...

nmg

t'Ile

laft.~ ~ oi] ~jted ) res ...

~ the and ..

~

)·~111.g"

and

O by )u.sJi~

..

).plllg

tting

id an

IN,STRU'C.>TIO·" .. N •. :"" N-:'i 0'."· 13"

-. . . • li .....

Tlie ,ai-D drawn throTI.,gh. the. earburetor on tile

. ~ . t- ""1' - t,·· -. ''''t t' h ' 'h, th'· ,,',l .," . ," ·t I"'" .',;

Sllctlen' :Si_~ro:ce en ~er.s I·:, roug.- .'". e aIr In ·a.{e

a·nd. p,a:$,ses arnun.d tIle spray noz:·z.le, (lraw;il1g gaso, ... lin·e· witJ,h it.; tIle lev'rel of' t.,~le· :gas.oline ill t.hle ,flola.'~

'h, .'. ·b· .'. ,. , tl' .. ' '.-. d·' ',.. .', , ···d t: h:··, £";;1 " t· d.'· "-~ .. ". ",1·', .... '. ···d·

c.am.·eI ').en rlopll., .an':, -LS.loal- _lOpS aso an

pe.l~mits m,lore gasolille to enter the: floa.t cha.J:llber ..

C aI'bon monozid,e (a poiSianous gas) resul ts· from insuffioi ent air (oxygen) to CODlpI eta:ly burn t h.3

T'hat, is,~:'14 to I , or r.ich mlx.ture, is 'best for 'Quick aeceleretion.

I • 1 t:. l' '. '4.- 'L it II' "t1t id

mr D to ." or eaner mt:XIII,UJre uest ror pu .lng' W,I.!:l 'VI .e-open

throttle, and 17_ to . ~ or ;s,till leaner mixture, for high-speed work (figures only approximate) ,

Pure gasoline "if.a.plot will not bUTJl.;',. it· 'must be mixed lvit.h [trur before i.t c,an be used in. an ,eng'.tlle~ 'To 'burn with the gr,e.a test rapidi ty and hea t, the aie must. 'be in c orrect propernon to th,e 'vapor. The. exace amount of air to 'be. mixed with a certain amount o'f 'vap,or depends on t:be qu,aJity·of 'the g·aso-' line, undo othler" conditions .. , -'The" eerbureror, by whleh the proportions of the mixture are maintai ned t is so made ·tha~ a current of air passes th:ro-ugh it. when the pistonmakes a suction

stroke"

In general gasoline is approxima:tely S'5 per c.en:t carbon and . 'is ple'f 'tent' hydrogen,

Approximately' .1,5 pounds of air per 'pound of ,g~solill.:e: would he considered a ch,em,i:caUy correct mizture, 'This tlgure ... c.ha:nges .~Dmewhat· with the. ,S·QUI"lce and grade of gasoline,

.A ,e.rfe'ct, or correct miznrre, as mentioned in fhe previous, pra.l"agr,~ph, i.s· one whi eh eon tai ~.S. j US.~ su~cien .. t oxygen, (whi cl;1 1.~. in. the air) to blurn c:o.mplet:ely all the b:ydrogen ,;;t,nd c,a.rboil

present. in the fuel. *. . ,

'~Mixi~g V·al',~e.'·'--=-an Ear'ly For'ra o:f Carburetor

In '~he ear~y ,d3:Ys th.e met,hOld c.r ,mixing tIle O'€Ii~o·,··li'n·· 'e'~' iOn' d': a'l:"r i"n p:-r''''o' p'··e:··r 'pl·::·r-·lo· ''''p'o'rtl'''lo-''n~ 'n:.ral"~ ·by·.· ('nea"'n's

~UI~. '" I. £!I!J. . JI... ..... .. ,,' .... .. - " ,~, 'r'V". 10 . ". . .. '. . .~.

of a "mixing 'v'alve"""(Flg~ l)~ It cloulld -also be t'ermed a carburet,or 'b'ut, with·out the :fto,a.t C'u.t ... off

- - - '.

mec.ha,ui.sm. 'The, air was d'7'awn in R.t "'air intal{8,"

th-I _.' h: .. ' 'I' '.' (. 3")' 'b" ~-.- .' . "d" '. -', t· .. · ...... t: ...... 'l]c b:'

.roug'. v,a.,v,e" •. , ,_;e]ng opene·. auo·ma,-1ca.y .'_'y

8netio,n of t:he :pist,on",i'orming' a vacu~m.in t.h·e ,er,anI, case ~1"hen g'Oin.g' 'up (on a "·twt)~eycle" e.ngjn,e)~, ,or ~v'h:en th'e· i.nlet v.alve W'aB op·en and.··the pist'o~n ·travel .... ing down rOn, ,suetio:n, strol(e on ,a "'fo'ur-c~lcle"'1 en.gine. Ii, 'tll.erefore, tJ1e ga.$ol.line:. nee.dIe· valv1e was OI)'en, !$a.s·oline wOlJ.ld also' 'be ,drawn in mixe·d with the air

\" '"," ,.': •• ,'".. :. < .,:.' '~ " ~. ".-: • ~~' . ,',.;' ~ •• ,.:' • -II' . .• .'" ~'

and pass lIlt!O th,e C,yllu,der In .a p.a,rtla. ,Y v,ap,orlZec.

(ti, ..

eon· tlOD.

'* Form~ng carblon dio.xild.,e~. e-al'.h0 il. ~

CARBURKTIO N: Early Carburetion Principle; Parts; Carburetor Principles. Gasoline; Priming Methods; Heating Methods; Vaporizing Gasoline; Size of Carburetor to Use; Gasoline Troubles; Gasoline Tank and Gauge; Fuel-Feed Methods; Vacuum Gasoline Feed System

E·AR.L·Y C.A·RBU.RETION :PRIN'CIPLE

.M.leani'ng of carburetions 'The mixing together of gasoline. vapor and air is, called ,I"carb'uretion,'" and the device that keeps the two in proportion is called a ';"carburetor."

TOI get energy (Jut of the gasoline it is necessary' for it to be converted into a vapor and then mixed with a volume of air before it can be exploded ill the cylinder ~

'I'here are two ways .of producing this vapor, one

being to expose a considerable surface of this' liquid jo the 'ai~,which is' alsocRllsed t~ bubble through it and thus become impregnated with the gasoline vapor + This was the -. original. method, and. was ealled the "surface ty.pe:n of carburetion,

'The second method is to "'spray" the liquid gasoline through a fine spray nossle or ,jet into the mixing or' vaporising tube" into which air nan 'be drawn to jntermingle with the vapor.

The device in which this operation is performed is termdd a fUcarbureto,r ,:, .and the operation itself

• I 'is k~o~Fn [~s "'c,arbUretio~:,~' from the":f.ant th~t the

I· '1 1 '.. f b Th ,'"

gaso me iarge ,Y consists 0' car Ion. I ... ne mixture

might, also be termed "carbureted air.'

Aino'unt of gasoline and air: It has been found that the best exp O-S~V'Ie- mixtu 'e, with the, gasoline commonly used, is a proportion of' 14 parts air to 1. part gasoline (this, when maximum power isdesired) and ranging to 17 to 1 (the latter for- maximum econ-

om "t") P rop 0"'" rtioned b y' W·· reig h ·,t': 0"[" a;' ·l··r-· a nd .g. '-QHo]I··n· e

r 'J /. I' .,', .. '! ~ " ", . , .•• : I ~. '_ I . _ ' " . ,~l . '_ ... ' . l '.' .. _ '.' ; ,:,I~. :.. . ,I.,,,

Anl' i,,,,'Yilttl:

Fig'li 1., EaI"I~~' form of a oarbu re tor .; ftl .mi.xin.g '\r,al ve e

~ ~~~ mixing valve, ,3.1S0 called a, "generator valve,' IS :s~~l 'used t.oa small extent on two-port tWO'-C3Tc1e engines... It takes 'the place of .a check valve, as ·tll,e· valve 1(;3) serves the same purpose.

N~:te, the. absence 0'( any float arrangement, The gasoline _~~ fled bvgra vity, and when the engine stops the gasoline needle valve must be cut off, otherwise the gasoline will drip,

'Co:nstan,t-Level Type of Carburetor

.. ,Fig=. 2 i~~~p'I~a]nis the purpose, .. ocation, and parts of a simplified carbure tor.

Th,e gasoline tank is above the - evel of the carbu ...

cc·· .. ··t·'· ."IiIi ·t"·h····\ refore th ,. · .. asoli ," isf ··d· to 'th" 'r- b ,,·t,·-,

retor: rnereroret e gasoune.is 18·_. ~O 1,1 .e carburetor

nth b lob · .

. 1.10:a·: cnam ... ·,er:t ·.·Y gravity,

The ,.~ir ,gOl~s throu.g·h 'a passage, in which, is' a small pipe called a "spray nozzle,' that sprays: the gasoline ~!Q. ·thtt·t it. comes in contact with tho air (see Fig, .2~.. 'The gasoline, 'being volatile, is taken 'U:P b,Y' the .air, find the mixture goes to the cylinder ..

The amount of air that may flow through -the carburetor, and the quantity of gasoline that may' flow out of ·t.he small pipe, are adjustable, .~·o· that for', a ce:rtam amount of gasoline "the pro:p,er propor,tion, of Blr znay 'be admitted ..

''VVhe,n the mixture is .not correct, that, is, when there js too much lor too, little' air for the gasoline '8·II'O·~ wing out of' the sin all pipe .. the r. unning of th e

- ','l:' . ,,' . ". U" >1 ..j[ . _ ,,' ... 1 ". _ t"· ., .. J!. ..... 1 _.

~tig~ne is .. affected~ ,and it-" will :n,o·t d·eJivel~· its 'full p,o·wer,,,.

men ·the):e is, too much air for th~e gasoline, the mixt,ur~' is .s;~id t10 b·e "''to'Q poo.r"·' 01' 'i'lean".~ wh.eu. t.lu~re is too lit·tIe air., the mix;t"ure is s.aid to, b~ ,,·t,oo,

rieh~'"

T" 'h'" ... b" .. ·· . t"· ' .. iII!'.. "" .. :-' ' .. ' ·,t,,· d' t t'h' .'- "~"'l ··t' .. it '.. '. '.' d

'. ,~, - ,e. car ·~ure ;·'or .1S connec e· .:0 I.' e In_ e pl.pe., an.·

no ait~ o.ro .,g~s c·an enter the cy]i~der thr,ough t'he inle.t valve. vtitho'ut firs.t, pl:assing throug'h the c.arbllretor.

-

I

,

&

• - , '\... .... ~-. p ....

." • L - . "~. • 1". - -. I'" I" I· I I Iii', iii 11'ii~1 ,.,..

• • 'I • I • I • .. •••• •• .... .'" ,. .. • I •• I • • ,II ..... ,. 4' - • ... It _ I... '1"'" to • • III' _ r • 'I 'I II ••• -i " io6' I'" 18-' ..... , ••• ,. • 1(1 'I • •

• .. • . I" .. I I I I • ~ II . I. II. ,'. II l. •• •• _.... ••• • • IL. I III •• II.'. ...,... III Ill.. ... Ii .. 'I i II I. II ., II' • • ...,. II .. IIIJ'

-=-- .• _._. ~'~' _~. r .. _--- _ _ ::_. __ •• _ 1' I I 'P ... ... .. • .. II • I~ .... I _ ." •• + ......... 1- ... '1, '~~"II of [ .... ~ .... ,I'" II 1_, ' _ __:___' _.:. __

W 0..

."",..

G..

CARBO R' ETQ~R'

. . 0"" , .... ,'~ ,to. n. ,"')

GAS_.· "".I·''',~ ~.I-'I'~.

SCREW

tNL eli" ' ..... D. .!lI !'IIJUSl crraHNG 11JItt,..E1 ~'~E

E'X:. c.~1'1 JUS" C\..OSED

DiS(H;'·RG.~ OF BURNT'.'

F:ig., 2. Sim:pli"fied illustration showing how~ the gasoline flows from the gasoline tank to the' carburetor; ho'\v' i is. mixed with. air and then drawn :into the" c;ylinder when the i nlelt vuhwTe: is open '.'

It is "in. the "mixing tube," or "mixing chamber," as it is sometimes called, that the air is 'brought into contact with the gasoline, The "spray _ .no.zz e" projects into "th~: mixing .. tube, SOl that it is in thecenter of ·the current of air.

'How the: gasoline, is drawn into! cylinder with. the air: When the air is not passing' through the mixing tube, th,e Iiquid gasoline stands just below the open end of the spray nozzle, but as soon. as the _curl=~nt o"f;:air passes through, it sucks the gasoline out, The, current of air sucks up gasoline, very much as would a 'ehild trying to drawthe last few drops of soda throll.g:l1. a :stra W t dra "ring in really' more air thun soda.

The piston of the engine, o·n its, suction stroke, p~ro~ duoes thesuetieneffeotjsimilar-to a squirt-gun drawing in water, (See "suction, vacuum, n pages l07,8f 107'9.)

'Th~ in"let 'valve must be .o,.pen. to permit the gas, to be drawn into the~ eylinder-e-whicl is the ease Jif the piston is on. the: suction or intake stroke, but in no other stroke,

The adjusting screw or "gasollitle needle valve' regulates the amount of gasoline to be admitted into the mixing tube through 'tho spray nozzle or [et, Th:8 regulation of this. needle valve is very important, and after once being properly adjusted .a 'very' slight turn O,D'e way or the other will affect the run .. ning of the engine.

The th'rottle valve,· usually placed. in t.he mixin;g t·ube~. ab·ove the spray' no.z.z .e! g'overns th·e· ·amount oJ gas w:wlc'h e.ntefs, t·he. cjl"lin.der on th,e suction strollre.

Th.e th'rottle-valve lev'er o:Ii t,Ile ,carbuI'eto:r c,on ..... n,e.ct:s, 'with the th.rolttle.level~ Oll. th.e· st,eering, 'whee]~ Mo"ring,the ·throt,tle lever on the -S'teeril~.g ·whf~el, in a certain dire.c-tiqn o'pens t:h.e throttle v'alve on th,e ca'r:buretor" w'hich increases. the~ ·s.p·eed. of the e;ngine~

T':he mOITe .gas a·d·m·it·ted, 'by the: "throttle lever thr,Qugh ·thlB "throttle v·al\7G,. the m~)rB .gas will ent,er the cylfuder; hene:e mOTe: p·ower or. g_reater for~e on tIle povter st.ro.ke r~esults, th.ere·by giving' m·oJ.~e· s.pee.~ t,O t.he p,istoll 'of -tb.e- e.ngin e'l

:Mo'ving the. lev'er in th.e oppolsite dil-ection clos:esl t.he ·throttle v',al,'e on the c:arbu'retor., re,du,cing t.Ile amount of g.as whic'h enters t:hB c:ylinder, the.re·b,y

l~d,ucin,g ·th.e sp-eed of the. e .. ngine.. . .

Th.e thto·ttle v:alve 'is ne:'ve:r e;n'tir·ely clos·ed, 'bu~ is set by' me.aIlS !of a throttle ,arm 'stop,-sc\rew t called idling adj- screw {b~fl Fig. 46,., patge 138 and (X) (Y) (Fi.g· .. -1" p,age 124::) .s·ho:,v.in.g lC?·c,a.tjo,.n on ,a· c·arb,u· .. .retor, s'nd pa.ge· 125 for· ex.plan.ation. of ,a~djus-tment) ..

A '1' .- f b'l .'; oor:=:.n'~ n' d"" thl t t'h

Ie .e'arance ·0:' a,,~,ut II . £j, IS a .,o!Ve .. , SiO' .'.1' a ,~.e

engine will idle an.d n'ot, stop ep.tirely whe:n throttle lever O,D steering ·wh.eel o:r a·ccelerato.r is closed.. T'o

t· ;Ii' t·h·· "'t' ,'" . ·t hid

:8_'Op ellgme't; '~i··:·e Ignl' .. lO'D . .sWl·_~·C, 'lS ·o.p~:ne:., ~

The fleat in the carburetor :is provided merely to prevent the gasoline overflowing .and running out of the spray nozzle, when the engine ]S_, not running, The fit)at .'-8, adjusted so that the level of the gasoline will not quite reach the top of the spray noszle O!~· jet. Thus, as, the float automatically governs the _ evel of the gasoline in the float chamber and automatically cuts off ·tIle supply from the gasoline tank when the engine: stops, it is termed a "constant-

I . 1 t·· . . . " .' ·f' .' i . b . ' ... t . '11

. ·.eve,r ':ype 0 ,car .. ' ure~. ,.01, •.

The floats a' e usually made of c-ork or hollow 111 eta 1. balls, which float in the gasoline inside of the mixing chamber, A needle point arrangement is co:n,n~~ted with tile float, which cuts off the gasoline

flow when the engine stops.

Th.'e reason why engines must first 'be cranked, when, starting a gasoline en gine , is due to, the fact tha.t a, charge of gas must be drawn. into the cy'_ind;8t and then. eompressed, Compressed gas is. ignit,ed by' the electric spark; this produces the power stroke, and the power frem ·thi.s combustion of com .... pressed gas, together 'with the momentum 0'£ the fly wheel, will keep the engine in motion until the next power stroke~ The cycle operation. of 'suetion, compression power R" nd exhaust is repeated over

•. : ..... _._ .. _ .• , :- ..••....•• ,' .~ •..•.. ' ..... ~<. _._ ..... "',"." •. , ' •. '

d '"'

, - -. I • '. , ••• 1 '1' - ,.~, •

.a~n. . ()ve.r again .. ,

Ea:r:y C·o'Dst.ant-,·Lev·,e;l 'Type of Car'bu·r'e·tor M:~yblac,h conceived the idea of' using a \fl,o,a,t to

,. ... . t··t I 1 f '1'· .. t b I ·1 h

maintain aconstant ever or gasoune usc aeiow the

I h d ith ''''11 ,.. I . b 1 th

spray no·zz -e ~e .·ea - i 'WI. 1,1 . a ,lD,aln, 211f In, et ,'eJl:Ow"e

nozzle, as shown '. in Fig 3'·

. " " '.'. " ••.... . . . . • ' .' ~.!I .....

An .. earbur

.,

main ~

., .

l~r.y· ,811

.At] but at th~ sp tl11IS Pi Ing eh:

",.

aar anc .:") T'l. i). '. , .I,

the SU(

·GAG QUNE \"rilEl P~I?E

".IX·' lUR·I!.

TO ~--C.~'L,lrfiDE~

.

openrn

the ail autom,

An.oi break .. i possibl the gas methoc

Adju

II •

arising

the ,Ut'UJ 'intende did not

.. ges we the VaJ when c by eha auxiliar

',ShOWIl:

G AiSOU HE .A. WI"" U'5tJH:G 5CR£W~·". "'"!!!Ii.

,

4;, .Fj~" .~: . ~EI~~l?' .:type "O~ earburetor with float mechanism .A mSI1.n ,aIr .l.nl~t -, 1.$. provi ded ~

The gasoline Is drawn from the spray noz.zle_JJy a vacuum or suction effect produced by the piston. It i.s thus drawn through the 'mixing chamber and th h th · 1 t 1 ~ t th li d At

' .rougb . r·e open l.n e,: va ve Ino 1._ ._e cy.· ni.eri! .<"

the same time, ,air :is dra'wn into th.e mixing c,hambe.r ,at the main, air in.-,et, but inasUlU!.ch as 'the g:re·at~st.: plow'e.r of an. engi.ne is, ob,tain:ed 'by ]laving a mixture.

f . f + d ]i'" '·t" I .

o _ exa,ct pI',oportton,~, 0 ':. aIr an .... gafJo.: ne·,] ],' "llS, C, eaI'

thO t "f-' h d" f- 'h ,.. '. ~ d

. a _' 1 te sp'ee~: o· t 'e ·e-ngJne .1,8 ·lnc-:reas;e·I., more·

li- . . I'd b dl ~. t' '1 1 ~ d' '"' t" h t

.gaS,o ne ll;r'QU :.' :e • .:r.awn In'~o tle c:y~In:' 'e.r Vll' .' ou,_

s·uffici.ent air :s:upp']y to mix with it~ Th.u,s too r~cll.

.. 'ldb'h I If'h'lII ~

a mlxtu.f'.R': W'O·U: .... e t .e :v.esu" t,~ i. t',a: 1t]r o'.pening,

.l\~e.re enlal~ge,d. to .. giv:B. a, ,g.re:ate·r s:up].ply Olf .air;" ~~ hi.gh sp,eed.s, th.e result wo,uld be to:o. great an alr'

sU"p·'-"p':'Iy" a'" t· '10: ,W,:: s"··P"·11IQj8·-:d:'s·· o:'r' ·t-·Q·,"o··']e···an·· a" m'l'"xt, ·'''i"l-·r· e····· Th]'"·s·

1 " ... '. 1 . J.., .' . ,. ~ 'IL::;i'. ' , ,1 .' .. " " " ,~. \;. . II! ...J

.ty'g'e 0.1 carburet.~:r- w¥as ~vidently' d'es.iglied. for a ·coln~tant st~ady-~,pe.ed, eng.in.e.

GASOUNE ~~1Er' Pllf:E

'f. \

.M Al H A.U~· 'HI L£'l

Fig·,. 4., lIr 8'ddit.ion ·to a um'a.in. a,lr iDle,t,n' an 'i~auxiliar'Y .air

.. 1 . I;' .• "d d" h

.In e·t· liS proV1:.'·"'e . ere ...

Befol differen subject

Th1e tHrm a] rounds

F- ,I!' 5' 19:. . ),~

maintai nozsle 3 m ?' "l' b: 0.

~.J ! ~

the fl,o;s/

'Th.e 81:lp1ied cham,b·e.

.\.;,' ·

u·er" as ]

F,o'at~

• •

"In va:ria

carefull., enter tli 'Rfel1 she: an,d lOSE

Th,·!e·· ,~

.' ~

dist,prm'u";

~.... ~ ii,iI .

Q,Bxb'llrel of an inj

,T'he fJ ope.ratet: nQz.q .. e ~ explam1e

The.a 'ke ley.e:

tn,e . g.as:o ona:sixt·( of the ,S1

AS" g2 through

"0

. ,

J., .

It

] ....

Ie

iJ,;,A

", F"'"

id ae

.t-

W

!

Qe.

'.

)S

lle

a, et

i '1

e.d

'er nhe he m, per

tQ }19.,

he

A

r a m,

'Rd. ,A,t

)el~ est. If,e)

~:O_\'r.:-, .JI~ _'

)l~~e;llt' ieh 'n"'g"

. '-. - ~

,pt,

..

alr

his,.

,ft

GAR""BU'R"E' T-ION

.-' . ,) ,: , : -1.. ,,~. . "

97

,An auxiliary air inlet was added 'tOI this t~VI)e, of carburetor 'by- Krebs, N ote th,a,t in addition -to the main air inlet belo w the nozzle, an automatic auxiliary air valve 'was, placed above the noszle (]~'ig .. , 4)

At low speeds, the main, air inlet was sufficient, tJUL lut ll.i.,gll -'IJtj:,:lla, Lilt! I' ~UJtlUJ! ·~Hr'~C·t lJJ.1ll .. ,g, ~oatel\ ·tIle spring caused the auxiliary air valve t~~l open, 'thus permitting more air to be: drawn into the mix-

ing chamber, and resulting in a better proportion '0"£ air and gasoline than the' carburetor shown in Fig, 3.. The greater the speed of the engine, ,the greater the suction effeet, and consequently the greater the opening of the auxiliary air valve, A,t slow speeds, the air valve would remain, closed and. ~1",aS' thus automatic in action.

. Another feature of the auxiliary air valve" ._is, to. break the gasoline up' into: .a~ many fine' particles as possible, so that th-re· air l\till more readily mix with, the gasolin .. e and form a vapor, There are different methods of doing this which willbe shown farther on ..

Adjustable auxiliary air valve: The difficulty ,a;r.ising from -the fact that the coil spring which held the auxiliary air valve closed at Iow speeds and was intended to open ·as the speed, of the engine increased

did'] '1 f ~ b " h

.' not a, W,R,YS., unction, because temperature C '. an-

gee would afJec~ its sensitiveness and because th;e variations in the volatility of gasoline varied when cold and when warm, was. overcome in. a way by changing the adjustment of the tension, on the auxiliary air .... valve spring which was provided as shown in, Fi,g'40 5,~

AUXJLlA,RY' A,IR,

'V,ALVE.. COR,K

'F' I '0'" ,fi,..J'

~ .... ,~""

S P':RAV NO.ZZLIE

" ,M!~IN A'~R ',NLET'. GA'SOL~"E tNL£,T ,r

,. Fjg~ 5 ~ TyPical example of ;jl, carburetor 'using an auxiliary'

an" valve .. , .

'T' 'he' , reo ,- d i' .,' shot ]d" "'}'" ""··1·, :, b·o " • ',', t h· ,'. di~'ff"" '. '," .. ' '("

.. . .... ' .. a .. er iO.IOU.,· c_ose"y 0 ·serve ,:, e '·~l.·,ere:nee

between t.he main air inl,e't and the auxiliary air valve, ~\11 carburetors have main ,_~lr inlets, where all IS drawn Into the carburetor ... below the spray nozzle, thus mixing with the gasoline, This opening can be at thebottom or the sideof the carburetor ..

When an. auxiliary air valve is used it is:, usually placed 'so that air is drawn above the spray noazle an d th U) s C:-.QC m ibines with ·t'-~11Ie m ixt UI re of ~"a' so lin e .a;'. nd

art. Many· carbur~tors do . not ·ha v~ . :uxiliary .. air

valves,

Before proceeding farther with the, principle of l~llIerent t~lp.es of carburetors we wil takJe 'up the: "15",' r. ,t f n 'TIt:·· of . ..,' rrh . '"!I(' t " '.

SU~ 'JUC I 0,1 parts 0 a car suretor ii-

The eoncentric-float t:ype of carburetor is, the term app ied to a carburetor where the float surrounds the mixing chamber and spray nossle as in Fig, 5. This. makes a" compact carburetor and maintains a. constant gasoline level In t·he spray naszle regardless of the angle at which the engine may b-e. On almo st· all concentric ... type carburetors the float .is made of cork,

The side-float type of carburetor "is the "term applied to a carburetor where the: float and float eharnber are placed to the side of the, mixing cham-

bl- '. .. ;'. F~ "". 4,'

"er.,1 .as Ul _ .. J,g. - : ..

chamber of the: carburetor, the float ,;rises and the needle V'" a' ve shut-s, off the further entrance of the

fluid into the carburetor, .

~ 'Wnen, the engine is running and 'using gasoline, the float :in the. carburetor is continually falling and rising slight ,y,_ always maintaining the approximate gasoline levelin the float chamber.

There are many t:.ypes of floats and flo,at mechan ... isms, as will be seen in the, illustrations. of various carburetors in this. instruction, .B"Y referring to Figs, 6, 7" and 8) tlie, reader "rill observe several floats (1) and.float needle-valve (V) arrangements,

Gasoline leaking Into the 'float would jnerease Its ~'eight,~ ,thereby changing the. proper gas?lin!e level In the spray nozzle and causing the carburetor to flood and would thus give too rich a mixture.

:Float N c1e.dle 'Valve

Float needle valve: The part V (Figs ... 6, '7', and, 8) explains how the float oausea the float nee·dle valve (V) to close t.h,e opening at th,;e ,gasol~,re' s1q.PIlly pipe (.F) ~w,h,~.n th,e g.a.Boline h:as 're,a,cl~ed, the Pr.·~ip,er le.V'~l in ,the fioat~ c-hamber, ,aIld how It ,cau~es the needle valve (V) ,to open t!he outlet at the e~d -of t.hE! pipe! (F) w'hen th,e g,asoline ,]ev'el is. red'u.eed .. , (C) 'IS the o'p,enin,g; leading to tll.e sp.ra.y n~oz,zleil

Floats

Floats, are usuall y made of light brass lor copper 'in various hollow forms: the jloints; if any" being fIi' .~ fully :8'" ·I',d,' .' d ,~-, b' ',-: . ,," ed .~ . ,tho '. t- '", soline c' .:' . ···t' ·,..,a'i"e u ,1.'.'0· ·ere ,0'1" ... raz,e., ~O _ ~,a .... gas, .... ,:~:anno.

.eijt.e:r ·tll.e float itself... Floats are also, m:ade ,of corli:, w.e,lll shelIack,e.d, so t'hat tll1ey Will not ab'8orb g,3Jsoline ~Dd lose tlleir 'buq,:yan,cy'" (See Fig .. ,5.)

T,he sole duty of' the 'flo.at is t.O maintain a .preaetermined or constant Ie,vel of tl1.'B gasoline 'in 'th.e ~~b'urletol~.. This. lev,sl is generally a- small fr,actioin

f - h 'b II "h·' 'm ..

0- an inc,: ',:,e .OW' t':e ,Jetl or nOZZle. op'8.nlug.

The, floa't chamb,er ]s 't.'hat part in, "thieh the. fiQ;at IQri1erates" it is sOlmetimes plaeed a:ro,u'n,d t,he sp: ray'

T .,,".' , ' ".' ,,', ..... 1 .. ,., ':.' ., ... ,:.' ,' .. '," ".: '."'.",'. """",:,

noz',zle ,a'Dld somet.imBs to 'tIle side, as pr1e'1}o,usly'

,e~plain:ed.. .

:Th",- " fl':',· :'" "~to '1 ,', ' "'1- 1-' d:",ff": "'.' ···t' ,,]., "., 'f" ',', "b' '", ,., ,t'" "r's"

, e .oa .ev!e,~ . n, .1 ere,n, ma,res.o, car_.ur.el 0, ~',

the le:vel of thf~ 'g~sQlin,e in the :ao'at c'h;amberJI and t]'lte gasoIille. .in, th.'e: s·p·ray no'Z.zIe, v,aries .f.:rOIID _SbOll tl

.. th ~ hth f" .. I b -1 th t

Gn,e-smxtee'n~.· to, one-elg .. : 0 - ~an "Inc l:.Ie ow', _,Ie ':o,p

of.the .spra,Y nlo,zzle~,

. ,As gas..olin,e flows f:ro'm the rna'in supply tank

tl:'.:..::. b th I'" .. I"~ Ii t th fi t lli-ou·g",~ ... e gaso. lne pip!e.' o,r lne. In,.-Ol I 'i:e 'o.a,.

Fig',,6

F

F· l;g'" 1,

_'. "I!

t'

Fig., ,~,

. - - ----- --- ~----- - - "_-

, ,-

. ~ - )--"2" •

_ _ ~_ . . '.: • t, -' '"'. .:.' " '_--:-, ':.".", • .;.':'":: ~-.: :,: ,::: ,-: : ::::~}~~I' .. ~ .. __ .

'nY'K'-' "S" 1- N'" 'S' ''''''R''UC' "'IO':'N'" N'~"- 13"

v· ..... :·~E·", _'. ~'.' ~ . ~.~ x, ~ .. - .. I:_ .... ·: .. 06, ,_ •.

~ ~

Note, that in. Fig, "5 the float needle valve is to one. side 0:1 the float, _ A glance will .show how the 'float: needle valve would be caused tOI open when the float, drops. below :it.s level (L) and .how 'it would o au. se the 6o:a·t needle valve to close when at the proper level .. Adjustm.e·nt 'of the height. of the float can 'be made by slightly bending the arm (A) (Fig. 5)~

A. 'me~IDd of Jlrrintin~, .. or to 'sup,p1r an i:nc~je.as,ed ~Ol.V ~of g.asonne at the spray' noszle when 'startHl,g' a ~~old engine, IS some"tinl.es found by wh:o;t: ·~_s 'tJerm,led "jtic'ldiI~].g:'" '~he: .earburetor, 'QiY 'ra5sing' the needle-valve 'rod through the float, as. .in Fig~ ,6" which ·p.,roj"~cts above ,th.e carburetoe and usually h,3.LS :a cap screwed 'Over it ttl: keep: out dirt,

An.oth'er method is to close the' main. ftiF inl"e:t (Fi,g. 5) ~ whieh is. termed. ;1:' choking' j or 4 I st·I';a,ngH:ng·J.·1 the carburetor, whUe the

engine is being cranked, The fa.c't~ tha:t the air is shut. off eauses an increase of gasolli.ne to 'be drawn in for ·the initial cbarg,ell

'Drip-piing of: g·;l!lSolin~· from the bottom o~ 'a carburetor ]:8 usually due to grit [01" dirt ,getting· under the floa t needle v alve ~ Thus, . when engine. stops, instead of ttr.e needle valve sea ti.ng properly and cu'tting oft' th.e gasoline su:pply from ·th.e supply pipe (Er) t ~it overflows ;a t the SPl"UY noesla and, dri ps out of 'the main air inlet ~

R'emed.y·~ By' 'world'n-g the float needle 'valve, up and down in its, 's.eat.~'· whiGh. CRIll 'be' done by :m.eanrJ of the l~od abo,ve the ca-rburetor float chamber (Flg~ 6.) t or by trnscrewing the cap (F'ig. 5) ~ the. grit will very Iikelybe removed. If this does not remedy the :drip'p~ing~.·-t [' en the fios,·t should be read] usted, or possi bly a ne·'\v £Loa, t needle valve: "is required,

Gasolin·e N eedle Val ve

..

Th'e· gasoline needle valve controls the flow of the

·lin"·I• h . I d th d·

gaso. me to t·.~·e 8,p.r,ay nossie, an .' '.:. t ··'e eorreet a· l.JUSt. ....

ment of it is necessary for the operation of the carburetor, It,., IS also called the "gasoline adjusting flcr~wJ' (s~~.:F~.g ... 5J~ 'Don't confuse this needle valve 'with the "floaf ne e dle vslve .. '·'

.' ..

T~~. regulatinn of this, gasoline needle valve 'is very i'm.pona·o·t and Iikewise v,er,Y sensitive, After :thle ciatD~uretor is once adjusted by' regulating the auxiliary air valve and the opening of this gasoline needle adjustment valve, the slightest turn one way or the other of this valve will make a difference :in

the: running of the engine, '.

Types, of 19;asoline 'needle valves are as fol]ow~l: 1. H'and o;;rl,erated, as i.n. Fig':jj 5~

.r .. OJ· .

2,. l\IIe.'chanically oper'a;ted, by movement of' a throttle thr,o:ugh. a c~m. n;rr.angement by han9l (treated

farth~r o~.) ~ -

'3, .. A~u-tomatic~11y ·m$c·ha~i.c,ally ,oper:ateld., by acti.on o[f the a'uxili~ry ror valve" c·al1ed's· ':'m,stieiing pin"

(exp.Iaineld .~~rt~,e.r on)~, .

,A main ai'r~ :~nlet is on,. all 'ol~rburetors" and, q'uite of~eil .. , an RUXllliary ,air v,alva ,also I'

A~ <Jill' ~.. A 'Ii V.' . al

_ .u.x. . '.ary' ·<U: .'. v··e.

A~xiliar~" [air irilet valv'e.:, Th,e ·g.te,atest diffe·l'e.n,ce in, ·the ·air typ~e· of_ oarbureto:r'·is i* . the, c.o,ns.truction.". positi~~t .,ana ·action ,of the auxiJ~ary air inlet,r diS-I

,C!usge'd f~ ·'b:~4.·l-.;~r o· ;n·· . .

- _. , .. ~·_~J.:v _ ., •

_ The ~nxiliary air 'va]y~' IS ,~.on~tro.l~ejd_ a~toltDa'tic.ally'· by ·the va~u.um ~.reat.ed py. th.e en,gin.~, p:i.ston" w-.inch ,djra~s ,air tht6ugh ·the ,auxiliary ~ir -intake ag,ains,t, a

.sp]~lng' te.nsioIi,; f·or instanO€lJ' :see· ·tilIB. aUxiliary .air i:nt:ake. in t,h;e~: carburetj~r s~ho!w.n._ in~ F.ig. 5, page, 97,. th~: Qpening b,ejpg co'.ntJiQ'lle:d 'b,y.:' ~he te·ns.i.on of a

., ... .

s,p,rmg,~

The· aif-valv:',e s:pring: ·T'he.·weaker'the sp,ring the less 'vaO'Ultm, it Will t,.ali:e to draw the· valve open ~ .. and, j.t m3iY lje' llJdjus.ted, 'by meanS .of a- threndEld sleeve:

(as-ln--,Fig. 5 ,an:d in varj.Q'U$, ~:l~her way~)., .

, :rJte ~gtro:ng~r tb.e 'splringj; the leas' a1"l;, hence ,ft. {~!ich;e~~",·mj'xture;.. The weame.r·,the ~p.riag, 'the ·more·

a1·:r· .r:.·~d~· hen:~' ce'-' a~' u;11 ,'e" an-' C" 'e-'r" 1 m' . ~,.,.4.."ITre··

., aLILL.: ..... _ .... "., .' :_,;.... '. .. . -1.Alf.Y;. _r.,

Another method for automatically opening and closingthe auxiliary air intake is show.n in Fig, 9. Note. the; 'action of the ball (L). Instead of. a valve

dl !! ball . ili d i . d Th6

an , a spring, .'.,~ .SI are uti isec instead, ". '1,,18 ear-

buretor ,is. the Kingston air-valve type, with an auxiliary air inlet.. Instead of using a spring to control the amount of air drawn into and through

th ili '.. I' b n d

e anxi .~ ary air varve, nai ~S are 'US~<:' _ ..

fl':""fIh- g' SO· ''11 ~'"'I't 0; n e ,ft dl ~. valve IlI!·S . d" ust ed bx h d

.. J: .. ·e.::.a.··.1Ju. ... '~ ... I·rti·· e':". H'~ .1 ~= ~'. J .. D l·: ~.: 1._ y .. I. an:·: '.

Th· tl. ... .. N h V' ..... · -

e ... loat 18, co·nc:entr'i.olll' ote the ··'e:nt'u:riL mmng

tube. Another air-valve type of' ~ carburetor, with

il .. , .' 1 '. ]'1 d bIb II""

an auxinary ·aIr varve eontro l,e··1 . ,.y on,e .. arge., I·a .

placed, in the main air inlet pipe of th.e carburetor is shown farther on.

A

\

Ex,pl.anation 0,;( tbe Ve'nturi .A.ctio,n.

.

.If two b,uelr'ets aF'e .p'laced sidle by side, bot.h filled: 'with, "rat.er, ~~ith. a 'o.ne-inch ope.nin,g C'ut in t.he bot'to[ID of eac'h, on.e with a ·pllai.n o',pening (A) f as in F~g,~ 1.0, and th,e other wit:h, a "Ven·turi" op[ening I(B)~, as ,'1 in Fig. _~ _ J th.e ;fJ .. ame: 'voluill,e 01 w,ater' 'wo,uld flow 'Olut

of tlle Vlsnturi one-inch o.pening in. F'ig.'~ 11 more: q:u'i:ckly than thr'Ot1:gh th,e plain 'Q,ne,-in.ch op.ening

lil·nc .. Fi: '::~'g.. 1',01•

. . ... '_.",

. . ~ .

~ RE •.•• :--

earbureto Venturi t 'Di'T"·e~ter Vi

t;i~ • ,.

opemng 1

Venturi. ,0

F hi

inrus rng

the great

'Spray mixing ( c,alle.d c., j

te:nde.:d t

spray 'TIl .~ J ,I •• ~~., ~y

mixed w: suet.ion form of s as sh O,"V\:rI

Some tub,es.." f is ·e:alle(

'Vhe] ',art"c,u

large ~i

'The 'passag'f itn·d .ai.r ·tions a

·~lg. g. . Khlgston air-valve -type. of' carburetor ~ Note tbe balls i'n the auxiliary air valve ,~dijch control the quan.tity of' ·~iF len te.ring the auxiliary 81 r 'val ve, P.m,rt.."3: .; mai l1l a.ir inlet,; D.; outlet of mixture to enfTlne; E" btl ttel':6y thr ot tIe ·valve.~

G . 0111" • 0 1 L b 111'1~ 'h ~ _'1-..' i. + o.

, :1 uxiuary all' In' et : c', .': a!l is ,~ .I.~ (llJJ. rise as tne su ct~ on increases

or as, th ~ speed of the engirl~ il1ere.aJ3es~t thus adrnitrti llg. more air l' y, gasoline needle valve; X., hand aOlJus·tme:n·t of needle .'v9.J'Y"e,:.·

'W'" butterfly' throttlemel/er' connects with ateering-wheel throttl~ lever'; .N, VenturI mixing' tube~.

T-h fl t" k n t d t" t tl~' ~ '" jIl....

... e ~ 08. .• ' 19 a cor" :uoa' an.·:~ conoon.' [le .. O~·le ·ID11'l..ng c:u.am ..

her., S is .R·n l&,rm, ,con-oented wi:t.b. the 'float 'needle, valv'e~ R.

As ·th,e float rt"is€S t the:ar-rn 'forces, -the· n.eedme (R) to ,s,ea t. .~

;.

englne:~

o TIlle:] b:ut-ted

bt

Fig. 10

Note the ~.h·aple o'f the Venturi opening: (B), in Fi.g" 11, t'hen HOlte ~ s.imila;r sh,aped, t'ube :in the mixing: ~,hamber in F,i,g.~, 9, where th,e ar:r.ow ... points. ],ead f'ro'm (N) ..

.The Ventur.i tube ~oun·d .' h.e s.pr;a,y n~ozzle in th~ II> ~ h b ,.. d" 1 tIl' 'k f'

n:uxmg c .. ~, :e:r, IS use··. In, a mOSi;, a'.~ ma, .'·es 0

15'::1

.L'1I,g"

:form. t'b

.metal t stove 'p

tho 4

to .. ··e J

res1st.al

id

'9,.~

vre

ltD to h

y'

i:, ~

I~ ~

til-@!

..

].8

the

o'f

let;

V;~'·' ;~"

.se,

•

hlD"" Xii

l.e,d, ot~,

j_'" ~

19: ..

as ~ut }r.e: .ng

19 .

..

mg.

~ad

tIle 'Qf"

CARBU- '~R- 'E~ TION'

: ~ _ _ : • :- I ',- •. ,... •. :: ~: . . _

99

carburetors. The principle and purpose _ of the

V t '. t b d th 1 ~. t bt 'I!

en nm I, uoe aroun _ tne spray nozeie 16 10' 01,_;' am a

greater volume of air thr!ough a predetermined sized opening in quicker time, Ano her purpose OF the Ventr ri tube is' that the Iowest pressure . of the inrushing air will be at a point where it wi 1 cause the g" reatest suction l ... ·n·-~ the" spra 'y- noszle

.. ," .:' .... _ .. 'J~ :1 .. :," ,I ',' "', _-=, 1.1. ',' 0.', . II _, .. J._J ....... ,J-!!i

Spro;'y N',oziles or J'lefts

,

Spra:y nozzlet The fuel is discharged into the

'" . h b h h' h I ("';;1

mixing cr amoer through the spray noszie uarso

.... 11 d - (:,.Ii t t b n ')'" A '- · t . ~. I '.' ~~ t" ~.

eauec le.- -0 oe '), :'., s~ 1,'S name IID,P, .ies, 1,1' ,U3 .m-

tend ed to d'_' el ive II."~-' the liquid m the form 0' ,f" 'a I fi ne

.,IG"".;': __ ,"'1' '_' I:. "" :".,~ '_ ". ~ \ ,.J .. _. . .... , .... __ !", ..! ",:.1 .. :. .~'. '; 1, • ,'I . (_ .• :1 .. -

'" .'~ ~ . hi ih .. 41' (' 1)" --~, '", d , .. " . ": I-""""'~ (2":')'":

s.pr-ay, w_ 1C'I. ]8 iI ' _" vapor)..z,€' .. , m'o:re Qr ,ess, _', '.

mixed with 'the entering air, a-nd (3) carried by the

.', - ~ t ,. ,0; , t to, h - ,-~" - .: -1· d' - 'T':t· . . · '. 'I' ·t·

suction In- -~,O me engine cy in" er. _11'e simp .est

form of-spray nozzle is. one having a single opening, i\S shown in, Fig. 5 (page 97).

Some carburetors have two spray noaa es lor jet, tubes, as. shown in Fig, 121. Anothertype has what

] .. ~;. cal e': d'~ I a "m ultiple J"e··~"ti .", s-'p'")'!!aIY-:''- noazle .

.r:;. : - _ '- ,,'. ,- . " , u'· . ~ _ JI.. , " """ . . ,I

..:..._ I • ,

'VVhen a carburetor has more than, one j-et; it is particularly adapted -tOI a multiple IOf' cylinders of large size and .eepeeially to six-cylinder engines,

'The mi.x"in,g !c,h.am,ber ic'onsists o:f an encLosu're ,or paSSag:fn;vay' eonta.inill,g. th,e~ nozzle" The g,a-soli'ne

d" . 'F d i, - 1), F - 'hi" '-b·

an" -co' .. $Ir ,are Dltx,e ,.' wltJ.l1n 't:" . stu:.:' e ]n p:rop~er :propo,r .....

ti.QllS ,and, t'hen Idra'wn through the throttle' int,o ,the

. ~

engl,n'eli

T,hrottl1e 'V'alves

. There ,are thr'8.e t,:ypes of t'hrottle va]v,es: the b.u-tterfiy, thiS, rotary .an'd -th:e sliding.

butterft7 throttle valve rota,rythrot.tle valve

I

'I,UT'i'E OF'LY • 1·M 1Ie00Trr~, t 'W A"'VE

'F-·' 13'

,', ,lg~, : ,'~':

F" '1'4

l.g~ ",,~,'

Fig .. 14. T:h'8: l'utJ!U·,Y type 01 valve, T,he, p,assage of gas !rom jet to :~,nt~l~,e marufol~ ,t~I"oug,h passage (P) is ,cant,rolled by' 'R; 'r ot:~!·y' cylinder (]i). _ I t IS now sh 0 wn f ~111 open 1 but, by' novmg f~H:ottle lever (L) I l,t can be closed or p',a-rtially opened as desired,

T~e butterfly throttle valve is the type of throttle 'used on, ~.~ost all :rJ?iak~,s of earburetors, _ This t)rp:e of throttl» IS shown In Figs, 13 and 9. 'The meehan.s~ and method for controlling the throttle is shown

n Fig, 111. page 33 and in Fig, 16, this page ..

T·'h·'· , ,£ - . ta . ,,. .' ,~ "'b' .... '1" thr ~ '.- ttl' .~ t- ~ ("F-'''' .'. ~',

. "e_ . ro ,a_ry ~.~:I' oarre ':,.'1'0 me via ~ve::~' ig.Id),

presents no resistance whatever,

The slidlng' thtlottl'e valve is another t)Tpe which presents no .~Ies~,sta~ce to. the ~ow of ~',as. 'Thjs type IS n,~\v practically obsolete, although _ t was formerly used quite extensively when governors were used,

r

'~'8,L 19~N G Ti{l,.ltOTT,",£;

V,A,L.v:t;.,,· . j ~.~ ~

Fig:. 15,. The sli ding throt tie valve eonsis ts of a cyUn,d,er.~

t' 'fth tl 1h. t' ' d Ib'· ..::II ~, . ...JI' •

. ype', 0 . ":~I~ rO'.ctle,. ,1U'UIi 'instearl 0;[ ,e.lng rotated it IS moveu In or

out, . of ~t~ passage". ~hic~h 'oo~:tr~ms the ~,mOUfi't o,f.,~as p1l"s~in.g to. the: Intake manifold. .A.s It '16 moved out." addltu):n:al au~ 1S adminted ~~:O\lg:h port holes, 'I'his tYPe 'was the typ,e formerlv

'used, wifh a govier,nor" .. .

E,ngine' ,Speed;. How Controlled,

;~h·e method for controlling the' speed of an auto .. , mobile engine is by opening and closing the thro·ttle valve on the carburetor by the hand throttle lever

or foot accelerator, ~

...... .-.-

A rod I: d' ~ .,(.", fro '-. tJC "', t"lt .. ·t··t-'·l:·, Iever .',. t~ih.-

.' .roc ,ea .. .mg rom ne rtnrorue ever on ,-,llC

'throttle valve connects with .a hand lever Ion the steering wheel. The driver then has the speed of the en igin eu d er hi" is :', ontrol ···,t;'·, 11 times

.' ~ ... ,-~-:-. . .... -,,,0 - ' . -.' COIl. 0 ' a ,a, ,,' 'c'Qi

wt, II 1-- 1 d lif d ,',

"Il ; en runmng on a .eve anc 1.' more spee I 18

desired, t:h!3.· throttle is opened by the: throttle lever until the required speed _is obtained, B,Y closing the. threttle, the speed is decreased.

ldli 19

Th,e· *h~ottl,~ 'valv'e i.s nleve'r entirely close,d: tIle l_oe:l't sorew' (filsJo termed "id]~g adjus:tin,g -s'crew/jl ""thr·ott~e-ar.ni stolp .... screw" ,;. ~ see also p,a"ge 96) 'pr'e'" v1ents 'tbe ·th:rbttle from closing entirely',.. Theref0re

~ h' .. ~~! . - --'·'ll~· ~'l' - -, . .~ ('"'d\ll· . t" , ~,t "fI' - '-' -ll~ - d'"

t· ~ ~ engIne Wl . run S_,O'W" or l_, ... e., as l' IS ca: e! ,

whe~n the throttle, valve lever on the steerin,g wh-e·el

_!. ',},., ... ,'"-dl ',' ~rd' thl'· " ".':- ", " t-:.",·· d· ·I.~ ',": T" I .. ·_-t· '_" t'~'h·· ... -.~ ' .. *. ,

IrS C .08e:, L an·, ' e ~ar S" .. BDl,JD,:g", ,,0 is op' .', e engine

entirely, 't'hr'o\v' off 'thiS :ig'nitio,n s'\vitch. 'T'lo~ adJust

car······ bur'eto'[ for idling·:-. of eng~'~ine, see an examp'Je o:n

-~ -" '._ .. ". , - '-' .- _.- ." -', , ',' - - ~ ~- ". . ',' .,

l)!lg~' 12'5.

The l\ccelerato,..-

'l'his is the' u.suaI .m.e·ans for (~;olntrolIing the. speed

fl h -

o t .·'e .englne.,

Fl·lg. 116

.'" •• 1 ~" •• _.

- - .

I. _. __ ~~ _

I

'-_

. I . 'iI • .1 I ~ ~." -1··· .•

.. I • I

• I • I' • • 10 II • , Ii . '. • I

___ __ . __ . .. __ ... .__ .. .. . _ __. • • ...... Ii I....... I .1'1 _

'The accelerator consists of a foot." pedal 'which opens and closes the ca'rburet,or t1irotiJe val\! e illcle~' pendently of tHe h'arrt1 ·tih·;"tC~Q:t,tle: le~e]~ B~! referring

, " "oii ,.'<- ,_'" .: -:-'" ,.w.~" ~," ..~.'~ ~ '. J_ .,') , ' ,

to the: lllustr~tlO'n, (Flg~ 16), It '\vlll, be n.~'te'd that the

accelerator ''W~ill. ,QIP,e,ra~8 the th'rottle df -the: carburetor without moving tbe: hand .... thtocttle lever" by an arrangement as sl1,oWll,~ WH,e4 tlie fOfJt~'a'c:',ceI~era-tor pedal is' depressed; trre ::ro:d fF:) ~~oves, against a shoulder which js.~ f.astenea to the, throttle shaft ..

, , • • }.~ J.-.J. ;-.. v • , ' b 1 '1

The end of 'tp:~ s~,aft" \~ '~qtb free "ill a '~~'rn" me ~; e.

(P) '. Thl]tS,tli~ tlirottle: <can be o,p,e~bed without disturbing tl1:B hand lever, ,o:t, tJi,s_ hand, lever car+ be operated "With~(ru:t movin,g the, foo:.t pedal. The accelerator is used more t:han the hand-throttle lever. . It's purpose .is 'th.e~s;a,m~',·as the: ,h,and,-t,~ht~'~le

Iever on the' FJte:er.in,g w,heel:, to open and closethe

t.llTottle valve, ".

A'CC'f!'J era ror fQO't pea:ali

7

1 :5'~,:Loek ::r~ha.g" ,f'or If 0, ..

.l~tt _

16- -~St:eerln,g' w'orm 17'~W.Qrm, wheel

1 S--Sp,ark ,advance meehauism t9'-Han·d, t,h,Tut,tle'

m~ee'hani8m, ' .

20~8t,ee'ri·ng,··, worm;

, '~,ou,Bi!ng·

:21-(Ia;rb.ur,otor air. s,d ..

"i,'u's'tin:g' ro,d 2,'2,~Gr:e:a,s,a 'p,JuO' -~'rm:'

~ . . -, \I!; .'(Ii" U, .

"filar hon,sing'

'2:8-_ n,le,t 'pipe· to' ey'l,., ind.,e;rll

F,.ig'. 17 fU;~;s\tr:a:t~s: tl)e)r¢bl~,t1;oP OtE' tha .. ace:e:l,erral'tor eormeetfona to the, spark J;ever: 3\n~ j:~ '~'6:n'f:rQl~ ,qeD, tJJ;e· ste'eri:n'g device, Tha Locomobile is snqwn as .an o4a,m,pI'~;,

W,li'en pressed downward fo~r increase, or released for decrease of speed, its action is instantaneous, '~l]len 'tIle accelerator is released, the engine: Immedi ... ately resumes the speed determined by th:e: positions of the hand Iever on t.he steering wheel, Although either the hand-throttle lever or the accelerator may 'be use-d to control "the speed .of the car, the use of the hand lever is, advised 'for beginners, After confidence in, driving has been gained, the more delieate action of the accelerator 'will b'e preferred,

T'h'9 word "accelerate" means "to hasten." The' term, therefore, is- applicable . here·' because :lit, is

quicker to operate throttling,

The GOi't'e~nor

There are no pleasure cars, 'using the ,gD:vernor~, Nearly all tru,ok,,; tractor marine and stationary engines 'use governors, See Index under "Governors.' ·O:n,ego:verno:f" which is, a "throttling' type, is the' centrifugalball t~y,pe jllustrated 'in Fig, 18A" ,th,~. princip Ie of- which, 'is" ]10 doubt, familiar to all, The "sliding" thrcttle in, the: carburetor is actuated by' the movement, O'£, t,he" sleeve controlled by tll,e, balls

(B),., The balls fly out as, tile speed increases, eausing the 'throttle to. close .. " Another prjnciple is that (If tll~: "hit anti miss type, ,,'

~-4~~-~, -_ } .•

~"I, .. /:;"!d:inl)h ra,gIn, ~____.:._~~~-_;.,.,.,..

Fig", 18

Fi 'E'J" • 18A

~,

- . ,_ pi, _

The: ·~tC)'t:ernor .f,ol'mer]'y 'used on the ~ --a,ckard WltS termed ~

"hydraulic" ·gc;.ve:l".flor .oi. -the .diaphragm ·typre~, located directly above, ,t,be' 'w'a~er pump, It was operated b;y ·the' .preslsure, 0'£ ·t'he wa tar in tb'e "witter eireulation system ~n.d, consisted of Bi ciI'{Jul~r ehamber divided by _ n. flexible diaphragm of le~,th.~[' andl.r.ul)b!et.. On one side of" ,th,e diaphragm was a 'wa~.et epace 'tbrongh, ""hien the ,v,ate!' of' ,th~ c$rculmtl.ng systell) passed, . On. ,the osher side was an air ,S'Pa.ce acd .R, p!u.llg,e!"' he:ail ,agaip!St. whi,~h the:" ·di-apbl;·a~m. pressed.. 'Tll:~ 'plunger was ,d']DHC'tly' connected

'witb the tbrnttle ~l'.aJ~e (Fig,", 18). '

C,AR,BUR'ETOR :P,RINCIPLES,

Despite ~re,nt~n(lQl\s advancement made in internal-combustion engines during recent years, original methods of carburetien are still~b',ro'a,dIy sp,eakin,g

~]n practice, . , .

'T' h l.. t 'I' - '"'ll ive] iii'

.. ,' ,':.,6 'CarvuJ;:e.ur lS.,~sti"I.' a, q@UltI?-Matlve y primitive

lnstr~ent; depen,clin~g 'u,p'qn th,e, 6,U:c,t.lon of ,the, -pist,()n ,duripL~g :i tis. nes,den:tr ij n -the inlet 81t.rn:k'e to dru;~v from ;a j:et (SPI"€4jT' nt)Wl'zla,) ~xr j'etfJ---=variable ',or "()ther .... w.j8e.------;th,'e ne:ceB,SAry" gas\bli"lu~ to .~ with, tlle ,air.

T- 'l'~ ii' b I' ~, ... '" ,;]'" .. .- 1Ii-

, '11i~, jet ,can.,·e<~:l_~· fit,~~~ Slze or It c"an b,.e: var1ta'b:le

in, ·size4' TI1is 'sIJr;ay' 0:£ g~soline, IS _, at th'e merey' oJ tIle, ~eltlperatUrwa~ v:alV'e. timing; exh<8;us,t" ':ii"nlet,~ . and

,combu:stio:n-b~ad dle§:iK+l,i' '-.

~ C.a.rb,u:re~p~s) a~ ~l~. lm'r~~r" them ~t- the p;r~~en.t tim,e~. are diVI(led, Int,o fiv~e clas~es i

('l')' '1. !~ .. '1" I 1.... ii., k~ -, '...,

,_' _',' ,~'~~alve tY'Plli - n,~JiLl~t:ll~ fll.allssnBs throu.gJi

a ftx:~d brifi~~e R,nd, t,he ~:d~lign:j\\~ QilP :jteg:uir,e~d.; wh·e"l1.

t'L a; th~ ~, ttl"~ - ',' ',,' .. ,,', "d" ~", ~-..........." -·t'.,. d ~ ht!t'!l ,-, :,"';L, , ' "" - . -:li'·:!.

,UIGi ";.' .. ,ro,,) " Ie, IS o'pene,,, .lS_·ft,QJXlll.'~~l;P}~Q'ql"gt~ !an, ,au~ iiii

·-s'ry ,a:ni' valve'~

(-·2;-:) C""-' - ",' - - tit . II t ~t 1- - ,}> ,L.u.~" -",,' ~'lC"

" .~,,, ,,::om:p'en~a,-·-ln.fi\-l!e·, ~ype. aWns BfD ·a15h}~tJ:laT~'

fuel j,rg,1k CCrroeB .. int.o $ction D,S the, 'tl1t,m~tle a.s 911e~nea~

(3~ M:eterl'ng,~p.itI t.ype", In. this the size of' the gasoline orifice (jet) ~iis inoreased automatically to increase the flow of' fuel as the 'tllto:ttle is, opened.

(4J Expanding type. Jn this there are a number of fixed orifices which eO':U18: in to action one after the o,ther as'. the tht~o,tt:me is .open,e.d.~

(~) The _ ,'c:plai'h tub,e,:J" O,I ":p,itot'" principle I' . A

d '"' -I h" d 'd' ,- .. ]

,In ° ,ern ,p:rlnC]p" e nO'7{ ,:",em,g ,a ':op.te-, e:xten.Sl'V'6' "Y"'

,rr'b,e' 'met,eriu,g :pl:in,s, ,d,a~h pots" ,an,d 'auxiliary air 'v,alves ar,e dis:pensed w.ith~ It d,erives it.s n,arne:, ~t,p~ain t.ub1e.,"" f]"o,m the fant th,at, b,ot,hth,e a~i1f 'p.assag,t3· and, the gas'oline- jet, ,are of fixed size fO,T all engine, :8.ple,f~,dB.. ror,Qe .~ctio~ ,jSi' ttC! lsup,pl;J~ an, :inc~as~d ,SU,p,~ ply' of gasoline or :ric.h'hll,x:ture: fo:r acee.leratio,n, a:n,d t,hen, t,o t:hin do,wn to' 8'U eeonomic mix,t'u're fo:r Il,o:rm,al en:gine .s·perz:dt

Ait~ Valv'e, ,Princi:pl~

'Th,le, air:~v:a1tve pr'.in,cipte of t:h{~: c.arbiuretor is th.e t:v;pe Irrevioll.siy ,si,bo'wn i!l ,Figii 3., pa,ge 96~ In this I't~pifl (see also -Fig~ 19)" it is; olnI:y po,ssiblB: to 3,dj'us:t

the arr 'It, is. tt

a steas

1"i,he run at and 'So

T'he carbur theem throng

the en

Th,e gasolir adjust eorree' ture w Fo,t "t~l:

1~ " rd n, ·~O'.i,' l ,

To.' but tl and t]

derive

'The which

"

ply of

:£hst t.1

rl~he relievi inorea hardh ible eJ

l"ht 'tured

~ -- "

-'" I " va_!ve

in difi centre result: "two

.adds I r~guls

arr va '.CI!' at

line" ~

",

to 8'er"

are kJ ,s,uctio

'swee,p in th(

"D,e·ver

,aux,ili

'ShOWl ,sitn,p'i

ty-" 'pe ~

"n" ,

]

TIl! cylin,e

'm'Ban

: ""

en:gln

L

iii

1 ~.

...

3

:1

r'

-

I

"

e

,

e r S

-

t

Le. .0

1"" ....... ,

1" e, re;

:II

ra J ...

~d

)f.'

lC

...

1S

g,t

CA~' .R·::,B···:·:·'U'··R.":'E'T~ I'O··'·N·.·

. - '. - '. '.' - . . '. . .. .'.

101

"

Flexibi ity of control means, practically the same thing', i.e., the capabilities of the engine 'to "pick

J'" f }I. hi h d ~ R' .

UP" ~ 'rom . ow' to rug '. speec and Vlce-ver8a~~;apid

('2iLcce~,e:ration'" and "flexibility,' both call fo-r ,n. sudden greater amount or percentage of gasoline to air. Quick eeeeleratioa therefore demands a surplus of gasoline for but a brief period, after which the normal supply will care, for the engine, It" may be but a matter of a few seeonds, }~e:'t it is of importance that thisadditional supply be ready and in available

form for 'that brief period, .-

To, meet the sudden demand for gasoline, t.he added nozzle, or multiple jet has 'been' introduced by some .makers, so t~h~t when the suddenly opened throttle brings the auxiliary air valve 'into, 'use, the valve in turn brings more gasoline into ,the mixture by openi~g th~g~~li~e~~edle valve wider. . TIlls is termed the "metering pin" method, One maker does t-hispy' a "dnshpot," on the auxiliary valve stern, ~he dash pot performing a regular- pump stroke and forcing gasoline into the mixing chamber by way of a separate nozzle as ·tIle auxiliary air valve, opens, Onlee open, the pumping a-ction ceases" but the noszle remains open for a more even demand for more fuel, ..

Proportion 10£' lair and gas: All of these methods of providing "acceleration' are' based on the ac ... eepted belief th,at in, carburetion different mixtures of .' air and gasoline vapor areneeded for different

engine requirements. Tile days are past when the uniform .... mixture argument dominated, the argumenf that ·the idealcarburetor was one that would

.give; say, a mixture of fifteen proportions of air to one of ·g,asolin'e.·v,ap'or fO'1"" allspeeds, "acceleration," "hard pulling" with open throttle:, and high ... speed

'yrnrk:' ~~iith open, "th:rottle, et.e~~)1 etc. _ T~,~' :n~W'IU~,e 18 that, the amount of gasoline fed Into 'the' arr vo ume, must be changed .aecording to demands, 'I'hus ,8 twelve-to-one or "rich" mixture might be best for quick acceleration; a fifteen .... to-one or "Ieaner" mixture may be best for pulling with the throttle wi ~i:eop.en;,· and a seventeen-to-one; or still ule~·n~,r~:'~ mixture may be desirable fO,I~ partieu .... , larly high-speed work, Therefore a "varying mix ... ture" must be supplied ..

Th-' Co .. '- ... - ,'.. ·t-'!!' ~".' J' ·t·- P'] - ." .... '·1 ···1·" .. e.- Qmpensa ,Ing~, er I. ranorpre

Theeompensating jet. ty"pe of carburetor i~ where an auxiliary fuel Jet- comes into action, as ,the tllrott~e: is. opened, -- T~ypes of cftr:b~u,reto.fs coming under thi~ headingwould be the Zenith; the Stromberg: 'model u,H'~ an,ld, ,th1e M,arvel (se1e Index) ~

The· Met,ering-Pi'll ,Pr.incip e

In ,t'h,e met,~ri·ng-p,:in typ,eth~ size of ,the gasoline. o,rifice., ,0.]." jet;; is, increased, au~omaticaIly to .incr~,as.e. ,the flow of' fuel as, the throttle is ,op,e:ne,d~ In ,oth!~r w'O-rd.s" ,a.s the. throttle· is open,ed,~ the: lne,te:rin,g p'in

(P' ." F':"'gs:.··-·· 2~.·····1. 22 23')" l\rhieh is similar to a ~asoillne.

, "~- .' ,'" ' ' , .,' '- J . , . _. . --- . b .

nl8ledle' valve, is mO'led so as to, pe.rmit ,m,ore g,~solinH

,to flow thr;o'ug:ht tIle s,pra,y .nozzlle or j_st, (J):: T~,'us, instea.d, of ~he. gasol~nie.; ne.edle 'valve (meter.m.g p-.ln), 'being ·ad,jus.~~~~d,·by han,d, it is. a,ut~,ma.tical~,y ~d,justed, by the sp'eed ,of t,he eng;ine, there,by' perr;r:u,t'tlI1g more' or ]&,$8 gasoline to flo'w as th,e ,~,p,~ed .inere,asles ~ Orr deereases~ T,h:is princip,le is ealleld tIle t'm·ete-I~ln,g

Pl-'--;'" p-·r·m-· c·'l·ple'· a'lso:'"the '''''p,neumatic':' p',ru1.cip-le wIlen

n· "" ':" ._ --:,. ".,.-11-_' . I. ,._.' 1 __ . '.' .- .. _._.,. .. ' _,

:opera~ion .is b,y' air control~1

V,ari.o,us me-tho(ls ,are employ1ed t.o' operate this Ileedle v,al,r,e o'r ,m,eterin,g pin as follows ':

On 'tIle: S,cl-lebler lllodel "t,L" (Fig~. 21)t the mleter,in,g' -,_<in (P) is conn.lelcted.witl1,~1 e ,ca~:b~re'~ol: th!ottle le'ver ill s'u,ell ( . ltlanne:r tl tlt tile. meterIng' In Egaso-

- ,-

.. 'r 101'. #U1L'Wi1

Fl',rr 20

, !1'~11i ~_.

The engine of an automobile, however, does not run at a steady speed; sometimes it is. running fast and sometimes BOW ..

T'L- . d .. "f; tho - .-~' . ,". . ... - tt ," j.' ~ . '.' th ':1 ···h· ,t' 'h"'

,Jlie spee ' 0 ' e air ,curre:n '. ,p,~SSlllg, ,;rou.gl .. e

carburetor depends O,}} the speed of the engine; when t:he engine is runningfast the speed of the air current throll,g'h, the.' carburetor- is: much greater than when the engine ts running slow ..

Th.e greater the speed of the air current, the more gasoline it will suck out .of the_ spray nozzle, and the ~'d' jus t' m ent 0: . f t'h'JI!;!ii, gas ol in e flo. w tha t "rill g.' < ive a

'~._ .... _ .. ' .. , .. 1., .' v' ,.-.Gt,o' i.e _" '. ,., . ...... . _ .... ' . '.:.

,'_' '. .. t ". 'I' ~·t·, .... t a '11-,·· . .... - de. '" II .. '. - i..:, ... ~. ,h' - ' ..

eorree mixture at a rO'V spee WIL, grve a rrc. ml~'"

ture when the air current moves' at a, higher speed, For this reason the air supply must also be varied, in order to give' a more combustible. mixture.

A uxillary Air Val ve

To. vary the air sUPP],Y J different methods are used, but the one used most is th:le auxiliary air- valve, aUld this is where the "air .... valve 'type" carburetor derives its name' (SHe, Fig .. 2~O)'i

The auxiliary air; valve was designed for engines which run at changing speeds, So '~hat an extra sup- 1)1y of air is admitted when the air current flows so f~U3t tllat it would result in too, rich a mixture,

The disadvantage ofthis typeis that owing to the relieving action of the spring valve it! does not increase the proportion in, proper ratio, and is hardly suitable for the present-day high-speed flextbl~ engine,

There are several different models now manufae ... , tured, 'based on the princip' e of the auxiliary air valve only, In these tlle prob em 'is: worked ,.,out in different ways; one manufacturer uses a "spring-

cpntr!olle,d valve"; another hopes to get better ~su ta, by re,gulatil1..g' -t~le ~m,[ove.meIlt of th~ v'alve by

~ y "" ... d= f . ~ 1 th k

. 'two, sprmgs," 111stea, .. o~ OIle; . [stli. an1o:, -ie! IDJR,er

Itdds. an "air ,dashpot"" l"vit.h the ho,pe of getting' ~,ner regulation an,d a b',ette:r' fUll~tionin,glof tl?Je ~uxilia,ry :~dr v:alve:; a,!lotller uses ,8 "Id:a'sh,pot. fille:d ~lth g,as.q~, ,line'~; and, th~re a.re !o-tl}e~'S \vho' .use luetal O'b,ttlls" to. se.rve a·s thH auxilia:ry val,r-e), while oth.ers use ?lhat :are kllol~~n as ft~reig}lt,ed air ,ralvetj," in 'whic:h_ tile"

~u.lct'ion lifts. ~alls,; t.llUS a:~mnitti.~~,· th:.e . "air w~ich, $fveep,s. over the spray_ nozzJe. ,~rh.ille 'tJ:te,Y all, ,~iffer

1h the ,details of vrorking Oiut the Idesl,gn, all a~,e,

. l!~,e'vBrt.heless:, based 'on the _ pasic p;rina,iple of tb.~ a~xi1iar,y ,air ',raJ.ve as origin,ally \v'or_,.~ed out", a,nd aho"rn _in .Fig~ 4, a,.I1d in Fig~ 2,0 a~oy~_, ¥~t rsimp.liQ-ity in no,mlen,cla'tur,~ l\re~ shal r'efer to this ~ype as the auxilial[",Y air valve t,y.P~'~

:R,elat.ion !of A'cce.Je:ra'tion to, Gi3solin,e 'C o ns'u.1D Ii tion

. '" I I d ~, .. ]

The rapi1d advance of hm.,gIl""8IJe:etC ,~n:: .,m.uJLt],P e ...

I ~yUnd,el"' engines de mna.1'Ilcl s "~ ~llli ek:-er. ,aocelera tio,~"" 1,' meaning (Jtlieker . ~ge,- rtW'~ yJ' or 'I'lric], ,Ul)" of' tIle

..

engIne,.

, .

• '.. .. • .: ~.' .'.~.. :'.:. ~: •••..• I . .: . • ~ •.. : ': .:..... .'. . ".. :._~'.' .'. '. < ' ' ".: , .. :;_~_~. :._~~ ''': .. ~. .

102

All ~'JlR;.

Fi,g', ,21

F.. '°2 , - .~g'" ,.:; .

FI"Q' :nO)

. 0'. ·~Ol

'·F' . 2>iI!· Cil ob ebl Ci·"·'

~ . .lg+ l . Io.~. ,l~",,:'. ,"~;""

mecbanieally ..

II'l,g:. St2,. S ehe bler In odel .~! T, .. 'to; ~(eterifl,g pl:in eon trolle.d. by auxiliarv: air' V al ve,

:Fig'. ,2.3.. Ste\vart model metering pin controlled by a'll" 't"

StU~ .ion,

[ill e needle valve) is raised as 'the throttle if3' opened. See Index 'under . "Sehebler carburetors."

On the Sehebler model "'T'" (Fli,gt 22)" the meter ... , i11g pin (P) is connected to and controlled by the, auxiliary air valve, As the throttle is,- opened, the speed 'of the engine increases, _t4e suction becomes IT .,' ter 'and the air valve (A,V) is sucked downwards,

~a~~ing the meteringpin CP) to give a great!er ~pen~ ing 'at [et (J), thus ad mit t ing. more gasoline.

On the !S·te;w,t1r.t carburetor (Fig, '23..); the metering 'pin (D) is controlled by' air suction, As t,he throttle is opened the suction becoming' greater, the metering valve CA..) (part in black) rises, enlarging' the opening at the metering pin (D) and drawing more gasoline through ,jet, I(J),~ ,At the same trme more air is drawn. around fhe valve seat (B)~ ,A ratchet (R) is connected 'with a control on, the dash fOI]L· the purpose of enlarging the opening at the metering ,pin, so as to obtain a rich mixture when starting,

E;x'a:rn'p.ie of'a Ca'rhuretor ,-with Both. a IVleterin;g ,Pin a:u,d. ,Das:h Pot

ThJ9 ,Rayfield U . ses a "metering pin,' 'which is lifted, as, t~h,e tlrrottle opens in, the main. ,jet, (N) (Fig. '24)", through a Iink arrangement, which establishes a rig'htl for it to be classified as ;a. metering pin type, But it goes farther, It, ineorpo rates .. an auxiliary nozzle (A.:N) which also has .. a, metering pin that is depressed when the auxiliary air valve opens, Thus, by 'h,a"ing two distdnet nozzles it establishes its right also t,o 'be Iclas'sified as an exp~anditl1.:g type of instrument ~.

lR'II:"""I""P,C':I!N'·.r.::: iFiI!b'! .J;_"" II. ..~

P;N:

. ,But the: ,Rayfield goes .still faEth.sF, in tllat it. COln'binJ~s. a :piumpin.g a,cti.on cJ:n. 't,he gasoline in t.h.e '~uxiJia::y' n.o,z_zIe (AN) w'here!b,y ,a 'very ,rich 'mixtll~re 18 furnIshed for aocele:ration wh'enev,err t.he: ,ajr' 'v,~Ive'

is suddenly opened, This [8 acco:lnplli~:h.e,d "bly the' piston OlD., the lower end .of the air-valve stem working in a "dashpot"' filled 'W]t~ gasoline, Gt~$~.]ln.e enters the'dasbpot above the piston and IS, admitted to the space below the piston by, .the ,disk 'valve, in ~'Ile: piston, - When the air valve suddenly opens, :fo:rem~'

the piston .dOV1TfiWard." this disk valve i~~, automatically closed" forcing orpumping 'the, gasoline upward through the dotted fuel passage In,~.o the .. nozzle

(AN),~, where :i t, is' sprayed ~ ]n>~~ the ,]n'~ushlng ,~lt., Only when the valve opens rs this 'pi ump mg function occurring; at, other ti«ies~ thegasoline.issues through this auxiliary nozsle aeco t. ding' to the. suction of the engine. T~lUS 'tIle Rayfield .. fs a compound of two metering pins. in. eonjunction with, the pu.mpi~,~ function for acceleration.

,Ex,p~ln,ding P:r.inci,ple

In the ex,p',a~nding principle, there .are a number of fixed orifices which come into action, one after t111e' other, as the throttle is opened. Types of ,t'Iri~s class of carburetors are: shown in Fig, 25 and . '~n.. the tlesetiption -of the ,', 'l\Ilaster" ~ car b ureto r (see Lndex) ~

Fig~ 25~ 'The multiple Jets "Cd .the Master carburetor.

The Pltot or ,Plain,- T'ube P1:in,c:~ple

The 't.'Pitot" or ·"'plain. ,tuhe'~ type of carburetor differs from other principles. It is the principle now being used, to a considerable extent ,I arid derives its, action as 'well as itaname from a, Pitof tube,

,A Pitot tube is a 'V Sl"Y' old Instrumen t for measuring velocities of flowing streams of water, invented b'l' Henri Pitot in t13Ct It, eonsisted of a verticalglass tube with a right-angled bend as, shown a't (E),~

The impact of the jl'o,wing water against-the open 'e'nd (F) of tube (E) caused a column to rise above the.surface of the stream as .. at (A); and 'by' this, small difference in height, the·: velocity of -t.he stream 'was calcu.late,di A. simila.r :prinoiplle~ ·b-u,t to :pro,'Vide 'air~ iSh e,mb,odied ,in the ca-rblllretJOr usi'ng this p;rincipJe,.

Th,e, Pitot t'ube is. also' 'used for' m.easurillg, ,pres.s:ur~ in 'm.oving: ,Ertrea,ms of g~8 QT ,liquid.8,~, It earn be lts.,ed faciIlg' ill allY ,dire.ctio:n, blut, as ,applied. to t.he ,(Jar ...

b!uretor,. fa·ces, d .. own stream", .

TJ,h,e Pitot tube-118s, been. 'us:ed, for ye'al:,S. fOT'· ,m,a·as'uT"" in,g·: fire s.trearfi8·,~. chinluey draft:s;, et'Ct .In the C,ft'r'b,.tire'tor it .is simp,Iy· ·used· to' pro~de air at sufficien't preS.isu're to f:o:rce -tlie fuel :f:to"m th'8 w'ell to, be e,nelo~.ed" in t·he ca.r'b·uretor~

T:he' Pitot f nnct.i OlD, ,a.s ,appli.~d ,to· a carb,uretor j.B

·'Simply t9 provide ,air· ·at, sufficie.nt pressure ,to fOTce ,th,e fuel frc)'m, ,a well inolosed in th.e'~ cat'buret~)r.. The, in-t,a1c.e of the;" Pitot t'ub,e' .is ':irnsid:e· the C"arbtl~etor wLlli;Lere the air :p,ressJjre is q,\Jitle: IOlw, but, Qwil1.g tQ the Pito,t a.ction e.xpla in.-e ,d. a'bo've, th'e presS'ure· of 'the, ar:Ir ,d,eliv'ered ,to the 'we'll·fr()'w (A,) i~·.increased, so: th;at

~.", b . h4' h . h f' th t h·

It ]8 la,p,ut as· Ig: as. t.e p1ressure '0".' ';'. ~_ .C' a·. wasp ~_~ ere,!

S·.e·e In.d(~)t. for expla:natio.n olf a "'p]~in 'tube" car,~· 'b'ure, to'l'l' ~

GJ

Be£'( t·ions ,f deal w and f'u

T,he Gasoli

Wh'1 as 'WR thef~Ha ,~ ··l'l·d

ea ,(3.'

T,he tnity~'l said t 'V o lati 1

Tem tility " volatil

sphere

Gasture 0 must]

evapoi vapori air, it

Gasol he hand Jlue.ver b.

I, .

,n cal

burrring p,ail or Damp ,~ ea.·s,e 01' hh,e sup

:,pnsh tb 0,0. D.O,t

'Il'r~,nling 8e,t it OJ etc, Ga

Ala

..

in an-

'L

"

ID .. am (

as a ,h:

Infe eated '.

odor. effeeti'

A tes get.tj.ng't ,slowly ~ W:heri. il "'~ ,. f· EI~ IS .0:

Testi~ a few yl ,ga:so~i.rif Iglrsvity f::ft~r sin of' i'he h g,ravity tlud·er e and th~

IGra' of t'he,

,

,a 'm,a~ tourse suell. t

I'" bI

-re 1ft,·._

, fa,c.t'UI~

I

M'O'~

. !<.

cliff'ers all. of ~ Icl~ffere l~,gh,t ,~ ·hav:e ~

:.;.

:us ,cotl

...

I

)" ~.

I e

,.

:1 e J

r

..

e

. ~ .

g

tr' j

,
n
'~e
n
,><
~s'
l,
I
), .
.I ,-
",(,'I!, •.
d
,
-_ .'.IIII!!!!I! ..

l.e7 If ~o ut tt e~

r~

,GASO:LINE

10.;'

G:AS,OLINE: PRIMING :ME,THOD[S; HE,ATIN.G METH'IO,DS; VAPORIZIN,G GASOLIN,E[

Before taking 'UP',," the subieot of various construe- 'G':'" Iir . f 5'6'0 t-'" '64-" 0' B - '. ,- ,Ii

_ sasonne 0,' ~ "i' 1.0 ,'. -_ _I aume paraffine base 18

'tions and adjustments of carburetors, we shall fir;st. used a. most universally in the United States east

deal with th.e.Bubj~ct of gasoline, 'vaporizing gasoline, of the Rock.y Mountains, Fuels. of lighter gravity

and fuel ... feed methods, RIte also produced from asphalt blase petroleum, I.n

Gasoline c:rta~ sections of the cou.ntry gasolinos of very low grade have recently q.een l~trod.u,ce[d, one ... half being

_. The 'usual fuel for automobile engines is gasoline, actual ,~.el~o~.ene .. ~ ~ Ith this fuel and the ordinary

qa~oline is distilled from, mineral oil (petroleum) ~ mt~ke' manifold It, IS, .almost Imp·ossible· to make an,

Wh tr 1 ~ h ·t d ~ - ~ ff- .. t engme operate properly .. either a't. closed or open

en petro eum IS reated, It gives 0 nr- gases, JUS.. throttle, . unless radiator iscovered up and cooling

as water, when heated, gives off steam. When water IS brought to a temperature of 160Q to 18(f F.

~.ha.'.'~~l· .. ~.'e· ed.:· . gg·&a:8.·s;e. -0'.,8, i-l .. m~,.r.·e'e. '.' Ck[~."·e[orloe. ·.~,o.d.·,.·.'el 'no te·'_h,:. e!.·.ebn:.;,ez·".',Cl~tn"·O"' .. le~,,·· en···.la~],·'p_~t·~.·h·~.[dsa~' .•. · J e_at::' .. ~ ... ~ are

\j 1 # ~.. bi ,"' ~ ~ V,_ ':f'O use this f uel it is necessary that the whole

c:al~b'u.reto.~ and ~nt~l,:e· manito d system 'be thor ... · oughly heated, Without this. heat tbe carburetor [s~~tting 'will have _tOI be changed and made rjoher than neceesarv, while '~~.e extra heavy part of the fu~I, not vaporized, will burn slowly .in the cylinder, forming carbon, and sooting up spark plugs, etc. '

" Thler~ 'is, of :cou~se, a, period. of time when starting the, engine cold, when ·the rich mixture will be. neces-·

~.~~ (~n'~ :can, be f~,rnish.'ed by the dash control), but 'the oontro should be released as soon as the engine beeomes warm.

. I~I is ~l~I~" ~dvlsable,. '~·hile .. the engine Is cold, to avoid opening the throttle full, as the fuel vaporizes much more readily; in the suction or partial vacuum which exists in the manifold while: the throttle is, p~rtly' [or completely closed ..

The chief difference between them is; their I "v'ola-; tn~:t.y.n' Whe~ a .. li91ri.~ .turns '~? vapor, .or .gas, ~t is 1 ~·alcl. to be "volatlle,,;U 'Gasoline ahould be V[8fY

vola~jile to insure prompt starting, and power, .

_ Temperature mak-es a, great, difference in the vola·tility 10 f Ii q uids; for mstance, thick, heavy ·oi I is not volatile at the ordin,ary'te:niperature of th.e atmos~p~ere; but is volatile when heated,

G '1·· 1 II - h di

asonne IS very VO. atile at t: - e orr mary tempera-

ture o'f ·tfle atmosphere, It is so 'volatile that it mnst 'be kept in air-tight tanks, for- :-t· would entirely evaporate if __ left exposed to the air, Gasoline vapor.iz~s easily, and IUS the. vapor is heavier than

, "t , .. k h d

an~1- 11 . SID . s· to t ~e groun.· ..

. 'G:aso.J ine and fire: Because of ·this. ,r.o,iatility; gasoline must ije.ba:lJldle~d \vith care to prevent firesand explosions. It;: should never be handled near an ope n flame ..

I'D: case of .flre, do not try to 'put :i)t [out 'with water, for the· 'b-urnhlg gasoline wil] float and ,f,?"pr'e.a.d. tIle fire, Alwa:ys keep a .(i.ail or' ·it:ViJ."'O of sand handv, and .smother the flames ,vi{h :i.t~ Damp sand, flour: or a wet blanket 1rv:]U smother the fire. In oo.se··'o.f· fire, the :llrst 'thing to do, if it :is possib' e., ia to turn. off h.e ,BUlppbr eoek from the. tank to the carburetor, and. tb·en. push .. the ear a way from the blazing gasoline 'on ·the ground~ D.o not Iet a pool of g.as6line drip from the carburetor when \priming i t, as a chariee 8·h.o~t circui t 'ni,ay :gJi ve.a spark tha t w i ll se'~ it on. fire" _ Note: Carbon ·tetrachloride is superior to sand) et~ Q·as.o.li:ue fir's extlnguishers can be had of .Bup.ply houses,

fA low grade of gasoline 'will produce poor results.

· b I Diffi '1"· ~... h

m any oar' luretor..' ; [~l'i 'cu. ty in starting 1.8 t Ie

main disadvantage in. i".s 'use, as it is no,t, as volatile, <as a In gh-gravit,Y: :gasoline. .

I:nferior, o:r t100 m'uc:h ga.soline' is' generall}t' :indicijted by ,a b]a·ck s,m 0 ky' exb,R.ust and ,3, disa,g.reea~le. .Od91\ "Then a :low-·g:r·a'vity gasolline is used some ~ffecti~~e metho,d for vaporiz,ing it must be emplo,yed ..

. .

In. ve~y eold wea her it is advisable instead .. of readjustingthe carburetor or 'using the dash control continuonsly; to cover part- of the radiator surface, so tha t, normal temperature is mai n tained under hood.

In some parts of the country there is so great a range in, the constituents of the gasoline sold. that, the Iighter or .:~9.r'e' volatile fractions may, ill warm

th;' b 11 'Ii th b ton. und ifl

wea ner, -, l~ 'Ol·In .:_ e car niretor, under normai opera ....

tion of the ear. In this case, the hot-air supply to the carburetor may be dis conne eted, while «are sho:~ld b,e ta~ep. 'that the gaso]u18 s'up'ply' lille f~OTD

th" t·::.··- '1. t, ' .. :-·,'-:-b-,,- .. ·· ·t·· ·d-I - _[, ··t·· _' ,c h .. "1. '('>Ii ,~

.e I anlt:[ ·0 c,ar,,~r[e or .. oes D:O _. ,ap·p·.ro.ac.~ ex.lJ· .... .s,w

pipe, oy' in(ter walls." or othet ,he,tlting inH:u.enees~

A test by hand: To aseert,ai:n .·h[ow' near: K:erosene you are @t,ting, 'pour :a lit[ Ie \gas·aline in th'e, han.d~ "'1u;;:n :it Hv:aporates ~~P\1tly ,~nd leaves agr.e~sy· d[eposit,. i.t. is of ,R 'te~y' low grade~ ,?l1.1e;D!.,~t ~V~8;pOl"ates ~~ap1.dl:v'.~an:d le~v.es th~ l~aud ·dry. ~nd ole-an", I' :~s. Oil a h]gher era·de.. ThIS :furnusb.es a faIrly reh-able t,es·to.

'Testing ga..sol-ine with ~ 'hydromet1er 'was the m.etb·od nsed .: f~w y.ears R.g'Q.. It is us,ed. ~s·fono,vs.: Fill the glass 'tube w·itb. ~~n~hu~" .an;dl i:nse':rt ·the. b;Yd.;rollneter t ·wh.ich wi] 1 flo~t., _ 'I he ,gf.a~vity,of ·t'ilbB g,~s~line.j_s de·teTlmned by the de:pth the .byd·r:o.m~ :et1ir sinlul '~D' it.. A Bcale. lEi gra[dua.te-d on the up:per :porti.on

~:the hydrometer and the level of gasolifl.e ind~cates t'he ,sp'ecifio .gra,r.ity. Th,e, B,eale usually runs from 60 t,o 80~ Ga-sof'n.e. ui'id:er 60. teat oug'ht n.ot be:-used.~ It ,aver.ages about 64 t,Qo 68, imi the· better ,grf!Jd,e is ~1'2~

Gravity is no l.o:ng,e~:r .an. accurate test lof ·the, 'merits olthe fluid., tlae Q,niy really aocurat'e test bein.g fro.ln a ma~imum alld In:in.imum boiliu.g"'p[oi:nt. It iiS,. [of OO"qlfse, not practical f.or th,~ ~lv·er.ag·e (J,\vn.er tq mak.e l5o.ch ~es'ts;; and the b,ast :ruJe is t10 ,purcllase, from a reliab:le . distributor, ,"rl110 h,andles g,asoline .manu~ flctured by .res:p,onsible distillers ..

. Most of the .g.asolin;e today sold for motOlr ... CSl"'· use dHI,ers .from that of s.everal ye.ar\8 ago in th.at.it is n,ot, B·n of one. gr,ad·e, but i.~l a compound or b ... end. of' ttle Udrerent p,etro,leum eleme.nts; ,s,om.e of it b,ein.g .. "\rery ~ight and. vdlat~]e., whi1e ab,o'ut olle-fourth of it ml)Y bave a boiling po.int, hi:gn.er tha'n that of v~rater" ·anil ~ 'correspoD,dingly diffic-uIt t,o convert. int,o. a 'v.apor.

Low .n,d High:-Gr,avity Gasoline·

The· proper' ,gtavi.ty Qlf.,gascoline to use is govern,e,d by cO.nditiohs·I' In. the summer a· .low ,gr,a'Vi t,y, vapofOB izes mu.eh, mo.re eas.i y ·t,ll-an in the. wint,er.; t'herefo,r[e t,he engine. :$~tarts· ea,sier.,

.A great .ma:ny cla~m, tha:t 'the low gx.avity g~'ves 'results as go,od .a~s or b'etter than .. higll-gra vity .. - Pro,b, ... · ably' it, does, as there are more heat Ullits. Pier ga~lon~ bu.t a.s ,~ matter of easy st.arting an.d a~s.ence f.rpuJ[ carbon d:~posit", tJ--te high gravit)ris_pref.erable., 'unle~s t,he carbuY,etor has bee.n properly ,a"djusted, :an.tl priming a.n[d .heating metho,d.s are ,p:ro'Vi.ded.t,

'W·@ith····th··h:g-h·gra'vl't-yw-h··aahi··-uh&.c.n'·e'"

~'1 ._ '_-: J'e ",. ;', I. ,,: .. ' _..... .. e . {.V'(3;·. : b'.' uam···

rate: (mixtu.re: burns .rapidly)., whereas~ with tIle lo'w gravity', we ge·t a ~igllei~ cl~rr!.=tbustion. hent".,"b·ut ~lower afi am.e 1 , r~'t~e~ 'Vit,_h a h~gh flam:e :rate ·th.e m-:ixt'ure ·Qur.ns rapidly-pre~_sure :rises quiclcly and imp.a.rts a p[oW'erft 1 pus.h at the COlninenCement of th.e stroke, b·u.t faIls .away e·q.ually quic.kly as tmle; st:rolre p,to,-

gres8es~,

With low-,g:ra·v.ity gasoline" th,e' re'verse ,€?ecurs·~ .

The explosion ,gener;ate8 slowly ,s'nd ,d,9,es :not im,p!l\"rt a vi!olent,;·shocl,.~ b'ut wit:h a retarded .flame· .rate·." a.n.,d. t.he.pr,~ssure pre,dominates. t:hr,o'ugh .a much ~r[~atel~ pro',po.rtion f,r the st,r~lce.. rhe re.sumt~ are· O·bl·~lOU~" W.it,h high ;sp·ee.d, as in racin,g, t.he h~l,g,h gra~vlt.y . .lS

. - , 001 h- III lik·' I

'best~ Flor medii.urn .spe. " :8, W "'er-e stea,n1,~eng],ne ... ·,r. :.e

- -

- - - -

104

D'YKE'S' IN' S' TR' UC' "T' 10" 'N' N'" " 3

< i ':~ ,~..~,.~. _. ,~·.I...._ ~:, " . 1_\,., 0., IJ~

.' ;0; d bi d ith f '1 1

power is required, comomec WI,. ,'I "ue.JIL economy, 'O'Y'

gravity is best-s-providing the carburetor has been readjusted for the Iow ... gravity fuel and proper heat ...

- ' ~d d

mg arrangements are provic e.', ..

Owing to the great amount of carbon inlow .... grav-

!iI' .. ty __ .. ' . rsolin " it .. ,., v'-- T' - .", 'C1~'I r' ',' '-t' h· t the ,'. ,,'1 b ·r:et:-·· 'r'

1" " ga::.,: )_",e 1.. is very .n,eee~~a Y I'" ,a' I!J' "" earnu t, '. 1,,0,

be: properly adjusted.

T·'[ , .. ~ b diffieult vwi h' 'I

he .starting WIll be more difficult wit :', - OIW

gravity, but with the use of a primer and a, hot-air

t thi t bl b

arrangemen .,';JSI,rOU.,e; can 'S overcome.

It is a well-known fact t. la,t an, engine, especially

ld ith 1 beari d I' k: .

an 0 '. 'O.ne wit' ..•. , .OO$e 1 eatIngs an "c' a. ac r P1,S:to11S,1

.' '1" I h 11"1 1- I 1·'"

wu run mucr more quiet ~Y' on .. o,"w· ... gravity gasonne,

This, is due to the s]o·w flame rate; the pressure is

d I th ,o·t Ii d d . tl r t

gra ua on ,~~ e piston reao anc presses ra'; ner than

slama

Flow' Unvaporiz,1iId Gasolin_c. Th_in.s 01011 .Dilutes th,e Lubrico·tin.g 'Oil

Gasoline vapor that is not completely consumed i.n the engine does one of three t.hings: it either 'pas-ses out into the exhaust in an unburned state: 'and is wasted, is" deposited in the form of carbon within the cylinder, 01£ condenses and runs down

h ~' int h 1

past tie pistons In '0 the C 1'1 an. (. case.

Th . fir t - f th ,'. . ~ t '1.' . - . t d-c'" ·t· 1-' b t t· h

':-'8 I IS, '0 snese IS :.lEI8 most rrect 0.88, .. out nne

other two are equally nnpcrtant in, tll~ Iong rl:111., ,A carbonized e:ngine is of itself inefficient, Carbon

k th m ~ 11, ~ t h t d

'rna es me engine miss, makes rt over aea _'. a.~' I pre-

ignite. All of tl1e:se things are sure to shorten t:he life: of the engine.

men the unburned fuel runs down past the piston, it destroys the seal between piston rmgs and cylinder removes the oil film which is to protect th'e surface of "the cylinder, .. piston, cam, and crank shaft bearings :from friction and wear, and" Iastly, dilutes

, 1 lubri t·· '0'1· hI' . h

the '·U.:·' .. rreatmg 01, In t. '8 crank ease to such an

t t th' t" t~ it b 1 "1

/._, 7' '_ -:... . . " ". . _:.' ,--,.. -. L. _. - '. • '.' 1 - • . - -:' ,,',

ex ,en .. I. a, In . tIDe 11 . ,,'ecomeB. worthless.

M'" . 'uf', . ''''''111 __ ,-- - ,', .. ,.'- '. d .. iI'. '":" "" ' 't· h- rt ·t~'·h-'·' " ank

anu aeturers are: a _. vismg now I "a, 1-,.:~ e era .'.

case 'be drained even more frequently than, ever before for this. very reason, As cold weather appro,aches" the il.ecessit.y for fl~eq~en.tly T'efilling

I 1- ~. h "1 "II b ·

c·o,mprste y vrlt ',I, new 01. '\VI , ',ecome more imp era-

t· E·tl, ,- h t ~ t" i'" d' d . '" , hi

IV'e,~ -,]. 'ller ·t ! e mo.'; o,rlS'~ .]S 'i o.rce!-,,:' to' ramn out '. s

oil and. refill l\i"it.h fresh at an inc:rea,se.d Qutla,y, O:}' he must suffer the c-onseq'uenc-es of ,an ,en .. gine d,:am.a·ged by :insu.fiicient lubrjcationl .Se .. e ,~lso p~ge 16'1.

Dilution test:: See page 1075, also ·p,.ag·e l6,6~

..

S'tarting E·n.,gine

Remember~ w'he-n, 'you 8ta~rt, ,an e.ngine b~r closing. t,he air int·ake and thus choltin.g'. off' the air~ that pU.re raw gasoline is, b,ein.,g dr'a~rn into ·'.he c)t]ind.er,,, For -this re·.aaon·'1 a heatin,g 'metho;d, of some .80,.rt :shoul,d 'be attach·ad ·to every c,ar'buretor, so tha,t, the gasoline· will bec.ome .heated. and ·va:po·rize.d as quic'kly as possible, t~us., ,avoiding the use 'of the c.llo.ker for .an,Y length. ,of -time.,

P:riming Mc'thods

On, . a cold morning, aft.~r the ·engin.e a,nd an .p·aris 'h'l:lve 'belc,o.me' chil[e'd, w'e fin.d that the :ordin~~y grade of g.aso]ine now ~in use· does not vapo.rize l"ea,dily' until it is. h.eat.~d,~ Con:sidera'ble c:rall1cin.g of' the engin:e i,s so~etim.es n.~.ee~.slary i~ order t,o· ignite the· cold" dam.P! unvap0'flze-d gasolIne.

There are several methods of o,ver-coming this.; o'ne b,ein,g t,O lIse a higher, g;r,ad'e of g,asoline. B'ut even with the lligher ,grade·., wmc.h is difficult to, obtain.. on. ·a _really cold. Id~y' the st:arting 'will be so.mewhat difficult· witll some m,ak.es. of c.arb'ur,etors" F?r t~e~.e .r~aso,n~, prirm~ng, by injecting raw' gas~ ollne intro t~e cyI~.nder, lSI necessal'"y ~

'TQ liN.U:.r M',MD.·, o

Fig. 1,. Method of priming by depressing floa t, thus: opening the fJ.().at 'needle v.alliv·~,-, and providing an excess of .gus:olin·e to be'

dra ",vn into 'ey Iinder i, '

Fig~ 2. .A .. damp.er is, pr'O'v.itle,d in t'he main air intake pipe, When closed, the ~ suction provides more gasolin .. e than. 'air. Sometimes the tension of -tb.e spr:ing on, ,the ;au.xiliary. air valve: is regulated from the' dash or .trteeriilg post,

Fig,. at Priming tbe carburetor by' opening the gasoIine' needle valve, This. method is not advtsabla h owever l because the adjl'Us'tU1:ent valve Iaa ve-ry sensitively adjusted 'part of the car buretor ~ and will u pset the .p,roper 'w'O-rking 0 f the' car buretoe after' the: engine is heated up, If this method is employed be sure. to, mark a notch on. the head of ~the: valve, so that it· CRn J:Ht tUlrn:ed .. baek to its .. originai adjusted position.

Fi,g .. '4.. Pl"ilnin.g with gasoline through priming cups,

Fig. fk The oil-ean primer, where gasoline. is inieet .. ed into the.intake manifold. S,ilnplre and effective w-hen other methods. fail ..

]?.ig'. 6,. T.h·(3 spray primer; a small injector pump. The. suction -part 'Of the pin lP Is .con:uect,ed to _ .tl1e. gaso.h.ne supply ( pipe between the: tank and. carburet 01-"., 'The .cther part conneets to ·th·8;·intake manifold; 'One stroke of the plunger sprays: a charge into ·the manifold, The. Imperial Brass Co., of Chi .. eago " manufactures a pump primer -0£ this ty.pe.

Wh.en an engine' fails to, start: during' cold weather G and you are p.ositi\r,e there :is a good "h'ot spark, an efi.·e:~tive meth.o,~ "is- to~ .p.o.'ur 1:' oiIing' ~later .over th'e'carburetor an,d, inI~t pipe~, A reBort t,o the 1'c.ho:kerJl

t)r "d,a;mpet" princ~pleJI however, usuall)f results in staI~ting' the en,gin:e~

The "da,mper" or "'c·ho·ke'·' .rQe-thod, j~1 S·llo·wn in Fig. 7. Instead ,of'lowering t..he ftoat, the ,air int'a:ke is clo·sed" This causes ,an increased isuctio.n of gaB;olline, and. is called 'fchokin,g;'" t.h.e air. su.p,ply~

To,ol much, priming,. ho,,,rev'er, 'w,~l .filI th·e float c.b.amb:er so full"~ 'that, gas·olin.e 'V\Till 'rtln ()'ut 10.1 the :spr-a,y no,zz].e, giving' a ric·h. ,mixture, on w·h.ich 'tIle e.ng·me "rill ,not S't.art;: it, will t,llen bl:e ,ne'cessary to open, the ·s.wit,ch R<n,d close 'til.e throttle, a.nd to crank, ·th:e. engine a. few ti.mes to draw in mOl-'H: air I' Then ,e-lQ,s·e ·th.e :s,~'ritcll and c.;r.anlr again, 'when tIle eng-inls

"ht t t '·f' th ~ d k

o'ug:,," t,o S,sr:-.lr4.ere IS a gn,o",.! s.par,.:"

In ei·th·,er' m,ethod _ ex.plaiined" Tem,ember. thut a g'ood,h,ot s.park' mU8,t be prov.id,ed in :ot,der t.o! ignite this. _ra",r glarsoli~~, because it. is 11ard.er to :ignite w·h:elJ. cold t:han after it .is w'al~iued, 'up.

N'ote.,~, In Q·rd.er to' facilitate. eas'y startin.g .n.ext timel bry hand or mot'or" it is. u'dvisa:blle to op·en the throttle; just before, .stoplpin.g 'tp:e, engin,e, in or·cler -to draw' in a, good charg'B of g:as~ This:is done bl.y speeding' th,e. en,gjne up wi{h the c]utch, Ollt" and leaves a' charge in th_e cylin,der fo:r st.a,rtingl ateri

Afte:r the engine is, sta'rt,ed" sonle me.anS' s'houId ble, emplo.yed for he.at,ing t'he gasoline> so it will vaporize q·uickl.y· ,andth,u.s 'prevent raw gasoline being draw,n

into tb:e, cylinder., -

G It :is wu pow

c infin out th,e

plisl: pass varu

If to_.h(

tical gray:

quiel must gasol rtmt heati

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IS. us:

arnot smal, quiel Lt wi well '

pisto

O·,~ used" formi

corn b

"J. ,. I .

plent

As Iine r grade Iurna

d i

ann 11

most ,J ust s

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mel' cl'o-s car.'b adj.l1 i'ons

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l:h·fJ ply ann,ys '1lli" ;, .-

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. . .

V,apol'iziIl.,g Ga'soline

Gas oline gives 0'£(' more vapor at about 1700. Fahr.

It is. the vapor mixed with air which is most desired. With the proper mixture there is more uniform power and flexibility,

Carbureting means breaking up the gasoline into infinitesimally small particles mechanically, without. heating, which is called "spraying." This is the best method, but is: very difficult. to accomplish, owing to tll1e: different amounts of gasoline passing ,:[i~rom, the s.plra)' nosale, and on account ,of the variation of the throttle, or of the speed,

If' a .low gravity or gasoline is 'used, it is necessary to heat .. and vaporize the .. mixture, because it is praetieally impossible tOI break it 'up;' but if it, is a hi.gl1.~' gravity gasoline, it generates jnto gas or vapor more quickly, In, other words, it, is the v:ap,or that we . must. obtain" which is possible with high-gravity gasoline, In. using high-gravity gasoline, however, it ron. at be remembered that it will not stand asmuch heating as Iow-gra vity gasoline, for if too much heat is, used, it makes the mixture so rare that the actual amount of gasoline tha.t goes into t,he cylinder is so smal] and at such a low flash point, that it ignites quicker, and will burn and expand more like powder .. It will do its work and cool before the piston g'e~s \vl311 under way ~ Furthermore the pressure on the piston does not last, as long,

Owing to the low-gravity gasoline now being used the mixture is. not a true vapor ~ Instead o,f forming. a gaseous mixture, it, eondenses inside of combustion chamber and .. manifold. Therefore a plentiful supply of heat is required,

As previously stated, ·t.he use of low-gravity gasoIine requires more heating or vaporising than a high .grade, It might be compared 'with t..h:e firing of a furnace with soft coal, If soft coal is. properly fired and is pr()lpler~y. mixed with ~ air, it" will produce the most heat without ,PJrOdU.cID,g very much smoke, Just so with ,a low grade of gasoline, If properly

3',

Ii

4. 5.

vaporized, ,it will work fairly well, otherwise carbon deposit and smoke will be the result,

, .Hi.gh~gra:vity gasoline may' be compared with hard coal. It is very easy to ,get the proper mixture: of air with the high-gravity gasoline, because it is

;80" v:"er' ",.,. 1: .. ~ t'·,"'}, .'" ,"l •• '" " th t th' ',. .. , ' ...

- .. " .. y ~o a.lle ·---Illeanln,g.' ,~,a I': :ere IS more

""l~po·r." and less vaporizing is necessary, and tll,at it WIll "carburet" _ more readily, Therefore it will work satisfaetorily ill most any carburetor construetion. ,J'ust so with hard, coal, It will burn with les.s: smoke and produce an. equal amount of heat even though you .. burn ,i~ in an open shovel, and makes very much Iess carbon .

, On stationary" and high-duty marine engines a Iow gravity fuel is used, as kerosene and oil, 'but; before it can 'be used it .must be: "vaporized."

An, e'n~gln:e wj:th. a cO.rrc'c:Uy heated mixture runs on I,ess ,gas oHne ~ Therefore a closer adfustrne.n:t of the gasoline nefidl~ valve Or a smaller jet in [carburetor .is· usually necessary' ..

An engine requires more gasoline in winter than in summer, as the gasoline does D .. ot vaporize and readily mix with the air until warm, See also' p,age 4B2'B ..

.He,a,ting Methods

.What we, desir~ to heat is the gasoline, so that it will vaporize and enter the cylinder in, the form of gas lot vapor instead of raw gasoline]. and thus

readily mix with the air, . .

_ We. might classify heating methods 'under six

classifica tions as follows: .

1.

n,

~.

Heating the air which ,IS drawn into the main, air illtaI{e 'of the carburetor, and which mixes with 't~'e' gasoline vapor as it is drawn in to, the cylinder,

Heating .the mixture when drawn into cylinder, ':a~ating' ·th.le air and the mixture,

H.eatmg; the carburetor,

Restricting 'the water flow by' ,a water thermo. Q.J..n.-tl' (see pag 'e 4"'9' )" -

oilrU ..I=:.1'V. .... . ,I!'

, .'

C'OV~·I,ing. the . radiator front and, hood louvers (pages ~4·9; 150, 650)1

, WAR ,1"1 .4 f.,A' IJ; £:1.1'1 (r on~,'w,~' '\

I IIvrb ria- T AlR' ,Pllj'.c'· ~ ·b.~E"R' HOTf'rHIIVS.r '.' .' :. PIPE TO C,'AlJUlif TO. .. : .. '

I ' "", .'

- . iii

. ,

- _ r III_~ ..

Thi, dat,h., adju.st .. , I mCllrt \~'i lID .. o.p e 0 and .1 close, {ne.e·cUe \',alve ou carbure t04: {or e or re ct, !Bid.j'us. tm.en t f or V~ rtOU S t unnl n g c'on,cH-

,tlQDS

. I _

,

'rl! fM ~lf' A,Q &2 .... rr ci.oseo

n 0' FI,e.: O';1.5lJJJN.1!. ,I j . .s u« j( & IJ lMr(J

, ... ;Iii-rAf(~ .

","orf. .

,1

Ii .

. ' ·T'HR,,()TTJ.,E L£v8,R C()NNEc:rs'

'. w',"'1 H ,J., ~ V',E".fl 0:.0/ S te« R l/!t,~

"',T,O'

Y'

1/V"rA/(,c'

"PIP&:

.. 'T.()I A D'jU S. T T"1"f~ (J l' T L ~ t. E' rtN .,. 0 P~' ~ v E Ar.'r eN'rlflE C;; Ii T' T,/:" it" 1'i'F.'~ ~,,":,.;.¢~ .h',:U~N ,;:"I!/iNHIJV6' ltil.E, IIa!! • r.- '" 1-"'1.;;1 .. (if.''' r;r I'" £1 u" :11 . .

P~S'I.on 'du s u ~ ~ i"u n t,tnl"kC!lrr whe'o :inJ,et \tAlY,e D pe 11.3 ~ 0 sucks in ,tas,o. '\'i n e 3 s. ,9, sq,uir t ,~·Utl a riA.w 8 in 'W a te f'- $I ca,rbU.re l or. UITO tt l.e v.a lyo is, open, ~

"

D'YK"E'I'S' IN"S"'1JT'j'R' U" C'lT' '!O:N'- NC"'C-. 13'

". :.'" -L _' .. ',.:_..' ... 1 ':'. , ..••• " , ':'. _ _:'. "._ 0·" .. 1

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., ~,

Heat.i.ng the Air"

The illustration (Fig, 7) iSI that of the ,e·.ar]y· model (. y .. ,., Ki ,.. ga' rt on' n - rbure t or us' ed ou the Ford

> 1 n.·. ". , .. '1." ·l:Ja..L.1 ' .. ,~.' ,', . '..., ';'~i '., I>

T-m·1· e· air I~Ir:J tak e' m in a ·t··· t .he "air-valve' opening . A

,1 .. , .. ,!I;lt_,'. ·~l "' ' ' ......• j.~I.1.' '." 'y,CIJi·.. ..... .:- :-. ·····-0'. !! '.

hot .... air pipe is shown connected, which admits 'w~rm

~ 'b d . f d t·l, h t, ~

air 'to ne c rawn rn .. J.rOIID arounr I ne exnaus _: prpe,

This I d 1 fh tho ... is h td '. . 11S IS a gooc examp ,e: 0 I: .OW .. _ ,-~.e ,a~~ IS _:~_ea ~e',

before 'being:' drawn into cylinders. It will be noted that there is no auxiliary air valve on 'this carburetor,

.Priming method: The damper or "choker' ... or "prim er" method 'F~·]T.g··~ '7· .... )·· for pri min a' or feeding

":.._ . ~J!.. . .. , :': \., ·.·,.iO. .,'" .' .... 'b···· .. .-; .... ~,

, h ~ 'lin' f t tOO" t d b

t, e.~ngine more gasor ·.e~ .'_·'!r s~~rr:ln.~ IS op'er.~· ec . ··.Y

closing the damper or "air valve." This IS used principally during' eold wea ther ..

GA5.0LlNE . CotiHEcnO"N

.". ' .

....... Ani:

L..J~~~~===_~··~'·"·· RlG.ul~lOR·

F.j; 8 .]g' •.. ,'

Another example of heating the air drawn in.to the carburetor and also a, method of admitting cool air is shown in Fig, 8'1, This is practically the same principle as in Fig- 7·.~ .Hot air is drawn into the main air ... supply opening of the carburetor, A hot air drum, also called a "stove," is fitted around the

h t .-. t 1 btl d that iI i ,

ex aust prpe, no, C.J(OS8, ':"'U .p ace. so u at arr ca

be. drawn in where the arrows. indicate. .A. flexible tube then permits the air' to flow to the air opening

of the carburetor ~ -

A I· ~d d all' d th' u:·' 1 " I

. ·v.a rve '18 provtced, e .eu : L ',8 -·-'ai.r varve; aiso

called a "damper" 01'" "choker;' which can be· opened or closed by 'tIle "air regula tor" Iever, usually' placed on, ·the s.teerin,g column or dash, This 'lever opera tea a butterfly type of valve :in the air opening of the carburetor"

Choking air s;u.p'ply to start engine: Wh.en starting the engine, tllis air valve is closed .. , cutting off the air sup·ply· to 'the carburetor and causing an increased suction of gasoline to enter the cylinder (01' an ex' I remely rich mixture) ~ This gives t.he

initial priming 'for starting, Immediately the.

e. maine 1'''8:' started '. t h e a· :'l"'r- v··a···]v··""~ is sligh t: I"Y': 0': 'p' ien e' "d' t: o

.: ~ .. _. ! I \. ':,- ", '.' _'. ~ "'.' _ " ~ • C!, .,', , ~ .,1., -a. ' "',_~J ._, ,"';' ~:.". '_. "

admit air, .As. the engin.e 'be:co'mes watmed up, the air 'valve .is o'pene-d m.ore and more· un·til fully' open, or~ .in other words;! to wher'e, the ien.gin,e: rUns \\tithout missing ,or .je.l~ldn.g wmeh is _c:Q·Dlmo·n durillg c:old w~·ather. It is, vle.II .ltD:own tha.t engines will .Dlis~l ·w·4en :first. s;tarting', [due t02 t,he gasoline· particles b,e1ing un e: va,.p O.rat edji whicl~, in tu·rn.;, is due· to ~ ,ack

f hi t B" t' f"t th . ~.. 'hi 'Jlj

o[ e,a-.~:.u. _ ,a_. 'ier - .. '8 4angln:e IS wa,rm., t ~,I.e g:as-o. 'hel

b '··d dh· '

. eC{lm.es '~apor ze'" a.n·.. t· ::.e: .e.ngine rUllS, "writhout

m.issin.g:I!' Th_e idlsa is to fU,n ob. as muc.h air 'as. p,ossib'e at all times~. There"fore o.p,en, the ,&"1" valve ·to th'e point wher'B missin.g w'ill.llot ocnur.

'By this me:thQ1d", W3;J'm 'air[ 'w.ill b·e· dra~~n. into· th'e car'b'uret,or' wllenev:er th.e air valv'e is oplen, B·ut after t,he- 'enginB is th·orou.g,h]y 'wal~m, ,an,d espe~cial1y in .summ·er, tIle air valve is. o·pened :more fully', t.hu,s. pernli.ttin.g. more air t.o ·b·e dra\vn. in. and. mixed 'with cool air tal{.en .in at th.e ,ucold ,a~r"" openin.,g.

Temperature regulator.: After th,e eI;lg.in[B is! "tell 'w:ar.m.e.q up, it oU .. g·ht to· have mOire air,! and the more ,air nSJed, 't,he: less gas[oline required ..

If warm air is drawn' into the carburetor after the engine is 'very hot, then themixture would 'be, made 'too rare ·or lean ~

We also know th.at gas expands in, direo .. t proper ... tioln to the de,gree to which it is heated, . Therefore, w hen heated too much, the gas is unduly or pre ... maturely expanded to: such an extent that it· Ioses R, certain percentage of its: energy, Furthermore, the piston will draw in. a smaller amount IOf' g,a~1 during each stroke,

The best degree for general running appears to be somewhat 'below the 'boiling point ,0:£ wa er, i.e., between 17010 and ,200°1 Fahr,

Therefore some means of' admitting cool air must be. employed which 'will mix, with the warm air. This would h,e termed a "temperature regulator."

.. Adjnstab[,e temperature regulator: .It, will be observed, iu Fig. 8,1 t.hat· the cold ... air opening is a fixed opening and the amount of cold' 'air drawn 't,.hro·ugh the. air valve is not. adjustable, The amount 'of warm air drawn in, however, is governed by the air regulator, The arrangement shown in Fig. 9 is slightly different, The cold-air opening is a ~: d.' J'" U' ·IS·.,t' a hi]' e

. _. ,.. _, .,!Ii

Th'B temperature of the warm aif' entering the carburetor can be regulated by opening the cold-air intake, thu~1 permitting .. cool air ~·o· b,e drawn ill~ The 'use of this 'o;pe~lng' IS governed mo'r~ or !ess by the temperature, In. summer, the .,o.penlllg~ 18 US.~l ... ally wide open, 'but closed more or IeB~. during cold weather ,.'

He·.ating th.e Car·b'UFetor l\fixtU1"~

There are various methode employed fOI~' heating the mixture, as it enters the cylinder, as follows: .

1., The hot-spot method or' heating the inlet manifOlld by' p, .a[cing it adjoin.ing ·th~ exll~us_t :manifold, as in .Figs.. 10 and 11 ..

2.. Passing hot exhaust .gas.es t:hl',ough. '~a jacket surro:un.ding ~.he inle·t ma.nif'old (Fi,g., 12).

,3~ .By circulating hot water thre,u.gh !a .j.aeket nro·U:Q.d 't'jtle-inlet .manifold (Figs. 13 a .. nd 14).,

4~ B,y c.ircu1.atin.g .holt w,ate'r through a, jtteke't, arou·U·ld t·he. c,a.,rburet·ot' (ri,g. 15.).~

5~ :By pa..ssi.·ng e.xhaust g,t\se.s tluough a j' a eke t around ·the c·tlrbllre-tor (Fig., ·16) ~

6," By .he·ating ~·he. mixture wTitl!l.-a·J).. e·lect;.ric 'resist,-

anre (.F.ig .. 17).~ ,

7. .By a miethod te:rmed a "fueliz'er J ,., ,as use.d on the Pacl( .. ard (Fig;.'.' 18).

The 'v·ari.oll,S" me:tho.ds, m.entio,ne;d abo'va will jl0W be illustr[ated .and d.e.s.c,rib,ed.. Th.'e: re,ad.er :sh~)Ulldl o1Jserve., ho~re:v'er, t.h·,at ,th .. es.e- ex~ample,s[ refer . to "heating thf~ rnix·ture·'·' ,after the air h.a-B 'been ta~ken

.. , h b' . h '0' ...,.. ~

lutOI t···I.e ,c.ar:'.llretor· thro'ugh 't.,e mam. air Inl1et l.\nfl

mixe,d ~rith the gaso]in·e.

b t

.,

u

t l,

n

c

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l.

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CA', u'B:U' 'R,·,'E--'T' '10" N,''-'-'·' HE·,·A"·, "':IN,-cG-'-=, 'M:' E"'THO' ""D" S':":'~

._ ,..L',\"I .', : - . . .' ',- ," ': '" '.",.' ._~ ,-L .. ,,', ',c' .,1".,,: '. : _' _' .',:, ",,',"' . .'

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I!

1i"?'",-.TilO','H'!I,(: ,""iI!'iI. -.......__' ,

~"-"IoJv.~ . W.I~ .. ~ _

Fig'., lO~ "Hot-spot," heating o.f. mixture by' placing th,e: exhaust manifold adjoining the i lle't manifold," Only a pa;r·t of ~hr~' inle;t ,Dlanff:old, is heatedr "th,s: upper ~"a,I"t~"" Th~'_ iclea here 1.9 t·~, preven t condensation of ~uel ~ The Iiq uid .partloles:; 'when ~hcy' reach 'the ,top of th'9' vertical passage, do not s\,"in.g to the left or r.iiJ:ht with the gas'i but go :straight~ since ·they are.heevler,

mtil they strike the hot spot, -

·V).1~~ STrui '~¥vt ~PR.~fG

r- ."\(AiU OA~~ 1~'JiC' '\I'AJ.,lI'E ~

,-

I I "~ =. . "'0]

I., . . J r

,f~ ". ".~, I, ,

~E&:tt;IR::

Fig," ,11.. Buiek'e exhaust, ,b.eating Of mixture, Note the exhaust manifold lv-bieh adjoins the inlet manifold (1M). The lower part .~f th-e ~~haust ma~fol~" .(h·o~~;air eh.anlberJ. is divided from the exhaust; (above). .Air passes through "tb,e' ower cham-

b- '1' h i, ih t'd 'R' t ... , 1 d .. .;. · k t d

.,e'r wmcr .rus .~J;ea.'e _4 . '0'. aar IS ,R . .sO . irawn IDillJO Ja,~ .... ,e·,.: ·a_;fO\Ul·

the upper 'part of the' carburetor by' a .. flexible tube connection (FT)~

.

~_.._."""" ~~::I,rn~iI'

c .

UM:E'/i.:PIP~

Fig .. 1-2

F", 13 _ .lg,~ : ',':

'.

- r

Fi.g" .. 10-. Ho&.,\,~ater hea;'ting of carburetor, The usual p.l,Hthod of c:onneoti.ng the hnt water ·to the carburetor ',;vater jacket ,?S t:o 'C'oIID'e9t tJ16 upper w,ater eonneetion to' the ~ylind .. r water Jae-ke't or pnpe .• ·and the Iower one 'to the suction end of t..~.e pump (between radiator and pump), See 't'hat the eormeotions are made in such a. way t:hitt water will drain out or the carburetor' jacket when the: system it9.J drained, Place a sh nt-·ofT cock in the line for use in. extremely hot ,7\ -ather,

Fig, 12.. Franklin exhaust method of h,eat,l ng ~he JQix:ture:., Note' the ,j'a,.~:ket ",-rhic·h. encloses th:e hlta,ke manifold through which eXQ~aust gas. passes, . A cut-off is, 'provided when the engi.ne. becomes very warm, PI .and P2 'pipes are, Ieft open, ~ee 'also page 142'~

Fig'. 13:,. Stuta hot-water-heated intake manifold.

"'rI!"'Io r'" " 'K t: .... 6· .. '..,.' ~ Y L .. : .. ,"",""Iv-

WA1E~ ~"CKET

. '~'R M'E,~~,g -_.- ....... '-. t-\A..N\ F-OL,IQ

~~~~.. . ·S·:l-' e IDI;'P.

". J ~

. Ui LIN:&:

.- " 7 H" ~'. t'" ''".. • t' I' t Iii' 111.,.., A "

Fig,~ 1 t; , ,ela.~lng ~'. ne pfltll1U,g mixt UTe' .e ec r~ ca .~T,. s _ ~lil.p e

eonneete with gaso.H,ue supply. The primer IS, screwed into the inlet m,anifol,d~ Suction of the piston rJI"~'WS in r,8.W, gasoHn·e" An eleetrio h,e'a.t.ing coil connected wi th the batte'I.Y ;h,e~lts. the gas,riliri.c: used. f.orpr.i.ming as i t passes i n.ta themaillif.o~a~The.re are various electrical .methods 'for heating,

- I 1 > 2 f . ...,. nld'" -, 1~· ....

See.·& so page "4:' :.Of' ,:nra .. m eiecmc .v~po.rtzer.

P· 'k d ""F liz '-,"'.i'!' 1'1' ,.. 1\'- .'iii t- .'

, ackarc "'··:,.'ue_.~."-~e.r .... J.or .I_:eating :'illX.,llr',e

The pipe marked '~',By-,P,asa"'. (Fjg,~ ._1,8) carries a minute quantity Q,f gas direct from t.he carburetor

FI:G·~ 14

Fig'., 14: Hot-water hea ti-ng ofrmixtnr·e!. as employed on the

"'Oldsmob~Ie eight-eylinder "I'V~~-type: engine, Note, the, hot 'w~ter circulates througb a. j.acket aeound the inlet manifold, This: principleis more. reff',ec;tiv,e.~than, hea,t~ar~oUll:d t~e:. car~Url~~or~ E,mat.l8'i gases ean be passed throug'h th]S Jacket' llO;stead" of hot

t h··~ it.. ~lll'i'h Ji.. th ,. t " kei d ...

:riU' er, wmen wiu .: ea~,' e Oll· nr'e -qu, ,e cer, all. .19 more gener-

.Bny used,

.-

-. -

".

. • \,::;:'1, .

• . f.. ••..• I ... II _ •• 'I i '. _ • f •

. ".: ..' ... ' ~'.' ':~.: ' . __ .... ,.,.... '. . .... <, ,. ':_'. '1 ~." .. " ..... __ ' •. M' . ," .,_-:_"'.', ...• < .. ":_ ...... :. ': ....... ."_,. I·~'·"':·"·.·'··'· _

1.08,

to tile. fuelizer, a small combustion chamber SUl~'" rounding the mtake manifold,

..

MAlN PA.SSAG.E. FROt1 cARBU-

.RE'11. :AR' ..

u' .

. -'

'~......_. USUJ\l COL·D· W,ET M I'XTUR'E

Fig:" 18.. Packard fneliaer, See. aleo Fig~ 51,. page 140 ..

The gas. i-s Ignited by means of an independent ~park plug ·~n.t~is. chamber, as shown, and ca~cul~tes at a very high temperature ,~.hr,ou.gh t~~ fuelizer chamber which surrounds the intake manifold. ~~ th.e bottom of the fuelizer chamber are tW·QI small holes through which the superheated _exll~u.st o~f:.the fuelizer enters directly' 'mnto the main inlet manifold,

Thus the main 'inlet manifold temperature is raised by direct .mixing w,i~th the .. flleliz~r exhaust as well as from - 'he heat developed m the fuelizer chamber.

The result is that ali gas passing through th,e main manifold 'is thoroughly dried, .sufficiently heated, and broken up int 01 a completely combustiblefue] .. Any grade of commercial gasoline, after reeervmg this tll:eatment, explodes without .R trace of carbon an.d without depositing Iower grade fuels' ..

The circulation of- gas through. the fuelizer pipe and chamber is main tained by the same ey Iinder suction which draws gas tll.ro·ug.h the main manifold. ,Ho'w8'VBr1, the circulation of g~~s thrrough the fueljzer' starts below tl1e butterfly valve of the earburetor and exhausts into the main inlet manifold .. ~

'When the butterfly valve- is; closed, engine suction is very' heavy upon ·the fu,eliz'811;'. i t, recei }res a maximum supply of gas and gives olfl' '8 maxrmum heat.

On the other hand, the farther' the bu.t'te:~fl.y· valve is opened, th·e less becomes the. suction of the engine by the way of the fuelizer, because it is easier fOIF' 'tile engine to suek thegas by way of" the. main manifold, This automatically decreases the heat given off by' the fuelizer directly in proportion to, the deereas-

ing nee-d of the engine fO·F heat. .

'When the engine Is being' started" or idling" th.e fuelizer is going at maximum, But when the engine reaches an ideal combustion heat, because of' high ... speed traveling, or .. hea ,ry' .loli(t-ge~r .. work ~~, the . f~e'lrzcr automatically shuts off until It IS agam needed ..

The· Lexi-Oasifier

The following Illustration and explanation ie taken from the instruction book of the Lexington series- "S"" model, The ail' is not heated, but is drawn .in cold.

Incorporated in. the' Moore multiple exhaust 81:Y8- tern. manifold is B, device t·ha't converts all the heavy portions of the fuelnot vaporised by :t:he carburetor into gas, which . is taken up by the air stream and carried into the engine cylinders to do useful work instead of' going down the cylinder walls, destroy .... ,

'_ ", -, ~. , 0;.' - .' '-, _ . . , .. ' .1", '. - . s ~ , ' .... ",

in.g lubrlc.atJ:o I. .AII of t.he. hIghly vo ~tlle ,p,ortlo:n

.of the fuel; in, passing through the· ca'rb,ur'e:tor, _is, 'vaporized, and. is carried by the air stream, int-o the

.' GA~M 'F1EO· H.I'X'~RE PARTICLES OF a'DEFlEClED n':llo TtfE H01~ GRU)

.ElHAU5T

r-· 'H'OT -.1 COLO ~R FROM

!~~"..,.,_....-.~ .-.:. r- : ~ CAR'BUEAA110R

OR'IC L

Fig·~. lSA". Lexington g'asifie.F' ..

This device is 'not to be 'classed with the: hot -spot m~llifolds, which heat the carburetor mixture (both air and fuel). ~e~ting .. the air ~ expands It, and prevents the Q;ylill(lers from takl~g i~. th.e maximum amount of oxygen units .. to mix with the fuel, thereby weakening t,.he explosions,

In the Lexi-Gasifier the a.ir passes in almost cold, taking ~ ith it the gasified fuel, providing the .. maximum - oxygen unita in, a given space f~.)r this fuel. This excess of oxygen and gasified fuel produces a greater pressure in the c.y. inders, hence more power,

.After all, the power obtained from the internal combustion engine is the difference In temperature of the incoming' mixture and the temperature to which, we can raise this after burning.

Ca'dillac 1;"61'" CarblJ.re'~or T'her:m.o-statically C·Ol]. trolle·tf

The carburetor .. on th'E!' type 1;'.61" Cadillac is provided with thermostatic control for the tension. O'D 'the auxiliary air-valve spring and also for' regulating the effectiveness of the .acce ieratin,g pump.

THOtMOS·r.~tAL_LY CONTROLLED, A lR VALVE.

W1i:rCH OPENS ,AS -T"HE. I

HEAT INCREASES

.

II.:~U,I;·tt .... • FLOAt

.~~1ll1 VA Lvm.

.Rt retor empl therr aecoi

'Or

,II

,1 D ere

In makr

'Tl illust shuti effecl Ing i1

i

IS OPI

is cMo Iine quicl fhe '

throt

·tidtfi : therr G·OUl·~ opers

It 'mate ,A.ge.,

,A the I adjo

~

as i

arou .of w

the' is d;

"

aar,

dasl the [I

, I ,

~

Tl by t,

not 1 true e.ann area

,A

cann it '{rV(

that woul powt

If deve char;

W beco of h.E

F'ig'" 18B,. Th,e CadHla·c CarblIr'etor i~ provi.d,ed ,,'it~. 't'h·er.m~ st.at.~c oontroJ, on 'the auxili.a.ry aiF~vaJve spring and. a.lso (or regulating the e.£fecti.veness of -tb.e. acceleratif!g pump ..

.

go s 0"'"

,.a .. ·.··.·_

'"

alX 0

bure meta wate fOI:rm use (

-

I _

CA'· ~RB"" , 'U'-R'IE' T' "10" . N""

.:'" C_' ':, • _' •• J',- 1 __ , ,., ..."._

Referrin.g to- Fig. l8B showing a sectional view of th.e earbu ... f·etor ~ it will. be noted t·ba t, the manual setti ng 1"0,[ the air valve is em . 'p- 10".y. ed as 'Ii .. sual b ,~,,·t~ sn 11f'lIi~"'1' rnp "0' sed on thie rn a- n ual ~,e·4-t~ng- -1·c!I!:iJ

'Ci'. . I,i· ~"'.: io.:}. ~" '~ ..... ~, _dUr.. ~"· .. _y~J:. . '.' ··'=110 _ '_ .. ', I .• ~., • ,"QI. ,Of- .rL~,'JL, :,,!L1. ~

, fhermostat which altera the tension of th.e air-valve is,:pting in

d 'th t t ,.

aeoor anee 'Vi .. : ". ternperat u.r,e reuurrements,

On a 'C9id engine-the ~pring tension is.i nereased, therebycausing increased resistance to the opening of' the auxiliary air -valve.

In 'V{,~t:rtfe'~ w'[ea'th,er 'the effeet· ia th:B reverse, thus "tendi'ng: to mak e th·· em'] ..... 't- ur .... I eaner

_._'_~'.:" J " ."". _~ ~~.... •• [I[:;i , '~.J .. ,' _.' , "!i

- . .

The thermostat on: tb,s accelerator pump (not shown in. the illustration) ~ which irs Iooated in the. fue~. chamber, operates '3 shutter which COyeI',S and U.Jloov.ers a vent, 'thus increasing the. e:ffe.ctiveness of the pump whe.n the angina is. cold, and decreasiag it whe-n. the engine is warm, .I.n other words, when the vent ~is open the accelerator PUIUP has Iitzle or 110 effect, but when it

is closed t.h,~ aeeelera tOM" pump Of tbrottle pump will force: .gasoline through the. spray rroazle, Ylhen, the th.~~ottle is o:psued quicklv for acceleratien. '\\J"'ben the ·throttle· is opened slowly the pump has praotioally no effect on the gasoline, The throttle 'pUII1P ]S interconnected ,,\ .. it.h the throttle, and. its funetion is to force: compresaed aiL'" into the float bow], W]len' the

thermostat. comes into effleet· and. opens the' vent, -th·e air, oJ c.ouI"se~ cannot be~ ~<?mpres~edll and 'consequei;ltly the pump opeea tion 1,S mat erlally red uced,

It is claimed that the mtroductien O'f ·th.ese t.wo thermostats matelriaJm.y reduees the ,;va_rm.iug=u.p period .of th.e engine, (M,oi',~r ..!II fl.' .llo ),

4, .... l~+..,~

H ~ - h A'" d h M' iii

. 'If .: '" 01 '. ,',-. I' , - [.,' •• : '," • [. "

e·at.ln~ t.1 .e ,-Ir an,., t e . Ixtur-e

A combination of heating the mixture and heating the air is Sh,O\VIl in. Fig, 19., The exhaust manifold adjoins the inlet manifold which heats the mixture

· :~s it enters the cylinders, Warm air is. drawn .. ·1·'·· rd t 'h'" .. : ... ". -.' t 'f' th .. ·· ''-' . .b .- etor . d' .' :"'. ,~ -,

-arouu nne upper par 0 e ear ureter, ac mISSIon

'of which is controlled bya throttle which. keeps the u,pp·er part of th.e carburetor warm; Warm air is drawn in 'the main air 8UI)P·.ly 'which heats the

-air, A temperature regulator, controlled from the dash, admite cool air into the main air supply when

·the engine is thorou.,ghly warmed l1P~ -

UHAUST eMAN,l,rOLD

I

, COLD. AUt DCOlr' . ~~l nOM :DASH,)

,Fig~ t9

. For starting, the: lower air opening of the earbure .... tor can be closed entirely, which "·ch.o'.kes'" the air and. causes 'gasoline to be _dr.awn into the. cylinder ~'ntll the engine starta, 'This system is used on the· N ash trucks and is an ideal system,

, .

\ KtLE.T

E~H/!\UST;

FIg. 20~ ·W.ihuO' exhaust-heated lrltake manifold .. , ,designed for Fords and -otb:er ears, An example of method for heating the mixture just before it passes int·o the eylindera, Th·e. earbUre-to! connects with the Iower, or inlet part of the rnanif old; t~:e_ e,xhauS"t j.~~ ~be upper part, '",ith a plate be't,V'eelL .B·,Y e omp',letoly' va.p.o[";' zmrlg tlb.e gasoline, no residue is, left to seep into the crank case to -thin the Iubricating oil,

R,etn.arks, IOU. Wate·r and Exh.auat Beating

. If ·t.jle inta~{e manifold i.s heated 'with water, the temperature 1.8 hot so Iiable to cause overheating, as. the temperature seldom goes above 170Q to 2000, especiallyii a thermos"tat.ic principle ts used ..

_ . Wilen the engine is cold, after standing all nigh t, the .~v~-te·r does not heat as quickly' as if exhaust-gas heated, but when the engine is run and warmed up and .leit standing, the water "rill remain warm for some .time and will quickly heat again, The water is quite often circulated around the carburetor and. inlet manifold and in connection with ~ temperature regulator and heated air intake. .A water heating system can be used only 'with engines using a force or pump water-circulating system,

.v,rhen the .. intake manifold is heated b·y· t,he exhaust; the temperature is liable to increase to a high degree, if the engin .. e is. ru.n continuously for a long period. The latter system .. , however, willheat the mixture .more .quic·kly than the "Tater system, when .theepgin,e_ .is cold, Therefore means for admitting ceol air .and some means. for cuttinz off the exhaust _g~8es from the manifold ja·c~,et o,ught, t9 be _ pr[Qvided, ,e.$pecially· in 'caS,e of t.he lon,g~con-

-tinued running:' of ·tlle enmn·e." -

I ..' • o't&.

I-I.OW TO DE,TEI1J\~IINE THE SIZE OF 'CAR,BURE.TOR T'O US,E

'Th'e~ ·size ,of th[e: c,arburetor s.houl[d be dete:rlninEfd by t'be. area [of' th;e 'valv,e OI),sning ,on t11e engill,e, 'and I nQ~ by th,e eylin'der displac·e.·n~ent, as the fOflner is a I t'me mea,sure of the ,engine c.apa·citJ·~r.. A carbtll'etor C811n,ot ,deliver more c.ilarge to ta cylin.de·r than the are~a of t'he val"\re opening ·will·allow t,o p,as:s,~

A large! .tarbtu:ret[or Wit]l t90 'much pta.ss.a"g,e' area cannlot ¢.au's~ .an eng~e to deliver 'more po·'V\re.r th:an It would ·W.itll ocne .ll:a:ving ·a pass:ag'[e equal in are,a t·o that of thH valve opening'lI 'To·o lar,~e a 'CJtrbutetor wO'uld not o,nly' wast'e fuel, 'b'ut, would. '''ed~uce the power of th'8: engine by furIlis.hillg a "rea.k lnixture~

I If th,e c,arburet[or is too small the eng~irl'~ will.n'ot d-evelop its .rat·led p·ovte:r, as it 'Could llOt. d:eliver ,a full

chca" l'g··'S"- a,,' t· h·:"· 1'· 'O"h- ". S:· p·e"e· . ,ell' ~

., ~. ,_ .. _" t._: : "" ,0, _ '"1"- •.. " ,iii

lITh' e" I . i ,.,. r'b-" . " , .. ····t- '.' ~ 'St " ' ~ 11 iI f···,·· tho . ... .. -, ',', "t~

'Pf .' ;'_'D.a c.a'ure: ·o·r .~_. srnaLll. or [ .. e: eng~ne, ].

DI--'- -.'-.--' '. ",s,· v···· .'.' .'.: '·l,·d W· .-h·, -1' .. :. -'. ,." to'.,.. ." t- h·' ,,' ' t··

e.c.-om'e, ·:ery c·o· ~. ". _ l;e In ope.ra,.-lon, ~s ., e Q:monn[,

··f h-' ."",' t :- ... ' Fi, -. _... ". ·t-' . ff·" .... t the - .'. '. - .. - ,.; ... ,t'~ .,.. ..' f' t ·t-·h· ' 0.. eal n.ecess.ar,Y .'0 e .. I.e,c·· '. ·e vap[orlZUI_rlo:n. 0, j: e

·gasolin.e. is, mOire than. is. av,ailable fro.m tIle e'nterin.g ,air or than Icould b,e. 1s8cured through 'tIle .llietal «I,ar ....

:11.- -- ~.' ·b··· . ,-. -.' d t':" .,_.. nT"'h" ','. t,· "-. ' .... -"., t .... - ,.-, 'f' th·····

luur'8·IUJ,or :y co'n. UC . lOll. I' Ie enlpera.·ure o. .., e

·metal pal~t of tile c~trb.uretor l)eeomes so low' that

.{vat,er ~ond:e.nses o·.n it, and, in s.Oine tca,se,~,.. is in. t.~le [orIn ()f fr()s.t ~ ''1~.he·se :res'lllts _ are .PI o,d'u' ~e·d by tIle

- .. '. "··f', ,'. '~bl .-. -",- to" t,,· . -, 11 r" .. tl.-· - ... i!'T',

Ulse 0 ,a ~a·I·. u.re, . ·,1 I~OO s,ma__ "_or .~ . .I1e' englll.e·_ _[ 01

"'h . d-"'~' +d

m[6:et t. ! •. es'e eon ··_ltlons, some m"alrers. l)r-OVl.I,~ mean.s

fo:n: heating the air supply, as previonsly' s·hown ..

It fO"no~'"a: t.h.at .. ·t'J;l6 ca,rbute.'tof' of PIOIl'f,tt size s'houldi 'h'av'e its t>ru8$8:.g~. ~r:~. eq'ual t;o. the "valve ,~p~ning .of the ~n~ine~ _ In. multlll)ie-,.[cylinder engInes th1LS: area IS equal to ·h·e vaJ.ve o.penI.n .. ~

1· .. d -b]he b f t·· 'k -b • 'h: t 1 ]-

'7 il l' .. -. I .- ....., _', , '_.'", . -., ":'. g . _', '. '.:1 -_ '"" - '. I." -. l • iI ,..' " - • . .

mu tip'l,e._ .Y t! Ie· Dum. e·j[" 0 sue i,lon, sirQ eEl lY ·le _ ,a·'i.,e p. a·ce

simul-t3neously.; .cletermin.ed. from 'the ,sequencla. o( oranks.~ ,

1~ will "$:peJl fai.hJre~ to fit, :3;. c~~bureto'T with a marge j:et :flud opening .to an I~ngi.ne ·i.n ~·hicb th.e ex.h·aus.t c:loses 'very' eaa:'ly', be'caus~ th'e .surplus gas rCannot 'be expelled .as ,conlpletely as \vl'th. ,an. en.m·ne having a v',ery late-clos.ing exb.aust ·vulv-e.,

Carburetor s.lzes are· Idete'rmin,ed by the opening ·.~.ea·ding t.o -the ma'nifold~ 1.~hlese op·enirigs are slightly larger than the in.dieated si~e of tIle carbUl'letor.-

For e'xample': The o,p"eulng on three different

. f'" b' '~ fll 1'·

'..' - -. . .. ' .. [. ',. , . _. .. - - -. I' I' iii - ~. - . iii

mal~es· o. ,c.'~r. ;ll,.etors varles a.s o. ows~ , .... lD.chiil

IScllebl~er, ~ 3/16'''; .. Ra:.yfield, .. 17i'f_; S't~o:m·b·e:rgr,

, 3/" 6"'/ 174' !Ii' h So. h 1'1 1- %")' 'R' fi Id ~"l

(.:.: ..... ",-' ..... - .,'.- ...•.. ,.1 ..... ir:O_- .... i:._ :'1.1.1-,11.,,1 ',""ill

.1 '::".'. 1,. , - < ~ Inc.", ·.'tC e~6. .~.lr, _< 8 ~ 1'::31.y.1 .. ~ '. '" 1, 2 ,

S· t - .'b·' - 1- '7"/11 '6~ll', -1 IlL' •. h' ,'. ·s.-· 'h' b·'1 ' .. '1- .5cLII ~ RI ..

, '. ro·m.erg, .. I' [. ;-72 lLnc .. : :'0 Ie ... er, .;78: "" a,)-

fi,,·· .. -ld· l'.3,·..(l'l ~ ·S·,,·· t- ': .. ·b··,· t' 1 11-/~'1'6'"

e .. ' .. ,'. 74 .,.,,: rom.· erg·; ..-. .... '.'

T.;;:.., fi" ,'II! 'b' t t· t"h ilif l-d th

LlJ . ~ ttl.ng a, cal': ure '[or .: '0 J ... e ~lla.n·r· 0 .' ... , '~'ile car ....

b:ure·tQr oJ)el1in,g' slIo-uld .be slightly smaller ·an.d never larger -th,~n the openin .. g in. the intak.e manif,old.

S .A E···· -fl'·--:··' "",.: " ..... ' ,'Ii._, ,-- ,' .. ," , . 'fi- Ol}" . t.-'Iii 11 "--''''h .. ' .. b··

,·.",A., ''''' !_ange o,pte·nJ.ngs ,are as ... OJ: ·ows II' ~l.nc,:, car .. U:"'"

re··t-'o· r'h' as:~··:2·· ."3Ll' b,et"'lix're'" en-'" b·ol't .... .tl-ole,(·D:nters'I' l1Linc.h,car-,

- - -0 ... <' .. \.... . 78 _ ... ' ¥" .... ' ... , --.._, """-,,. ., c .,' 74···:· . '.

bur,etor has. t2 11/161'1 betw,een. b,o'lt-hole cente.rs·; 1}1tJ

. ." :b" .. - t . - h· ". 2'- 15/~ 16':' i I 'b' ,t -' -- _.... b' It l . '1·' II; , . t . ' ,

c,ar. ureIor ,.as :... :: ... , _ .: .. ,,:e·l wlee.n.~:o .,"""1.10 e ,ceIl·-.erSI.~

.- - -

110

'. S '. I" OR' FUE" 'L' FE'E"D'" T' R' O .. ··'-UB' "LvS" i

GA"'OL ,NE ','. ,I:' <_' ::,;__c ~,'" ',' .1,'· '._ ":n ."

The tank of a fuel system is always provided with a small hole, usually drilled through the filling cap, ,8S, at (V), Fig, 1, 'by which air may enter to replace tile gasoline a"s: it is drawn off. If this hole, becomes clogged with dirt, tho gas.olin~ in fiovl.i~:g out ,vill tend to create a vacuum, and the flow will stop

10._' :.,' ~ .. "

rt"l I-" 4 h uld ,. t li·' h I b tl

·~ .. ne outlet plp:e S~"O' I .. '~ project 81. g ..t .. }.7 a OVH sne

bottom of' the tank, so that water and ,dirt malt settle", and not be carried to the carburetor ~ A filter screen should also, be. provided .. ,

A temporary repair for a sligbt leak: .i~. a, gasoline tank, can be made by applying ordinary soap, S'ueh n repair may last 'till the defeutive part can be soldered, Leaks at, gasoline 'taps can generally be 'cured by screwing 'up the nut securing the t~l:P plu,g, or by grinding, in the tap, 'with, crocus and oil.

If gasoline drips from the feed line" examine CO!D'nections (A) and .if it drips from the carburetor it is probably due to the ,float needle- valve failing 'tOI seat properly ~ Gasoline· Iea.lr{$~ are sometimes difficult to loea te ~

Flg., 1

f'l

tIIi'':r=:

:'_IIIIIII!PII~~I- _. _-._~~.,~_'lIIi~J!IIII!I!!III-'"

~ ."

:I-~. i1 ~,_~~..,. __ 111.-1 ••• )].11 .' -'

~ J' ..'

~n~M,·~··" FUNNEL Fig., 2

Fig .. lA,

If gasoline fails. to flow to the carburetor, see "that <Y), Fig, IJ is open, If this is open, t:hen examine the filter screen at the bottom of' t.lle, tank, If t"llis

I·S·.·. open, t:h",e"nc, ... .em .. ove pipe (·;·B~·;)·! 'Q1nId"~ blow it out J"'f

...• " ., -.1_ . a ~l ,J,L. "'."' _I.'· '. . • .1 ..... " .. :__:_,' ~.I. _......:.. I_ .•• _,' I,_ •• 1_:_I;jl _"_

this is open, then 'take the carburetor apart and .see if it is, clogged up with. waste or sediment,

. Gasoline feed-pipe connections should have speeial unions~ S'e'6 In,cl,e-x under l~P.ip,e COl.nnection~i'" rile threads ,are v,ery fin,H and c'an easily be: crossed~, 1_'herefp:re use e"lery prec.autiolu D,ot tiO' hcross,~, tl:ll~eadH 'w'h~n joining a-:gas'o]ilw~e pipe COit;t:plin,g ae at (A) (Fig~ lA) ~ In (B) the thl'"eading is straight 3n:d

leorre·c·t.. . "

'G·asoline rots rubb.er :rapidly and .sho·old' n.ot 'ble Ico.nv·e:y~d .throllgh, a rub,bel; hos·e, ,no,r should jo·.ints b'e ,pac.ked. with rubper. S,h,ellac. o,r soap may be

d I ",. III", '.1-" ,,~ h I -

lIse:. W:le.n sor,e'Wlng' lomta to'getJ,J.er~ as It . 'e peS to

make'th·e.m tig·ht.

'Draining: ~rrh.·e', low.est .PQi~·t ~f the ·g~o~n.e line qn a vacuum:~feed, syst~nl IS, the botto,m of ~h,e. gas-o ... lIne tan}". On ,a gra,vity' fee,d s;yste~m it :is' at· th,e c.arhuretior ~ A strain.er miad,e, of brass: wir,e :mes'h. is usually at the lo,west point", and.,should Q,ecasiollttll,JlJ b·e: removed, and c:leaned.,

Wate·r in gasolin,e is indicat,ed ,ge:ne:rally ·whe.D t.he ellgi'ne ru:ns· irregtllarly and. finally sto.P"s ... ' ''this will o.ften ,prevent Istar"ting of tire -en,gjn,e;; 'Vir atel'" is

fre~ue!l;tly .pr;le~ent, in~, g~s.o~ine,a.n'd! 'p!a~~;icul~rly 'when, t.he tank.ls low, "IS lIable ·to ge:t In.to th~e pIpes

..

and carburetor, Tile drain cock at, the bottom should. be; opened occasionally to let off' the water and sediment ..

In cold weather, this 'water is liable to freeze, preventingthe action. of the carburetor parts .. _ Ice ill the carburetor can he melted only by the, applica-

· fl ( hi .a II h t)

tion 0 ' hot water tor s:o.me ot, ~ er non-naming _' eat:

to, the outside of the float 'chamber,

T'opreveilt water getting Into the gasoline anil freezing during cold weather, ·t·her,e.by clogging the flow ,. strain through a chamois.

Gasoline ought to be strained, Many carburetor troubles would be avoided if more care were taken to free gasoline of all dirt before its entrance .into the tank, and", 'later" into, the carburetor (Fig .. 2) ..

It is said t·ha~t static electricity will be generated when s,tra.ini~g through '8 funne'! and chamois, and a spark is liable to ignite the gasoline If the funnel

is woOO:dedto'the t~nk thisca~ot ~cc~ _ . " c . . ...

Old gasoline left in. the carburetor for Blome time" when the, oar is, not' in use, will lose, its strength, If 'the engine should not I start easily, then drain the, flo.at chamber.

Stale gasoline: After standing for some time, gasoline will become dead and, slow to' Ignite, This is .p~rtly' :~~e ·to _ evaporation, and' partly ·to chemical eh an' 'ge' S t· .h at ·4,""'11ce-: pla ce

'Ij;..J .... , ', " 1,,' :·.:-oi~· ... ~ .I ~1··. ,1 .:.~ :: ":"!i

A strain er sh ou Id be 0' n a' '1' ga Be. olin ie tank S·· '0' r Iin es

]',.1 a..I... :'\" ·.·· .. Ul.J1 .. ". '",' .-~_:~,.::., .. l·_'_"l'~: ".' "',.:.J.,, I .... , ' ... """":0."

.[1~, water and sediments bein .. g heavier, always settle [~ .. t the bottom ~

.Add['esses o.f carbu-retor. manufacturers, classified und.er t.he type of carburetor t,hey' manufacture, are given 'e:isew·h.ere; see Index under ~ ·', .. Address of carburetor manufacturers .. ,; pi ,F·or detailed inforn ~:a. tic)}). ca talogs are of val ue,

Broken gasoline pipe can be. temporarily repaired 'by wrapping with tape, Be sure the gasoline pipe .is not bent at too sharp an angle,

An'olthB:r method .. of r. ej) airlng' a broken gasoline pipe' is to serape the tube: near' th.e break and to 'wind about 1" 'Iof clean copper wire on each side and over 'the break, andthen to: solder carefully

Air Ieaks cause missing; If the engine persists .in missing and this isnotdue to faultyignition, then. look for air Ieaks in the inlet manifold, Examine gaskets and see if a crack is. in the intake casting-sproviding th,e trouble is not in the ignition,

L .... ,'...... ,Ii' th: • takeni k' t

e«.ft.:S In ··.·e 1n,:-' ':,e :p~pe' ga:s '.·'e·. are· a ve:r.y,colm'mon,

'caus;e for missing ~t . low speeds,.. This is best d.etect~d b,y ]e·ttirig the, e.:Qglne run at, t.he missing ,spee:d. Take a s,q:nirt ... c.a,n, fUll of. gasoll~ne: and sq'uirt: aro'qn,4. ,all th~e int,3~ke-:pipe _joints. If you det,e,ct a.n)" differ'en~e \v h'atf?'Oev:e:f in. the running of the ·en .. gin-e; t.nere is fh .le,ak: ..

,1,t""TA~e: ~p,t;,~: ..

. 4~~"':

LEAK:\'

, O'A,SKET

l,4'AN!l1 A,roQJlltJ tNr.Uz,

'.l~,

LEAKY GASKET'

,~:

F'· Ai _ 'lg,~ ~

. Crac:ked ,flange·s. (Fig .. 4) can~ b~ repaired by h,~v~ Ing t,h~:m ~re1d.ed, by' oXY'-a,eetyle,ne p,.rOC€}SS.. See Index under ~"Gaske:ts,.~'l for t,he lcin.d of g,asl~:e:t to lllse: ..

1 ~aee a·lso pages ·46.2A" 4,1].2B-4'62M ..

1

amI rea]

the

'[i'!l.! r~g

g.auge

1'l)' S1i

Fig'~ well be

~

.m.ovu,~

'The~ g

...

mam

I]Sll,alI

7/3211

B;af ke e'p" i

1\. : ,I

tank 1

'The type

V!": ·c··'

tank i empty

Th'

•• ·1Ii

:.1 'el

which

1 B'y'

Iii! :: :; .. '

2,. By I

3 B·'

I ',"

j; ,··,YI

.. :~~ ~ .B,Y' j .5~, ,B·y i 1."' 'B

tO,t :·y·.

'161

T~le l~sed ,m

it tat

n

:J;~ .... 11

~ ~~

~e":

.I. .... r

~ ...

ti)

d

,

rr

I'n" ,

"-.:. _'_.

~d l[d

el

~~ thB

. ~

Y',

e,

!i!

,IS

al

~,

lie

he :ee

~ ,.

Ol~'

sd

~"'-' .

l'e

Ie to ld

.' ~

.ts ~n

_,

JD st

18 it

e't ~~

'fr"", ee

(ciCi' '~'1

C······,A·· R:'B:'u'rR·'···E··T·, 'I'[O:':"N'·" A·'·'NI····'n·:· F1U' 'E':'L FEE'D'~'" M·····-'EI·'T·IH·O<·:·D··'S'··

-- ::",': ~ .' .. ', '. I. ~,':_.' ., .:.~'.'< _ ,:' ,I I'.:' _'_,1.: .~ :~-I_.. .', , .. ~.' .,,_. ~' ', '.

11.1

M- 'A, 'IN' rr G···· A· S·· 0'[ L' I~~ T-::' A'NK' "-,;~' C'; A' U' .. .' "v . .... . '" . - -'. '.' . ..' , ' ... ' .• ,[, _: 1'£1 ''::'-'' [<,~_,IG£, AND S.HUT'-O,FF V,A'L"V"JE

.Main Gas,oIlne Ta'nk.

Th' 'II' III t nk · th '

.. e m;aln gasonne . ar ':~~ contains t '·8 greater

;~"'i' rt . ·."f~ ',. soli . .. ,'. ',d' '"", .. e., ..' 'll, '., ,,-, .. [ " ... .' 'd" d~ :~,t··· t· ·h· ..

amoun .. 0 gaso me, ann is usua ty suspen tea au ,':' e.

rearof the car, The auxiliary tank is placed 'under

the hoo .. d (see page l12)~ -

Fig' .. 5,Ai l!~ai.n g,{lso.l~~e tank, shewing baffle plate~~ (0) is a wen below the SJJI'6ell whi ch may be opened for eleaning- by re-

l~oying ]]lug' (H). . -

The gasoline feed pipe is the pipe leading from the main gasoline tank to the vacuum tank, and is' ususlly of copper or brass pipe ,5/16;1' outside and 7h3~2"t i: iside diarneter ..

Baffle plates are provided in, the gasoline tank to' keep the gasoline from, surging from, one side: of the tank, to the other (Fig, 5.A.) ~ .

Th,e gasoline tank gauge most used is 'the float type~. As the tank is filled till e. floa t rises UI til the tank is filled (position 1, .Fig, 5) ,j position when empty' is as at (2).. See also page 64:[9,.,

, ':N:ote,.. So'metim,~ .. the b,eve'~ gears st,ic,:k~ If so, remove the ,~~.tlre .g;a,uge ~lth the :fioa:t by' u.ns,crew,ing' at 'top", Ba eereful to .replaee the conk ,g8$kets~

[G'as[oli.ne Tank Shut[lII,o,ft'V[alve

~ On many cars there is a reserve of gasoline pro-

'v, .- .. ). d.' e d··, - .~.

r _ .. ' '. C" ao

.: .: ~D ex,ampl~ is_~~e shut-off valve used on the King (Figs 5"B· a': n d he')' Th e o ap a cit .' 'f the t· k ,.'. 18 gallons. , =vs- ~... ~ .. 11 Y o,e,.an. IS

.' Th:e .. normal s~pplyp.~S-itio,n o,f ,the shut-off valva lever IS shown down (1) i~. Fig, 51:B.. When in this position, gasoline __ ~,ust feed. th:rough pipe (4); conse,~lue_n tly', the ga~?li~~e Iey'~] !D.ust be above pipe (A) iO When. the gasoline level 'IS'. below .. .'··,' ~p .. ripe (··A.~···).' w ith t-~h'"

, ,. " ." . v. ' .. " ,'."" "", ., ,.11.', ~', t'J

[ever i~ po',~itio!l (1), the gasoline feed stops, al th,otig'h there IS "still a two-gallon reserve supply ,_left in ,th.e tank .---

- ": .. '"

. The reserve supply position of the shut .... off valve lever Is shown in a horizontal position (2) in Fig. ,5Bii All gasoline ill. the tank will now flow aut of tb'e tank t.hr[ou"gh (B) (Fig. 5C),~

.~ .T()~,hut:off' th .. e s,upp'~:y" place the .Iever i~. ,P ositi on . (3.) (FIg, 5,B)~ To drain, remove the dram plug.

-. Th~r[e are ot~er simi~ar'.:method~ e~ployed on dHY'erent, cars; f~r ex~mpl~, see :pa~e 112 under heading, u,A, three-way vaW,ve

1 :".. d c . h t f 'h 'I"' k tl . h

ocate ' on t, e top 0. t: e gasou ole tan· i·~· as 'Used on t. ,e Packard

twin -si x car_ -

'QFF

.. ' ·1

,,' .

. HO!RMA.L SU ppt.;"V

Fi,g. 5B

'"[;'i! ~C'"

.J..' .lIJg,. ,U·.

Fip,. 5B, 5C". Oasoli:ne tank sbut;;;;o:fi valve as used .m the King' car, . as an e xarnple,

FUEL ,FEE,D l\f,ETI-IODS

, TlI181'e are six methods for feeding gasoline, some o:f whieh.are not in general use, They are as follows:

I, Bygravity.

2~ By exhaust pressure,

3 :B~r co .. nn bin .ed gravity a" nd exh '- au g····,t[' p······r, 'essur e

1I[.1j 1.'J '.,'. .:' - _ L,,',J'-.' " ~. . : .:....::......"-1·_'·_.· : , .. _ _ _: .•

. ~ ':a~y' forced air pressure~

f. I~ 'By vla.cuum and~ g-:avlty_

6,~ lly ,fuel Pum,PI (th.ere are tIlt"· e t.y"'[)es; Hee lla,ge 116A)~

~b.e fuel p'ump" 'V,8rCnUlll, ~Ll1d g~cavity l:tlet:llo,d is used - , .. ost ..

~ ..

Gi~-avity F1eed

It tAnk is place,d ab[Qve -the level. of the: carbufietor.

1

I,

so that the gasolineflows from tank to carburetor by gravity (Fig, 6-). The tank can be placed _at any

·,· .. ·· .. ·,·,t' -.,.,.' the .',.' ~ .. '. 'idh .,-, it ,., above th ,,1' ':""".:'11 ·:·f·'·

pOln' on, ' J _ ,e, ear, prOVllng .1. 18 a_ :ove, .. 1 'e ,I,eve! 0 ..

t.-h'i e earb 'ur' I···e·· .. tor, ~-

e' _) '. ,. • ••• '._ • I ,_. I iii,

The disadvantage of this where the 'tanl{ is D'Ot close to the carburetor Iies in the fact t.hat when

.~ .... , .. , ... .din .... h-j'-'"'lc-l'- ,~' ····1 ' ... - ·t['·'h· .... . id of .. '[ I" ''' .. , }-,- ,'.' ·t,t..:Ji

ascen. ~ 'g I S, or o'n .... :8: 81 ... e o. an Inc, Ina.,." 1.Il~..I

. I . li' ~ . . ,'.~ .". 'f" . ill t· . ft .. ···· . -t: 'h' 'ti, .' " '.' 'h ,t' h .. ·· ' .. ',. . <

,gaS-D, Ina ma,Y , R: 1,,1,0' OIW., -_·[.oug: ',,~ :eplpe'ii'

Exba:ust-hess'ur.e, F'eed

'V:ith, thi.s: sjrstem (F~g., 7j~ P?1g:e 112),~ the tanlc is placed in. th[e rear,., A .han1d air PUID:P, is co,n'n,ected to ob:tain the initial pressure in ,the tank. Afte,r ~the e.ngine is, s.ta'rted til'e' e.xh,aust ga.s;~s p·as.s th.rollgh a ch,efik v'al\7e to th.e tanlc, creating ,a pressure, which. force9 t'he ,g,aso,lin,e tiO "the earb,uretor.

A small pipe is used for tIle- exhaust passag,e,." Th~ pi:p·e being ·~xpo,:s[ed t.IO tIle air, t·h~ gases are ~eooled, and :prevent a ··fl~me.. .. A. ehe[c.k v'a~v'e ,pre:vents ~ th,e ~gas pas·s~'ng bare.k,t [RS It na,n pas~ In but, o'ne d]re,c.'tl-on~

Dis[a,dvantage: The 'pres£sure is, liable ~P;o interfere ,vith th,e pro:pe·r operation IOf' the flo,at. ThIS· s,ysten! ls; 'P: ·r--o·'c· -t')",c· al· 'ly" ,obsolete,

,j, _: ,:--:' _~. I ." -:',,' ",. [~ .. ' " . '.' • .._..:L ",' ..

"-

~ Gaso,Hn'e fee,d p,llHl'

Fi,g. ·~6,. Gravity" f.eed~.

-

- ---- - - - - -=.-~- - - - - - --- -

,

11'2'"

I '. ""1

~~~~~!:=:!!lUJi ~ _ " _ , __ ." .. _'. I' '." •• ' ••• '.

'.- _ I " D\ if ft1J '~. ,~~". .. " .. ..;. ..... --

. CAR6,URE,TO'R' '- I "': '" i ,L '~'I ~~~;~=:, I.::·:~·,~·:;_

GAS QL,:fiE LI,NE, ' '----~.' -_, . ,

,Fig" 7'~ Exhauat-presaure feed (obsolete).

Gra'vi,ty a.It,d Exl'laust-Pres.sur'e ,F'ced

Gasoline is, forced by exhaust pressure fro',ill_ the, main tank to a smaller, auxiliary tank, placed abo~te tile, level of, and erose to the carburetor, The gasoline then flows to the carburetor by' gravity

(F''',··, '8)' T' ·'1,· '"",. -. t ,','" ,,,",,- ': ' "d.' ... th -, " ,-,.' "d""""''-' - "'f'

I" ,"lg'i' "', .. ' .ms sys em was use In:" e ear y rays o.

motoring;" bl\lt not to any' great extent,

~GtM~

~',n, e'8' U'D'E -T' '.'"rI.o. l~Mf"h . _ :'. n~t:·' l~

'P'R:E:SSliflE U ME,' .. ,

- -

6'ASOLlrtE L"Uo.t,E

Fig., 8., Gravi ty and exhaust-pressure fee d [obsolete),

Ai.r'-,Pr,ess-ure Feed

. A, gasoline air-pressure feed is. shown in ~"ig,. 9, which represents the Packard twin-six system,

General principle: 'The: ,~JuPIJly of gasoline is car:ried in the tank at the- rear of' 'the:' frame. TJ18 gasoline is supplied from the 'tank to the earbureto:r by air pressure (:at~l% to :2~' Ibs.) provided by an air pUITilP: attached to, the engin,e front-end cover and driven by' forward extension 0'[ generator

shaft, .

Th,e carb,ureto,r is mou'nte,d a,bo've· an,d 'b,e,t~'ee:il ctb,e ~cylin~~'r bloc~8;i ~,mld l~ecei.y~s heat g$n,erat"e.d by' ,en"gm,e, 'whIch ,asSlsts In, v'a'ploflzlng g,asoli.n,e,,,,

The gasoline tank is. located on the rear of t~,e' frame, . The Q.apa,ci~y of 'tIle tank ion .all models is twenty' gallons, ineluding a, ,three-g,all(Hl reserve,

A three .... wa..y valve located on the' top' of' the gas:olO@ Iine tank connects with outlet pipes leading to each side of the tank. Turning the valve handle tOI ·the right permits the gasolineto be completely drained from 'the r 'l~·g.'; h t side of the: t a n I... and vice versa

,'JL' ... '.:., I .. ~. "I ~.1!.,. I ... ' ".l·: ..• ~l~ .'~ .... '., .. " ~~'1_1!"

"7\The-n gasoline has ceased t.IO flow', turn, the valve handle: to its opposite extreme regardless of t1118' pre ... vious running position, in order to, obtain th.e reserve supply. Turning handle up shuts off the gasoline.

Cauti1on: If the gasoline tank has been eompletelv dI"(trune,l'l and is replenished with less than, a five-gallon supply, 'turnthe valve handle to t,he le·ft~ which is, 't:h.e side o.f -th,e tank whi,ch receives ·the first, three to five gallons, otheil~·\tvise; gM,olirt,(3 ~t'iII.not flow.

Air pressure for supplying gasoline to the earburetor is furnished b,y an air .pump attached to the crank-ease front-end cover, and driven by an eecen .. trie mounted on the generator shaft,

The air is clrawn from outside the crank c,ase and forced under pressure tOI the .gaso' Ine tank, 'I'o increase the pressure, remove the plug ·at, the top of the 'p'u~mp cylinder and, unserew 'the smaller plu,g at its base. To decrease the pressure, t:he small plug should b" e' screw ed d ow n

~., ." " - .' '. v _ ~ . '. ~ . __ ,', _J ~ III

The hand or a,uxiliary .p'u,mp. on the mstrument board provides a means of obtaining initial air pressure before the engine is. started, providing the

g' uge " ' :' ,th'-'" dash sh ,', 'w·~ s that th ere JL+s·· D"O air p" res 'CI'U" re

a" .' O'D. c e __ , ',"10' " ~ 0 '., _ ... " _".' .' " _,,~, " . " ,.,.0 . .

in th,e gasoline tank,

To obtain, pressure b"y' hand, unscrew the handle to the: left.. "Tllen the plunger is free, operate t.he pump until pressure showe OlD, the gauge, Do not

pllm,pi higher than 2,311bs. pressure. .

'Wh'B'n ail' pressare is n,se1d." if the carburetor hasa small'Hoat, the pressure should not be over '2 ~~ or 13 Ibs, WIth 81 larger float, tbe greater area ',v.ill wit,hst,f,Uld more variation in "Pl'e.s8uf,e,.

If the gasoline gau"ge does not respond to the hand-pressure pump, it, is. ,proba.b~y' caused by' the tank outlet valve being shut off.,

_ Caution; Havins finished operatiQ.p! t,h,e pump, push the plunger in r and be sure to lock j, t 1 n p I ace. b,y screwing the pI unger handle ,to 'ti- e I"ig-ht.,.. The _pilunge.r le'athe,(' ,o:f the pump should be oiled oeceslonally with .. neats foot .... oi], Mineral oils. improve the.operation of th,€( pllrnp only temporarily." .and, tend

to dry up tb~ l~ath~r,.,' .

_ A gasoline pres sure, gauge on the instrument board is 'co nnec te-d, directly with the, supply line at the gasoline st.rainer housing. The gauge Indicator should show from 1% ,to ,2.~ Ibs. pressure when the .engine is running.

If the pressure gauge Indicates that the, pump is

;to "0' 'h '" h _.

not. maintaining fl e proper pressure m t ... e tank',

proceed as follows =_

In~pect the gasQIUne",tank, filler'"cap, 8,~at", and ,ga.csket to I"nake. sur'9 tha,'t. 'they are in good~ c1e.:a:n. :e.ondition and, free from ,nicks.

,Be .sure that thtl filler cap is tightly seated,., If the trou~pl~: is not f.ou.nd by .this ;p:tethodf exa,mine' ·aU c,a:nn:Bction-S ,on the air pIe,ss'nr.~ and .. gasofute· su,p.piy lines, to fnakc SU1"~, th.at. -tbel'e ;:tre: "no.le:akEt. ,A good, method. of locating leaks in 'the ··air lin. a is, '~O' P.ll'&. P,[,'8ssure in the. tank ,and, ,go o,v'er tbe line' care'f'ully VY"ith ·st()ap !Suds.. If it l,S deterrnin.ed that ·aU, :pi.pes and c_onn·ee ... tions are abs.olutely' air-,tig,Jlt.., raise th.e- ail· p"ressu,I"e by adjus:tin,g' the p'ump as described above.,

STEWAR1' ',,.. A.CUUM G,-,\,SOLlNE FUEL-FE,ED S'YSTEI\II

G'as,ol~ie is ,fed ~o the carb'~retor throng:h ,a I6.l' cop,p!er plpe. by' gravity from, the lo:we:r chamber of the 'v',ac~uIl! t~~l[._ TIle - 'v;a~:uum ,tank . is u.su,a~ly ,planed Ion. the lnSlde of the das"h and ·shou.1d. b'e 3,'1 0,1" more' a~~~,~ ,an'~,near the ~,arbureto~) so t~.at th~' gasolille wlll feed to. th·e c~r~u.reto:r a't all, tlm,es, re,g'ardle.s.s

of th .. 'a' n· ,.1'·e . '" .. ·"'·~t~· ,,,' f t~'i. . '

- ~ e .' I '~',gl' ' . olr pOI~'l J~o,n 0, .v.r18 car,,,

n-"h ... 1'· t k '"' 1 ~.

-.J..,'e ,m,am gaso m,e· an,,- ~1S ,p.~aced ,at the reaJ:~ of the:

c'al- I 'blelo~ tli~, l~vel of the auxilia.ry', or' vacuum, tallk, and, g,a,soIln:e 1.S dra'wn from the :main ,ga,solin,e tank: to up: "p: ,el' chambe'r ,of: v,ac,uum t=Q-nk···· b,y" a,,' v"·"ac"u,', url'm'--' p'-ro': c,:e"s' ':S~

. ...:_ .' ••• I . _ •• ' ." .' ~~ I 1-_"_'. • •. !, 1,_ ," .~ • I ", •••.. ~.-:.' ," •• '

A!R''J'E'N,T .' ~~~"

,~~D

~OUM;'E' f PU.PE--tP

A~,R \tENT

~~ ,

MA1N-GASOl'INE'· "":'::::_ _ ~~ i

'TAtNK .

Fi'g~ t., Colltl,ec.tions,Qj" Stewart v-acliullIl g.asuU:nc friel-feed 6ys:~elnll (See also 'p"age 4,62,H'.,)

Fir and ~

F,c had toth th·e fion t,h'e f valv

,A thei ing 1 and,

T.he

man

'U).;: .: .• '~' , I

lUelnJ

Tl ill,sid

"c'-

the .t

Tl thro: th,le: ,:

:It is

Tl filler is 'be ~rll,a

'G",I(

' .. ', (.

gaso. vaou entei gasol 14~'7 there press

. . .... II-..,

gaso,]

(m·ai, prest

G'aBO

Th'r',."

'=' ~. *'-,~ iJ

'l)"t A

, .

. 'V"en.t ,Cap

i,s n

U'II'\])'

e~ ~-'

Air'

I,

'I-~

,I _

.~ ,~

,

M- 'A"·'

~ ,

" - -. I

aI) t(

... 'l-.am. 'L. It;J.L ... ,I . L

_,

e B

h

e

:i

e

..

I

)

f t

t r

t

"

':III

r

I, ·'iIi

~.

p s I.

t t. r

~i'
;;!
a
r.::!;'
...
e
e
,
r
)I'
51'
I
I 113,

P1rine,iple of Op,er'alion

Fi~s~, read p.f,tges: 1078 fllnd 1079 for the, deli ni ti G~ oi !~ 'c vaeu UIn t ~ ~a,p.d "suction," and ·v.ag,e 107,4 for "atmospheric pressure."

_ .For example (see. Fig, '2,B)_" suppose fhe gasoline had just been discharged from the, upper chamber to the lower chamber (which it is doing in Fig, 2C)" 'The float would have gone down to its lowest positr,o,n, (Fig. 2'B), and in doing SO,~ would hav-e caused the float mechanism (E and F) to open the. suction valve (A) and close the air valve' (B) ..

A, auction or vacuum action then, takes place .in th:e.lrpl)er chamber, as a, result .of the valvs,~(k~ opening being connected by (C) 'with tl11e inle-t manifold, and the air is thus drawn out of the upper chamber. Th'e vacuum 'or suction action produced in the inlet manifold is the. result of' the inlet 'valve, of the engine being open and piston going down on suction stroke ..

The flapper valve (H) closed because pressure inside of the lowet=chambor W'aB greater than ill the upper .ehamber.

There is' nIO\V but one other opening and that is through the strainer (V) and pipe (D) Ieading to ·the main gasoline 'tan]{.~ There Is no,' 'valve here, It is always open,

There is an air opening at the vent hole in the filler cap ill the main gasoline tank, but the gasoline is .between this uir opening and the vacuum tank. V\~ hat is the resul t l'

Gasoline is forced from the 'blot-tom of the main gasoline tank, through the standpipe, to tile upper vacuum chamber, because the atmospheric pressure entering tile _ vent hole in the filler' cap of the main gasoline ·tsJDlc. exerts _ a pressure of approximately ~.4~7· Ibs, per square ineh on the gasoline, whereas there is practically ,D'C air, or a considerably reduced pres:S.ur·e in, the upper vacuum chamber. Thus the . gasoline: flows from a lower level of a higher pressure (mail) gasoline tank), to the higher Ievel of a lower p"es,s.tuc' (upper vacuum : ·haln~be:r).

RI_A~,~ lule·.

V,

,

FU)AT __ 1,

FLOAT VAL.\l&

,m • • • ,

II

..

I '

F'· t"iIr,\ 19. ~4

, ·CAR'BU~ I rRETOR

Fh~r" 2., Seutio'nal view Jof Stewart, vacuum. tank ..

Fig~ 2A.. View' of top of Stewart vacuum lank remrl)V',ed~ s;~ owin.g :~.?W val,· 'es ,A . and B are opened. and closed by acti on [of fl Oft t T15J ng or ] 0 wening ~

. LOWER G~,AViITV

,ii!""'l,J ,i'II. M' - ret C [10 . ~ri". ~Ut~l'I"

,4.i f' V en t

F· "2~-B

. ig. ,':~ c

A SlJCT~,Q;~ VA'lV.E

. 'O"iIi"!I~'N'·:'

.. ,' f'" L:.~.

- -

B ,AIR VAL.VE -- C'LQSED

A\R PIAS.5AGE 'TO LOWER tHAMB.E'R ALWAYS' 'OPSN

UAS OL \ N £. F.'lOW·!N1(j 'N10 UPPlER c..HA:Ml.BE~

.... ...__~

Gasoline is Foroed Throu,g:b P'i'pe (D')

'by Air .Enterill[Y.',.-, [I ,UPPER"

g IV:AC.·UUM

\rent. Hole In Filler I : 'CH,I\MB·ER

'Cap (When Air

Is Drawn Out. of .. l1'lJper ClI,am ber ,

,Air V'e:nt Hole

t

F'lOA,T AT H~'6HES:·T 'POS,ITtON WH:!CH CAUS'E:.O 'VAL \JE""A,'" TO CLOSE,

'F'L- APpiIC'R-

, . ~.... ,I ,'ii;;. "

'V,ALV ~'Hn'NOW ct o S' E: 'D:-

_I~ _"_. - __

\

VACU" 'U-·-M-· II:m:, "A·:', N'·,:'K,',_-",-

.:: .... / .. _ ...• - ·1. ...

:~"IE'·A-·-· I-N'·-" G'· 'AS! ''-,0'· LI-;NTE:·, mAN" j' 'K-·-

~ _._ (.,'._ ~'~.' --£--""',.",. _','

INLET MANIFO.LD

. Fig., .2B.. Gasoline is flowing into the emp'ty u pp·ec vacuum chamber from the main gas oline tank, Note eha t float (G) is

d. ,0.. 100\1\1)" Ievel, which caused (A) to open. and. (B) and (H) to close. .

__.

_ -':ig~ 2C~ The 11llP,er vacunm chamber is :no'w ·fuU.. Float (G) is at bigb position, which caused (A) to close and (B) and

.(J~) to open. G·a.sotine fr,o; ,1, the main tank lla~ ceased fiowing, The U,PIJer· vacuum chamber is fee.ding gaaoline to the lower ~ba:lld)e~" During both actions the ;:asolin,e' stjll feeds, to, the carburetor from th,e Iower g'rav.it:y eha .. mber.

..

_-- ---- - -- --- --

"- .. - " "" .. .. II ." ~ .. 'II ~~ 1:_ I

. . .. , . , .' " .... . ". .' . ". , ,'..... .,', , '. -" . ~. .:. -. - .'.,. .... . .'.:_,. ''-

-".. ." _" ~_ ---

114·

DYK,E'S· .INSTRUCTION .No~ 13

.As the gasoline flows .i~to the, u.p~e·r vacuum chamber, the float gradually rises until the u·ll·p·er chamber i:s full (Fig, .2'C), at which tirn~ the. float mechanism caU;8~S the suction valv-e (A) 'to close and the air valve (B:) to open, What.is the re .. sult?

With air valve (B) open, airen.ters i.nto _, Ui)-pre~ chamber at atmospheric pressure (from tbJa; arr vent at. 'top of vacuum tank) and creates air p,~essure·.on. the gasoline equal to' the air pressure: .above .. :.the gasoline in. the main gasoline tank, Thuathe :How ,throug'h (D jand (V) stops, A·t the same trme ~h.e air pressure on the gasoline in the upper chamber 'ralso because the level of gasoline is - higher in the'

upper chamber) causes flapper valve (H) to OPi~~" and to discharge in"t·Q the lower chamber at WhICh time the float gradually ]o,w"ers. tmtilit .assumes the 10\' H'St position again (Fig, 2B), and th~ operation is again repeated, '~hllS consta.ntly supplying gasoline to the lower chamber,

During bath operations .. ,. as shown :in F.ilgs,., 2B and 2C, the gasoline: stillfeeds to the carburetor from t11e lower gravity chamber,

If both ll'llll'e!.r rand. lower ehambers are re:mpty.~ t]l8" 'same prin ~:i.p18 would ,f:t.pply as in Ii ig. .2B. The fIap'per v,a~ue·. (H.) wo ald close because the ail- pressure mside the .low~'l·· chamber was greater than i.n the upper chamber ..

It w'U] be rioted that the lo:wer chamber is always open to atmcspherie pressure (14.7 Ibs.) thro~lgh th.e -e ~~i:r-v:en.t, t.ub,~, ~, between til e inn e'f an d. ou ter tank shell, otherwise the gaaoline would .not How' by g:ravlty to the carburetor,

Ins,tallation

The top of the vacuum tank'must be above the level of the gasoline in. the main gasoli 19 ·t·anlc when full" even when the ear is going down a steep grade,

Never tap through a water jacket, if the intake manifold is provided with one .. , Always. tap the intake manifold a.t a point as close to the int .. ake of one. of the cylinders as possible,

V e,u t~ T'l'lbe; OveIiftow'

The: air 'vent allows an atmospheic condition to be: maintained . in the lower chamber, and also serves to prevent, an overflow of ~asoline in descending ste.ep gr,ades... If on.ee' in a lo:ng ,vbile, a 'small amo,unt of .ga.S'o]in .. e esca'pes, n.O harm ·,viII. be dOln'e, an;d n~() ,a,djustnlent is needed~ ·lfow·ever., if the ven.t tube F'egularly' Qverfi.o.vv's" one of th.e follomng oon.ditions.

. ('y h'e ·the· c!i.'lus·e· '-,

rna:,··· '.:. '.",' .. «:;_ ... :.1·.':,. ...

(a) rT'he, 'ai:r hole i.n the .main. g·a.so ine tan~.-fille:r cap .rp.ay b·e too smaThI o,r may be st.opped up. ,If the: 1101e .is, too sma'll or if t'here is no· hole at al], the syst-errl will- not wOrrk.. 'Enlarg'e tIle .ho·.e to ~II diam·-, e'ter, .o·r. clean "t out,w

(b) T'he v·aC·Ullm. tank may nOlt be in·stalled. q'l ite: h:g.h enou.g·h. above the. ,carbu:ret,o,r.. If tll:8 b'otto.m of tIle tanl, is n·ot 3 inch,es abo'va c,arbure.'tQr', raise it~

G'Ii'Lk

I 'alSO. '~ne, __ ea . age

If g,aEoline le~l~ fr.om ,system, except froln1 vent t'~!'b,e; it can drQ 8-0 jonly' from one ,of follo\virlg CRlwes,:

(a) A leak in. the oute:r wall of the tan'k m,aJr re~xist.~ If so, s;oldering up the h.ole "~lill el.~inina·te t,rouble*

(b) The carburetor· conn.eetion :in the b·o·t.tom of the ta.nk :ma~l be Io·ose., If so, tigh.ten~

(c') TIlere may be a leak illl the: tu.bing Ieadin.g froln (D) (Fi,g'~ 2) ~

Failure tn, F·ee·d. Gas,o.Iine.. to C~ar'bur.etor'

This co,ndition may be d'ure toO causes,. other ~:h,an th.e vacu,um system.- 'To te:st: after floo'ding' t11e ·c~·!rb·!lretol~~ or- "tiel:~Jlllg' th.e c.a:rbllf\eto·r.~" as· it is CQmmOlll:y' called,r jf ga,soline runs out Qf the· carb'll-' reto:r fioa:t. cb.am:bar, you .may' be ,sure t.h.a.t 'the

vacuum feed is performing its work of feeding' th.~ gasoline to. the carburetor,

- ,Another test is to take out the ·~'.nner vacuum tank, leaving only the outer shell, I~yonfiil1t~ shell. with .gasoline a,nrd_t.h·~. engine s.t!:U r~fuse~ to 'run properly, then the .fault clearly ]1128 elsewhere and not 'With the vacuum system ..

If the failure to feed is in the vacuam tank, one of' th.e following maybe the cause:

(a) Thefloat (G), which should be air-tight, .~~y have developed a Ieak, thus filling' up _the floa~ with gasoline and making i.t too heavy ~to' rise su~ffi~C-ie~:~ly to close the vacuum valve, TIns allows gasoline to be drawn into the, manifold, which in, turn. ·~Ul. choke down the engine, See page 11041 for testing,

(b) The flapper va IV'e: 'may be out of commission. I(C) Manifold connections may he loose, allowing air to 'be drawn into the manifold,

(,d.) The ga801~:nB .straio.e! (y,~, Fig. ,21; Ol~' tubing may be clogged up, Look to t~IS firs~~ Pipes e~an 'be: cleaned by disconnecting and blowing out with air pump,

(6) Suction valve (A)., or air valve (B). may not seat properly, See also pages 1041 and. 122~,

:Rc·JD.edies

(a) 'I'o repair float: remove top of _ tank (to which floatis . atte ehed) ~, Dip the float into a_.p,an of hot. water .in order to. find ou t, de-finitely where the leak is, B·u.btl es "rill be ... seen at the point where the leak OC-CUFS.. Mark "this spot (hot water e~·a~d.s. the ~lr inside of the floa ti causing it· to show the slightest leak) '"

Next, punch two sma I holes, one in the top an_d ·the other ill the bottom of' the float, to permit discharge of the gasoline, . 'Then solder up'~ these 110le8 and the leak, Test float by dipping m hot water, If no bubb .es are seen, float is air ti,ght~

In solderi: gthe float, be careful not to use more solder t.hanre.qumred.;, . Any unnecessary amount - of solder wil make the float too hea V)~ •

A. temporary repair for a leaky or Jogged Boat ia· to. remove h·~,ad.;~ ·talce out float and punch a smal] .hole

at top and bottom; this~ will ,perlIlitl i.t t.~ float !Vl1e~n. ·r.eplace:d; o:r afte:r pu~ching' the ~t?les .~·)lld, g~~,olll1e 18 d]~.aine.(~, the lloles ·e~tn b·e tern.p'orarlly sealed lVI th qhe,~r~ in.g' gu:rp. o;.r"tape .. ,A.niotherplan is tOI ellt.bo.tto~n. o,~floa!t off e.n.tiJ.~ely an·d re.plac.e it.~, A. newflo·a·t shoulfl be ins talled"

T'o ove·rcome th'e cOB,d"ition. of a le,aky flo,at te.m .... p,or.arily 'until ,Y·Q,U can. :reach. a· g~!rag·e:, re~qv'e p'Iug (W) ut the to,.p. In. sO.me c~ses: _t.he .Bu·etlon of tole en.gill€· is B:llfficient tOi d'ra'w' g,aso·line i11tOI thiEf tank, ,even with "this Pi Iu g' ,open, but.not enough 'to c.~u.se .mt

·to oon.tin.ue to be drawll into 'tlle lll,allifold .. " If, hO\Viiii ever, you are'D:ot £t"ble to d,Q thi_s." C o,s·e, .. 'u:PI plu.g (W) 'wit,h.· 'th.re e~n.g.i:ne., runnin.g~ This ',\vili fill ·tll'e tanl{~ After .I'unning' tIle en giIle .. u.1]:til the tanl{ is "full; t¢m.fJV'6 ·plug (W) until g;a~.'o _ _ine pi.~es out'~l ,~ Con ... t:~nne. re;p.e.ating these op,er.atlo,ns 'until a,. repalr sta ... tlOD ,0,.. ,garage is .. reache-d, when. 'th1e Ie.al(y .float- '~ttU ble re.mec]led ~

(b) A small parti.cle of dirt getting' under the flapperr 'v:a:]ve (HJ migh,t prevent lit fr,o_m, seating ai]"ti.ght,. and therreby ]'1e·nde:r 'the tan_Ir iQ.operati'\re~

In. order to dete·-'min.e wheth,e.r o.r no,t the fl,appe:r 'valv'e is· o:ut' of: com'mission., .first pl.ug· up t~le air vent.; th.en clett\ch the tu'billg' to th;e ca·~bu.reto'r from. tIle bott01tD, of the tanlt.. Start, the e.n.gine ·a:rld. app]y' a finger to this o:p'enin.g~ If s.u.ct.ion is f~]t, c.Q:.n~ tjn.·uo·usI,Y." then it, 'is evidell~t tIlat there i.s a leah: ~n the oO'nnection bet,,;r.,een the tank' ,an,d t,he mr\lll g·asoline· J~upplY'l 'o:r elsle. t:he flapper va~~ve, is be-i.ng. 11eJd o.ff its se~t and i.s lett·ing, air into the ta.nk., .in~ stea.d, of d]~a"rj·n·g g·asolin:e.

T'ID

TOl f . empty spark ! "T.hia t,

I .:rl

suffieie

Ifth considengine

d-"

or se 1

Or" . plug C into tl: .... Is' 01 w ,8, ...

mmed

T'he whi c h inlet 11

.~:.- ....

'9

. _""

" .... ~:" -' ",

,~.-,~ ~

~

.. ~

Ell fold ". ~be,as

(C' - --

dista

TlJ IdiaIt of gl vap<J

W--aIl'~

'." ,.' .... J..

foldE s.pee~

W 'aiteJ

·'

ts

)'0

r.e

,y ~:h l~y Ie ill g,

19 Ln

'h':,

J .

..

;jlf'

~:) t

Id d,t

sa ot

re at

bo. i"le.

311 :iis

~f=

at le'

rl-, l,g l~ l .. l~,

it 'N'-

v) k, ..

IL

n .... 8t-' lili

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e·r
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~y
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In
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19 IF
t)iiiIii! 115

In many eases this troublesome condition [of 'the, flapper valve can be remedied by merely tapping:

he side, of the tank, thus shaking loose -the particle 'Of dirt or lint, which has clogged the valve, If this does not prove effective, remove the tan", cover, as .deseribed below, Then . ift out the inner tank,

rile flapper valve will be found screwed into thlB bottom of this inner tank,

To, rm, Test arid CI'ea,n 'VaCUUDl, T'ank,

To :611 the tank, should j:,t ever become entirely

\'I'TIl"h' '1,' '" 'h ~1 [ d d th

empty; Jl'l't ,', the engme t, rrotne C, osen anc _, _ '; e

, ~ 1 .

spark off, turn the engine over ,R few revo utions.

This. takes less 'than ten seconds, and will create sufficient vacuum in the tank to fill it.

If the tank has been allowed to' stand. empty for a considerable time, and it does not easily fill when .. the engine is, turned .over, this 'may be caused by dirt or sediment being under tile flapper valve (H).

Or.pcrbaps, the valves are dry t Removing '~he plug (W) in tll.~ top and squirting a, l~~t]e gasoline into the tank will wash the dirt from this valve, and also wet the valves, and cause the tank to. work mmediately, if due t,o this cause.

, Ano-the,:r method is tOI remove filler plug' (W) and fill tl?:,e tank with gasoline drawn from the main gasoline tank bymeans of an oil gU,Q or from drain ..

A,uxHiaty vacuum pump': On some ears a "small hand vacuum pump Is provided on the, dash, If the vacuum tank ahould b,ecoin.e empty, it would not be neeessary to turn the' ,engin.e ':ov'er" bJq.t merely to opera te a, pump connected by It cheek valve to pipe (C), whi ch will erea te sufficient vaeuum to dra W' gasoline

f t-h ,0 t k

rom, ""':,e maan tan ..

A, primer :f,or .sta.rtIng the e·n,gine du.ritU~: cold ,_ weathe':r (on S'QI~U~ cars) oonsista of a hand pump on th,e dash, connected with (J t F,!g .. 2" page: 113) by means of' ,tt tee and pipe' to the pump, -th;e:n.ce. to .inlet manifold through a, t;be,,~k valve ...

. ,~[estin,g vacuum fuel-feed system: see pa ges 1041, 122, and 462H ..

To clean tank: Remove top of tank and take out inner 'shell, o:r vacuum chamber. ,T,his, will giv,e

, t" I h 'b' f I ill! h d di t

ance,ss:oower C: ,am".'er rrom wmcn . .ust or am

may be removed, Clean every few months; also

clean strainer (V). -

,Tol remo've t~p: After' taking out screws, run 'the blade [of a knife carefully' around the top, between the cover and the body o f' the t a' nk ~O" a" s to S·· epara te

t,' . '. " ',_, • [' ,_. , .••••••• ,'.,' "~ _ I I, '. _' ""'.:, Q " ,I ' ,I I"" ". ' .. T ••

th 'k t ~ , h t d ' ~, "'t T"h ] t 'I' t -'_ e gasket \Vlt',QU, I'~ amagmg rt, ,', ,I e gasket IS no'

shellacked (See Fi,g. 2A, 'page 11.>3.)

~ Whe,n removing head (top) t firs·t scratch a 'mark on the sid .. e

f h d d k"' .. ~ ::II b 1 _] 1 . k ff

0'_ • ea ... and tank, so ~,t, will i, e ["ep aeeu exact y as ta :en ,q' I

other1-vise the air-vent hale may not come in line ..

R,ELATION OF'THE INLET MANIFOLD TO C~,B,'URE,T,ION

Erlgine ,ma,Ilufaetul·e~s, 1e,nd,ea,vor 'tID mak:e a mani.... tends ,to "lc.hoke" ,and "'~lop,e," 'when, the, th:rott e iS',first

fold, 'whi,c:h will :h;a:ve' the, least number of curv~:S, an,id closed a"g~a,in, until after it has run ,a s,ho,rt distance,.,

be ~~ ~ straight ,and short ,8 path for t:he gas as possible~, ,EXhau$t .... he"ated ,and alsowate'r-jacketed"manifolds

( ii' jli ~ .. ' .'. · . An inlet mani- are now the approved method. On some engines tbe

~ "~, . ":, ,.~' .,~, (! ",,!'t: -!) told for a six:- intak~e manii',o,ld is cast :right into the, cylind,er.

r. '. "t .... ~ 3 cylin,der engine

(c- n ,~.e::~~ which win deliver

, ,"' 7 ., .' '~. ',' :'~: ,. - an e'qual mixt'ure

I V~' 's ~··~~:s eb~~n ~~~~~

",' . T :t: ~ 1 "/2 Id lem with manu-

F,Jg ~ :3 '. "'ypes P'lIr ~.n e t nllllnl:u(]i .. :, a f'" ,: :t~, "" . '" ... " ' .. :,' "'I" f t' ,h' ',.' ·.,a,c. ,nrers. .' . e

nista,n:ee is too ,gre,a:t, the g'BJS tellds to' eonde.:nse~

:T,he inlet manifolld in us'e today is sma11e:r in dj,amete:r ,th,an formerl;y. Ow-ring tOi th,e low ,gr.a'Vit,y' of gaso me" th,e fuel is 'h"arlder to "'~bre,ak' Up"N an·d vapo,riz,e re91dily~ It oonde,nses an,d clings to ·n:n~r walls lof ,manifold,. ,By h,a,vin,g sma1'"er intake mani-, f~lds, th'e mixtur18 is; sucked, thr'oug'h at ,a gr'eate:r spee1d, which, in, a WR,Y pte'vents' ccon.densatiori,~

, ,'With tOOl large, an intak~]; u,sing .low ... "gr~vit,y f~,el, af~er a· hard pull 'W"itb, an open, t.hrottle, the elJ.gin,e

0n;ep'S 1 ower y';~Ivle: (1,[9), and ~ow,~ ~int~ :ou ter ahs.In~er (~l)' ~ , ,P!pe (20) l.sa breather-for (21)~ Gasoline then passea thrnugh openmg

(2' ) . b ' A b 1, .. fir d'" k ... id d i id £ (2"'-"\

',4, I' t,Q, bar buresor. .'" ,'I &0.1\..=, :,,61 ',I S " 16 prov',] .. e: : InSl,~ e ,Olll, , ~a.1 ~

C~r,e.::' Keep all p;ipe joint, c onnections tight; remove screen nocaSionaU.y. and clean by unscrewing (12);. . keep (12) 'ti"ghtt. as a cork gasket 'under it sometlmes becomes d,ry';, keep serews 011 t·op tig'h,t:" there is a cork ,gasket between head and outer chamber (21); keep air ven .. t (1) olean with a tH,u ploin,t; replace floats when defective, dcn't repair: Iower valve (19.) .ean be cleaned ocoosi,onal"v by removina top (first dis,connecting pipes). then, rem,o:V'.ing (1~-); -_lte:ep ,B'Ut (3) tight,; valve (S) can, he

iI d ,. f th '., 1 'k

cJI!e8,n.e'"l ' · :,. je SU,etloD ·eu,,"s.

- - - .

To test valve,s (8) foll'" :lea.ks,~ With pipes diseonnected, and t.op o~ ,hjeaJda~d, Inner cha,mbe~~, ,(17~ rem ove~ (w'hicrm .c~ll be -done b,y removmg four screws), place; mouth over' end, of (25) and suck, With'out Iosing the snetii,on put tongue over end, 9f (25.).. If v'alvee are ,ti.gb,t t'he vac,uum thU;8, created will hold ~,n~gU:e to 9,onn;e,ctio~. '

Oil~ V,ae Sy'SteDl

o p e ra .: t i.un'~ Ln le t manifold eonnecta v{ith (25) ~ If t]oat,. (1'6) is at low' pio,si,t:i on, b,f},U valve

(8) is: thus; opened by' float ,arm. A p\artisJ '!"a(~UUDl is ceeated in vacuum tank (.11) and. ,gas[oH,n.e. is dra wn, from m a:i, '11 "gal;;; ol ine tank through a 'pil)e eonnaeted wi th, (23).

WhlelU flOR't ria,es to

,high position" baH 'valv'l~ (8) ~is au tom.at'i,eaUy closed. b,Y' ben.t ar.m on, iJA)at,,, 'This shuts off til e s;uuti 00.,. -"J\'tIDDS-' p:he.ri,c pJ."eSBure is then establis hed within inner chanl ber (1'7) by ail[' entering at the, per-ma ... nent "'rent h,dl,e (1).. The weilght of' ,the gas,oline

,

Tlhe' "'OUM;i,Vac"" (~,ee !tIso po, 7 5~) ,do,e~ 'not llti~~ze 'to.'e !,suetion p:rodnced thtou,gb t]~e: J.nme,t· :maolfold';' 'l,niStlead.~ ,tbe a~,ctlon produced, by' au oil ,circulati,ng pump is ,~truli~Jed. With this iSyste~ the 'vacuum i.ricreaaes, ,as the s'peed Ji.ncn.~aseSt ,and, if tbe ,011.

's:l1;PP:}Y '1?e_c~omes e.xh~ust~,d th.e vacuum eef:&s'es,,, Manuf aie~ur~ra, ar~; ,Byrn~:, K;l.ngstcD &. Co,.:, Kokomo t I Ild,~ Des,Cllptl ve Icirewa,r ,IIlaHe:d o'n requ,est"

- - - - - ---

. ~ -.

• • I • I· ~ .. I ,. Ii ... I "" ....

- -- - - . - -'.' - '.,. .. . -". .. '- . '. . . -'. - ." _ .. . - ". . . . .

-- Y .. _ EI '·s· IN' STRU---C' . 'T'lO"N' 'N'i 113-

D' >"K I' ~" ' " " ,'_ .1 _ _ - '_" '. _: 0·. -, :

It. is 'now claimed that turbulence (violent mixing) 'will overcome this to, a great extent, A sharp or right-angle bend (Fig:' .. 3B,) would cause a :v'ery' sudden eh .. ange in the direction of motion of ,the mixture, thereby forming eddies or whirlpools. Even though the heavier 'particles of .the fuel might be deposited, the, whirlpool would pick them up again and mIX tlllem" so that the heavy and lig11t, portions of the fuel are l{ept in suspension in the air stream, Thus the ratio of air and fuel should b'e kept eonstant over the entire length of the m,a'lufold" and tlll~ being the ease, a thoroughly mixed charge is dis-tributed", rather shan a dry 'vapor ..

Some engineers are of the opinion that itt square section inl.et 'manifold is bel tel ,than a round se(rtion"

Heating of the iclet manifold to promote vapcnization of'iuel ',8 0 that it "rill more readily be broken into smaller uni ts nod. mi x with the air is also v'er_y' i:rnp'ortant" but overheatangehould be a,v()Th.ded~ .See fontno,te; pag'B . .ag", Addend·a. ~See also page 806·"~ relative to t,he method 'of creating a turbulence effect in t'he cylinder. ,.

Fitt:i,I1.,g Cru·h'm~eto'r t,o ,lulet 1\1 ani fol d Carburetors are attached to the inlet manifolds,

'", 'h ith hilt I

[' ~ _ :P 1- " ,~\~ F10 5 ~()~ ei t: er ;!,', 1- -,,:~ , • ,'ljrlzon' 1~k'

fiG lI_.:. ,,' - __ -t\ "", .~.b- connection (Ftg .. 4}or a ver-

~~ ,~ :~NGe 'c, I I" ",,', - , tical connection (Fig, 5) 'I'

, \\ CO~N~)CJ~D14,' [ ,~r ',' "W---=-:-h- ft' 't'· bun

~~~ - . J '_:' '8:0, fttmg a, c·ar ' :ure ...

tor" a gasket must be placed between the oarburetor flange 'and the flange on, the intake pipe, Be sure there areno air 'leaks where the.carburetor joins the intake pipe, and, where the, inta (8 pipe connects tOI engine, otherwise the mixture would be changed,

Carburetor gaskets are made of soft fiber material, asbestos, copper interlined \,rith asbestos, or rnultibestos; [or a similar packing could 'be use-d,;',a~a· in an emergency, leather co' ild be. used, If material is 'used which l1RS a rough edge, it is important to watch that none of. it gets into the carburetor p:i,pe/,

Where inlet manifold covers the inle.t ports (D'), a copper gasket is generally used, and must be drawf tight to prevent air .Ieakage.

If' there is ~ces sive 'vi bration of: car btl retor ,plliaee a B 111,0.11 iron han g,el· ~ to man uf OD. en gi ne to car bur e tor ; to steady it and prevent joints from working 100;8e (see also page.1050}~

COI\fPRESSIQN 'RAT _,0

Compression volume is; the volume (number of' eubie 'inches of

- space) in the combustion space"when

TO TAL TOTAL t II " .~ tc ~ "t top· dead cer t 'r 1--

.3 J C -tJ-IN~GA5 B co.. ~N" ,GA5~~e· PIS o,fl1S. a ' .1.", ,'_. . , . [~' "n 'e' • ii. n

-:. ,5.-" tU~ hot ... -:',' Flg~ 7..' the eompressron volume IS 5 I %?/Oy ,:.J' _~._- :~ .CU1;l,]OC 'inches,

I ~O T~tal yomume i~ the vo:I~nle, in" the:

. , comhustion space and. cylln,~er w,~.e~

the.plston is at bottom dead center .. In Fig. 6:1 the total volume is 3a ou ..

FIG h ~I 1 ·

in. Not,s that t e t.ntal vo ume IS

r

equal to the. compression volume plus

the piston dil.8pIac-enl,e-n·t (see Index' for meaning of piston displacement).

C ompressicn rat io f s defined as t l1.e, totnl volume divided by the eOID-' press"ion volume. For· the engine ShOl¥U in Fig$~ 6 and 7 r the compressioa :ra.t] 0 is 3a ell in. : S cu, jli~ ='6.6 compressIon .l'a,'[,io~

- 'The, f-lnaJ compreasion pressure (n..t ,about top dead center) depends mostly on two things: (1) the, compression ratio and (2) the 'press,ure' of the' ,gas in tile cyHn{J.e,t 'vhe,u piston is' at bottom dead cen t er as s'ho~rj[] in Fi g ~ -6 ~ [t ru S obvi ous that -the. gt·ea'ter' t.he preseure i.n Fig. 6, the greater V!,1]111)e t:he pressure in Fl:g., 7,. The pressure i D. Fi g, {i[ (the pia ton has ji us t 'I" each ed . bottom dead een tel' of ,the '] n take stroke) j s dependent upon fhe atmospheric pressure wh~ih fOfQ'9S the gas into th,e ~y:Hnd,er: therefore, the lower the atmospheric pressure', t,l).,e Ipwer will 'be, ,the pEeSS-~U':-e 'in Fig. 6~ ,an.dl ,ther.e'{'pr,e the Iower wiU be the cornpression pressure in Fig .. 7 (wrth p:isten at 'to]) ~of compression stroke) ..

The combustfcn pressure (so.metjms's incorrectly' c.·~ned e.I~ 'pl om 011 pressure) whi eh . QU curs shortly' after. igm tion t and 'W hich gives the-engine j ts power, depends on' the compresston pressure', Conel usion ,: i\.lo,v atmospheri C pressure will cause a I ow COl[Ji~

'. ,. :)I • iI!. ~ '"lID !Ii b ,h

PI" es S] on, pressure, wnicn In turn '~~l 1_ ca~e- a ,lOW eo.mUs.&H1U

l)feSStlI"e", and., the.rafore the ,pnvver of the engine ,viII be reducedt

Atmospher.ic co:ndi.'ti·on,s 'llav'8- Inuch to do wit'h, tbe ·~etion, of a earbure,tO'r ~ For exar.nple" au eng,ine wbi: . II 'would l itD sa~tis ... , factorily at a" low' altitude .. say at sea level!, ,vouJdl .lack po'\ve'r ,apd would overh-eat. at a h:igh levelp. ,as, for inJ~tance, mt DenV.eF; Colo. t, ",here the ele:1t,atio:n above s,ea l~yel lS, ~p,prQ.:x.inla't.elY' 5;~280 f ee.t, o:r on~;r InHe ,b igh ..

1~hjs.-is due tlo the faet that a.t se.a.level t]-_,e all' e:xerts a. p'li'e:s,-' Bure of ap.pr.oxim,at~Ij-I~ 1. r5 I bs. per ,sq u&re i n.ch,. Tbis IneaDiij th,a,t a colnnnl, of air oDe in.ch squa:]~e in cro(8s-seetj,o.n and 50 IliBes h']g:h \\"eig'~s appI~oxinla'tely' 1,5 Ihs~ It ,has been fa~fly ~vell: e.stabhsh.e 1 that atn10spher6 blan.ke.ts the e,artb for ~ dep[t,h

of all 0 Ul t 50 ,rniles,. ..

l'!here 'ore if we go. hilgher t: w~ b,e;gillU t,(jl 'sho:rten this coiulnn o:f air T·espolltiible for th.is pf'e8SUr~;, 'we' th,erefore ,have. no·t so ~.nnch, w:eigh,t 'o.f air above us,~ and' 'COllse.quentiy t.he pressu:r,e cq.r:respondin.g tlQ ,the I·'educed \v.eight is also r,educed~ .

Thus,? if" R t D'e.nver; t,he hei,g']l'~ abo-v'S .sea leve1 is 1. mi1e~ the-re \vould be only ,4.9 nIUes depth of' ftlir ill the column, ,to ~est.ablish this pr)essrrr~i. an.~ a ~o.1un:ln o:f a],r 4n nl.Hes ,hi~h, '\veigh$ les's 'thaD ,8. column, ,50 n:1l11e·a, h1J.gh." so that w'e find the ,atmoss'p'fieri ~ ~ press'll r~ at Den y'el"}s just _ a tr] fl e 01;r,e~ 1~ p o'u~d~_ :p'e.r squ3;re 'Iuich~ As lve gop I~tdl ,hig'heI·~,·the' pressure be,g~ns. ,to-fall cell ..

The, drop 'in, p,r'HSS1ll'e a·mou.nt~ to app,ro:~inlately one half~ poundprer square I'ncb for each rise o:f llJOO feet~ This, b,~,iw'"-'ver~! '[8 not strictly ,aoCturate, nor is. tber,e. ,R dls.:tlno't ,and,'in.va'ci..; a,ble. r'elatil,onship bet,ween th.e- two~, .for it. ,di~peD.d-s upon baro= lne,-trilc, val"i:at]o~s, tbe Ia:moun~ of ,moistlll~e iln the air, et,c.,~ whi~7; as lV~ I~no,,~I'J ~r,].ll cause the barOD1ete-r ,to vary e:'V"el.l thou,gh it renraln in, one place,.

, Tltis, reduction of air pressure: a·s·a result of in,creasing' altitude has an eff'ect on, the power 9f the e-ngin~e~

:Fi.rst i,t affec~s the ,eo:nlpr-essio.n~ r!edu,ciu~ it ·a;t :a :rate ,cort"espondin.g to th,e ,reduc,ti~tl in ~tm,~ph-ermc p;re'ssure" as explained abov,e. Thus, a't ~e:a Ie,,:rel an av;erag·e: Fordl engine' \vauld h;av'e· ,a c:omp,ression 'prlessure of 0,4 Ibs., ple,r f3'l:luat'e inch,~ as 'ineasu.red by a pressure gauge" and after. ig·nitjoD" the eX,plosion pressure ,~would, be ·2S.6, l~s. ]peP ,$Q'[1are _i ncb;, lvhile: in D:env8'f! o-vvi:ng to' 'th~ low ~tnlos.phe!rlc. pressure, 'the cnmpress:on pl"eSSUre ,vould be, lop;ly 4 8" .. 51 Ibs~ pe;~~ ,squa:l"e· ,i nch,~ and after i gnit] on'r t!h.e ~xpll,osi on 'preSS'Ul".e 'l\?'ould'l''lse to [only 1,94 1bs,. '1Jer squal e imch.~ It 'is ,the l;:t·tte:r.pressu~e l\fhich dete,r:mln~_s tb,e po,\v.er of -the ,en.gine;. and, s] n 'c e .1 i. has d e(tr.eas.ed :f r qm 2,r,:,6 m bs,.. per s f.1.ua· e· in ah to 194 Ibs .. p·er square i.,ncb:1 'the engine wi~l d~Jiver fil:qic-h ]es..~ powe'r.,

s.eC'Q:~'d" ,;ve know t,hat a,t S,B,S ,Ie'ye~ the eO'lrtP,os.ition of" the all' by 'weigh t is appl"oxin~at>ely ,2,5 pfl,rts of oxyg"en to 7 5 parts of '[l~tr6~,e.n,; ,a~nd th'e c.o:nlblIll,ation is a .lnecharm-ifJal mixture" not ~t, c.h a:nn ca 1 onie F.

"

. It is t~,e 'oxYgen tl~a.t ,v{e rely' upon to 8u:p"port, eOD1hustion. :oi'

tIle gaso!ID.ei~ 1'hus If thfr oxygen is redIIJJed in. v,wue to that oj' the f;uel" the mixture is afiected;;,

. The !1igh~r '\V'[e ;go, the mess the per.centage of oxygen ,in the ,mr. T,herefore" upiles.s, the. p,arbure.tor.' is readjusted.' to suit -the. el}'ang'ed conditions" we ·get an ove1t'-rh:~b ml,xt,:lre, sln'Fk¥ 'e-onibus'" t-ion-;~, and overllea·M.ng~

T~'e PQint1_ tbePJ is to o:l"en·.up the air intake, .. glV]Jl,g m,ore air, r.athe~ than, to ~utidown, on the ,needle v,a, I,ve of the' carburetom', 'r,edlllcl n,g' 'the gas oli ne supply, ..

'Wh'ere' carblU"e:t'ors are'fi:tted ';\;"ith a;djJ ustable 'a~:r vaJve~j' th[en the a:ir-v-alve adju.s,t.m,en't sho,uld be op'elled "rider for altitude \vork.

. Wher~. Icarh'ureto-rs have no air' ,adjus-tlnent, 1L1se SllUtllelF jets. ~or ,a,leit~d.e .WO~~~, 'To' incr~a's;e po~rftr ~ increase co 'n,pression by ji~t:tlng' p'lstons shghtlliy long'er than the standard ..

" At ,the top o-f, :Pike'~s. 'Peak·" '\vh.ich ,r;ises to '~n al:t.i tud'6 of 14,000. f:e~~t. abo'l~ se:a. lev-em" ,.th~e~ ~:t,~6_spheric ·preasur-e .. -of t~ra ail" ,~s only 8~5, Ibs,il per' s-quare lnch;: tberefo:l"e th,e compreSSl.QD 'press, lfe W,] 11 d~o-p to .'30. Ibs. p:er 'I~fquar;e i n.cb (as, lueasur-ed by a gauge)" ,and .th,e le.~pIo.8:~o,n press'ur,e ,viII b 8 o illy' 120 Ibs,.. .per square' inc:ht tllrm c.aUsing a 'very gf'ea t loss of po~~er ~

. _ ~urth~rm,QI~;. w~te:r boU~ ,at 'R In.1rV'er d,e;gree' (Fahrenhej t) at .hi,ghe:r alt~t~d.e6'1. for e:xamp]e at 14,000 feet, abov'ls: sea leyel 'water' .1b.'ni~~ ,a;t, 18~5P' F',.; owing ,to less,_ a'tlnospheric pre;ssure,:~ ,vb,er~'as at sea level" water 'ba-Hsi a't 212°' F. .

'C~o-n'l pressd '0'1 P'ressul;"e -(as ,meas ur-ed,

"b,~ a Gauge) on Engin,ewiib Com'p,:ression &t·t,wa of B .. o,

64 Ibs" ,59 ~.5 Ibs,.,

f<:-"" lb

I~."" I. Eh

5J5.41bs,. ,1)1.,2: Ibs<! 491 lbs,,,

- ~ Ib 461.a ':~,.,

44·.3·lbs. 42.,1 lbs.., 40· Ibs .. 37J} lbs. 3.'0 lbs.,

Altitude

Se.a·L,evei 1,,000 feet 2:~OOO feet ,3 '1000 :fee't 4",QOO 'feet ;r.: 0"- 0'0 f~ t nt, . ee,,.

6,000 feet 7,,000 feet 8,000 feet [9~ 0'0' 0 'f t

" ~I • I '_ , Be.

10,000 feet 1 ~"'OOO feet

N 0 t.e '. T'~l,e B:.6~~"98~

Atmos-

p'herio;

Pr'esB,ure

16 ,Ibs,. 14 . .llbs" 13~6 IbB .. 13~1 Ibs~

19. 5,' Ibs

~i ,_ - ..

12.31bs .. 1- .'ijr lbs ..

ll.-21bs-. , 0+8 ill'bs. 10.41bs:~ .10 lbs:f

8 .. ,5.1bs.

BoHing' Poin.t,~

of Water

212'0 F .. '2100< F" 208°1 F ..

. -

2106,0 F", 2040 F ..

_.' .0" -,-

203',F",

. .

2()}O F .. ,

19'9°,P.

9'7°' F-

[ . - '~~

1'95'<0 F'I'

'" 1 - ;0

,(\30 F

).~ ,'t .. "

181JQ'·F ..

'-

P· urpo:

__ '1

,

pressure,

ditions : pumped to the Ct the carb

Ford mo.del j" T~' I' eugi ne COu.lpl·,essioIl ttt M,o is

-

_ - ,1 Ja,lL

~r-

;k) .

·e ....

be

,~

~rBe ns ~ts , r d

'. ~~

'!o'

rl ... ,

or

:. ,," .

[leI

ial 'to )e-!!

)" ~ln,

~aU r :it

I,e'r~ ~nJi :' ~at tbt~~ ~'in

~'e'a tHe t~~r'~}

.... .

• Ji\:a

)D1.,

tll~ f.{bJ~ ~uS.-

•

nr i'I'. - 'ii

jon,

tBe

~l': i' ,

~ets,

b.:Jt

;)00 n']:y u)F;8,

~e-~:j ~r"i~

at !v:'l i:re,

., 'There ,~rle three ty,p,es, the piston, diaphragm and the electric ~~yp~e.. 'TIle piston and diaphragm t:Yl,e: are", mechanically _ operated and. the electric is mag ... netieally operated,

Pi~·ton typ'e;t fo.r exarnpla, used ou the Cadillac ~\l'-lO naris me:eha~·9.,~ny. op erased 'by an, e'cce:lltri,~ OU, the rear of i.he eamshaft, It deh,v'e~s 't!le vacuum to the vacuum tanks whieh ,r,eoei ves t'he fuel from the fu€,ill tank at· the rearof the car. 'The two vaeuurn

tanks are mounted above and close to. the ear ... bur :'e't' ors a- U' d h'G'v" e ..... J" .. alves and I na ·t'· ~." . I"

.. u...' '. '.,,~ .•. ~ ,Jtij,' "V ' ... )(; , ::~' I .. )' . .,t ... ~',-.r s,a.-:J! usus "

but are,'not connected with 'the intake mani ... , fqlds, of,. sngine; instead" th~e vacuum pump serves the same purp 08'e as t.h:e sneti on, (vacu

urn) in "the intake manifold, ,

. Diaphragm typ'e is mechaaieally operated and pumps the fuel from the fuel tank at rear of ear direeb eo th.e carburetor. It can be driven 'by" a.n.y' method tha,t w.iH give! reci pr ocal mo tion of from 3/ ,L6'1 to" ~C J' maximum, It can be operated from the, push rods, tappets or eccentrics, It can be. Ioeated on,' the camshaft or any other l"~t'ating :s'haft· such as generator, 'Oll pump, etc. I~ th:B example, F'ig, .81 the- stroke is controlled bya b,el~ crank, nne end resting upon a push rod actuated 'by an eccentrie on _ the f.ront end of the engine camshaff and the other' attached t.o the, ',rod oper,atjn,g the pump diaphragm,

,~.lectr.ic t,Y,pe,. The ,AUtOpuiEH3! :m,agneti.q fuel pump (patented) is ,all example of the '~Thectrie, type'i It is connected. .directly to the carburetor suction HDe~ and ~.L wire termi nal fr om 't:he devi ee is i nSl-alled. on, b,att.er-y' side of ignition switch, 'I'hus contaet 'is made 'as soon as the igrilti.Oll switch is turned on. A- metal beilov .... s is expanded by, magnetic jnill .. created by an .armature and magnet, This forms the suction stroke.

FUEL-,F-'EED SYSTE~ S

. ~-

1'16"'A

.. , .. ," • .:- 1

S>t,ewa' 'r' ·:t---W· .' .... 3' "IiliiD,£fI;-I'" F···ue··'l' p~onm" P'

': .. : _" .. ." " .. " .. i ,..J!_ .. "'~ _ ~ "' .. __ .."". r

_ An example of a mechanicallydriven diaphragm type of fuel P1lIl1:P is shown. in, Fig, 9.'

Operation during suction strok,e,: A,s: tb,e high poinf of earn A pushes.lever B toward tb,e :P'UnlP'; the Iever f ul erums Itt .P9],n't., C, ,th,ereby pulling the pump, diaphragm D d.o'i\.Fn~ ,,A vacuum 'Or suction is -th.el'e.by crea ed in chambee E" This o.p ens th,e j nl;et ·,,~,alv'e F, pressed downward 'by al spring, amid dra ""8 gasolin e from the glass, reserve bowl G through screen H.. The, glass 'b(}'lvl IG is Q onnec ted, ,to ,the rear tank by 1.Illet lin,t3 J ~ In opera'tion the glass; bowl Jv:iU a1~ ~~a;ys be full of Iiquid, 1""}) e o!ltle,t 'val ve K is also pressed downward by' ~ apring, Chamber ,L, is, alwavs open to the atmosphe!~e th:t"ongh breather h rue ~I., ~ T~'!s prevents baok pressure or vac.unm m this ~~mb:e·r and ventilates it,

Opera.t:ion ldu:rin,g delive,E:Y' strokee The low point on cam A would now 'be on t.h,1e 'side ne,ares't the pump, _J)ressure. is ex'erted on Iever B, by the. lever spring N.,

This causes ,t.he Ievor to follow the eam. Th,e· other end of the lever _is 'engaged \v.ith the bronze sp 001 thi=t't is free tu slide on the diaphragm piston rod T",

On tha end of tihe· ·deliv'ery stroke t,hH leve,r i~ up as high as i,t ',yill go, per-nlittj~g the diapbrag:m, sp.rin'g, 0 .to plush tili.'e 'd,i,a~ pbra.g]D, up, ther,eb,Y ,fOrICl.Dg,t~h~ gasoline in chamber E thr 0 ugh. the outlet valve K~ On this strok,e inle~ val,;re F' :is' held closed b ,I t . ~"na

, ' •• y 1 .. s S,Pil"JL ":~",,

Th:e, purpose of the. air ,~ome Q is ,t.h.~ same as 011 ether hydraulic p~ps., It riot on.1ly:" ,r-eli eves t.he dia phra,gm, and cal _,

:bllreto~ tloa;t b:Q1rvll, 'Valve of ex:ce~s ~r7ssm:.e when the ,c,arbure,tor:_ :iloat, bowl ya]Y0 .IS cios:e,d.., ·b n.t 'il tiliz,oo this :pr8s:sure -toO l n.crea,s,e the :delivery I',ate about "t,wenty-l.iv·e p,el' oent,.

N ute: So,me, of th,e luo.dels do ,not Iut ve this hig~ deli V'Brl'''' ail" ,dome; ho~r·eve]"" the do.~e; .used on t h,ese pumps. is 8k'tis:fa,cto:ry. ~n ·th~ caJrs :for V,p.T-ltichthes:e: lllod,cis alre s,p,eclfied.

'Wh.en t~he 'carbur,et9r fi'~H1~ ,bo'yl ,valv,e. },S clos,ed~, or parti aUJ?' ,61 osedT t~ ~ :f~, s.t:ro~ e pre'~8u:r~. and s tr() Ire . of ,.t"h e ('ll,~~P hrag rn .~' ~ 'u,tilized t.o :sto~ft ,gJLsohne: :rn ·the air dome by

Fuel PUUlI1-S

Purpose '0£ the fuel pump is to promote constant ~~~ssure a,t.. the carburetor under all ()"p,e~~atin_g eOl}~ ditions and all rates of discharge, The fUBI. IS, pumped from the fuel tank in the rear of car direct to the earb ureter 0,' ',r·'·· .. ' to a'_' , g:rolliJl'v"l'Ety" feed tank C"· O 'se', to

"', l. JL,. , ' .. " ' .. . ',: '" (k ~ ,,' .' ." , ~' ,I.').., . _. '..'," , '

th:~ c:arbul~,eto:r'i:' , ,~ . - -

: ' _'c_ : __ : - ~ '. ' • _ • ..' _ ", ~ .' - • " _. ." - •• ", •• ' .' _ '... _ • , ... ~ .' .~ • .: :~~ L

'D>Y'-' ~?E"'S'~ I-N .... S···rI;R:U·~·C··~v-I'IION N··,·.·:. 13,

. . ,'\....: . I .. . I _' .... '" ",:."" _. ........, ., 0.. '.

iompressing the. gasoline v~p.or i~ it as ~'he baffle, plu·te 1s pef'~ forated, On the down stroke of the diaphragm this compressed 'vapor expands and maintains a p~·eSSJL.JTe on. the gasoline ·ill the tine to the carburetor and a constant B O-'Y 'I' :$0 Iong as the car .. buretor float bowl valve ~.a, open.

'The maximum pressure on. tbe gasoline ·to th,e carburetor' is; two and one-half pounds, jier square in.,ch~

Con trol [of deli.v€ry: 'I'he actual ,de;~ive:ry· to[ the. carb,nretor is controlled by the: carburetor floa t bowl valve, as this shuts[ o~ ·the flow ,of gas "\vnen the carburetor 110-:', t· bowl ~.s full, ·When .. tm~ occurs and the air· dome pressure' reaches two 'and one-half pounds: pier square i.no'h the pump diaphragm au'tomat·~[eany st-o.ps pum.ping' andremains in~the .do\vn position" This 'is because the 'pressure in tll.e gasoline Iine t.o the. carburetor equals tha t of the dl.apJu-agm spring 0[.,

The Iever, however, continues mo-v.i~.g ,vith the engine camshaft, and th.e spool on th.e piston rod T with. which tli.e .lever is !engaged.:p slides U.p and down ..

The, d01(,\TD stroke: is 'cushioned 'by the .rubber washer under. the br onse f;;poot. ~4.s ,13 oon as the b aek pressure a.t the. earburetor needle val.,re is relieved the diaphzagm is foreed 'U.p ~y spring pressure and pulled down. b'Y the lever,

S,·ervi.c,e .Hints

T·e.st on engine: If no gasoline t,o: car 'buretor t .:fir[st check a~ follow s: (1) "learn if' there is· gasoline in th.e fue.m t!lnk,~ (2) note .if gasoline has been. coming out ofbr eather ,hole.],.{ ~ Thi 8, mdi .... eates a, Ieak due. to a fractured diaphragm or leak 3J't· the pis ton :' (3) ~xam~ne sledim~nt bowl G ~n.d screen H., .. A.lth.ou.~h bowl may be.full of gasqbne".purn.'p will not operata property if screen is dJrt.y or' inle·t ~aly-e F::is, elogged. C~~e~an.~ Do n-o·t.bre;a~ eork gasket, w.~en r<:placing.l?~o,~d:, a Ieak will cause errutic act]~~ ?f PIlID.P and delrvery·, When using new gasket; fi:rst t:ioak, ~t In Iubrieating oil; (4) check for Ioose connections ,and. p'l'o,~ellline"B'; {5) diseormecf pump ,~.t the line t;q th[8 ... ~arbi[lr~t~r; <~ir) 'w~le; someone steps 00. starter', observe 1.f ·gas.o.1Jin..e spurt!? .out of .the pump outlet. '"\Vhe'u gas spurts out and carburetor bowl l.!fj empt.y it, ind'iinates: that the Ii 11e to car buretor, 'Or earburetor fic·,a·t· needle val ve, is clogged ~ {7) disconneot .g.asoJine sUplp,l-y~]ill.e a t both ends' and 1)10,,;0 through it to see If clogged .•

'Test o~f pump 0:6£' of the engine; 'Vh,en th~ previous 'tests. ·f·ail to show the trouble, removepump and ·take; it 't[o th[e work bench £ or ·bes·t a.n·d -examination .as follows.: (.1) a't.ta·e-h ·two piec[es of rubb·er hose to t'he uut']let and inJet of the pum·Pt. :a..n·d move pump.1ever in. and out, Gasoline should spurt out of .h.ose ?Lttached. toO outlet opening in. ~pp-roxima.tely fiftee~ strokes; (2) if. ·nQt., e.x~m.i'n,e Oh:RCk. valves· F an,d I{j. Fl.g., Ql~ ~Clean. th.·e v.B\>lv,e s.[ea.t aUld the springs" and 'replac~, 'the disc valves"1 .g1.os~y siq..e. d(hvn" Be c.areful not· to' s·cra't,ch or' .m.!ltr: 'valve ·rSIe.ats· w'hile cle·aninR;·~ .. U·se, new ,gas'ets: Ull.,der va)v'[e re·taining D.n't, U, ~.nd ail. d~om,.e Q;, Dra.w tbeiffi 'up ti,g:h·t:; (3) ~a.min.e ven·t .ho·~e l\1; (4) t,9S.t the p'ump vrith_ tV-tO pi~ecM of hoOse and a' pladi.l o[f' ga~oli;p..:~., as pr eviou:sl.y' dJes cribed,~ also by hoillding .a 'wet. fi:ugel~ B)terliat,ely on the inlet an,d ,delivery o.peni:n.gs "\vhile .. w·oxking t'he lever,.,

'Whf3n pump can-BOlt be' .m,aae ·t·o opelra..te_ prop,arIy' [after th.[e: t.ests. d[es,r:ri bed." it i.s.. best to, tak,B: it to Oll.'e· of th·e. S·teIVr~a·r~'W arner authorized service .8tati():lls,.

AC F'ueI PIUD.P

,Another ,example of a m.e.chanically driv<9.n d:ia,·phl~a.gm. ·"type of fuel.pump is sho'wn inF.ig~_,lOE t:rhJi8 1,5 the; AC fllelpum'p,

,IN' . s.€Ties uB ~_"

S·se! Rlso~ InsertNo~ 5 "f o;r a·n~·

other type Fig'~ 10 of AC· :fuel

:pump~

S· '. . .,.._ W·::: ·r··· 'ii C'-"'I -'. ·t .-','. t So: ··It'· '.' "

t[ewal·l-~··ar=lleIO'nS an, .. _ UC[.lon.

VaCUll"lll Tank.

This series of tanks, while embodying the same general principles explained on pages 112 tOI 115 has bilt one valve (air valve), one lever and one spring, The vacuum valve is elimina ted, 'It is claimed tha:t· the·F[e. is no intermittent enriching ,of the mixture above the earburetor when the _ tanl( trips, and .

. h ~ f" I .. h ~ dli ....

smoother operation 0" t le engine wen 1; . ng,

·1fl,r·-· V' all'un ~·l"..n.oi:I~·....t ..fl.I". .. J_ I: ~~ ~ ,U",~eu

Fig.. 11~ S-tey;:art- ~r a:Fner [consta~.t· :suc}"tion;~ ~ever typH vaeuurn tank, modal 3.77,.. Name of .parts:· A.~ 11.l,e~ Inlet; ·4A" windsl~ield cleaner connection; j-\B,1 booster; AC, baffle ~ .A.D, shutoff valve; .A.E, .clamp; AF. vaJive eover ; AG ~ _Bloat tee.:; B~ vacuum opaningj C t alr 'v'al ve: D 1C sediment b owl ; E", outlet; F ~ Bua t; C t. :flapper v'alv,e'~ ~t '~djr inI~t~: H-l'l air- valve opl.em~g to outer ~b~l~: .1, valve yoke; K.~ ven·t.j' M, vacuu~ chamber; N" r~selr.ve cham .. b·er;. P', booster Iine; R~ spring; S,' ~tt[3?iner screen; T, ,fio~\t· Iever; U ~ .al~,pply Iine; V'il :fioa,t s·tem.

DeSc.ri.p1t:ion·: The'inner or-vacuum chamber M'has-four openm 19S; narrtely: t:~e~uel i_nl~t -,,1l~1' which is cO~lle~ted tg ~h~ main fuel tank throughIine U,; ~he: vacuum ope.,:nU]!~ B, WhTCh i~ 110n:neoted to. the. intake manifold ·through _the bnost'e~ and .~'lne P; ·th'B air valve opening to the outer shell through H ... l·;: ilap:Pet'

va1l.ve G.' - .'

The- outer OF' reserve chaznber N has ·three o,penin.g$,.,. namely" thr-ou_gb ven~ 'K and ail] inlet H~ which, are open to the atm·os~ pher',e' ~~;t .allli t~~m:es; fuel 110""8. tbr-oug'b .hole in false 90tto,:m. of outer tank ·i.n.t.o glass sediment bOl,ovl DI,. up t'hrough rBtrainer' scre·en S~ and from t,here· thr,ou_gh outlet ,E -to t.he carbUJr[etor.,

The boost er AB op ,er a tes :s!{)mewh..a tOll. th e_ p;rincii"ple 0:£ the in_jieet,or to force wailSI' 'into .. ;steam· bo~ler8. w~.th their o"\vn stea·~n. It, far(}es t;J:t.e ,ajr from. t'he inn·.ar" cha~'bet .:NI into, the eng,in,e :man]fold and! th'us, creates ·in. eh.a:mb,er lVI a higher vacu.um t:han tha,t in the mauiiol[d,.. This caus~~'fuel to be· forced .i.ntn the, vacuum t~n~_ und,ar c.o:Dd;iti.q,p~ t~a~ wo[uJd m~ke it in9P[8rative 'without .thefbooster.,. Tfi'e :boos-t,er .lnCfe.ase.$ the: 'vaouum Ul M from t~, 0 ]llJ.lndr.ed, per :,c~nt ·,t·o~ three h:uIldJ'ed p'e·r c;en.t.. .~A is t'be "~ln.~'" shield, clea·ner, ;borrn:~etiomi~ The. iUlllle:l,-sb.Rped baffle:. AC pI:,e . .:.

v-eJl·ts fuel f),plashing Q'U t· 'air illl~t .fI.~, '

The prln.ci.ple of: ope·ration. trou.bI-as an·a. re'me'4ie's other-\~i.se, ,s:re 've~ry similar to the.' v,arCu:um t;ank pre,flQ.usI;y rusoussled.

As-.ke Fu:eDler

.A.n ,elec·tric h.eater constructed of hilgh~grmde I'lesistaneH ,\r-rre:J ,ab'out th[e size of a spa.rk plug~ whiqh va.poriz~ or (um.[eg ··R lPo~ ·"tion of' ':h,e fuel·sU'pp·Hed mel. the. carb[uretor.oair-...horn th.e· ins·nan.·t tbe s. tarter :pedal is .applied. -t·o star·t t·h.e engin.e.

T·h·e: mod:eI E ,magnetioC valve fl1e.:rn~·r is for u,p-drllit rCa,:rbure.. tors. Upqn application,of the st.a.rtel"; t'lhle m.agI:1eti.o valve eo,nta.ined wi.thin the fue;mer [a~sembJy" opens: and ·l;H3:·rmits. .f:uel tofio\v into the fueme,r .plug .from the fuel pump or vacuum. b~~nk .. W.hen. the fuel "ton.c;he.s th.e fu.em.er·i·t i~ i.1l8tantlly· ·,r.,ap!orized ainu eX'plodeJl, ill the engiu;e cylinders. Ad1ran ta.ges claimed are .tha,t ie,:ng~nes ~e"g_mpip'e~d 'with ·th.i5., ·devi.ilJle:are .no·t. only ea.sy ·to [s.tallrt in. cold, ~~eather.'J blit last longer b!ecause of less :I.]ii~'ton cwe9lr through t,he "inter inon;tha, (.Asr- Ke Fucmer Co,. ' •. Minn,ea:p,01.is,-_Minn .)".~

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