c


    
SA/Volume ratio is important for: Transport in/out of cells

Metabolic processes such as

Photosynthesis and breaking down of
food and absorption.
   
! Most important reaction to take place in a living organism
Photosynthesis:
CO2 + WATER + chlorophyll Glucose + O 2
Sun light

! This is because all living organism relay on producers to supply

energy to any ecosystem.
This is with exception of R
 .

  
     

      
Glucose + O 2 CO2 + CO2 + WATER + chlorophyll
Sun light
WATER + ENERGY Glucose + O2
Take place in Mitochondria Take place in chloroplast
Use GLUCOSE for cell Make GLUCOSE using Solar
work/energy energy
! Glucose can be stored in plants as STARCH.

! To be used GLOCOSE need to be converted into ATP form.

! Photosynthesis is the source of GLUCOSE and from there on this

biological energy is past on along the food chain.
  R           
   




Primary Functions:

1. Attachment to substrate
2. Water and nutrient uptake
3. Transport of water and food
4. Food storage

! Root hairs at the tips of roots provide large surface area to

increase the opportunity for the uptake of water and mineral
nutrients.

! Water is taken up through the process of osmosis.

! Minerals are mainly transported into the roots by active transport.

! Specialized tissues in the interior of the roots transport water and

dissolved substances.
 Leaves

Primary function
1. Food production (Photosynthesis)
2. Light absorption
3. Gas exchanges
4. Food and nutrient transport

! Their structure is optimized to meet the needs of food production:

a flat, horizontal surface to absorb sunlight that is thin to allow
efficient gas
exchange (carbon dioxide coming in; oxygen going out) to the
photosynthesizing cells.

! They also have regular networks of veins (vascular tissues) to

move nutrients into the leaves (where they are needed to produce
enzymes) and to move surplus food production out of them.

! At the cellular level, the interior of each leaf has a typical

organization. There is an epidermis on the top and on the bottom,
the cells of which lack chloroplasts and have a thick, waxy layer on
the exterior (cuticle).

! Under the upper epidermis are one or more layers of cells that are
filled with chloroplasts and conduct most of the photosynthesis of
 the plant (mesophyll).

! Veins run through the mesophyll and consist of extensions of

xylem and phloem tissue from the stem ± there may also be
strengthening fibers as well.

! Air exchange is conducted through specialized structures called

stomata that consist of two guard cells that control the size of the
opening and are located on top of a cavity (stoma) through
which the gases may flow.

! In some plants, the stomata are located only on the lower

epidermis to limit the amount of water loss when the sun is shining.

 R    

Stroma - fluid that fills inside of chloroplast

Thylakoids - disk shaped interconnected sacs
Grana - piled stacks of thylakoids

The arrangement of the Grana increases the surface area so that light
reaction is more efficient.

 
    

STAGE 1 - CALLED THE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS. Energy is
Capture from Sunlight. Water is Split into Hydrogen Ions, Electrons, and
Oxygen (O2). The O2 Diffuses out of the Chloroplasts (Byproduct).

STAGE 2 - The Light Energy is Converted to Chemical Energy, which is

Temporarily Stored in ATP and NADPH.