INDEX

• INTRODUCTION
• STONE IN MONSORY
• SOURCE OF STONE
• SANDSTONE
• LIMESTONE
• GRANITE
• MARBEL
• SLATE
 Introduction
• The stone is a unit of
weight. It is part of the
Imperial system of weight
s and measures
used in the British Isles,
and formerly used in
most Commonwealth
countries for various
purposes.
• It is equal to 14 pounds
and to 6.35029318
kilograms.
 STONE IN MASONRY
• Masonry is the building of
structures from individual
units laid in and bound
together by mortar, and the
term "masonry" can also refer
to the units themselves.
• The common materials of
masonry construction are
brick, stone such as marble,
granite, travertine, limestone;
concrete block, glass block,
and tile.
• Masonry is generally a highly
durable form of construction.
 SOURCES OF STONES
• The prehistory and history of civilization is classified into the Stone Age
, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. Although the stone age has ended virtually
everywhere, rock continue to be used to construct buildings and
infrastructure. When so used, rocks are called dimension stone.
• All of the rocks that form on the Earth are either sedimentary, igneous,
or metamorphic.
• Sedimentary rocks form where sand, mud, or pebbles collect in layers,
usually over long periods of time;where water evaporates and leaves
its dissolved minerals behind; or where calcium carbonate collects in
the ocean (coral reefs, the ocean floor).
• Sandstone forms when sand is
buried deep enough to be
cemented together under the
pressure of overlying material.
• Sandstone deposits can form
from desert dunes, beaches,
riverbeds, and continental shelf
deposits.
• It can be fine or coarse-grained.
• Many sandstones vary internally
in texture and grain size.
• Most sandstone that is used for
building stone is relatively fine-
gained and evenly textured.
• Limestone is a sedimentary rock
consists entirely of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) or magnesium
carbonate (MgCO3).
• Most of the limestone on the
planet forms in the ocean.
• Tiny, floating plants and animals
called plankton take dissolved
calcium, carbon, and oxygen from
seawater and use it to make
shells. When the plankton die,
their shells drift down to the
seafloor and collect in a sediment
called ooze. Over time, the ooze
hardens to limestone.
• Shells, bones, and corals can also
form part or all of a limestone.
• Limestone can be very hard and
take carving and polishing well,
but it is vulnerable to acid
precipitation.
 TRAVERTINE
• Travertine is a type of limestone
that forms at hot springs.
• It can be very hard and is a
common decorative or cladding
stone.
• In volcanically active areas, hot ,
acidic water can come up from
underground and pass through
limestone deposits, dissolving
them.
• When the hot water reaches the
surface, it evaporates and the
calcium carbonate is left behind.
Over time, this can accumulate
into massive beds of travertine.
 Igneous rocks form when molten rock, called
magma, solidifies within the earth's crust or
erupts to the surface from a volcano.
• Pumice is a light, foamy rock that forms when a volcano
throws blobs of hot lava into the air.
• The rock is full of hot gases that escape quickly into the air,
leaving lots of bubbles in the lava, which then cools very fast.
• Pumice is often so full of air that it can float in water.
• It is too light and brittle for most construction, but it is often
used as a decorative trim on the outside of concrete
buildings.
 GRANITE
• Granite is one of the most
common building stones. It is
strong,solid and takes a polish.
• It forms when high-silica magma
cools underground. The longer
the rock takes to cool, the larger
the crystals in the granite are.
• The most common minerals in
granite are quartz, feldspar, and
mica.
• Whether a granite is grey or pink
depends on the chemical
composition of its feldspar.
• Granite tends to occur in large
bodies called batholiths that cool
underground.
 MARBLE
Metamorphic rocks form when
rocks are heated, squeezed, and
chemically altered. This usually
happens when they are buried
deep in the Earth's crust.
• Marble forms when limestone is
buried and heated. It is hard and shiny,
and comes in many colors, depending
on its chemical impurities.
• Marble is used extensively as trim and
in statues.Since it is made of calcium
carbonate, it is vulnerable to acid
precipitation.
• In the building stone industry, some
hard, high-quality limestones are
called marble.
 SLATE
• Slate is a dark, hard rock that is used for roof tiles, stone walls, and
flagstones.
• It forms when shale, a sedimentary rock, is heated and compressed.
• Shale forms from fine sediments, such as silt and clay, which settle in
quiet environments such as swamps, deep lakes, and lagoons.
• Slate is harder than shale, but retains its flat, layered structure.
Limestone

Hyderabad Jaisalmer Kota Blue Kota Brown

Black Yellow

Sandstone

Bansi Pink Budhpura budhpura brown Burgundy

Brown
burgundy Camel Brown camel brown Dholpur Beige

dhrangadhra dhrangadhra Grey Grey

pink yellow
gwalior white Gwalior White Jodhpur Pink Jodhpur Red

Lalitpur Grey Lalitpur Yellow Modak Modak White

Rainbow savgadh Teak Wood Speckle

Granite

Absolute Black amreli black apache red Bala Flower

chamaraj nagar Chamarajanagar Chima Pink coffee brown

black Black

Copper Silk desert cream dhanpura black Galaxy Black

gd brown ghibli Giblee godhra bhadabha

grey

godhra tarsang Golden Pearl gujarat brown hadol blue

gray

Himalayan Blue himalayan blue ilkal red Ilkal Red

Imperial Pink Imperial White imperial white Jhansi Red

Marble

Agaria ambaji adanga ambaji apollo green ambaji brown

ambaji hindustan ambaji panther ambaji white Ambaji White

green
ambaji white second Andhi Indo Andhi Modern Art baroda dolomite

baroda green Bhainslana Black Fancy Brown Fancy Green

(Bidasar)
Himalaya Grey Jhiri Onyx Katni White koteshwar adanga

koteshwar albeta koteshwar brown koteshwar panther Makrana Albeta

Makrana Doongari Makrana Kumari Morwar Olive

Phalodi Pink Rampura Black Sea Green Agra Red

SlateandQuartzite
Copper Deoli Green Himachal Black Himachal Green
Mahu Multi Colour Panther Peacock (Multi
Colour)
Silver Grey Spackle    
Geological factors affecting stones
Soil erosion has correlation with the quality of
• Bedrock and soil
• Geomorphology
• Topography
• Grain size distribution
• Moisture conditions
• Climate
• Vegetation
• Amount of visitors
• Wind
Uses Qualities Stones

Road metal for Hard and tough, Basalt and trap-

rubble masonry difficult to work igneous
foundation
Pure white limestone,
Coloring material in soft and easy to form Chalk –sedimentary
manufacture of powder
Portland cement
Black color and splits
Roofing work D.P.C along natural bedding
planes, none Slate- metamorphic
absorbent