESihf vrf;ñTefay;jcif;wdkYrSm &[ef;oHCmawmf wpf&yftjzpfjzihfyif ,lqEdkifonf/
rsm; aqmif½Guf&rnfh wm0efwpfckjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/ oD
[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfwpfckvkH;\ ynma&;udk rdrd 00000000

wdkY\ vufwGif &,lvsuf ,if;wm0efudk aqmif½GufMuonf/

wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfolrsm;ESihf acgif;aqmifrsm;a&m wdkif;oljynfom;
rsm;udkyg &[ef;awmfrsm;u ynmoifMum;ay;NyD; avhusihfjyKpkysKd;
2
axmifay;Muonf /
,aeYtac:ta0:t& ynm&Sdwpfa,muf[lonfudk pmzwf
rsm;oltjzpf &nfñTef;Muonf/ taMumif;rl todynm[lonf
udk pmzwfjcif;jzihfomvQif t"dutm;jzihf &&SdEdkifaomaMumihf jzpf
onf/ odkYwap a&S;acwfwGif ynm&Sdyk*¾Kdvf[lonfudk A[kokw
rsm;pGm Mum;emNyD;olwpfa,muf[k &nfñTef;Muonf/ taMumif;
rl xdktcsdefu todynmudk t"dutm;jzihf Mum;emrSwfom;jcif;
jzihfomvQif &&SdMuaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ Ak'<vufxufawmftcg
3
u tdEd́,wGif usrf;pmtkyfrsm; r&Sdao;[k ,kHMunf&onf /
bDpDyxr&mpk a&mufrSom ygVdbmom yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ay
ay:wGif tu©&mwifí a&;om;cJhaomfvnf; bDpDokH;&mpk Ak'¨0g'
oD[dkVfodkY pwifa&muf&SdNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD tcsdefuyif oD[dkVf
bmomjzihf yd#uwfokH;ykH tzGihfusrf;pmtkyfrsm; oD[dkVfwGif tokH;
jyKaeMuNyD; jzpfykH&onf/
1
'D 3? 146/
2
od&doCFaAm"d (at'D 307-309)? aZ|wdóESihf r[maoerif; nDtpf
udk (at'D 406-4789)? t|r t*¾aAm"d (at'D 801-812)uJhodkYaom
bk&ifrif;rsm;ESihf aESmif;acwf bk&ifrif;rsm;pGmwdkYonf &[ef;awmfrsm;xHrS
ynmoif,l&jcif;twGuf xif&Sm;Muonf/ a&S;a[mif; &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ü
omrefvlwdkYtm; ynmoifMum;a&;taMumif;rsm;taMumif; wdkuf½kduf &nf
ñTef;rIrsm;udk rarQmfvihfEdkifacs/ taMumif;rl ,if;odkYaom udpörsm;udk rSwf
wrf;wifavhr&SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
3
Rhys Davids \ Buddhist India, p. 107udk½Iyg/
 tcef; 17
ynma&;
]Ak'<0g'ynmoifMum;ykH enf;pepfqdkif&m ordkif;onf t"dutm;
jzihf oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;\ ordkif;pOfyifjzpfonf/ a0',Ofaus;rI
onf wd&dpämef,ZfylaZmfrIwGif tajccHouJhodkY Ak'<0g'qdkif&m
ynma&;ESihf oifMum;a&;onf bke;f BuD;ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;ü t
ajcjyKMuonf/ Ak'<bmomavmuonf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufrsm;
rsm;rSwpfyg; odkYr[kwf trDStcdkrjyKbJ rnfonhfynma&;tcGifh
tvrf;rsm;udkrS ay;tyfjcif;r&Sdacs/ avmuD avmukwå&m ynm
a&;tm;vkH;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ vufwGif&Sdonf/ &[ef;awmf
rsm;onf pmayoifMum;jcif;udk csKyfudkifxm;NyD; ,if;twGuf
tcsdefydkrsm;&SdMuonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;onfomvQif Ak'<,Ofaus;
rIudk xdef;odrf;olESihf o,faqmifolrsm;jzpfMuonf}/
a&S;acwf tdEd́, Ak'<bmom ynmoifMum;a&;taMumif;udk
&nfñTef;xm;onhf &m"ukrk'rlum*sD\ ,if;azmfjycsuftm; a&S;
acwfoD[dkVf ynma&;ESihf udkufnDpGm xyfwljyKEdkifonf/
a&S;tcef;rsm;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf EdkifiH\ ynma&;ESihf
,Ofaus;rIa&;&mrsm; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif wuf<upGm pdwf0ifpm;rI
&SdvmcJhykHESihf avmuDa&m avmukwå&myg ynmoifMum;a&;
pepfwpfckvkH; oHCmawmfrsm;\ vufwGif&SdvmykH taMumif;udk
awGUcJh &NyD;jzpfonf/
1
&m" ukrk' rlum**sD (Radha Kumud Mookerji) Ancient Indian Education
p. 394.
500 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
&[ef;awmfwpfyg; taMumif;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ Oyg
oum ykeAÁok\ om;jzpfol wdótrnf&Sd xdk&[ef;awmfonf
oD[dkVfwGif ynmoifNyD;aemuf xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onhf a,meu
r[m"r®&u©dw rax&fxH aemufxyf ynmoifMum;&ef tdEd́,odkY
<ua&mufcJhonf/ tdE´d,ü ynmoifMum;rI NyD;qkH;aemuf oD[dkVf
odkY tjyefwGif oabFmay:odkY wufcgeD;wGif taMumif;t&m
wpfckESihf ywfoufí pdwfxJwGif oHo,0ifvmonf/ t&Sif
wdóonf csufjcif;yif c&D;pOfudk jyefa½TUvdkufNyD; ,lZem wpf&m
wGif &Sdonhf q&m"r®&u©dwrax&fxH aemufwpfacguf jyefoGm;
1
NyD; rdrd\oHo,udk &Sif;atmif vkyfcJhonf /
ynmoifMum;rI\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm udk,fusihfw&m;ESihf pdwf
ydkif;b0 tusifhpm&dwåwdk;wufa&; jzpfonf/ ,if;&nf½G,fcsuf
rygonhf pmayoifMum;rIonf tusKd;r&Sd[k ,lqonf/ t
u,fí yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufonf ½kyfydkif;b0 tusKd;tjrwf &&Sda&;
twGuf &nf½G,fcsufjzihf bmomw&m;udk avhvmNyD; udk,fusihf
w&m;ESihf pdwfydkif;b0 tusihfpm&dwå wdk;wufrItwGuf &nf½G,f
csufrygvQif pmayoifMum;NyD; tcsdefjzKef;aejcif;xuf tdyfae
2
jcif;u ydkaumif;onf[k ,lqonf /
q&mt&Sifrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ wynfhrsm;pdwfwGif ,if;t
awG;tac:rsKd;udk pdk;&drfwBuD;jyKí tNrJwrf; ñTefjyavh&SdMuonf/
q&mwpfa,muf\ wm0efrSm pmay oifMum;ay;&efomru rdrd
wynhf\ oDvESihfpdwfydkif;b0 aumif;rGefrItwGuf apmihfa&Smuf
ay;&efvnf;jzpfonf/ odkYjzihf umv'DC0gyd'Gg& 0d[m&ausmif;
wdkuf em,urax&f (txufwGif azmfjyNyD;) onf pmoifom;
xHrS ½GmwGif;odkY roGm;yg[laom uwdudkr&rcsif; rdrd\ pmoif
1 jzpfonf/ ,if;t½Gufudk&&Sdonhf ay odkYr[kwf xef; (wmv)yiftm;
,if;jzpf&yfonfvnf; tqdkyg pmoifom;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY pmayoifMum;
rIwGif tb,frQ ½dk;om;? jzLpifNyD; tyifyef;cHcJhMuaMumif; xif&Sm;onhf
pHerlwpf&yf jzpfonf/
2 jcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;onftxd wefzdk;xm;aom opfyiftjzpf ,lqcH&
r-| 2? 13/
ynma&; 497
1
ay½Gufrsm; ay:wGif vufjzihf a&;xm;jcif;jzpfzG,f trsm;qkH;
&Sdojzihf ,if;usrf;pmtkyfrsm;rSm ,aeYacwf ykHESdyfpmtkyfrsm;uJhodkY
&Sm;yg;NyD; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY tokH;rjyKcJhEdkifacs/ odkYjzpfí usrf;pm
tkyfrsm;wGif wnf&dSjcif;tpm; todynmudk em;rSwpfqihf t"du
&&SdMujcif;jzpfojzihf xdkacwftcsdefrsm;u ynm&Sdyk*¾Kdvftm; A[k
okw[laom a&S;a0g[m&jzihf tokH;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ wynhfonf
q&mu EIwfjzihf oifMum;ydkYcsay;onfudk em,lNyD; EIwfwuf
tm*kHaqmif&onf/ ,if;q&mjzpfou l dk,fwdkifvnf; rdrdq&mxHrS
tm*kHEIwf& aqmif,lcJholjzpfonf/
rSwfÓPfonf a&S;acwf ynmoifMum;a&;pepfwGif ,aeY
acwfxuf ydkrdkta&;ygonf u@wGif &SdcJhonf/ ygVdawmfusrf;
rsm;ü ,aeYacwf pmzwfoltm; NiD;aiGUaponhf xyfcgxyfcg
jyefqdkjcif;rsm;onf &Snfvsm;aom ygVdawmfrsm;udk tm*kHEIwfwuf
aqmifMu&onfh a&S;acwf pmoifom;rsm;tm; vG,fulaponf/
ynm&Sifrax&fBuD;rsm;rSm ¤if;wdkY\ rSwfÓPfaumif;rItwGuf
xif&Sm;Muonf/ rZösdredum,fü txl;uRrf;usifawmfrlonhf rZösdr
edum,faqmif a'0rax&fonf ESpf&Snfur®|mef;w&m; tm;xkwf
&eftwGuf 19 ESpfwdkifwdkif yd#uwfavhvmrIudk vspfvsL½Ixm;cJh
aomfvnf; xdkrQ&Snfvsm;onhf 0dyóem"k&umv tNyD;wGif
trSm;t,Gif; tustaygufvkH;0r&SdbJ edum,fwpfckvkH;udk tm*kH
½GwfqdkEdkifNyD; ydkYcsay;Edkifonf/ um&vd,*d&dausmif;wdkufae t
&Sifemrrax&fonf 18 ESpfwdkifwdkif pmayydkYcsrIudk pGefYvTwfxm;
1
oD[dkVfbmomjzihf ykqaumv (Pusko¼a)[kac:onhf ay½Gufonf jyKjyif
NyD; a&;om;&ef tqifoifhjzpfaomtcg ,if;onf tvGefa&S;usonhf
tcsdefrsm;ü usrf;pmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;&ef taumif;qkH;aom ukefypönf;
tenf;qkH; at'D 10 &mpktcsdefu ,if; (ay) yifonf pmay oifMum;rI
ESihf pmayjyefYyGm;&ef r&Sdrjzpf vdtk yfaomaMumifh ,if;tyifudk ckwfvSJ
onf (E.Z. I, p. 87 or 93; p. 185 or 187 line 28)/
498 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
cJhaomfvnf; "mwkuxmusrf;udk vkH;0trSm;t,Gif;r&SdbJ ydkYcsEdkif
onf/ a&m[Pt&yf wkvm"m&yAÁwawmifae t&Sif"r®&u©dw
rax&fonf ESpfaygif; 30 Mum tcsKdUaom ygVdawmfrsm;udk rydkY
rcsbJ jywfawmufaecJhaomfvnf; yd#uwfokH;ykHvkH;udk qkwfqdkif;
1
jcif;r&SdbJ oifMum;ay;Edkifonf /
'DCedum,ft|uxmü rax&fESpfyg;taMumif;udk rSwfwrf;
wifxm;onf/ r[m*wdrÁ tb,rax&fonf ig;&ufom; t
½G,fESifh 'DCbmPu tb,rax&fonf udk;&ufom;t½G,fü
b0wGif BuKHawGUcJh&onhf a&Smifwcifjzpf&yftcsKdUudk trSwf&ae
ao;aMumif;qdkonf/ wdyd#uplVmb,rax&fonf tEk&m"yk&
NrdKUom;tm;vkH;\ trnfrsm;udk rSwfrdonfhjyif ¤if;wdkYtaejzihf
2
rax&fjrwfxH aemufxyf wpfBudrfa&muf&Sdygu rSwfrdonf /
,aeYacwf pmzwfolwpfa,muftzdkY tHMozG,f&Sdonhf ,if;
odkYaom xl;jcm;pGm rSwfÓPfaumif;rIudk ynmESihf pifMu,f usef;
rmonhf pdwftajctae\ oauFwtjzpf ,lqEdkifonf/ rufcf
pf rlvm (Max Muller)yk*¾Kdvfu ]tdEd́, EIwfikHaqmif ynmoif
Mum;rIonf uREkfyfwdkY\ wuúodkvfrsm;ESihf jcm;em;ouJhodkY uREkfyf
wdkYESifh tvGefjcm;em;onhf vlYtzGJUtpnf;tajctae wpf&yf&Sd
rSwfÓPfpGrf;&nfESihf ywfoufonfh tawG;tjrifudk razmfjyEkdif
yg/ uREfkyfwdkY rMumcPawGU&onhf xl;jcm;onfh rSwfÓPf&Sdol
rsm;u ,if;£a`E´uefYowfcsufESihf ywfoufonfh uREfkyfwdkY\
rSwfom;csufrsm;rSm tawmftwef wpfzufowfqef\/ uREkfyfwdkY
\ udk,fydkifrSwfÓPfrSm rsKd;qufaygif;rsm;pGm pepfwus zsufqD;
xm;NyD;jzpf\/ tjcm;bmudkrQ rajymbJ eHeufwdkif; wdkif;rfpf
owif;pm wpfrsufESm tusef;rmqkH;aom rSwfÓPfudk zsufqD;
3
NyD; tm;enf;oGm;apEdkif\} [k qdkonf/ edum,fwpfckvkH;udk EIwf
1 2
0dok'<dr*¾ 1? 92/ 'D-| 2? 120/
3
Mookerji \ Ancient Indian Education, p. 212 wGif udk;um;csufudk
azmfjyonf/
ynma&; 499
ikHaqmifEdkifonhf &[ef;awmfta&twGufonf xdkaeYtcsdefu
1
EIwfikHaqmifjcif;rSm xif&Sm;aomt&m jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf /
odkYwap ]tm*kHEIwfvGwfaqmifrI vTrf;rdk;onhf umvwGif em;
vnfrIpGrf;&nf usqif;oGm;onf}[k xifjrif&ef rvdkacs/
ynmoifMum;a&;udk rSwfÓPf odkYr[kwf tm*kHEIwfvGwf
aqmifjcif;? tMum;temrsm;jcif;jzihf t"du jzefYjzL;ay;aomfvnf;
usrf;pmjzihf a&;om;rIrsm;udk vkH;0tokH;rjyKcJh[k aumufcsufqGJyg
u rSefuefrnf r[kwfacs/ usrf;pmtkyfrsm;udk trSefyif tokH;jyK
cJhaomfvnf; tokH;rrsm;ao;jcif;omjzpfonf/ pmoifom;wdkif;
ygVdawmf zwfpmtkyfudk ydkifqdkif&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ aypmrlwpfckudk
jyKvkyf&efrSm tvGefyif yifyef;onf/ tjzpfqkH;rSm aypmrlawmf
rsm;udk yifrausmif;wdkfufBuD;rsm;ü ½nfñTef;usrf;rsm;tjzpfom
&&Sd EdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif usrf;pmtkyfrsm;udk zwf½I&ef
&nfñTef;azmfjycsufrsm;udk awGU&onf/ orEÅygom'dum t|
uxmü azmfjycsufwpfckt& qDr;D wdkif tvif;a&mifjzihf ntcg
2
üvnf; usrf;pmrsm;udk zwf½IMuaMumif; awGU&onf / r[m0Ho
usrf;ü at'D ig;&mpkwGif "mwkaoerif;om;i,fonf opfyif
wpfyif atmufü usrf;pmtkyfwpfckudk avhvmzwf½IaeaMumif;
3
azmfjyonf /
usrf;pmtkyfrsm; &&Sd&ef cufcJjcif;ESihf qufoG,fa&; enf;
vrf;rsm; r&Sdjcif;rsm;aMumihf pmoifom;rsm;rSm tvGefcufcJMu
4
onf/ 0db*Ft|uxm ü rdrdq&mt&SifxHrS rSwfcsufwpfckudk
&&Sd&ef ,lZemwpf&m a0;onhftxd c&D;oGm;cJhonhf pmoifom;
1
wpfoufvkH; tm*kHEIwf&aqmif&ef b0udk t"du `rIyfESHxm;olwpfa,muf
tzdkY pmrsufESm 500 rS 1000 txdcefYudk tm*kHaqmifxm;jcif;udpörSm
tvGef cufaomt&mr[kwfacs/ xdkygVdawmfrsm;ü &Snfvsm;vSonhf xyf
cgxyfcg jyefqdkrI trsm;tjym; yg&Sdonfudk rarhoifhacs/
2
0d-| 2? 274/
3 4
r[m0Ho 38? 16-18/ tbd-| 2? 372/
504 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
qif;oufonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf 'k|*grPd\ ppfolBuD; q,fa,muf
xJrS wpfa,muf\ om;jzpfol zkóa'0tm; zcif jzpfolukd,f
wdkif av;twwfudk avhusihfay;onf/ ,if;twwf ynmonf
¤if;wdkY\ rdom;pkrS qif;oufcJhynm (0Hom*wH) jzpfaMumif;
1
od&onf /
EdkifiHawmftwGif;&Sd ausmif;wdkufwkdif;onf tcrJhausmif;\
&nf½G,fcsufjzihf ynmoifMum;ay;aepOfwGif tqihfjrihfoifMum;
rIESihf txl;jyKtodynmrsm;twGuf wuúodkvftqihfudk &,lxm;
onhf oifMum;rIqdkif&m Xmersm;&SdMuonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf t"du
rSm tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
tcsKdUaom txl;jyKtodynmrsm;twGuf r[m0d[m&ausmif;
wkdufxufyif xif&Sm;onhf tjcm;tenf;i,faom oifMum;a&;
Xmersm;vnf; &Sdonf/ a&m[Pt&yfwGif ,if;odkYaom oif
Mum;a&;Xme rsm;pGm&Sdonf/
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufrS txufwef;ynm &&SdNyD;onhf
&[ef;awmfrsm;yif txl;jyKoifMum;rItwGuf xdkt&yfa'orsm;
odkY oGm;a&mufMuonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufrS
wdyd#uplVmb,rax&fonf yd#uwfokH;ykHwGif uRrf;usifaomf
vnf; t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk ravhvm&ao;acs/ t|uxmusrf;
rsm;ü aumif;pGm oifMum;avhusihfrI r&SdbJ ynma&;rjynhfpkHao;
ojzihf a&m[Pt&yf&Sd wkvm"m&yAÁwausmif;wdkuf&Sd oifMum;
ay;rItm;vkH;udk uRrf;usifonhf "r®&u©dwtrnf&Sd emrnfausmf
ygarmu©rax&fBuD;xH qufvuf avhvm&ef ¤if; (wdyd#uplVm
2
b,rax&f)\ q&m;rsmu apvTwfMuonf /
r[m*grt&yf&Sd wdór[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufrSm a&m[
Pt&yf&Sd aemufxyf xif&Sm;onhf ynmoifMum;onhf Xme
jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg ausmif;wdkufrS r[moD0rax&fonf rsm;pGm
1 3
r[m0Ho 28? 85/
2
0dok'd̈ 1? 91/
ynma&; 501
om; wynhftjzpf vufrcHjcif; jzpfonf/ q&monf pmoifom;
&[ef;ysKdftm; pmoifcsdeftwGif; vGwfvyfpGm oGm;vmcGifhudk ay;cJh
1
vQif zsm;a,mif;rI\ om;aumifjzpfoGm;rnfudk pdk;½GHUonf / ausmf
Mum;xif&Sm;onhf umvAk'<&u©dwrax&fonf ynmoifMum;rI
udpö NyD;qkH;NyD;aemuf rdrdoDwif;okH;onhf ausmif;wkdufudk jyefvm
a&mufaomtcg t&Sifjrwf\ OyZösm,fq&monf ynmoifMum;
rIonf rvkHavmufao;bJ ur®|mef;bm0em yGm;rsm;NyD; pdwfydkif;
b0 &ifhusihfrIudk &&Sd&ef BuKd;pm;oihfaMumif; rdefYawmfrlonf/
xdkrdefYMum;csuft& umvAk'<&u©dwrax&fonf ur®|mef;yGm;rsm;
ojzihf &[EÅmtjzpfudk &&SdoGm;onf /
2
ukd,fusihfysufonhf ynma&;rSm oDvESifhpyfí ar;p&m&Sd
aom q&mxHrS rnfolrQ ynmroif,lvdkavmufatmifyif *kPf
odefi,frI&Sdonf/ rpifMu,faom &[ef;b0jzihf aexdkifonhf
&[ef;wpfyg;xHrS r[meda'´oygVdawmfudk oif,l&ef r[m&u©dw
wdórax&ftm; cufcJpGm awmif;yefcJh&onf/ r[m&u©dwax&f
onf tvdkr&Sdaomfvnf; ,if; oDvrpifMu,fonhf &[ef;onf
oD[dkVfwGif r[meda'´oygVdawmfudk tm*kHaqmifonhf wpfOD;
wnf;aom yk*¾KdvfjzpfaomaMumifh oif,l&ef oabmwlcJhonf /
3
tu,fí r[m&u©dw rax&fonf ,if;ygVdawmfudk roif
,lcJhvQif ,if;&[ef;,kwf ysHvGefonfESihf ,if;ygVdawmf aysmuf
qkH;oGm;vdrfhrnf jzpfonf/
ynmoifMum;rIonf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ vufwGif&Sdaom
aMumihf ,if;ynma&;onf tajccHtm;jzihf bmoma&;ESihf ywf
oufaernfrSm obm0yifjzpfonf/ bmoma&;pmaywGif rwwf
uRrf;oltm; ,Ofaus;onf[k r,lqay/ 0denf;ESihf okwåef tyg
1
r-| 2? 50/ þusrf;? pmrsufESm 338 udk½Iyg/
2
r-| 2? 194/
,if;onf jAm[®Pwdó olykefab; usa&mufpOftwGif; jzpfonf/
0d-| 2? 274 udk ½Iyg/
502 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
t0if Ak'<0g'a&;&mA[kokw rsm;pGm <u,f0rIonf &[ef;jzpfap
vljzpfap vdr®m,Ofaus;ol wpfa,muftzdkY t"duta&;yg
onf/ tpdk;&tqihfjrifh t&m&Sdrsm;onf ykHrSeftm;jzihf Ak'<0g' t
aMumif; em;vnfuRrf;usifMuonf/ odkYjzpfí &[ef;oHCmtjiif;
yGm;rIrSma&m w&m;"r®a&;&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udkyg Nidrf;at;ap
&ef aqmif½Gufay;Edkifavmufatmif yd#uwfynm wwfuRrf;
1 1
Muonhf 0efBuD;rsm;pGmudk awGUcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf / tmbd"r®du a*g
'wårax&f\ oD[dkVfEdkifiH w&m;olBuD;csKyf &mxl;`rSifhwifay;cH&
avmufatmif t&nftcsif;jynfh0rIrSm Ak'<0g'óESihf 0denf;Oy
a'wGif tvGef wwfuRrf;rIaMumifhjzpfonf/
awG;ac:&Sifwpfa,muftjzpf av;pm;cH&onhf tajctae
odkY yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muftm; `rSihfwifay;onfh tbd"r®mü uRrf;
usifrIonf vlwdkif;vdkvm;awmihfwaom cufcJonhf atmifjrifrI
jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí wwd, aZ|wdórif;u ¤if;\rdzk&m;tm;
oDv&Sif0wfNyD; tbd"r®mudk oifMum;&ef awmif;yefonfrSm xdk
2
taMumif;aMumihf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf / 'kwd,uóy (at'D 641-
650)ESihf 'kwd, r[dE´ (at'D 772-792)uJhodkYaom rif;rsm;
onf tbd"r®A[kokwudk jyefYyGm;ap&ef txl; BudK;yrf;rIrsm;
3
jyKcJhMuaMumif; od&onf / Ak'<omoemawmf uG,fyaomtcg
tjcm;aom yd#uESpfck ruG,frDuyif tbd"r®myd#uuG,fyrnf
[k azmfjycH&atmifyif tbd"r®myd#utm; euf½Idif;av;euf
4
onf[k ,lqMuonf / tbd"r®yd#uoifMum;ay;olrsm;onf
tjcm;yd#uESpfckudk oifMum;ay;olrsm;xuf ydkrdk *kPfjyKcH&ykHudk
azmfjycJhNyD; jzpfonf/
1
þusrf; pmrsufESm 512 udk Munfhyg/
2 r[m0Ho 41? 58-60/ 44? 47/ 45? 2/ 49? 33/
r[m0Ho 44? 107/
3 þusrf;? pmrsufESm 334 udk ½Iyg/
,if; 44? 150/ 48? 141-142/
4 vufrIynmudk bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü oifray;[k twdtus rqdkEdkifacs/
r-| 4? 81/ yXrH tbd"r®yd#uH eówd/
ynma&; 503
Ak'<0g'qdkif&m taxGaxG A[kokw&SdrIudk EdkifiHom;aumif;
rsm; jzpfvma&;twGuf txl;vdktyfonf[k ,lqonf/ odkYjzpfí
ynmwwf&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ylaZmf*kPfjyKvsuf "r®udkoifMum;
&ef vlBuD;a&m uav;yg axmufyHhrIrsm;jyKcJhonhf bk&ifrif;
aumif;rsm;pGmudk awGUMu&onf/ uav;i,frsm;tm; oMum;vkH;
auR;vsuf "r®udkoifMum;&ef qGJaqmifcJhonfh 'kwd, arm*¾v†me
rif; (at'D 537-556) tm; txl;azmfjy&rnfjzpfonf /
a&S;acwf oD[dkVf ynmoifMum;a&; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ESihf ywf
oufí bmoma&;rSwpfyg; wdusonhf owif;tcsufudk rod&
acs/ odkY&mwGif ,Ofaus;rIESihf oufarG;0rf;ausmif;qdkif&m bmom
&yfrsm;? o'´gESihf uAsmzGJUoDjcif;? bmompum;? pmay? ordkif;?
,kwådaA'? ocsFm? aq;ESihf eu©wåaA'bmom&yfrsm;udk bkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;ay;onfh taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdonf/
xkH;pHwpf&yfomjzpfonhf ajr,mOya'vnf; bmom&yfwpfck jzpf
zG,f&Sdonf/ yef;csDESihf yef;ykuJhodkYaom tEkokckrynm A[kokw
ESihf oifMum;avhusifhrIudkvnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü oifMum;
ay;EdkifzG,f&Sdonf/ oD[dkVf &[ef;awmfrsm;wGif tEkynmausmf
2
rsm;&SdcJhaMumif; azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfonf / odkY&mwGif vufrI tEkynm
avhusihfoifMum;rIrsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzihf rdbrsm;rS om; orD;
3
rsm;odkY qif;oufrIu rsm;onf /
bk&ifrif;rsm;onfyif vufrIynmausmfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
'kwd, aZ|wdórif;onf qifpG,fudk xGif;onhfynmwGif t
vGefausmfMum;NyD; rif;BuD;onf ,if;ynmudk vlrsm;pGm;tm; oif
4
ay;aMumif; tqdk&Sdonf / wpfcgwpf&H av;ypftwwfESihf vSHypf
twwf uJhodkYaom ppfynmtwwfrsm;yif zcifrS om; jzpfolodkY
1
2
3
4
r[m0Ho 37? 100-101/
508 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
0*¾ygVdawmfrS yxrokH;u@? t*Fkwå& edum,faqmif tkyfpk 0if
jzpfrl t*Fkwå&edum,f okH;ykHwpfykH odkYr[kwf ESpfykHwpfykH? ,if;udk
raqmifEdkifvQif tprS wduedygwfukefonfxd wwfajrmuf&
1
rnfjzpfonf / ZmwubmPu wpfa,mufonf t|uxmESihf
wuG ZmwuygVdawmf wpfckvkH;udk wwfajrmuf&rnfjzpfNyD; xdk
2 1
xuf ravsmh&acs / &[ef;wpfyg;onf azmfjyyg usrf;*efrsm;ü
uRrf;usif wwfajrmufygvQif xdk&[ef;tm; aumif;pGm pmay
oifMum; wwfajrmufol odkYr[kwf A[kókw tMum;tjrif
&Sdoltjzpf ,lqcH&vsuf y&dowftm; w&m;"r® a[mMum;&ef
t&nftcsif;jynhfolrDjzpfonf/ xdk&[ef;onf tvdk&Sd&mt&yfodkY
oGm;a&mufEdkifNyD; acgif;aqmif ('domygarmu©) jzpfonf/
bdu©aem0g'u (budK© eDwdkYtm; qkH;rMo0g;ay;ol) [kac:
onhf tqihfjrifh&[ef;awmfonf yd#uwfokH;ykHudk t|uxmESihf
wuG wwfajrmuf&rnfjzpfonf/ yd#uwfokH;ykHvkH;\ t|uxm
udk rpGrf;EdkifvQif edum,fav;ckrS wpfck\ t|uxmusrf;udk
ydkifEdkif&rnfjzpfonf/ edum,fwpfck\ t|uxmudk wwfuRrf;rI
onf tjcm;edum,frsm;udkyg &Sif;jyay;Edkifonf/ tbd"r®m ckepf
usrf;teuf av;usrf;\ tzGifhusrf;rsm;udk wwfuRrf;&rnfjzpf
onf/ taMumif;rl ,if;onf useftbd"r®musrf;rsm;udkyg &Sif;jy
ay;EdkifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif 0de,yd#uwpfckvkH;udkrl
t|uxmESifhwuG ydkifEdkifwwfuRrf;&rnfjzpfonf/ tu,fí
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf ,if;wdkYtm;vkH;udk wwfuRrf;vQif bdu©KeD
1
odkY&mwGif r[mypö&dt|uxm tvdkt& tu,fí bmPuaqmif
yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,mufonf edygwfwpfckrQudkom oif,lrl pwkuúedygwf odkY
r[kwf yÍöuedygwfudk a½G;cs,f&rnfjzpfaMumif; jyqdkonf/
2
r[mypö&dt|uxmü xdkxufydkí xdk&[ef;onf 0w¬Krsm;ESihfwuG "r®y'
udkyg wwfajrmuf&rnf[k csrSwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif "r®y'bmPu
rsm;udkvnf; oD;jcm;tqihftaejzihf azmfjyavh&Sdonf ("r®y'-| 2? 600)/
ynma&; 505
tem;,ljcif;r&SdbJ aeYa&mnyg ygVdawmfa&m t|uxmusrf;rsm;
udkyg (tw¬0aoe p ygVd0daoe p) tkyfpkBuD; 18 tkyfpk (t|
&o r[m*aP) udk oifMum;ay;onf[k qdkonf/ t|uxm
usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfrsm; (t|uxmax&m)onfyif rdrdwdkY\ oHo,udk
y,fazsmuf&ef þt&SifjrwfxHodkY vma&mufMuaMumif; od&
onf / aum&@uausmif;wdkuf (txufwGif ñTef;NyD;)ausmif;
wkdufrS &[ef;i,fwpfyg;onfvnf; rnfonhf ae&m[k twd
tus rodcJhaomfvnf; a&m[Pt&yfodkY ynmoifMum;&ef
2
<ua&mufaMumif; od&onf /
tjcm; emrnfausmf pmoifwdkufrSm uv†*gr&Sd ukv'DC
3
0gyd'Gg& 0d[m& ESihf r@vm&mrausmif;wdkufwdkY jzpfMuonf/ em
rnfausmf rvd,a'0ax&fESifh r[mwdóblwdax&fwdkY ynm
4
oif,lcJhonfrSm r@vm&mrausmif;wdkufwGif jzpfonf / bm
om&yfqdkif&m txl; avhvmoifMum;rItwGuf ausmfMum;onhf
ynmoif,l&m Xmersm; &SdMuouJhodkY Ak'<"r®a&;&m bmom&yfcGJ
wpfckwGif txl; jyKavhvmxm;Muonhf tkyfpk (*dkPf;rsm;)vnf;
&SdMuonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf okwåEÅdu*PrSm okwåyd#uudk txl;jyK
avhvmxm;Muonhf &[ef;tkyfpkjzpfNyD; tmbd"r®du*PrSm tbdf
5
"r®myd#uü txl;jyK avhvmolrsm; jzpfMuonf / xdkYtwlyif
tcsKdUq&mrsm;ESihf pmoifom; wynhfrsm;rSm edum,fig;&yfudk
txl;jyKavhvmMuNyD; rZösdredum,f t|uxmwGif xdk&[ef;awmf
rsm;onf a*[ódwayrjzihf rdrdwdkY txl;jyK avhvmxm;onhf
ydkYcspOf txl; pkpnf; rSwfom;csufrsm;udk NrJNrHpGm qkyfudkifxm;Mu
1
tH-| 1? 34/ 'D-| 2? 319/
2
0dok'<dr*¾ 1? 88/ ,if;&[ef;i,frSm taxGaxGoifMum;rI twGufom
jzpfNyD; txl;jyK oifMum;&ef [kwfykHr&acs/
3
r-| 2? 268/ þusrf;? pmrsufESm 336 wdkYudkvnf; ½Iyg/
4
r-| 1? 68/ tH-| 1? 32/
5
0dok'<d 1? 90/
506 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
aMumif; jyqdkonf / xdkYtwlyif oufqdkif&m edum,frsm;udk uRrf;
usifolrsm;tjzpf ,lqcH&onfh 'DCbmPu? rZösdrbmPu?
2
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rax&frsm; taMumif;udk awGUMu&onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif aum
vdw0d[m& ausmif;wdkufae pwkedum,du wdórax&fuJh
odkYaom edum,fav;ckav;rsKd;vk;H ü uRrf;usifonhftwGuf xif
3
ay:ausmfMum;onhf &[ef;awmfBuD;rsm;vnf; &SdMuonf / wkvm
"m&ausmif;wdkufae r[my'krax&fuJhodkY ZmwuwGif txl;
4
uRrf;usifonhf rax&frsm;vnf; &SdMuonf /
5 3
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oufí tqihfokH;rsKd; (A[kókawm emr wd0da"m) &Sdonf/
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wynhfrsm;tm; wm0efay;cJhonf/ 'DCedum,fudk t&SiftmeE´mESihf wynhf
rsm;? rZösdredum,fudk t&Sifom&dykwå&m\wynhfrsm;? oH,kwåedum,fudk
t&Sifr[muóESihf wynhfrsm;? t*Fkwå&edum,fudk t&SiftEk½k'<gESihf
wynhfrsm; ('D-| 1? 15)/ tEk&m"yk&acwf oD[dkVf&Sd ,if;bmPu yk*¾Kdvf
rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ tpOftvmudk Ak'¨ESihf wdkuf½dkufywfoufonhf wynfh
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2
bmPu[lonf ½Gwfqdkol[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ odkYjzpfí 'DCbmPu[l
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edum,fwpfckvkH;udk rpGrf;EdkifvQif tenf;qkH; ,if;edum,f\ taumif;
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3
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0d-| 2? 54/
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1
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2
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okwåefrsm;? txl;tcrf;tem;rsm;ü 0rf;ajrmufpum; ajymMum;
&ef tEkarm'em okH;okwf ? Oykofy0g&Pm uJhodkYaom tajccH
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pGm oGm;EdkifaeEdkif&rnfjzpfonf/
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4
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okwåefokH;ckudkyg tm*kHaqmifEdkif&rnfjzpfonf/ 0denf;uHrsm;
tjyif cE¨0wfrsm;udkvnf; od&rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí
xdk&[ef;onf rZösdredum,faqmif (tkyfpk0if)jzpfrl rZösdredum,f
rS rlvyPÖmo (yxrqkH; okwåef 50)udk od&rnfjzpfonf/ 'DC
bmPutkyfpk0ifjzpfrl 'DCedum,frS r[m0*¾ ('kwd, 10
okwf)? oH,kwåedum,faqmiftkyf0if jzpfrl oH,kwåedum,f r[m
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3
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aom r*Fvmtcrf;tem;) ESihf t0r*Fvm (tokb odkYr[kwf uG,fvGefol
twGuf qGrf;vSLjcif;) rsm;twGuf tEkarm'em tcrf;tem;rsm;jzpfonf/
4
yg&mZduu@ESihf ygpdwåd,u@udk qdkvdkonf/
512 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
onf/ rZösdredum,ft|uxmwGif azmfjyonhf pmydk'fwpfckudk xdk
tcsdefu oD[kdVfaus;vufa'orsm;ü &&Sdonhf pmaywwfajrmuf
rItwdkif;twm wpf&yftjzpf rSwf,lEdkifonf/ xdkpmydk'fwGif aus;
vufa'owpfckodkY bk&ifrif;u trdefYpmcRefwpfck ydkYvdkufaom
tcg pmudk rzwfwwfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYudk,fpm; ,if;pmudk zwf
1 2
½Iay;&ef tjcm;wpfa,muftm; apcdkif;aMumif; qdkonf /
,if;onf e,fpGefe,fzsm;a'orsm;ü eef;awmfrS ñTefMum;
csufwpf&yfESihf ywfoufonfudk pmayrwwfonhf aus;½Gmom;
rsm; od&ykHjzpfonf/ e,fpGefe,fzsm;a'o (ypöEÅZeya') [laom
pum;vkH;rsm;rSm xl;jcm;onf/ ,if;pum;vkH;rsm;onf ,if;odYk
aom azmfjycsufrsm;udk em;vnf&ef NrdKUjyaus;½Gmrsm;ü rnfolrQ
tultnDrvdkaMumif; azmfjyonf/
pmayoifMum;jcif;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;\ vufwGif&Sdaomf
vnf; tqihfjrihf ynmwwfuRrf;NyD; ,Ofaus;Muonfh a,musfm;
rdef;rrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf tcsKdUrSm &[ef;awmf
rsm;udk,fwdkif ¤if;wdkYtm; usrf;*efwwfodolrsm;tjzpf oabmwl
vufcH&onftxd ynmwwfuRrf;Muonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf orEÅyg
om'dumwGif bmwd,rif; (at'D 38-66)onf bmompum;
rsm;pGmudk wwfuRrf;onhf ynm&SifBuD;wpfa,muf (y@dawm
bmoEÅ&ukoavm) jzpfonfh ykPÖm;rsKd; 'DCum&m,etrnf&Sd
0efBuD;wpfa,muftm; r[m0d[m& ausmif;wkdufESihf tb,
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1
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avcH 0gapwkH tZmeEÅm a,m 0gapwkH Zmemwd awe 0gpmaywGm wH
tw¬H okwGm &anm tmPmwd tm'a&e orÜma'EÅd/ ,if;pmydk'fonf
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ rnfonhf e,fajrudkrS &nfñTef;rxm;ay/ ,if;azmfjy
csufonf wpfpkHwpfckaom tcsufudk &Sif;vif;ap&ef o½kyfazmfonhf
a,bk,s azmfjycsuf wpf&yfomjzpfonf/ odkYwap t|uxmusrf;rsm;
onf a,bk,stm;jzihf a'oqdkif&m tajctaerS o½kyfazmfaMumif;
od&onf/
ynma&; 509
1
wdkYtm; Mo0g'ay;&ef tqifhrDoljzpfonf /
ausmif;wkdufwpfckwGif a,bk,stm;jzihf wpfaeYvQif pmay
oifMum;ydkYcsrI okH;Budrf&Sdonf/ aeYqGrf;twGuf qGrf;cHrxGufrD eH
eufcif;wpfcsdefESifh rGef;vGJwiG f wpfcsdefjzpfonf/ wwd, pmoif
csdefrSm naecif;wGif jzpfonf/ naeydkif; bmoma&; 0wfjyKrINyD;
aemuf trsm;qkH; jzpfEdkifonf / wpfcgwpf&HwGif trsm;udk
a[majymydkYonhfykHpHjzihf pmoifcsdefokH;ck &Sdonf/ r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wdkufrS wdyd#uplVmb,rax&fonf a&m[Pt&yf&Sd
wkvm"m&yAÁwae "r®&u©dwrax&fxH pmoifMum;&ef aemufyg
&[ef;awmfrsm;pGmESihf twl <uoGm;aomtcg ntcsdefwGif pm
oifom;&[ef;awmfonf q&mha&SUarSmufü usrf;pmrsm;udk ½Gwfqdk
jy&vsuf q&mrax&fu ½GwfqdkNyD; usrf;rsm;udk aeYtcgwGif &Sif;
jyay;&ef tcsdefZ,m;udk pDrHxm;onf/ aus;½Gmom;rsm;u
ausmif;wdkuf\a&SUwGif r@yfBuD;aqmufvkyfxm;vsuf wdyd#u
plVmb,ESifh wynhfrsm;onf a[majymydkYcsrIodkY aeYpOf wuf
3
a&mufMuonf /
tqihfjrihf oifMum;rIwGif aqG;aEG;rIonf t"du oifMum;
4
enf;jzpfonf/ a&S;tcef; wGif tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wdkufESihf r[m*gr&Sd wdómr[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufwdkYü
ESpfpOf ESpfBudrfpD? ausmif;wdkuf toD;oD;wGif ESpfBudrfpD usif;y
1
odkYjzpfí yd#uwfokH;ykH wwfuRrf;olomvQif bdu©KeDwdkYtm; Mo0g'ay;
&ef vkHavmufoltjzpf ,lqcH&onf/ ,if;onf xdk&[ef;awmftaejzihf
ar;jref;cH&onfh ar;cGef;tm;vkH;udk ajzMum;Edkifonhf tajctaewGif &Sd
aomaMumihf jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ &[ef;wpfyg;onf rdrd\ ,kHrSm; oHo,udk
ajz&Sif;ay;Edkif&ef tcGifhta&; rsm;pGm&SdEdkifaomfvnf; bdu©KeDwpfyg;\
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rSm wif;MuyfNyD; pmay oifMum;&ef t"dutcGifhtvrf;rSm
bdu©Kaem0g'u &[ef;awmfrsm;omvQif jzpfonf/
2
tH-| 1? 29-30/
3
0dok'¨dr*¾ 1? 92/
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þusrf;? pmrsufESm 314 udk ½Iyg/
510 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
aMumif; awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;pnf;a0;BuD;rsm;wGif &[ef;
awmfrsm;onf xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm;ESihf
cufcJonhf jyóemrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cGifh&&SdMuNyD; rdrdwdkY\ oHo,
rsm;udk &Sif;vif;EdkifMuvsuf ,if;odkYjzihf ¤if;wdkY\ ax&0g'
tpOftvmudk xdef;odrf; o,faqmifcJhMuonf/
vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;rIrSm tvGefav;pm;cH&onhf ta&;BuD;
aom oGifjyifwpf&yfjzpfonf/ wynhfwpfyg;onf rdrd\q&mESihf
oabmxm; uGJvGJEdkifNyD; jypfwifrIr&SdbJ wpfpkHwpfckaom twdkif;
twmtxd aqG;aEG;Edkifvsuf rdrd\ wynhfrSefonf[k q&mt&Sif
taejzihf ,kHMunfvQif qkwfqdkif;jcif;r&SdbJ wynhf\ ,lqcsufudk
vufcHonf/ ESpfyg;vkH; yd#uwfokH;ykHwGif txl;uRrf;usifMuonhf
wdyd#uplVaomrESihf wynhfjzpfol wdyd#uplVem* (txufwGif
azmfjyNyD;) rax&fESpfyg;onf owdy|meokwfvm {um,er*¾
[laom a0g[m&ESihf ywfoufNyD; tawG;tjrif rwlbJ&SdMuonf/
q&mjzpfolu jyóemudk tvGefeuf½Idif;pGm awG;awmNyD; aemuf
qkH;wGif rdrdwynhf\ t,ltqrSefuefaMumif; odjrifoGm;onf/
plVaomrax&fonf wynhfjzpfol plVem*rax&f\ ydkYcscsufudk
em,l&ef pnf;a0;a&muf&SdvmMuonhf y&dowfa&SUarSmufü rdrd
1
wynhf\,lqcsufudk vufcHcJhaMumif; od&onf / odkYwap ,if;
odkYaom ESvkH;pdwf0rf; BuD;jrwfrIESihf vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;rIrsm;
2 3
onf t|uxmusrf;rsm;udk a&;om;csdefü &Sm;yg;NyD; jzpfykH&onf /
rdrd\ todynmtwGuf rdrdudk,fudk ESdrfhcsjcif;ESihf r0ifh0g
jcif;udk BuD;jrwfaom ynm&Sif\ oauFwtjzpf ,lqcH&onf/
xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh ynm&Sif a&m[Pt&yf&Sd wkvm"m&
ausmif;wdkufrS "r®&u©dwrax&fonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufrS
wdyd#uplVmb,rax&ftm; oifMum;NyD;aemuf rdrdwynhf\ ajc
1 1
'D-| 2? 337/ r-| 1? 236-2377/
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þusrf;? pmrsufESm 359 udk ½Iyg/
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&if; zsmay:wGif xdkifvsuf ur®|mef;w&m; ay;&ef avQmufxm;
onf/ ]t&Sifbk&m;? wynhfawmfu t&Sifbk&m;xHrSm oif,lcJh
onf r[kwfygvm;? t&Sifbk&m;rodygvdkY wynhfawmf rnfodYk
avQmufxm;&ygrnfenf;} [k wynhfu avQmufxm;onf/ q&m
jzpfolu ]odkY&mwGif t&Sifbk&m;? xdk;xGif;odjrifrI vrf;pOfrSm t
awmftwef jcm;em;aom t&mjzpfygonf}[k q&mt&Sifu jyef
rdefYMum;onf/ wdyd#uplVmb,rax&fonf xdktcsdefu aom
wmyefjzpfonf/ q&mrax&fonf wynhfay;onhf ur®|mef;
1
w&m;jzihf &[EÅmjzpfoGm;onf[k qdkonf /
aemufxyf xif&Sm;onhf ynm&Sifjzpfol Opö0gvdumausmif;
wdkufae r[mem* rax&fonfvnf; rdrdwynhfjzpfol wv*F&
ausmif;wdkufae "r®&u©dwrax&f\ ajc&if;ü aqmifhaMumihfxdkif
2
NyD; ur®|mef;w&m;udk awmif;yefaMumif; qdkonf /
"r®udk &Sif;jywwfolrax&fBuD;jzpfNyD; &[ef;rsm;pGm\ q&m
t&Sifjzpfol omauwwdórax&ftm; t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü
rdrd\ A[kókwudk xkwfazmfrjywwfonhf *kPf&nfESifhjynfhpkH
onfh pHerltjzpfjzihf azmfjycH&onf/ tcgwpfyg;ü rax&fonf
ausmif;wdkufESifh wynfhrsm;udkxm;cJhNyD; twefa0;uGmonhf t&yf
&Sd uPdum&0gvduork'´0d[m& ausmif;wdkufwGif 0gqdkvsuf
tjcm; &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; ulnD&if; omref &[ef;awmf wpfyg;
uJhodkY aexdkifcJhonf /
&[ef;tm;vkH;rSm wpfpkHwpfckaom twdkif;twmxd ynm
t&nftcsif;&SdMuaMumif; aocsmoavmufjzpfonf/ odkYwap vl
0wfaMumif;rsm;tMum; pmaywwfajrmufrI twdkif;twmudk ao
csmaponfh enf;vrf; r&Sdacs/ odkYwap aus;½Gmom;rsm;tMum;
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xH pmayoifMum;cGifh jyKcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ q&mrax&fonf pmoif
516 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
awGU&NrJjzpfaom pmvkH;rsm;xuf rsm;pGm rBuD;onhf pmvkH;ao;?
wpfcgwpf&H ,if;xufyif rsm;pGmao;i,faom pmvkH;rsm;jzihf
rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf/ wHwdkif;eH&u H dk twwfEdkifqkH; xdcdkufysuf
pD;rI enf;yg;ap&ef rsm;pGm reufapbJ a&;xdk;cJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
cRefxufaom oHacsmif;jzihf ra&;xGif;rD teDa&mif aq;jzihf eH&H
wGif a&S;OD;pGm a&;cscJhNyD; ,if;aq;a&;rsm;rSm ae&mtenf;i,f
wGif ra&;xGif;bJ usefaeao;onf/ a&;om;csuf tcsKdUrSm
tvGef *½kwpdkufMunhf½IrSom ,if;wdkYudk owdjyKrdEdkifavmuf
1 2
atmif wdrfvGef;vSonf /
xdkacwfu pmaya&;om;jcif;onf tvGef xif&Sm;ykH&onf/
pmaya&;om;wwfolrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY azmifwdef odkYr[kwf cJwH
udk ,laqmifoGm;ouJhodkY ¤if;wdkEY Sihftwl unpfudkyg o,f,loGm;
MuykH&onf/ ]yk*¾Kdvfwdkif; okH;NrJwdkif;vufudk tokH;jyKcJhMuNyD; a&;
om;csuf rsm;pGmwGif owdjyKrdEdkifonfh a&;ykHa&;[ef jcm;em;csuf
rsm;udk taotcsm awGUjrifEdkifonf/ ,if; a&;om;csuftcsKdUrSm
taumif;rGefqkH;aom a&S;acwfoD[dkVf vufa&; erlemrsm;wGif
2
yg0ifNyD; tcsKdUrSm tvGeftvGef *½kwpdkuf a&;xGif;cJhMuonf} /
,aeYwdkif wnf&Sdao;onhf a&S;tusqkH; usrf;pmxufyif
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uAsmq&mrsm; a&;om;cJhMuonfr[kwfbJ omref t&yfom;
vma&muf vnfywfolrsm; a&;om;cJhMujcif;om jzpfonf/ *gxm
wpfyk'fudk ]yef;csDq&mBuD;wpfa,muf\ tvkyfoif wynhfokH;
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3
onf / trsKd;orD;rsm; a&;xkd;onhf *gxmyk'frsm;pGmwdkYu a&S;
acwfoD[dkVfü trsKd;orD;ynma&;onf trsKd;om; ynma&;ESihf
tvGefruGmaMumif; azmfjyonf/
1
,if;? pm-311/
2
,if;? pm-311-312/
3
,if;? pm-334/
ynma&; 513
tjrifrsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf ygVdawmfESihf "r®a&;&m tcsuf
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rsm;udk qkH;jzwf&ef cefYtyfcJhaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf /
a0g[m&duwdórif; (at'D 269-291) onf 0efBuD;
uydvtm; a0wkv†0g'tm; pkHprf;ppfaq;NyD; z,f&Sm;&ef tzGJU
acgif;aqmiftjzpf cefYtyfcJhonf/ r[maoerif; (at'D 334-
362) vufxufwGif w&m;olBuD;csKyfonf wdórax&f tm;
¤if;udk qefYusifonhf tcsKdUtcsufrsm;udk 0denf;ESihftnD pkH prf;
ppfaq;NyD;aemuf omoemhabmifrS xkwfy,fvdkuf (vl0wf
vJvdkuf) aMumif; tqdk&Sdonf /
,if;ykHpHrsm;onf EdkifiHawmf\ 0efBuD;rsm;onf tqifhjrihf
ynmwwfuRrf;NyD; ,Ofaus;olrsm;jzpfaMumif;vnf; azmfjyonf/
xdk0efBuD;rsm;\ okawoeESihf avmukwå&ma&;udpörsm;ü 0if
a&mufpGufzufrIonf ¤if;wdkY\ aemufcH EdkifiHa&;tmPmaMumifh
om r[kwfbJ ,if;odkYaom tajctaersm;udk udkifwG,f&ef
¤if;wdkYudk,fwkdif\ todynmESihf ukd,fusihfw&m;a&;&m t&nf
tcsif;jynfh0jcif;wdkYaMumihfvnf; jzpfonf/
yxrt*¾aAm"drif; (at'D 568-601)vufxuftwGif; oD
[dkVfbmomjzihf uAsmusrf;rsm; a&;om;cJhMuonfh ausmfMum;onhf
3
uAsmq&m q,fhESpfa,muf&SdcJhonf /
1
0d-| 2? 168/
2
r[m0Ho 36;41/ 3
,if; 37;39/
4
r[m0Ho 42;13/ edum,o*F[? pm-15/ edum,o*F[usrf;tvdk
t& ,if;uAsmq&m 12 a,muf\trnfpm&if;rSm 1) ou'grv (Sa-
kdāmala) 2) tou'grv (Asakdāmala) 3) 'grd (DāmI) 4) Am[d&d
(Bāhiri) 5) 'VAdaom (Da¼abisô) 6) tEk½kwukrm½k (Anurutkumaru)
7) 'va*g-w ukr½k (Da¼agot Kumaru) 8) 'vov ukr½k (Da¼asala
Kumaru) 9) udwod&d ukr½k (Kitasiri Kumaru) 10) yk&0'k ukr½k (Pu-
rava¹u Kumaru) 11) ol&d,Am[k (S³riyab±hu) 12) uokyaumw
tmyg (Kasupkoµa ¾p±) wdkYjzpfonf/ ,if;trnfemr tm;vkH;rSm vl0wf
aMumifrsm; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/ ,aeYtcsdefxd ,if;uAsmq&mwdkY a&;om;cJh
aomvuf&m wpfckwpfavrQudk rawGU&awmhacs/
514 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
trsKd;orD;rsm; ynma&;rSm trsKd;om;ynma&;\ aemufwGif
rsm;pGm usefraecJhbJ ynma&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif ynmwwf bdu©KeD
rsm;vnf; yg0ifywfoufrI&SdcJhaMumif; ,lq&ef taMumif;&Sdonf/
obm0tm;jzihf bdu©KeDrsm;onf trsKd;orD;xk\ todynmESihf
udk,fusihfw&m;a&;&m aumif;usKd; aqmif½GufrI twGuf ¤if;wdkY\
b0udk `rIyfESHxm;Muonf/ wwd, aZ|wdó rif;\ rdzk&m;onf
bdu©KeD0wfNyD; ÓPfynm xufjrufolrsm;twGufom &nf½G,f
1 1
onhf bmom&yfwpfckjzpfonfh tbd"r®mudk t|uxmESihfwuG
2
oif,lonf /
a&S;acwfoD[dkVfwGif us,fjyefYNyD; tqihfrDonhf a,bk,s
ynmoifMum;rItaMumif; touf0ifonhf azmfjycsufwpf&yfrSm
qd*d&d, t&yf&Sd rSefwHwdkif;jzpfonf/ at'D ig;&mpkwGif yxr
uóyrif; (at'D 478-496) udk,fwdkif wnfaqmufcJhzG,f&Sd
onhf ,if; wHwdkif;\ rSefESihfwlaom eH&HrsufESmwGif ao;ao;
auG;auG; a&;om;csufrsm;pGm yg&SdNyD; at'D ajcmuf&mpkrS
aygVKEé½k0acwf aemufydkif;wpfcsdefxd &ufpGJrsm;udk pOfvsuf a&S;
a[mif; ta&;tom;jzihf azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;a&;om;csufrsm;
rSm ,if;ausmufcHwyf ordkif;0ifae&mwpfckjzpfvmcsdef azmfjyyg
acwfumvtwGif; qd*d&d,odkY tvnftywfa&muf&SdvmMuol
rsm;pGmwdkY a&;jcpfcJhMuonhf rSwfwrf;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
,if;rSwfwrf; tajrmuftjrm;udk *gxmrsm;jzihf a&;om;
xm;NyD; tcsKdUtenf;i,frSm pum;ajyrsm;yif jzpfMuonf/ ,if;
wdkYtrsm;pkrSm ausmfMum;onhf qd*d&, yefcsDrsm;\ tvSESihf ywf
oufMuNyD; tjcm; tcsKdUrSm ausmufawmifxdyfodkY t0if&Sd {&mr
jcaoFh½kyfBuD;ESihf ywfoufvsuf tcsKdUrSm qd*d&, d \ BuD;us,fcrf;
em;rI tawG;tjrifESihf ywfoufMuonf/
1
r[m0Ho 44;108-117/
2
txufwGif azmfjycJhonhf ,if;uAsm 12 yk'fteuf 'VAdaom (Da¼a-
bisô) ac:wGifolonf trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf\ emrnf jzpfEdkifrnf
avm/
ynma&; 515
a&;rSwfolrsm;\ trnfemrESihf ae&yfrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\ rSwf
wrf;rsm;ESihf twl a&;rSwfavh&SdMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm bk&ihfrdom;
pkrsm;rSonf omref aus;½Gmvlxktxd pkHvifonf/ bk&ifrif;rsm;?
rif;nDrif;om;rsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;? &[ef;awmfrsm;? tpdk;& t&m&Sd
rsm;ESihf omref trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY
onf oD[dkVfuRef; ae&mtESHUrS vma&mufMuonf/ ]a&;om;csuf
rsm;ü awGU&onhf trnfemr trsm;pkrSm ordkif;wGif ae&m&Edkif
avmufatmif ta&;ygolrsm; r[kwfMuacs} / xD;eef;ESihf ywf
oufolrsm;udkyif rsm;pGm rawGU&acs/
,if;a&;om;csufonf a&S;acwftcsdefrsm;u qd*d&d,odkY
tvnftywfvmol trsm;pkonf ,aeY tvnftywfvmol
trsm;pkxuf ydkrdk ynmwwfNyD; ,Ofaus;MuaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm
azmfjyonf/ acwfopf tvnftywfvma&mufolrsm;onf
awmufajymifacsmrGwfonhf rsufESmjyifay:wGif qdk;½Gm;pGm a&;jcpf
rIrsm;? ½dkif;pdkif;pGm a&;xGif;xm;onhf emrnf\ tppmvkH;BuD;rsm;
ESihf wpfcgwpf&H wefzdk;BuD;rm;onhf ,if;a&S;a[mif; rSwfwrf;rsm;
udk ysufpD;apjcif;rsm;aMumifh azmfjyyg orkdif;0if wHwkdif; aysmuf
uG,f&ykHudk awGUjrifEdkifonf/ odkYwap a&S;acwf vma&mufvnf
ywfolrsm; jyKvkyfonhf ,if;odkYaom ½dkif;ysrIoauFw wpfckw
avrQudk rawGU&acs/ ,if;wHwdkif;eH&Hrsm;wGif a&;om;&efrSm
oifhavsmf avsmufywfykHr&aomfvnf; a&S;acwfu qd*d&d,odYk
vma&mufcJhMuolrsm;onf BuD;pGm *½kpkdufvsuf {nhfrSwfwrf; pm
tkyfuJhodkY ,if;rSefwHwdkif;udk tokH;jyKcJhMuykH&onf/
]t*FawtwGif;odkY BuD;rm;onhf tu©&mrsm;jzihf rdrdwdkY\
emrnfrsm;udk euf½Idif;pGm a&;jcpfMuonhf ,aeYacwf tvSzsuf
qD;olrsm;ESihf rwlbJ tv,facwffu vma&muf vnfywfMuol
rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ *gxmrsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzihf aypmrsm;wGif
1
Sigiriya Graffiti by Paranavitana JRAS. (CB), Vol. XXXIV, (No. 92, 1939),
p. 338.
 ynma&; 517
y&e0dwe (yk*¾Kdvf)u þodkYokH;oyfonf ]ykHrSeftm;jzihf ,if;
ykHpHjzihf rSwfwrf;wifrIrsm;ü pmaya&;&m xl;jcm;ajymifajrmufrI
wpfpkHwpf&mudkrQ rarQmfvihfEdkifaomfvnf; taumif;qkH;wpfckudk
a½G;cs,f&ef BudK;pm;jcif;rjyKbJ txufwGif azmfjycJhonhf tcsKdU
aom *gxmrsm;rSm pmaytaiGUtouf ruif;Muojzihf uAsm[k
1
ac:Edkifonf[k uREkfyfxif\} / ]vlom;wdkY\ tvSycHpm;rIudk qGJ
aqmifEdkifpGrf;&SdrItwGuf xl;jcm;onhf ae&mwGif wnf&Sdvsuf pif
Mu,f ,Ofaus;onhf vlrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;jzifh ,if;odkYaom
rdrdwdkY\ vwfwavm tm½kHcHpm;csufrsm;udk xkwfazmfjcif;rsm;rSm
rMumcP o'´g? ta&;tzGJUESihf um&efrsm;aMumihf yifyef;pGm avh
usuf&rIrsm;jzihf t&nftaoG; usqif;aponhf aESmif;acwf oD
2
[dkVfuAsmykHpHwGif rsm;pGmrawGU&onhf &nfñTef;csufwpf&yf&Sd\ /
vlwef;pm;tvTmaygif;pkHrS qd*d&d,odkY vma&mufvnfywf
ol &maygif;rsm;pGmonf ¤if;wdkY\ pdwftm½kHcHpm;rIESihf tawG;
tjrifrsm;udk awmufajymifNyD; pifMu,faumif;rGefonhf uAsm
rsm;jzihf xkwfazmfEdkifonhf tcsufonf xdkacwfu ynma&;onf
us,fjyefYNyD; tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;twGufom uefYowfrxm;
aMumif; oufaojyvsuf&Sdonf/
ynmoifMum;&m e,fajrtjzpf oD[dkVf\ xifay:ausmf
Mum;rIonf a0;uGmus,fjyefYonfh t&yfrsm;odkY ysHUESHYoGm;onf/
[l,ifqefonf ]ork'´&mtv,fwGif oD[V [kac:onfh EdkifiH
wpfEdkifiH&Sd\/ ,if;EdkifiHum; ox0d& (Sthavira School) *dkPf;
0ifynm&Sif yg&*lrsm;aMumifh xif&Sm;NyD; a,m*oQwå&udk &Sif;jy
3
EdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm;aMumihfvnf; ausmfMum;\}[k Mum;zl;cJhonf /
aemiftcg ,if; w½kwf&[ef;awmfonf tdEd́,awmifydkif;
uÍödyl&NrdKUwGif aAm"darCqGm&ESihf tb,'HoQwå& trnf&onhf
1
,if;? pm-339/
2
,if;? pm-340/
3
Beal : The Life of Hiuen Tsiang, p. 133.
518 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
xif&Sm;onfh "r®uxdurax&fESpyf g; OD;aqmifonhf oD[dkVf
1
&[ef;awmf tyg; 300 cefYESihf qkHawGUcGifh&cJhonf / [l,ifqef
onf xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;ESihf awGUqkHar;jref;cGifh&jcif;ü ]t&Sif
bk&m;wdkY EdkifiHrS oHCmhtBuD;tuJrsm;onf ox0d&*dkPf;om;
wdkY\ wdyd#uESihf a,m*oQwå&usrf;rsm;udk &Sif;jyEdkifonf[k
qdkyg\/ uREkfyftaejzihf xdkEdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufNyD; ,if;usrf;
rsm;udk oif,l&ef qE´jyif;jyaeyg\/ þae&modkY tb,faMumifh
vma&mufMuoenf;[k t&Sifbk&m;wdkYtm; wynhfawmf ar;
avQmufEdkifygoavm} [k ar;jref;onf/
,if;tar;udk ajzqdk&mü oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;u xkdtcsdef
u oD[dkVfwGif uyfab;qdkufa&mufaeNyD; ZrÁK'Dy (tdEd́,)rSm
&SifawmfAk'¨\ arG;zGm;&majrjzpfaomaMumihf vmcJh&aMumif; ajym
Mum;Muonf/ oD[dkVf&[ef;awmfrsm;u ]"r®udkodMuonhf wynfh
awmfwdkY *dkPf;0if &[ef;awmfrsm;wGif touft½G,fESihf odu©m0g
t& wynhfawmfwdkYudk ausmfvGefolrsm; r&SdMuawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí
t&Sifbk&m;taejzihf tu,fí t&Sifbk&m;rSm wpfpkHwpf&m
oHo,rsm;ygu t&Sifbk&m;\ qE´twdkif; ,if;oHo,rsm;ESihf
ywfoufonfwdkYudk twlwuG aqG;aEG;Mu&atmif} qufí ajym
2
qdkvdkufMuonf /

1
,if;trnfemrrsm;rSm ykHrSef r[kwfacs/ Beal onf ,if; ouúwa0g[m&
rsm;udk w½kwfemrnfrsm;udk bmomjyef&mü toHzvS,fcJhjcif;jzpfonfrSm
xif&Sm;onf/
2
Beal : op.cit, p. 133.

00000000

2008 {NyD 9 &uf/

 aemufquf wGJ 2
acwf tvdkuf ordk if;jzpfpOfrsm;
bDpD
3 &mpk
247-207 a'0geHyd,wdórif; eef;pdkufjcif;?
Ak'¨0g' a&muf&Sdjcif;?
aAm"dyif yihfaqmifjcif;?
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk wnfaxmifjcif;?
oD[dkVfbmom t|uxmusrf;rsm; ay:vmjcif;?
2 &mpk
129 t&Sifr[dE´rax&f y&dedAÁmefpHjcif;?
128 t&SifroHCrdwå y&dedAÁmefpHjcif;?
101-77 'k|*grPd eef;pdkufjcif;?
bmoma&;tajcjyK trsKd;om;a&;0g' jzpfay:vmjcif;?
&[ef;rsm; vlrIESihf EdkifiHa&;rsm;wGif yg0ifvmjcif;?
uqkefvjynhf Ak'¨aeYyGJawmf pwifusif;y?
avm[ygom'? r[mapwD? pdwåvyAÁw0d[m& ESifh
wdór[m0d[m&rsm; wnfaqmuf?
1 &mpk
43-29 jA[®Pwdóolykefab; ay:aygufjcif;?
ayxuftu©&mwifjcif;?
y&d,wåd (oifMum;rI) onf y#dywåd (usihfBuHrI) ESihf
y#da0" (xdk;xGif; odjrifrI) wdkYxuf ydkrdk ta&;BuD;
aMumif; ,lqvmonf - *E¦"k&ESihf 0dóem"k& t,l
tq jzpfvmjcif;?
yHokulaqmif rax&frsm;ESihf "r®uxdurax&frsm;?
aemufquf wGJ 1
r[m0d[m&[lonf
r[m0d[m&[laom a0g[m&onf tb,fudk &nfñTef;yg
oenf;/ ,if;onf yx0Dtaetxm;t& xif&Sm;&Sdaom ae&m
odkYr[kwf wuúodkvfwpfck jzpfoavm/ ,if;a0g[m&udk yxr
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tEk&m"yk&NrdKUwGif a'0geHyd,wdórif;BuD; wnfaqmufcJhaom
yxrqkH;aom ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk ac:a0:aMumif; oHo,jzpf
zG,f rvdkacs/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü oDwif;okH;aexkdifMu
aom &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; obm0tm;jzihf r[m0d[m&0goD
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufae&[ef;rsm; [k ac:a0:onf/ rlvu
oD[dkVf&Sd &[ef;awmfrsm; tm;vkH;rSm rnfonhft&yfwGif aeonf
jzpfap tEk&m"yk&NrdKU r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf tEG,frsm;jzpfMu
ojzifh tjcm;ausmif;wdkuftm;vkH;rSm tenf;ESihftrsm; t"du
tm;jzihf r[m0d[m&tquftEG,frsm; jzpfMuonf/ bDpD wpf&m
pkwGif tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufESihf at'Dav;&mpkwGif aZw
0eausmif;wdkufrsm; ay:aygufvmNyD;aemuf oHCmhnDñGwfrI ysuf
jym;oGm;NyD; tjcm;*dkPf;uGJrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ r[m0d[m&
[laom a0g[m&\ crf;em;rIrSm ydkrdk toD;tjcm; jzpfoGm;onf/
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t|uxmusrf;rsm;ü r[m0d[m&[laoma0g[m&udk okH;EIef;
aomtcg tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd tb,*d&dESihf aZw0eausmif;wdkuf
wdkYudk qefYusifonhftaejzihf r[m0d[m&[laom trnfudk &nf
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NrdKU&Sd r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü oDwif;okH;Muonfh &[ef;awmf
522 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif;
1
rsm;udkomvQif &nf½G,fcJhonf / odkY&mwGif 'kwd,t"dyÜm,fyGm;rSm
rnfonfhae&mwGif oDwif;okH;aexkdifonfjzpfap r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wdkufESihf qufEG,frI&Sdonhf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;vkH;udk t
2
usKH;0ifonfxd us,fjyefYonf /
r[m0d[m&[laom a0g[m&onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[m0d
[m&ausmif;wkduftwGufom tokH;jyKonfr[kwfacs/ tenf;qkH;
tEk&m"yk& NrdKUawmfü Ak'¨0g'\ A[dkXmeNydKuGJcJhonhf at'D 12
&mpk tcsdefxd oD[dkVfuRef;\ tjcm;tpdwftydkif;rsm;ü ,if;
trnfjzihf xif&Sm;cJhaom tjcm; ausmif;wdkfufBuD; rsm;pGmwdkY &SdcJhykH
&onf/ yÍör 'rÁKvrif; (at'D 923-934) eef;pH ajcmufESpf
ajrmufwGif a&;xkd;onhf uw&*grausmufpmü wdór[m0d[m
&udk twdtus &nfñTef;NyD; r[m0d[m&[laom a0g[m&udk okH;
3 4
EIef;xm;onf / &o0g[deDusrf; t& t&d,*gvwdótrnf&Sd
trsKd;om;wpfa,mufonf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; yihfzdwf&ef a&m
[Pt&yf&Sd r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufodkY oGm;a&mufonf/ ,if;
5
onf wdór[m0d[m&udk &nfñTef;onfrSm xif&Sm;onf / rEé&
uaqa[&d (Mannar Kacheheri)t&yf&Sd at'Dudk;&mpkcefY a&;xdk;
onhf ausmufpmwpfckwGif r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf\ A['k½k
aoe yd,*Fv (Bahadurusen Piyangala) [kac:onhf ausmif;
1
,if;t"dyÜm,fonf r[m0Housrf;ü azmfjyonhf t"dyÜm,fjzpfonfrSm
xif&Sm;onf/
2
,aeYwdkifyif a,bk,stm;jzihf *dkP;f toD;oD;rS &[ef;awmfrsm;udk ¤if;
wdkY\XmecsKyf trnfrsm;jzihf todrsm;Muonf/ ykHpHtm;jzihf uE´Drmv0wå
ausmif;wdkufü OyorÜ'gtjzpfudk &&SdcJhMuolrsm;tm; uED́rSm aeonfjzpf
ap rw&rSm aeonfjzpfap rmv0wå &[ef;rsm;[laom trnfudk &Mu
onf/ odkYjzpfí tajccHtm;jzihf bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdkufwpfckjzpfonfh
rmv0wåonf ajymif;vJonfh tjrifjzihf *dkPf;wpfckudk &nfñTef;onf/
3 4
EZ. III, pp. 222-223. &o0g[deD 2? 36/
5 2
wpfcgwpf&H ,if;ausmif;wdkufudk AmVr[m0d[m&[k ac:onf (&o
0g[deD 2? 8)/
aemufqufwGJ 1 r[m0d[m&[lonf 523
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1
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(Devamadi Korale)NrdKU a*gPÖ0 a'0gav (Gonnava Devale)
t&yf&Sd at'D udk;&mpka&;xdk;onhf aemufxyf ausmufpm wpfck
wGif ]r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkduf\ twGif;ausmif;} wpfck twGuf
2
0wåuajr ay;tyfrItaMumif;udk rSwfwrf;wif xm;onf /
,if;ausmufpmrsm;ü ygonfh r[m0d[m&[laom a0g[m&
onf tEk&m"yk&NrdKU r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk &nfñTef;
oavm? tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd XmecsKyf0if a'oqdkif&m ausmif;rsm;udk
&nfñTef;oavm? odkYr[kwf a'ocHwdkYu r[m0d[m&[k em;
vnfonhf tjcm;ausmif;wdkufwpfckudk &nfñTef;oavmqdkonf
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r[m0d[m&[laomtrnfudk a'oqdkif&m ausmif;wdkufrsm;tm;
trnfemray;&mü tokH;jyKcJhMuzG,f&Sdonf/
odkY&mwGif at'Dig;&mpkwGif a&;om;onhf t|uxmusrf;
rsm;ü r[m0d[m&[laomtrnfudk tEk&m"yk&NrdKU&Sd r[m0d[m&
ausmif;wdkufrSwpfyg; tjcm; rnfonhf ausmif;wdkufudkrQ tokH;
3
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twkdif; &[ef;awmfrsm; wpfESpfvQif ykHrSef ESpfBudrf pnf;a0;avh&Sd
onfh oD[dkVfü ta&;ygaom ausmif;wdkufBuD;ESpfckudk &nfñTef;
xm;onf/ jrpf (Mahāvāliganga) wpfzufurf;ü oDwif;okH;Mu
onfh &[ef;rsm;onf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü pnf;a0;MuNyD;
þzufurf;ü oDwif;okH;Muaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf wdó
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufü pnf;a0;Muonf/ xdktcsdefrSmyif a&m
[Pt&yf&Sd ausmif;wdkufBuD;tm; wdó[laom a&SUqufpum;
rygbJ r[m0d[m&[laom trnfudk rac:a0:cJhacs/
1
EZ. III, p, 103.
EZ. IV, pp. 188-189.
3
'D-| 2? 172/ þusrf;? pm- 315 udkvnf; ½Iyg/
 aemufqufwGJ 2 acwftvdkuf ordkif;jzpfpOfrsm; 525
29-17 0¥*grPd eef;pdkufjcif;?
aemufquf wGJ 3 yxrqkH; tBudrf oHCmuGJjym;jcif;?
rif;qufrsm; r[m0d[m&rS tb,*d&d cGJxGuf?
(0DvsH*dkif*g\ plV0Ho t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? wGJ 2 twdkif;) "r®½kpd*dkPf; jzpfay:vmjcif;?
trnf eef;pdkufNrdKU ouú&mZf at'D
1/ 0dZ, wrÁyPÖde*& 483-445 bDpD 1&mpk
Mum;umv 67-79 r[mbmwdu r[mem*rif; *d&db@ylZmyGJ usif;y?
(Oywdó &ifcGif Oywdó*gr 445-444 79-89 tmr@*grPdrif;\ rmCmw(toufrowf&) trdefY?
ydkuftkyfcsKyf) 89-92 uPd&ZmEk wdórif;u rdrdudk vkyfBuHcJhMuonfh
2/ y@K0goka'0 / 444-414 &[ef;tyg; 80 udk uGyfrsuf?
3/ tb, / 414-394 3 &mpk
Mum;umv 248-249 {uemVdu iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ab;?
(tb,\nD wdó 269-291 a0g[m&wdórif; eef;pdkuf?
&ifcGifydkuf tkyfcsKyf) / 394-377 a0wkv†0g'udk ESdyfeif;?
4/ y@Kumb, tEk&m"yk& 377-307 oHCm oefY&Sif;a&;?
5/ rk#od0 / 307-247 yxrqkH;tBudrf t&d,0HoyGJawmf usif;y?
6/ a'0geHyd,wdó / 247-207
7/ Owåd, / 207-197 4 &mpk
8/ r[mod0 / 197-187 309-322 a*gXmb,rif; eef;pdkuf?
9/ ol&wdó / 187-177 a0wkv†0g'udk ESdrfeif;jcif;? a0wkv†0g'D &[ef;rsm;
10/ aoe (wrD;vf) / 177-155 udk wdkif;jynfrS ESifxkwf?
11/ *kwådv (wrD;vf) / 177-155 'u©dP*d&dt&yfü om*vd,*dkPf; ay:aygufjcif;?
12/ taov / 155-154 334-381 r[maoerif; eef;pdkuf?
13/ {Vm& (apmV) / 154-101 r[maoerif; r[m,me0g'udk axmufyHhjcif;?
14/ 'k|*grPd / 101-77 r[maoerif; r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk zsufqD;?
15/ o'¨gwdó / 77-59 apwd,yAÁw (r[dE¦avh) udk "r®½kpduwdkY odrf;ydkuf?
16/ xkv†xe / 59- aZw0e0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk wnfaqmufNyD;
17/ vZÆdwdó / 59-50 om*vd, *dkPf;tm; vª'gef;?
'kwd,tBudrf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf pGefYypfcH&jcif;?
18/ cv†#em* / 50-43 crf;em;rI tawG ;tjrif
aAm"do wå½kyEfu
Sihf dkywf oufH;Muonf
yxrqk tBudrf /azmfjy?
526 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; aemufqufwGJ 2 acwftvdkuf ordkif;jzpfpOfrsm; 527
362-409 od&darC0PÖrif;u r[dE´yGJawmfusif;y? 630-658 'kwd,'gaXmywdórif;ESihf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf
þrif;vufxuftwGif; pG,af wmf"mwfudk oD[dkVfodkY tMum; rajyrvnfjzpfjcif;?
yihfaqmifvmjcif;? 658-674 y&dwf½GwfyGJawmf pwifusif;y?
w½kwf&[ef;awmf zm[D,ef oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvm? 678-711 yHokulvdurax&frsm; xif&Sm;vm?
r[m"r®uxD rax&f ygVdawmfudk oD[dkVfbmomjyef? 8 &mpk
5 &mpk 766-722 pwkw¬t*¾aAm"drif; omoemudk okwfoifjcif;?
409-431 r[memrrif; tkyfcsKyfjcif;? Ak'¨0g'usihfpOfrsm;ü [dE´L t,ltqrsm; vTrf;rdk;jcif;?
t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo oD[dkVft|uxmrsm;udk ygVd 8 &mpk
bmomodkY jyefqdk? 831-851 yxraoerif; eef;pdkuf?
6 &mpk 0gZd&d,0g' oD[dkVfodkY a&mufvmjcif;?
496-513 yxr arm*¾v†merif; eef;pdkuf? y@,vlrsKd;wdkY oD[dkVfudk usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufjcif;?
auo"mwk (Ak'¨qHawmf"mwf) udk oD[dkVfodkY yifhvm? 851-885 'kwd,aoerif; eef;pdkuf?
tod*¾g[bGJU ay;tyf? 'kwd,aoerif; y@,EdkifiHudk odrf;ydkuf?
omoemoefY&Sif; pifMu,fa&;aqmif½Guf? omoemudk okwfoifjcif;?
524-537 odvmumvrif; eef;pdkuf? 871- yHokulvdu*dkPf;0ifrsm; tb,*d&drS oD;jcm;cGJxGuf?
t&SifaZmwdygv rax&fu jynfolYa&SUarSmufwGif
a0wkv†0g'Drsm;udk ESdrfeif;? 00000000
uvd*Fbk&if? rdzk&m;ESihf ,if;wdkY\ 0efBuD;rsm; oD[dkVf
odkY a&mufvmNyD; &[ef;jyKMuonf?
536- "r®"mwkudk umod (Am&mPoD) rS oD[dkVfodkY yifh?
7 &mpk
611-617 wwd, arm*¾v†merif; eef;pdkuf?
yd#uwfokH;ykHudk ½Gwfqdkjcif;? omoemoefY&Sif;apjcif;?
617-828 odvmarC0PÖrif; eef;pdkuf?
tb,*d&ausmif;wdkuf jyóem?
omoemudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;jcif;?
tbd"r®mudk txl;pdwf0ifpm;vm?
626-641 bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm; vk,ufcH&?
532 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; aemufqufwGJ 3 oD[dkVfrif;qufrsm; 529
trnf eef;pdkufNrdKU ouú&mZf trnf eef;pdkufNrdKU ouú&mZf
100/ uóy 3 tEk&m"yk& 717-724 19/ 0¥*grPdtb, tEk&m"yk& 43-
101/ r[dE´ 1 / 724-727 20/ ykv[w¬ /
102/ t*¾aAm"d 6 / 727-766 21/ Am[d, /
103/ t*¾aAm"d 7 ayvkEé½k0 766-772 22/ ye,rm& /
104/ r[dE´ 2 tEk&m"yk& 772-792 23/ ydV,rm& /
105/ O', 1 ('yÜKv 2) aygvkEé½k0 (?) 7982-797 24/ 'gXdu / 43-29
106/ r[dE´ 3 tEk&m"yk& (?) 797-801 (0¥*grPdtb, wdkif;jynfrS xGufajy;ae&pOf
107/ t*¾aAm"d 8 / 801-812 tkyfcsKyfonhf wrD;vf usL;ausmfbk&if 5 a,muf)
108/ 'yÜKv 2 (3) / 812-828 19/ 0¥*grPdtb, / 29-17
109/ t*¾aAm"d 9 / 828-852 (jyefvnf eef;pdkuf)
110/ aoe 1 aygvkEé½k0 831-852 25/ r[mplVdu r[mwdó / 17-3
111/ aoe 2 / 851-886 26/ apm&em* / 3 bDpD 9 at'D
112/ O', 2 (1) tEk&m"yk& 885-896 27/ wdó / 9-12 at'D
113/ uóy 4 aygvkEé½k0 896-913 28/ tEkvm / 12-16
114/ uóy 5 / 913-923 29/ uk#uPÖwdó / 16-38
30/ bmwd, 1 (bmwdumb,) / 38-66
00000000 31/ r[m'gXdu r[mem* / 67-73
32/ tmr@*grPd tb, / 79-89
33/ uPd&zmPk wdó / 89-92
34/ plVmb, / 92-93
35/ oD0vd / 93-
36/ £vem* / 93-102
37/ pE´rkcod0 / 1-3-112
38/ ,ovmvu wdó / 112-120
39/ okb / 120-126
40/ 0ob / 127-171
41/ 0uFemodu wdó / 171-174
42/ *ZAm[k 1 (*ZAm[k *grPd) / 174-196
530 t&Sifauvmo jrefrmjyef oD&dvuFmAk'¨bmomordkif; aemufqufwGJ 3 oD[dkVfrif;qufrsm; 531
trnf eef;pdkufNrdKU ouú&mZf trnf eef;pdkufNrdKU ouú&mZf
43/ r[v†uem* tEk&m"yk& 196-202 72/ "mwkaoe tEk&m"yk& 460-478
44/ bmwd, wdó 2 (bmwdu wdó) / 203-227 73/ uóy 1 tEk&m"yk&ESihf od*d&d, 478-496
45/ ued|wdó / 227-246 74/ arm&½v†me 1 tEk&m"yk& 496-513
46/ ckZÆem* / 246-248 75/ ukrm&'go (ukrm&"mwkaoe) / 513-522
47/ ½k'´em* / 248-249 76/ udwådaoe / 522-
48/ od&dem* 1 / 249-268 77/ od01 / 522
49/ a0g[m&duó / 269-291 78/ Oywdó 2 / 522-524
50/ tb,em* / 291-299 79/ odvmumv / 524-537
51/ od&dem* 2 / 300-302 80/ 'gXmybkwd / 537-
52/ 0dZ,ukrm& / 302-303 81/ arm*¾v†me 2 / 537-556
53/ oCFwdó 1 / 303-307 82/ udwådod&darC / 556-
54/ od&doHCaAm"d / 307-309 83/ r[mem* / 556- 559 (558 ?)
55/ a*gXmb, / 309-322 84/ t*¾aAm"d 1 / 589-601
56/ aZXwdó 1 / 323-333 85/ t*¾aAm"d 2 / 601-611
57/ r[maoe / 334-362 86/ oHCwdó 2 / 611-
58/ od&darC0PÖ / 362-409 87/ arm*¾v†me 3 ('v† arm*¾v†me) / 611-617
59/ aZXwdó 2 / / 88/ odvmarC0PÖ / 617-626
60/ Ak'¨'go / / 89/ t*¾aAm"d 3 / 626-641
61/ Ouwdó / / 90/ aZ|wdó 3 / /
62/ r[memr / 409-431 91/ 'gaXmywdó 1 ('gXmod0) / /
63/ aomwxdaoe / 431- 92/ uóy 2 / 641-650
64/ qwå*gru / 431-432 93/ 'yÜKv 1 / 650-
65/ rdwåaoe / 432-433 94/ 'gaXmywdó 2 ([|'gX 1) / 650-658
66/ y@K (wrDvfrsm;) / 433-480 95/ t*¾aAm"d 4 tEk&m"yk&ESihf aygvkEé½k0 658-674
67/ yg&dE´ / / / 96/ 'wå tEk&m"yk& 674-676
68/ ck'´yg&dE´ / / / 97/ [wå'gX 2 / 676-
69/ yd&dw& / / / 98/ rme0r® / 676-711
70/ 'gXd, / / / 99/ t*¾aAm"d 5 / 711-717
71/ ydXd, / / /