Training Session on Energy

Equipment
Electrical Equipment/

Electricity
Electricity

Presentation from the

“Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia”
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

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© UNEP 2006
 Training Agenda: Electricity

• Future electricity scenario

Electrical Equipment/

• Generation & distribution

• Phase of electricity
Electricity

• Active and reactive power

• Power factor correction
• Electrical load management
• Electrical billing mechanisms
• Transformers 2
© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

General Electricity Scenario

Electrical Equipment/

• Development can be measured by a

nation’s electricity consumption
Electricity

• Electricity usage is divided into:

a) Industrial
b) Commercial and residential
c) Agriculture and irrigation

• Electricity important input for

industry
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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

General Electricity Scenario

Electrical Equipment/

International Energy Agency predicts for 2030:

•
Electricity

78% of population in developing countries

has access to electricity
• 1.4 billion people no access
• 665 billion US$ needed to overcome this

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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

General Electricity Scenario

Electrical Systems/

• How can electricity supply shortage

be solved?
Electricity

a) Renovation and modernization of plants,

transmission and distribution systems
b) Demand side management with the
utilization of energy efficiency
technologies
c) Awareness raising among energy users
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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Generation & Distribution

• Electricity generation: fossil fuels and
Electrical Systems/

uranium
Electricity

• Renewable energy is growing

World electricity generation by

energy

Renewable 21%

Nuclear 16%

Fossil fuels 63%

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(US Energy Information Administration, 2004) © UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Generation & Distribution

Electrical Systems/

Power plant Transmission Distribution system

system
Generator
Electricity

GT
220 KV
Distribution

Step down
transformer
10.6 KV

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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Generation & Distribution

Electrical Systems/

• AC generators (“alternators”) generate

electricity
Electricity

• Electricity generated at 9-13 KV

• Power generated from 67.5 to 1000 MW

• Power stations: generating transformers

(GTs) to increase voltage to 132-400 KV
• Substations: step-down transformers to
reduce voltage before distribution
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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Generation & Distribution

Electrical Systems/

Benefits of high voltage transmission

• Less voltage drop: good voltage regulation
Electricity

• Less power loss: high transmission

efficiency
• Smaller conductor: lower costs

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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Phase of Electricity
Electrical Systems/

Single phase AC circuit:

• Two wires connected
to electricity source
Electricity

• Direction of current
changes many times
per second

3-phases of an electric system

(Wikipedia contributors, 2005)
Three phase systems:
• 3 lines with electricity from 3 circuits
• One neutral line
• 3 waveforms offset in time: 50-60 cycles/second 10
© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Phase of Electricity
Electrical Systems/

Star connection
Electricity

Delta connection

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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Active and Reactive Power

• Active power (kW): real power used
Electrical Systems/

• Reactive power (kVAR): virtual power that

Electricity

determines load/demand
• Utility pays for total power (kVA)

kVA = √ (KW)2 + (KVAR)2

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Source: OIT © UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Power Factor Correlation

Electrical Systems/
Electricity

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Figure: Power factor of electric circuit © UNEP 2006
 Electricity

PF Correction: Capacitors
• kVAR demand should be as low as
Electrical Systems/

possible for the same kW output

Electricity

Figure: Capacitor as kVAR generator

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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

PF Correction:
Capacitors
Electrical Systems/

• Act as reactive
Electricity

power
generators
• Reduce reactive
power
• Reduce total
power generated
by the utilities Figure: Fixed capacitor banks
Source: Ecatalog 15
© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

PF Correction: Capacitors
Electrical Systems/

Advantages for company:

• One off investment for capacitor
Electricity

• Reduced electricity costs:

• Total demand reduced
• No penalty charges
• Reduced distribution losses
• Increased voltage level at load end, improved
motor performance
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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

PF Correction: Capacitors
Electrical Systems/

Advantages for utility:

•
Electricity

Reduced reactive component of network

• Reduced total current in the system from
the source end
• Reduced I2R power losses
• Reduced need to install additional
distribution network capacity

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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Electrical Load Management

• Goal: reduce maximum electricity demand
Electrical Systems/

to lower the electricity costs

Electricity

• Load curve predicts patterns in demand

KVA

Daily load curve of an

engineering industry
(National Productivity 18
Council, India) Hours
© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Electrical Load Management

Electrical Systems/

Strategies to manage peak load demand:

• Shift non-critical / non-continuous process
Electricity

loads to off-peak time

• Shed non-essential loads during peak time
• Operate in-house generation or diesel generator
(dg) sets during peak time
• Operate AC units during off-peak times and
utilize cool thermal storage
• Install power factor correction equipment
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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Electricity Billing Mechanism

Electrical Systems/

• Energy charges
Electricity

• Actual charges based on active power

• Charge based on apparent power
• Maximum demand charges
• Based on maximum demand registered
• Penalty for peak load

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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Electricity Billing Mechanism

Electrical Systems/

• Power factor penalty or bonus

Electricity

• Fuel costs
• Electricity duty charges
• Meter rentals
• Lighting & fan power consumption
• Time of Day (TOD) rates

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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Electricity Billing Mechanism

Electrical Systems/

Utility uses trivector meter for measurement

during billing cycle (usually month):
Electricity

• Maximum demand
• Active energy in kWh
• Reactive energy in kVArh
• Apparent energy in kVAh

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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Electricity Billing Mechanism

• Demand
Electrical Systems/

measured in time
intervals
Electricity

• Maximum
demand is
highest reading
• Customer
charged on
highest
maximum
demand value!
A Typical Demand Curve 23
(National Productivity Council)
© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Transformer
• Static electrical device that
Electrical Systems/

transforms electrical energy

from one voltage level to
Electricity

another
• Two or more coils linked
magnetically but electrically
Figure 12: A view of a
insulated transformer
(Indiamart.com)

• Turns Ratio: turns on 2nd coil (connected to load)

turns on 1st coil (connected to power source)
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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Transformer types
Electrical Systems/

Transformers are classified based on:

Electricity

• Input voltage
• Operation
• Location
• Connection

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© UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Transformer Losses & Efficiency

PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD + (% Load/100)2 x PLOAD
Electrical Systems/

PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD + (Load KVA/Rated KVA)2 x PLOAD

Electricity

Transformer loss versus percent loading (BEE, 2004)

• Transformer losses: constant and variable

• Best efficiency: load where constant loss =
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variable loss © UNEP 2006
 Electricity

Electricity Formulae
Electrical Systems/

• Resistance (Ohm) • Power factor

• Voltage (Volts) • Efficiency
Electricity

• Reactance • Transformer ratio

• Impedance • Voltage drop in a
line
• Real power (Watt)
• Star connection
• Reactive power
• Delta connection
• Apparent power

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© UNEP 2006
 Training Session on Energy
Equipment

Electricity

Electrical Systems/
Electricity

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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© UNEP GERIAP
 Disclaimer and References

• This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of

the project “Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from
Industry in Asia and the Pacific” (GERIAP). While
Electrical Systems/

reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the

contents of this publication are factually correct and
Electricity

properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility

for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall
not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned
directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the
contents of this publication. © UNEP, 2006.
• The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
• Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is
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available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org
© UNEP 2006