Dignan-5-P2K-2003

BEBERAPA TAHAP PELAKSANAAN

Phase 1
GAIN ACCEPTANCE FOR THE PROGRAM

Phase 2
SPECIFY TASKS AND
ESTIMATE RESOURCE NEEDS

Phase 3
DEVELOP SPECIFIC PLANS
FOR PROGRAM ACTIVITIES

Phase 4
ESTABLISH A MECHANISM FOR
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

Phase 5
PUT PLANS INTO ACTION

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 Phase 1.
Gaining Acceptance for the program

 A New program means CHANGE

 Two groups must be ready to attempt
Change: - target population ( consumer)
- providers (sponsor & staff)
 Target Population & Providers  re
contacted during initial of the program:
- info for the upcoming program
- review any commitment made
during planning phase
- Clarify any changes may have
occurred - negotiation should
be renewed

WATSON:
Factors related to acceptance of change :
1. Initiator of change
2. Type of change
3. Conditions Conducive to change

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Initiator of Change:
- Highest authority give Clear
support
- Program is coming from
within the ranks of the target
pop.

Type of Change:
- Burdens of target pop.
Reduced
- Agrees with common values
- Un threaten security/
autonomy
- Provide some interest

Condition Conducive to Change:

- Target pop. Participate in
planning
- adopted by consensus
- deal empathetically &
respectfully with opponents
- misunderstandings are OK.

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BEYER & TRICE’s 7 (seven) stages for

completion of CHANGE PROCESS.

Institutionalize
change

Implement Change activities

Select Alternatives Initiate action

A mass alternative Search for

responses

Unsatisfied demands

START

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Power and Authority,

Are needed for successful program
implementation
Power: ability or capacity to get others to
take steps they would not otherwise
take…… to get things done.

Authority: to influence the behavior of

others; is the means to use power.

Generating Authority: Extrinsic & intrinsic

channels.

Extrinsic authority from: clients & persons

doing the job, institution or govt.
 institution or government,
through: law, funding, moral persuasion
 Persons: acknowledged expertise 
respect & personal reputation
 Clients: reflection of Power & authority

Intrinsic authority, from: clear record of

wisdom & success, positive results,
ability to understand need of target pop.,
flexibility to new information.

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TARGET POPULATION
- Individual
- Group
- Community

Four Critical Attributes for Strategies:

1.Local Autonomy:
- Fully controlled by target pop
& persons doing the job vs.
from sources outside of both.
2.Coincidence of Agency Service Areas:
- Highly fraction with diff. Organization
- covering diff. Target in a non-
systematic fashion  impede
implementation  so avoid
duplication.
3.Psychologic Identification:
- citizens identify strongly with
their comm.  facilitate
implementation.
4.Community Decision-Making and
Democracy:
- mandated by the majority  =
need of target population.
- Done for them (enfranchised) is
better than done to them.

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- Participate in local decision-

making process  approved
before implemented.
Acceptability can be diagnosed by: FGD,
individual survey, meeting with comm.
planning group, interview with key
leaders.

 Phase 2: SPECIFYING PROGRAM

TASKS AND ESTIMATING RESOURCE
NEEDS.

A. Three main tasks of Program Plan

Review:
1. determination of intermediate & final
products
2. preparation of detailed list of activities
3. Listing of the interrelationships among
activities:
- PERT (Program Evaluation
Review Technique)
- MBO (Management by
Objectives).
- PPBS (Planning Program
Budgeting System)
- CPM (critical Path Method)

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B.Determining Resource Requirements

1. Review Program Activities  no. of
persons involved.
2. Consideration of Supply and Equipment
needs.
3. Modification of Program Plan
4. Mass Media Communication ( tv, radio,
posters, leaflets, brochures, direct mail)
5. Direct Education (didactic, discussion,
problem solving)
6. Budget – developing materials,
Continuing supplies

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Table: Tasks & Resources needed for

implementation of … campaign

Resource Needed

Personnel Equipment
Consultation

Develop Mass Media Component

a.…
b.…
c.…

Develop Direct Education Component

a.
b.
c.
d.

note:
Personnel: borrowed from other department
Consultation: help from specialists
Equipment: special equip. needed for high quality
materials

 Phase 3:
Developing Plans for Program Activities

The “four p’s” of marketing:

- Product - Place

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- Promotion - Price
Product: How target pop. likely to view  neg. / pos.?

Promotion: - news paper articles

- a word-of-mouth campaign
- should match with the program

Place: Where & how to participate ?

Price: include costs in –finances (money)

- time
- convenience
- personal discomfort –confronting the
threat.

Target population  thought as CONSUMERS

The sponsor of program  PROVIDERS

Question items needed:

1. What are the market OBJECTIVE? goal & obj.
2. Who is the sponsor?  well respect? Disliked by
comm.?
3. What are the best strategies for introducing the
program ? depend on:
- nature of the program: sensitive, rapid
change, tend to produce destructive
criticism ‘low profile’ introduct.
- nature of the target pop.
- Type of change intended
4. Who should represent the program in the eyes of
target pop.? Credibility of the persons.
5. What factors can be used as indicators of the
effectiveness of the introduction of the program?

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Marketing is uncertain business: how long, how

& what efforts?

Effectiveness:
- number of participant before,
during & after campaign.
- change in awareness
through rapid survey in shopping areas or in comm.

Table: Information Format & Distribution site(s) of

Breast & cervical Ca Prevention
information in the community

Info. Format Distribution Site (s)

Electronic:
- Radio Local Radio Station
- TV Station broadcasting in area, regional

Print and Direct Education:

- Posters Clinic & hospital
- Brochures Pharmacies
-Flyers Voluntary agencies
-Workshop Visiting nurses’ agency, Hosp.
Administration, Local doctors’ offices

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 Phase 4:
Establishing a System for Program
Management.

IDENTIFYING INDICATORS

Three basic indicators to assess program status:

1. time
2. cost
3. performance

Time…. Easiest control indicator  specific objective

Time ‘milestones’ can be used to maintain control

over implementation.

Cost….. Staff time, supplies and equipment use  as

planned or not.

Performance…..most difficult indicator to use

effectively.
- Effective performance of personnel & equipment,
- Assessment performance of program components
 may through informal evaluation / monitoring

IDENTIFYING SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Useful information can be seen as either events or

Outcomes

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Use frequency, duration, sequencing, or absence as

indicator program procedures implemented as plan
or not.
Level of activity: -continuing count pamphlets,
pencils, testing-papers used.
Quality of the activity: - pre test – post test
- short observation

 Phase 5:
Putting Plan Into Action

Specific areas to check :

1.Readiness to change  consumer &

providers … still need additional
community Analysis?
2.Changes in tasks to be carried out,
resources (personnel, space, time) needed,
resources available.
3.Review plans for introducing the program
4.Review management plans.

Main purpose: to maintain a constant level

of service quality and quantity.

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INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION.

 Critical step: establish good

communication networks among program
director, supervisory personnel and all staff
members.
 A basic task of program manager:
- design orientation
- training the workers

develop self-assurance
 Workers need to know:
- possess ability to do & will success
- can communicate with supervisors
- have questions answered
- value of educational product
initial difficulties should be anticipated, …
remain flexible and ready to adapt but remain
aware of changes.
Rethink each steps in planning …. identify
source of difficulties ….add new info & make
alternatives to correct the errors.

Linking Planning, Implementation and

Evaluation  PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

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