CHAPTER 1

RESPIRATION
 RESPIRATION

Human Breathing Mechanism

Transport of Oxygen in the

Human Body

The Importance of a Healthy

Respiratory System
 The Human Respiratory System
 Breathing is a physical process in which air is :
- inhaled or taken in
- exhaled or given out
 This system helps us to breathe
The Human Respiratory System
 The Process of Inhalation &
Exhalation
 Breathing is controlled by muscles
 Inhalation:

- the rib cage moves upwards & outwards

- diaphagrm contract, moves downward &
flattens
- thoracic cavity become bigger- air pressure
to decrease
Inhalation
 The Process of Inhalation &
Exhalation
 Exhalation:
- the rib cage moves downwards & inwards
- diaphragm expand & curves upwards
- the thoracic cavity becomes smaller causing
the air pressure to increase
- the higher air pressure in the lungs forces the
air out
Exhalation
A model of the human respiratory
system
Glass tube

Bell jar

Y-shaped glass tube

Balloon

Rubber sheet
A model of the human respiratory
system

Inhalation Exhalation
Compare between inhalation
and exhalation
 The Structure of Lungs
 The trachea divides into smaller tube called
bronchi which enter the lungs
 Bronchi divide into bronchioles
 Bronchioles ends to form a group of tiny, thin
walled called alveoli
 Alveolus is surrounded by a network of
capillaries
The Structure of Lungs
Trachea
 Transport of Oxygen in the
Human Body
 Alveoli & capillaries walls are only one cell
thick
 Oxygen can easily move in or out
 The movement oxygen from the alveolus into
the blood capillaries involves diffusion
 What is the diffusion?
 The movement of molecules from a region of
higher consetration of the molecules to region
of lower consetration of the molecules
 More oxygen is present in the inhaled air than
in the blood
 Oxygen difuses through the thin walls of the
alveoli, then through the capillary wall into the
blood
 Red blood cells found in our blood contain a
dark red compound- haemoglobin
 The blood capillaries that surround the alveoli
have a higher consetration of oxygen

Oxygen + Haemoglobin Oxyhaemoglobin

 The blood containing oxyhemoglobin is

transporte from lung to other parts of body
 Oxyhaemoglobin is an unstable compound
which is bright red
 It break down and release its oxygen at places
where the oxygen consetration is lower
 The cell surrounding the blood capillaries
usually have a lower oxygen concentration
Oxyhaemoglobin Oxygen + Haemoglobin
 The oxygen then diffuse through the blood
capillaries into the cells
Gaseous exchange in an alveolus

Carbon dioxide
diffuse into
the alveolus
 The Substances Which of a Healthy
Respiratory System
 The air may contain substances which are
harmful to respiratory system
 Example:

- ciggarette smoke
- carbon monoxide
- sulfur dioxide
- toxins
 1. Cigarette Smoke
 Contains many harmful substances such as
nikotine & tar
 Pollute the air and have damaging effects on
the respiratory system
The Smoker
 Harmful substances from cigarette
smoke
Tar is a sticky brown substance which:
- Kill cells in the air passages and the lungs
- Increase production of mucus in the lungs
- causes lung cancer
Carcinogens are canser-causing
agent which:
- Causes various type of cancer
Irritants are chemicals which
- Irritate the air passages and alveoli in the
lungs
- Kill cells of surface of the air passage and
lungs
Nicotine is a poisonous drug which:
- Causes addiction
- damages brain tissue
- causes stroke & heart attack
Carbon monoxide is a colourless,
odourless & poisonous gas which:
- Prevent haemoglobin from
transporting oxygen around the
body
- Causes a lack of oxygen in our
body which may lead to head-
aches, brain damage or even
death
Harmful substances in
cigarette smoke
 Harmful substances in
cigarette smoke
 The figure shows the apparatus used in an
experiment to study the effect of smoking on
the lungs. The observation are:
 The thermometer reading increases
- cigarette smoke release heat
 The cotton wool turns brownish
- tar from cigarette smoke
 The bicarbonate indicator solution turn yellowish
- carbon monoxide is a acidic gaseous
 2. Carbon Monoxide
 Also commonly found in the smoke of
vehicles
 It dangerous for us to stay inside a stationary
air-conditioned car with windows closed & its
engine running
Carbon monoxide from vehicle
 3. Sulphur Dioxide
 The burning coal and oil at factories and
power stations
 Is a colourless gas with a choking smell
 It irritates our air passages, causing coughs,
breathing difficulties, bronchitis and lung
canser
Sulphur dioxide from factories
 4. Haze
 The exhaust fumes of vehicles, open burning
and forest fire
 Made up to tiny solid particles, such as dust &
smoke
 Irritates the respiratory system, causing
respiratory disordes such as asthma
Open burning
 5. Toxins
 Released into air from cigarettes, the exhaust
fumes of vehiles and the burning of fuel
 Cause lead poisoning that kills our cells,
damage our lungs & brain, make us cough,
and cause lung diseases (emphysema)
Disease of the Respiratory System
1. Asthma:
- Caused by inhaling dust, cigarette smoke &
industrial fumes
- symptoms: shortness of breath, wheezing or
coughing
Asthma
 Disease of the Respiratory System
2. Bronchitis:
- inflammation of the bronchi caused by tar
and the irritants in cigarette smoke
- symptoms: continous coughing called
smoker cough, constant
breathlessnes and
sleeplessness
 Disease of the Respiratory System
3. Emphysema:
- alveoli of lung are enlarged & damaged
- caused by harmful air pollutant- cigarette
smoke
- symptoms: shortness of breath, the
feeling of pain while breathing,
exhaustion even from doing light work
Disease of the Respiratory System
4. Lung Canser:
- caused by inhaling canser-causing
chemicals (carsinogens) from
cigarette smoke
- symptoms: regular coughing, blood in the
septum & feeling of pain
while breathing
Lung Canser
 Experiment 1.2: The effects of
smoking on the lungs
 Aim:
 To observe and identify some harmful substances
in cigarette smoke
 Apparatus:
 U-tube, conical flask, filter pump, rubber stopper,
rubber tube, and glass tube
 Materials:
 Cigarette, cotton wool, litmus solution and lighter
 litmus solution

Figure 1.11: Apparatus set-up to observe and identify

harmful substances in cigarette smoke
 Safety tips:
 Carry out this activity in a fume cupboard
 Avoid breathing in a cigarette smoke
 U-tube and conical flaks are fragile, handle with
care
 Procedure:
1. The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 1.11
2. Thermometer reading, colour change of the white
cotton wool and the litmus solution are recorded
at the end of activity
 Observation:
Material Observation
Thermometer The temperature reading
increase
Cotton wool Turn to brown wish
Litmus solution Turn to yellowish from
green
 Analysis:
 The thermometer reading are increase because
cigarette smoke are hot
 The white cotton wool became brown wish
because of the presence of tobacco tar
 The litmus solution which changed from green to
yellowish shows the cigarette smoke is acidic
 Conclusion:
 Smoking raises the lung temperature, blackens the
lungs and corrodes the lung cells.
 Keywords
English Malay
1. Breathing mechanism Mekanisma pernafasan
2. Blood capillaries Kapilari darah
3. Diffusion Resapan
4. Inhalation Menyedut nafas
5. Exhalation Menghembus nafas
6. Respiratory system Sistem respirasi
7. Alveolus\ Alveoli Alveolus
 Questions
1.

Q
R

Figure 1 show a model of the human

respiratory system
1. Name the parts of the human respiratory
system represented by:
i. P: ………………………………..
ii. Q: …………………………...…..
iii. R: ………………………………..
iv: S: ………………………………..
2. What happens to R when S is pulled
downwards?

………………………………………………
………………………………………………
3. Name two disease that affect the lungs
which are caused by cigarette smoke?
i. ………………………………………….
ii. ………………………………………….