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ENGINEERING
EEL101
TRANSFORMERS
| Lect. 24
| (12th Nov. 2010)
TRANSFORMERS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT-
PHASOR DIAGRAM,
PERFORMANCE
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER -
CONSTRUCTION
PHASOR DIAGRAM
E1=V1
E2=V2
Φm
Practical Transformer on
No-Load
An ideal transformer at no load draws zero
current from the supply
but a practical transformer does draw some
current called
“ no – load current” through its primary
winding for two reasons.
Phasor Diagram of Practical
Transformer on No-Load.
Complete Phasor Diagram on No-Load.
Equivalent Circuit of Practical
Transformer on No-Load.
Practical Transformer On
Load
Practical
ATransformer
practical transformer is different from the
ideal transformer in the following ways:
Ll1 = N1 d Φl1/dt
The voltage balance equation on primary side
can be now written as
v1 = i1 R1 + Ll1 d i1/dt + e1
V1 = i1 R1 + j (ω Ll1) I1 + E1
Defining ω Ll1 as the primary leakage
reactance x11 at supply frequency ω, we can
write
V1 = (R1 + j x11) I1 + E1
Voltage balance on the primary side can be
written as
v1 = i1 R1 + N1 d Φl1/dt + N1 dΦm/dt
e1 = N1 d Φm/dt = v1 – i1R1 – N1 d
Φl1/dt
Similarly on the secondary side
the net voltage available at the
terminals is not the same as the induced
voltage, e2= N2 d Φm/dt, but reduced due
to the effect of the secondary winding
resistance R2 and the secondary leakage
flux Φl2.
V2 = E2 - (R2 + j x12) I2
¾ The voltage drops due to resistances and
leakage reactances are proportional to
currents, the elements R1,Xl1 and R2 , Xl2
would be the series elements.
¾ The rest of the circuit showing turnsN1and
N2 transform the voltage E1 to E2 in
proportion to number of turns.
¾ The no load current has been ignored in
previous fig. A more exact equivalent circuit
that incorporates the no load circuit is shown
in the next slide.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Steady state equations on primary and
secondary side can be written as
V1 = (R1 + j Xl1) I1 + E1
V2 = E2 - (R2 + j Xl2) I2
The above two equations suggest an
equivalent circuit for the transformer as
shown in fig.
EXACT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
¾ In the above circuit the dotted box is an
ideal transformer which transforms currents
and voltages strictly as per the turns ratio
and does not take any magnetizing current.
It is core loss free and windings are
resistance free.
¾ Quantities R1, Xl1 , R2 , Xl2 ,Rc , Xm are
called the equivalent circuit parameters of a
transformer.
¾ For ease of analysis it is required to
represent the voltages, currents and circuit
parameters of one side of the transformer to
the other side by suitable fictitious values.
Such values are called referred values.
REFERRING CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES
¾ Currents and voltages are transformed
according to turns ratio. A current I2 in
secondary calls for an equivalent current I2’
to be drawn in primary so as to
counterbalance the secondary mmf.
I2’ N1 = I2 N2
or I2’ = I2 [N2/N1] = I2 /a
¾ Where ‘a’ represents the turns ratio N2/N1
and I2’ is called the secondary current
referred to primary.
Likewise a voltage V2 on the secondary side
will be equivalent to V2’ on the primary side
as given by
V2’/ V2= N1/N2
Or V2’ = V2 [N1/N2] = a V2
From the equations in previous slide and in
present it can be observed that volt-ampere
balance is established i.e. V2'.I2' = V2.I2
REFERRING IMPEDANCES:
An impedance Z2 present on the secondary
side as shown in figure will become Z2’
when referred or transferred to primary side
such that the voltage drops are related
according to turn ratio as
(I2'Z2' )/(I2Z2) = N1/N2 Î Z2' = (N1/N2) (I2'/I2)Z2
Î(N1/N2) (N1/N2) Z2 = a2 Z2
¾ Similarly if we compare the real and
imaginary parts of the Z2’ and a2Z2, then we
get R2' = a2R2
Xl2' = a2 Xl2
give the values of secondary resistance and
leakage reactance referred to primary side.
¾ On the same lines the quantities I1, V1, R1
Xl1 etc. of primary side can be referred to
secondary.
I1' = aI1 , V1' = V1/a, Z1' = Z1/a2
Where ‘a’ is still N1/N2
¾ By referring all the secondary quantities to
primary side the equivalent circuit of
transformer can be redrawn as shown in
below figure. Here the load impedance ZL
has been transferred to the primary side
with its referred value as ZL' = a2ZL
¾ Likewise , if all the primary quantities
including the shunt branch are referred to
secondary side will result in circuit shown
below
¾ In order to make calculations simpler without
losing appreciable accuracy the results of
the shunt branch compromising Rc and Xm
can be shifted to either primary or
secondary terminals due to relatively high
values of these parameters in most
transformers compared to the series
parameters.
¾ It results in following two L-networks
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A
PRACTICAL
TRANSFORMER ON
LOAD
• Start with the secondary terminal
voltage V2', and the current I2' whose
phasor position and magnitudes are
decided by the load impedance.
V1
θ1
E2’=E1 jI1xl1
Ic
jI2’xl2’
V’2 I1R1
Im I0 I2’ I2’R2’
I1
θ2
Phasor Diagram of Practical Transformer
on Load. (Neglecting I0)
• From the phasor diagram input and
output power factor angles θ1 (i.e.
between V1 and I1 ) and θ2 (between V2'
, and I2 ' ) can be identified.
•Efficiency
•Voltage regulation.
V2 I2 cosθ2
η = ----------------------------------------
V2 I2 cosθ2 + I22 R2eq +
Pc
dη/dI2 = 0
It b t d th t l dV V’
Output power
Percentage efficiency = ------------------------------------------ x 100
Output power + losses
V2 I2 cosθ2
η = ----------------------------------------
V2 I2 cosθ2 + I22 R2eq +
Pc
dη/dI2 = 0
|V’1| - |V2|
V.R. = ----------------
|V2|
ob – oa
V.R. = ---------------
oa
ab
= ---------
oa
I2.R2eq.cos θ2 + I2.X1eq.sin θ2
= --------------------------------------------
V2
Contd..,
• For the same load current the input
voltage is dependent on the load power
factor.
It b t d th t l dV V’
TRANSFORMERS
V1
θ1
E2’=E1 jI1xl1
Ic
jI2’xl2’
V’2 I1R1
Im I0 I2’ I2’R2’
I1
θ2
APPROX. EQ. CIRCUIT (REF. TO
PRY)
APPROX. PHASOR DIAGRAM
V1’
jI2
θ2 V2 Xeq
I2 Req
I2= I1’
TESTING
TESTING OF
TRANSFORMERS
• After a transformer is manufactured it is
subjected to different tests to ensure
expected performance.
• Testing a Transformer is an important
procedure to ensure reliability to consumers.
• These tests would also help in the
determination of parameters from which
the performance such as voltage regulation
and efficiency can be predicted.
• Detailed tests to be conducted on a
transformer are specified in standards such
as IS: 2026, IEC 76 , BS.171 (IS – Indian
Standard, IEC – International
Electrotechnical Commission, BS – British
St d d)
Various tests on a
Transformer:
¾ Ratio and Polarity test
¾ Measurement of winding resistance
¾ Zero output tests
¾ No load test – measurement of no-load loss
and current.
¾ Short circuit test – measurement of
impedance, parameters and load losses
¾ Back to back test
¾ Measurement of insulation resistance
¾ Dielectric tests
¾ Temperature rise test
¾ Impulse voltage test
¾ Noise level test.
• Tests 1 to 5 are known as “ routine tests”
to which all transformers are subjected to.
• No-Load test
Test)
No-Load test
• This test is also called Open circuit (o.c.)
test as it is conducted with the secondary
winding open circuited .
• With the secondary winding kept open,
rated voltage is applied on the LV
side, through a single phase supply using
a variac.
• The voltage, current and power are
measured in the primary circuit.
• Normally LV side is used as primary
since the supply voltage required would
be of low value.
Circuit for Open Circuit test on
Transformer
Contd…,
• The magnetizing current, core loss, and the
equivalent circuit parameters Rc, Xm can be
determined from this test.
Vsc
j Isc Xeq
| = K1 f + K2 f2
( K1 and K2 are constants)
| or Pc/f = K1 + K2 f
VARIATION OF PC/F WITH
FREQUENCY
Slope=K2
Pc/f
K1
frequency
| From this test it can also be observed that
| waveforms of magnetizing current will be non-
sinusoidal with rich third harmonics and
| core flux will be sinusoidal.
A MODERN VARIANT OF THIS TEST
| Use Virtual Instrumentation and Labview.
| Sense v, i using voltage and current sensors.