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ρ
ρ
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ﺏ
{ﺎ ﺇﻧّﻚ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻢ}ﺭﺑﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻨ
ﺕ
ﺙ
ﺝ
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ﺡ
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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ﺥ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ –
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ –
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ –
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ –
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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ﺩ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ Ft
Ft
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ρ
ρ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ρ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ ρ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
_ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ﺫ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ – ρ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
ﺭ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ft
Ft
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ft
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ ρ
ρ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ρ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
ﺯ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ρ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ρ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
ﺱ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ρ
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ﺵ
١
Keaster(1998)
Thompson,1994
Bangert-Drowns,1991
Kaufman,1998
Burdenski,1999
Keaster,1998
Thompson,1997
٢
Huston,1993
Thompson,1998b
StatSoft,2000
Hopkins,1997
Shaver,1992
StatSoft,2000
Palomares,1990) (Welge-Crow,1990
Burdenski,1999
Shaver,1992
Bangert-Drowns(1991)
Bangert-
Drowns,1991
Bangert-Drowns,1991
Huston,1993
٣
Keaster,1998
Thompson,1997
•
(Keaster,1998)
•
(Shaver,1992)
•
(Burdenski,1999)
•
(Thompson,1995a)
•
(Thompson,1997)
•
(Keaster,1998)
•
(Kellow,1998)
٤
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
٥
•
•
Kaufman,1998
•
Thompson,1998b
•
Burdenski,1999
•
Daniel(1998b)
•
Huston,1993
•
•
•
Thompson(1997)
٦
Problems •
Statistical Significance or p-value p •
statistic
Lane,2000
Educational Research •
Alternative Solutions •
Lane,2000
Population •
Lane,2000
Sample •
Lane,2000
Sampling Distribution •
McCall n
n1980:192
٧
Variable •
Lane,2000
Parameter •
Lane,2000
Hypotheses Testing •
Lane,2000
Null Hypothesis •
Lane,2000),(McCall,1980Ho
Alternative Hypothesis •
Lane,2000; McCall1980
Trochim,1999Ha
Significance Level α •
I
p-value
ρ α ρ
Lane,2000
Type I errorI •
Lane,2000
Type II errorII •
Lane,2000
٨
Practical Significance •
Kirk,1996
Hanson,1987
(Effect Size) •
(Kellow, 1998; Nix &
Barnette,1998)
Confidence Interval •
Lane,2000
Statistical Power •
Lane,2000
(Replication Analysis) •
(McLean & Ernet,1998)
•
•
•
•
٩
١٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Logical Reasoning
Trochim,1999
Trochim,1999
Stockburger,1998
McCall,1980
١١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
McCall,1980
StatSoft,2000),(Stockburger,1998
StatSoft,2000
•
•
•
Lane,2000
Lane,2000
McCall,1980
١٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Hopkins,1997
McCall,1980
–
Lane,2000
Lane,2000
Ha
Ho
Trochim,1999
Trochim,1999
Trochim,1999
Lane,2000
١٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Lane,2000
Ha Ho
McCall,1980
µ1 − µ 2
M1 − M 2
ρ
α ρ
١٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Thompson(1994)
Lane(2000)
() ρ calculated
Huston(1993)
Η o
ρ calculated H o
ρ calculated
Lane,2000 H o
α
ρ critical
(I)
(Thompson,1994)
ρ calculated
ρ calculated
IQ
ρ calculated
١٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ρ calculated
ρ calculated
(Thompson,1994)
ρ calculated
ρ calculated
(Thompson,1994)
ρ calculated
H o
ρ calculated α ρ calculated
H o α ρ critical
(Thompson,1994) H o
Carver(1978)
H o
p.383
(Keaster,1988
ρ calculated
١٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
n H o
Shaver(1992)Kellow,1998),(Shaver,1992
•
α dichotomy
•
t
χ F
2
•
•
n H o
ρ calculated
(Schneider and Darcy,1984)
١٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Wilkinson(1992) Thompson(1989)
Snyder and Lawson(1992)
n
χ
2
χ 2
ρ
χ 2 ρ
χ 2 ρ
(Wilkinson,1992,p.9
Kellow(1998)
Fcrti Fcalc M df r2 SS
١٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Fcrti Fcalc M df r2 SS
ANOVA
(SS)(Source)
df r
2
F ( M (SS/df)
F(MSexplained/MSunexplaine
FF α
r )
2
N=18 N=17
α
ρ
ρ α
Kellow,1998)
Huston(1993)
Fcrti Fcalc M df r2 SS
١٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Fcrti Fcalc M df r2 SS
F
(Huston,1993)
Daniel(1998a)
H o
H o F
F
MS
٢٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
F
Thompson
ρ
ρ
ρ
(Snyder&Thompson98,p.7) ρ
n
Thompson(1997)
(Palomers,1990,p.2
H o
Wilkinson92,p.3
McLain(1997)
٢١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(p.7)
Daniel(1997)
H o
Nix and Barnette,1998
α
α α
α (I)
(Kellow,1998)
Hopkins(1997)
> ρ
ρ
ρ
ρ
Hopkins(1997)
> ρ
< ρ
٢٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Hopkins(1997)
ρ
>
< ρ
ρ
Hopkins,1997)
McLane(1997)
ρ
α ρ
α
(McLane,1997,pp.3-4
Fisher McLain(1997)
٢٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Wilkinson,1992),
(Huston,1993)
Reliability
Nix and Huston(1993)
Barnette(1998)
ρ calculated
ρ calculated ρ calculated
F
2
Sbetween
F= 2
S within
2
S within
(Nix and Fcalculated
Barnette,1998)
(Nix and
Barnette,1998)
٢٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ρ calculated
(Shaver,1992)
(Shaver,1992)
٢٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
t
(Shaver,1992)
(Shaver,1992)
(Shaver,1992
Shaver(1992)
45
1024
α
٢٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Shaver,1992)
Shaver(1992)
–
n
(Shaver,1992)
٢٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
–
t F
Ω η t F
2 2
Ω η
2 2
Ω η
2 2
٢٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
χ
2
χ
2
χ
2
χ χ
2 2
r t F χ
2
٢٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
t
t
t
–
٣٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
–
–
Hubbard and Ryan(2000)
American Psychological Association (APA)
ρ
APA
٣١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Mittag(1999)
AERA
ρ
ρ
٣٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Thompson(1999a)
(Exceptional Children)
APA
Snyder and Thompson (1998
School Psychology Quarterly
Thompson and Snyder(1997a
Journal of Counseling and
Development
•
٣٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
•
•
r2
(SD=13.4)
(Cohen's d , Omega2 , eta2 , r2
٣٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Thompson and Snyder(1997b
(The Journal of
Experimental Education)
(I)
α
r2 , r
٣٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
r
, Cohen's d , eta2
Wilkerson and Olson (1997)
(II) (I)
Idaho
Ed. D. Ph.D.
)
(I)
(II)
ρ
n
(I)
(II)
٣٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Plucker(1997
Kirk(1996
R2 , Eta2
R2
R2
R2
٣٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
McClain(1995)
(Journal of Clinical Psychology)
t F
Ft
ρ
tF
( r = -0.1189) ( r = -0.1007)
٣٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
APA Harcum(1989)
α
α
ρ <0.001 ρ
Fagley and McKinny(1983)
٣٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Burdenski(1999
ρ
ρ
Kellow(1998
r2
٤٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Levin(1998
Thompson(1998c
Keaster(1998
McLean and Ernest(1998b
٤١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
McLean and Ernest(1997
Menon(1993)
Snyder and Lawson(1992)
٤٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Hubbard and Ryan(2000)
Thompson(1999a)Mittag(1999)
Thompson Snyder and Thompson (1998)
Thompson and and Snyder(1998)
Wilkerson and Olson Snyder(1997a)
Kirk(1996)Plucker(1997)(1997)
Mclain(1995)
Fagley Harcum(1989)
and McKinny(1983)
Kellow(1998)Burdenski(1999)
Thompso(1998) Levin(1998)
Mclean & Ernest(1998)Keaster(1998)
McLean & Ernest (1997)
Snyder & Lawson(1992)Menon(1993)
٤٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Thompson(1999)Burdenski(1999)
Snyder & Thompson(1998)
Thompson & Snyder(1997)Plucker(1997
Fagley and Menon(1993)
McKinny(1983)
Thompson(1999)
Thompson(1998)Thompson & Snyder(1998)
Thompson & Snyder(1997)
Thompson(1999)
Kellow(1998)Snyder & Thompson (1998)
Kirk(1996)McLean & Ernest (1997)
Snyder & Lawson(1992)McLean(1996)
Burdenski(1999)
McLean & Ernest (1997)Levin(1998)
Thompson(1999)
Levin(1998)Snyder & Thompson (1998)
Thompson & Snyder(1997)
Mittag(1999)
Keaster(1998) Burdenski(1999)
Thompson & Snyder(1997)Kellow(1998)
Wilkerson and Olson (1997)
Menon(1993)Plucker(1997
٤٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Harcum(1989)
Menon(1993)
Levin(1998
Mclain(1995) Thompson(1999)
Kirk(1996)
Fagley and McKinny(1983)
Mittag(1999)Hubbard and Ryan(2000)
Thompson(1998)Thompson(1999)
Thompson & Snyder(1998)
Wilkerson Thompson & Snyder(1997)
Plucker(1997and Olson (1997)
Harcum(1989)Mclain(1995)Kirk(1996)
Fagley and McKinny(1983)
٤٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
٤٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
٤٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
٤٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Thompson(1995)
Evaluation Research
٤٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
٥٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
60
50 52
45
40
40
30
20
10
اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
0
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ
ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ
29.2%
32.8%
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ
38.0%
٥١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
70
60 63
50
46
40
30
28
20
10
اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
0
1417 1418 1419
ﺳﻨﺔ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ
٥٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
1419
20.4%
1417
46.0%
1418
33.6%
٥٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
120
100
99
80
60
40
20 24
اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
11
0
ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ دراﺳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ
ﺑﺪون اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة
ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ
٥٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة
8.0%
ﻻ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ
2.2%
ﺑﺪون اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ
17.5%
ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ
72.3%
ﺑﺪون اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ
19.5%
ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ
80.5%
٥٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
50
40
30
20
اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ
10 اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ
اﻟﺘﻜﺮارات
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ
0 ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ ﺑﺪون اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ
٥٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
50
40
40
33
30
26
20
10
اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
0
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ
٥٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
33.3%
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ
26.3%
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ
40.4%
٥٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
50
40 41
39
30
20
19
10
اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
0
1417 1418 1419
ﺳﻨﺔ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ
٥٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
1419
19.2%
1417
41.4%
1418
39.4%
٦٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
30
22
20
13 13 13
10
10 10 ﺳﻨﺔ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ
9
1417
5
4 1418
اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
0 1419
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ
اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ
٦١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ERIC
Full Text
٦٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
٦٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
•
•
•
•
•
× ±
σ
σx =
n σ x
(Wilkinson,1992)
٦٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
٦٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
٦٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
٦٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Kellow,1998)
(Daniel,1997)
Wilkinson(1992) Thompson(1988) Daniel(1997)
Daniel(1997)
Thompson(1988) (p.2)
Wilkinson,1992
ρ
(Thompson,1994) Shaver
Chris
٦٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Jean
.
(Wilkinson,1992,p.820
Shaver(1992)
H o
Thompson(1995a)
Kellow(1998)
Shaver(1992)
Wilkinson(1992)
Karl Pearson
Ronald Fisher
Eta2
(Huston,1995)(Kirk,1996)
Kellow(1988)
McLean
٦٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
and Ernest(1998)
(p.4)
Palomares(1990)
Keaster,1988,p.13
ρ calculated
ρ < 0.001)
ρ <0.05
(Wilkinson,1992
Lane(2000)
ρ
– –
٧٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Huston(1993)
(p.5)
Shaver(1992)
BA
X
(p.15)
Cohen
(Shaver,1992,p.10
(Huston,1993)
(I)
(I)
(Keaster,1988)
٧١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Daniel(1997) (Daniel,1997,p.12)
ρ
Snyder and Lawson(1992)
(Association)
(p.13)
McLean and Ernest(1998)
(p.9)
(Kirk,1996)
(Nix and
Kellow(1998) Barnette, 1998)
(p.13)
٧٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ρ
ρ calculated
ρ
ρ
ρ
ρ
Shaver(1992)(Nix and Barnette,1998
Keaster(1988)
ρ
ρ
(Snyder and Lawson,1992
ρ –
(Shaver,1992)
ρ calculated
H o
H o
٧٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
H o ρ calculated =0.005
Η o 0.005
•
H o •
(Cohen,1990)Lane,2000 H o
Lane(2000)
H o π = 0.5
H o
H o
H o
H o
ρ calculated
H o
٧٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Lane,2000
Replicability ρ
Kirk(1996)
ρ
Nix and Barnette(1998)
ρ
ρ
Thompson(1994)
McLean and Ernest(1998)
Carver(1978)
Wilkinson(1992)
٧٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Keaster(1988)
Daniel(1997) (p.13)
ρ
(p.13)
Daniel(1997)
ρ calculated
(Daniel,1997)
(Daniel,1997( ρ <0.000000001
(Daniel,1997)
Huston(1993)
Keaster,1988)
Bailar
٧٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Slack,1997
Nix and Barnette(1998)
Lane(2000)
Kirk(1996)
H o
Nissan
Cadillac
Cadillac
ρ
(Lane,2000
٧٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Snyder and Thomson(1998)
(Snyder and Thomson,1998)
Knapp(1998)
Nix and Barnette(1998)
Kirk(1996)
H o
p( H O D) D
p( D H O )
p( H O D) p( D H O )
ρ
(Kirk,1996)
٧٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Huston(1993)
Kirk(1996)
Continuum
uncertainty
ρ =0.06
ρ =0.05
Nix and Barnette(1998)(Kirk,1996)
ρ
Rosnow &
Rosenthal(1988)
(Wilkinson,1992
٧٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
–
Keaster(1988)
Carver(1993)
(Keaster,1988
٨٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Keaster,1988,p.33
Nix and Barnette(1998)
( pp.12-13 )
Wilkinson(1992)
(p.819)
Sir
Ronald
(Wilkinson,1992,pp.817-
823
–
(Daniel,1998a)
٨١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(McLean and Ernest,1998; Nix and
Barnette,1998b; Knapp,1998; Daniel,1998b;Thompson,1998b )
Kirk(1996) Nix and Barnette(1998)
Suen
(McLean and Ernest,1998,p.17
•
•
•
•
٨٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Statistical Power–
H o (II)
Huston(1993)(Wilkinson,1992)
(p.13)
β n α
(II)
(Wilkinson,1992
Nix and Barnette(1998)
(I)
(I)
(II)
(Nix and Barnette,1998)
٨٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Nix and Barnette,1998)
(Huston,1993)
A
B
D
(Lane,2000)
٨٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Lane,2000)
α
(Lane,2000)
(Lane,2000)
٨٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
σ
2
(Lane,2000)
(Nix and
Barnette,1998)
Cohen
α n
Huston,1993
RossiHuston(1993)
٨٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(null results)
Huston(1993)
Huston(1993)
(II)
The file drawer Rosenthal
problem
(I)
(Huston,1993) ρ >0.05
Cohen(1988)
(Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral
Sciences
UCLA
http://www.stat.ucla.edu
٨٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Confidence Interval –
(Lane,2000)
(Hotulsky,1995)
(Lane,2000)
(Hotulsky,1995)
Nix and Barnette(1998)
Kirk(1996)
Nix and Barnette(1998)
٨٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Wilkinson(1992)
α α
× ±
µ
σ x x
σ
σx =
n
(Wilkinson,1992)
x
2 2
=
0.32 6.324 40 σ x n
x ± (1.96)σ x
× ±
±
µ
٨٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Lane,2000) ρ
p
0.71.0 ρ
(0.007) (0.05) ρ
Lane(2000)
(Lane,2000)
٩٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Lane,2000 n
Knapp(1998)
Lane(2000)
µ1
µ1 µ 2 µ 2
− 0.5 ≤ µ1 − µ 2 ≤ 1.0
–
–
(Lane,2000)
٩١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ρ
•
•
•
ρ •
ρ
(StatSoft,2000)
٩٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Effect Size–
Wilkinson(1992)
Shaver
α
APA
McLean and Ernest(1998)
Shaver
(McLean and Ernest,1998,p.18
(Wilkinson,1992
Kellow(1998)
McClain(1995)
٩٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(p.299)
Huston(1993)
MetaAnalysis
Nix and Barnette(1998)
Snyder Kellow(1998)
Huston(1993) and Lawson(1992)
Effect size
Strength of association
(Huston,1993; Kirk,1996; Snyder
and Lawson,1992)
٩٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Snyder and Thompson(1992)
Association
Kirk(1996)
Effect Size
Kellow(1998)
(Kellow,1998)
٩٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
10
10
d
(Kellow,1998
Cohen(1988)
d
d Cohen(1988)
µ1 − µ 2
d=
σ
d
µ1 − µ 2
σ
(Cohen,1988)
σ=
(σ 1 )2 + (σ 2 )2
2
٩٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
σ 2 σ 1
(d)
d = 2t dfσ
( r ) d
d
r=
d 2 + 4σ
r
2
d
r pbis
r pbis = t 2 /(t 2 + df )
2
r pbis
2
r pbis
f
η2
f=
η 2 −1
η
2
SSbetween
eta 2 = η 2 =
SStotal
SSbetween
(Cohen,1988) SStotal
٩٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
χ W
2
χ2
W=
n
(Cohen,1988) n
(r2)
(Cohen,1988)
(Snyder and Lawson,1992)
eta2
ε ω Omega2 η
2 2 2
Correlational
R
2
η eta2ANOVA R
2 2
SSbetween
eta 2 = η 2 =
(Kellow,1998) SStotal
Kirk(1996)
٩٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Heterogeneity
(Kellow,1889)
n =4 n =4 n =4 n =4
Eta 2 Eta 2
d d
ρ calculated ρ calculated
٩٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ρ calculated =0.002
ρ calculated =0.15
Eta 2 d
(Kellow,1998)
Association
(Kellow,1998 ρ
Overestimates
Reliability
١٠٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
n
Heterogeneity
Unbiased
(Snyder and Lawson,1992)
(Palomares,1990)
Cohen(1988)
(Snyder and Lawson,1992)
d =1.0
(Shaver,1992)
١٠١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(McLean and
Ernest,1998)
d d
Knapp(1998)
(Nix and Barnette,1998b)
Univariate
Multivariate
(Snyder and Lawson,1992,p.22
(Huston,1993)
١٠٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Replication–
Thompson Carver
Wilkinson,1992
(Lane,2000)
Cohen(Gillaspy,1996)
Thompson
(Gillaspy,1996
(McLean and Ernest,1998)
(Snyder and Thompson,1998)
(McLean and Ernest,1998)
(Nix and Barnette,1998b)
١٠٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Snyder and Thompson(1998)
ρ
(Snyder and Thompson,1998)
Cohen
H o
H o
Snyder and Thompson,1998
(Nix and
Barnette,1998)
Thompson(1999c)
(McLean and Ernest,1998)
١٠٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Cross-Validation) •
(The bootstrap •
(The jackknife) •
(Thompson and Snyder,1997a; Daniel,1997; Nix and
Barnette,1998)
(Gillaspy,1996;
Daniel,1998a)
(Cross-validation)
–
(Cross-Validation(Palomares,1990)
(Gillaspy,1996; Nix and Barnette,1998)
١٠٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Bootstrap)
(Mega File)
n
(Palomares,1990)
(Gillaspy,1996)DISCSTRA
(Jackknife)
(Gillaspy,1996) Tukey
(Bootstrap) (Jackknife)
k N
n
(Jackknife)
(Bootstrap) (Jackknife)
(Knapp,1998)
(Daniel,1998b; Thompson and Snyder,1997a)
١٠٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
McLean and Ernest(1998)
Huston(1993)
Nix and
Barnette(1998)
Huston(1993)(p.7)
–
(Snyder and
Thomson,1998)
١٠٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Keaster,1988; Huston,1993)
Thompson(1988)
–
McLean and Ernest(1998) Thompson(1998c)
Wilkinson(1992)
(Palomares,1990)
(Thompson,1998d)
ρ calculated
(McLean and Ernest,1998; Thompson and Snyder,1997b)
(Thompson,1994)
Subjective
١٠٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
d
(Kellow,1998; Thompson,1994 )
What If
(Daniel,1998a; Daniel,1997)
Spencer(1995)(Palomares,1990)
١٠٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
McLean and Ernest(1998)
(McLean and Ernest,1998)
(Daniel,1998a; Daniel,1997)
(McLean and
Ernest,1998)
Cross-validation, Bootstrap, and Jackknife
(McLean and Ernest,1998; Thompson and
Snyder,1997a; Palomares,1990; Thpmpson,1994)
١١٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١١١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ρ
١١٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ρ
ρ
١١٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
–
120
100
97
80
60
40
20
اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
0
اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ وأﺧﺮى
اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ
١١٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ وأﺧﺮى
2.0%
اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ
98.0%
Thompson(1999)
Thompson & Snyder(1997)
Kirk(1996)
١١٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
50
40
40
30 31
26
20
اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ
10
اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ
اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
0 اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻻﻟﺔ وأﺧﺮى
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ
اﻟﻘﺴﻢ
١١٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
–
(F) (t)
Ft
Ft
Ft
100
80 85
60
40
20
اﻟﺘﻜﺮارات
14
0
ﻻ ﻧﻌﻢ
اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات )ف( و )ت( ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻷﺛﻴﺮ
Ft
١١٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ﻻ
14.1%
ﻧﻌﻢ
85.9%
Ft
F t
١١٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Ft
Ft
Ft
40
30 31
30
24
20
10 اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ف و ت
9
اﻟﺘﻜﺮارات
ﻻ
0 2 3 ﻧﻌﻢ
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ
اﻟﻘﺴﻢ
Ft
١١٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
–
ρ
ρ
p
ρ
ρ
ρ
100
92
80
60
40
20
اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
0 7
ﻻ ﻧﻌﻢ
اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ
p
١٢٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ρ
ﻧﻌﻢ
7.1%
ﻻ
92.9%
p
ρ
Harcum(1989) Plucker(1997)
ρ
١٢١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
p
ρ
ρ
ρ
40
37
30 31
24
20
10
p اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻴﻤﺔ
ﻻ
اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
3
0 2 2 ﻧﻌﻢ
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ
p
ρ
١٢٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
–
ρ
ρ
p
H o ρ
H o ρ
ρ
–
ρ
ρ
p
ρ
ρ
١٢٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ρ
–
2900
2838
2800
2700
2600
2575
اﻟﺘﻜﺮارات
2500
اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻏﻴﺮاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
١٢٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
29.0
28.7
28.5
28.0
27.5
27.0
26.5
26.0
26.0
اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ
25.5
اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻏﻴﺮاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
47.6%
اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻏﻴﺮاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
52.4%
١٢٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
20
95% CI اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
10
-10
-20
N= 99
ﺣﺪود اﻟﺜﻘﺔ
–
١٢٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Daniel(1997)Keaster(1988)Wilkinson(1992)
Nix & Barnette(1998)Huston(1993)
70
60 63
50
40
30 33
25 24
20 22 اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
ًإﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴ ﺎ
10
اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ
10 اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻏﻴﺮاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
0 ًإﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴ ﺎ
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ
اﻟﻘﺴﻢ
١٢٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
70
60
50
40
30
20 اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
ًإﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎ
10
اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ
اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻏﻴﺮاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
0 ًإﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎ
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻟﻘﺴﻢ
١٢٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
40
20
95% CI اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻲ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
N= 26 40 33
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻟﻘﺴﻢ
–
١٢٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
400
371
300
235
اﻟﺘﻜﺮارات
200
اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت اﻷﺧﺮى
١٣٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
4.0
3.7
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.4
اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ
2.0
اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت اﻷﺧﺮى
اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت اﻷﺧﺮى
38.8%
اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ
61.2%
١٣١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
3.0
ﻟﻠﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت%٩٥ ﺣﺪود اﻟﺜﻘﺔ
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
0.0
N= 99
اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت
١٣٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
(Snyder and Thompson,1998)
Snyder& Thompson(1998)
Kirk(1996)
١٣٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
5
5
4
3 3 3
3
2
اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ
اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ
1
1
اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ
اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ
0 اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ
اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ
١٣٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
6
ﻟﻠﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺎؤﻻت اﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ وﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت%٩٥ ﺣﺪود اﻟﺜﻘﺔ
-2
-4
N= 26 40 33
اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ
اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ
–
ρ
p
١٣٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ρ
–
ρ
–
ﻻ
.1%
ﻧﻌﻢ
ﻻ
ﻧﻌﻢ
99.9%
٠٫٠٦ و٠٫٠٥١ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ
p
– ρ
١٣٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ﻻ
4.0%
ﻧﻌﻢ
96.0%
اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ
٠٫٠٦ و٠٫٠٥١ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ
p
ρ
١٣٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
–
Kirk(1996)
Nix and Barnette(1998)
–
١٣٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
Wilkinson,1992Cohen(1988)
–
١٣٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
120
100
97
80
60
40
20
اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
0
ﻧﻌﻢ ﻻ
اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ
١٤٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ﻧﻌﻢ
2.0%
ﻻ
98.0%
Thompson(1999)
Thompson & Snyder(1997)
McLean(1995)
Kirk(1996)Ft
١٤١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
r2
(r2)
–
١٤٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١٤٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
•
•
•
•
•
١٤٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
•
•
•
•
•
–
ρ
ρ
ρ
١٤٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ρ
١٤٦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
–
ρ
ρ
ρ
١٤٧ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
–
١٤٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١٤٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١٥٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١٥١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١٥٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١٥٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
t
١٥٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
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١٦٨ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١٦٩ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١٧٠ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ
ﺭﻗﻢ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻡ
ﺍﳌﻬﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﱘ Pﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ
ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ
ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ
١٧١ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١٧٢ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ: ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ....................................................................................................... :
.......................................................
£ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ £ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ £ :ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﲣﻄﻴﻂ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ £ :ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ £ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ £ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺎﰎﹼ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨـــﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑـﻌــﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﻏﲑ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﻏﲑ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﻏﲑ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﺍﻤﻮﻉ
ﻏﲑ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﻣـﻼﺣـﻈـــﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻧﻌﻢ ﺍﳌﺸــﻜـﻠــﻪ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ /ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ(
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ /ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ(
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ) ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ( ... ،
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ) ﺩﺍﻝ /ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ( ﻓﻘﻂ.
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ρﻛﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ρﻟﺘﻘﻮﱘ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻴﻢ ρﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ( ٠,٠٦ – ٠,٠٥١
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ
ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
١٧٣ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١٧٤ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
١٧٥ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ
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