Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
MUHAMMAD QASIM
Acknowledgement
From the beginning we are highly thankful to Almighty ALLAH who
endowed us the will, energy and made circumstances in our favor
to complete the project. We find our utmost duty to express deepest
sense of gratitude to our loving parents who devote their life for the
sake of our bright future, our teacher who provides us support,
encouragement, valuable suggestion and technical guidance in
completing our desertion.
2 Data Booklet
1. Abstract
Now-a-days cheap and fast means of transportation is not available
all over the world. The purpose of the project is to show the working
of hovercraft (hovertrain) by fluid flow phenomenon to hover the
craft (train) by using the equation of continuity, the idea was
conceived during class discussion when studying the topics of fluid
dynamics and permanent magnet.
As
When considering the source of energy (fuel), energy from solar cell
and when other parameters (like speed, terminal velocity etc) are
being considered it have nearly same efficiency.
Idea Conceived
During the discussion in college we arrived at the facts of fluid
dynamics and mystery of magnets and magnetic field.
Av=CONSTANT
v α 1/A
a) By Bernoulli’s relation,
h₁ = h₂ = h
So P₁ +1/2ρv² ₁ = P₂ + 1/2ρv² ₂
P₂ - P₁ = 1/2ρv²₁ - 1/2ρv²₂
P₂ -P₁ ≈ 1/2ρv₁²
Equations are:
Equation of continuity = (A)(v) = Constant
And Bernoulli’s Relation,
Pressure + ½ (ρ)(v)² + (ρ)(g)(h) = Constant
7. Data
P =F/A= W/A=mg/A
A = 1/2bc + ax
A = 1/2(1.06)(0.305) + (1.21)(1.06)
A = 1.4412m²
So,
P = mg/A
P = 300X9.8/1.442
P = 2014 Pa
For Circular Hovercraft
Mass = __1__kg
Propeller Pitch = _12_cm
(_0.12__m)
Max propeller RPM = _700/V_
(_11.67_cycles/s)
Theoretical Thrust Velocity = __10.1_m/s
Achieved Terminal velocity = __6.3_m/s
Acceleration = _0.778_m/s2
Force = mass x acceleration
Force = __1__x_0.778_ = _0.778_ N
Propeller radius r =_0.04_m => A = πr² = 3.14 x (0.045)2
A = _0.00635_ m2
P = F/A = (0.778)/( 0.00635) = _122.51_Pa
Propulsion calculations
Mass = __0.525__kg
Propeller Pitch = _10_cm
(_0.1__m)
Max propeller RPM = _1000/V_
(_11.67_cycles/s)
Theoretical Thrust Velocity = __12_m/s
Achieved Terminal velocity = _10__m/s
Acceleration = _0.822_m/s2
Force = mass x acceleration
Force = __0.525__x_0.822_ = _0.431_ N
Propeller radius r = _0.04_m => A = πr² = 3.14 x (0.005)2
A = _0.005_ m2
P = F/A = (0.431)/( 0.005) = _86.2_Pa
Upward pressure calculation
A=lxb
A = (0.302)x(0.22)
A = 0.0664m² (area of one hovercraft)
Total area=0.0664 x 2
=0.1328
P = m x g/A
P = (0.525)x(9.8)/ 0.1328
P = 5.145/0.1328
P = 38.719 Pa
RC hovercraft
Hovertrain
9. Energy Suggestions
The energy source requirement for hovertrain led us to suggest
natural available energy sources. Fossil fuel is expensive and not
environment friendly. The most appropriate should be solar energy
but solar panels are very expensive and can not be used at night.
Another suggestion is to extract energy stored in the magnetic field
of permanent magnets. We made an attempt and designed a motor
to convert this available energy into mechanical. Further this
mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy to drive
the train. In addition to this a special brake system is designed
which converts kinetic energy of hovertrain into potential energy this
additional energy will be stored in batteries this will minimize the
energy loss due to friction.
10. Magnetic Motor
The idea of magnetic motor came in class discussion during study
of energy storage in magnetic field in inductors in earth’s field and
in permanent magnets. The question arises in our minds was:
Q. Can electron retain its energy to remain in its orbit while energy
from orbital motion of electron (from its magnetic field) is extracted?
Q. What are virtual particles (Do not include question again) Can
we apply thermodynamic theory on it or not?
After research we came to know about some theories about virtual
particles including its proof.
12. Result
w = 784N
w = 3500N
• For RC hovercraft
w = 18N
• For hovertrain
w = 6.25N
• For RC hovercraft
v = 6.3m/s
• For hovertrain
v = 10m/s
• For RC hovercraft
a = 0.627m/s2
• For hovertrain
a = 0.8m/s2
• For RC hovercraft
• For hovertrain
13. Conclusion
The Engineering goals achieved are: