Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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© DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984
© by Alec. J. Jeffrey at the University of
Leicester
© He was studying the gene of myoglobin.
Structure of DNA
The different sequence
segments that vary
in size and
composition and
have no apparent
function are called
minisatellites
©
© Special enzymes called restriction enzymes
are used to cut the DNA at specific places
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The distribution of DNA pieces
© is transferred to a nylon sheet
© by placing the sheet on the gel
© and soaking them overnight.
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Adding radioactive or colored probes to the
nylon sheet produces a pattern called the
DNA fingerprint.
© 4-6: DNA fingerprint.
© The final DNA fingerprint is built by using
several probes (5-10 or more) simultaneously.
ractical Applications of DNA
Fingerprinting
© 1.aternity and Maternity
© person inherits his or her VNTRs from his
or her parents
© arent-child VNTR pattern analysis has
been used to solve standard father-
identification cases Can someone tell me who is my father?
. Criminal Identification and
Forensics
© DNA isolated from blood, hair, skin cells, or
other genetic evidence left at the scene of a crime
can be compared
© FBI and police labs around
the U.S. have begun to use
DNA fingerprints to link suspects
to biological evidence ±
blood or semen stains, hair,
or items of clothing
Ú. ersonal Identification
© The notion of using DNA fingerprints as a sort of
genetic bar code to identify individuals has been
discussed
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© diagnose inherited disorders in both prenatal and
newborn babies
© These disorders may include cystic fibrosis,
hemophilia, Huntington's disease, familial
Alzheimer's, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and
many others.
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© By studying the DNA fingerprints of relatives
who have a history of some particular disorder
© identify DNA patterns associated with the disease
© 6.identification of Chinese medicine
© The Hong Kong Baptist University was able to
use DNA fingerprinting to identify the Chinese
medicine²Lingzhi in 000
Considerations when evaluating
DNA evidence
© In the early days of the use of
genetic fingerprinting as criminal
evidence, given a match that had a
1 in 5 million probability of occurring
by chance the lawyer would argue
that this meant that in a country
of say 60 million people there were 1 people
who would also match the profile.
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© VNTRs, because they are results of genetic
inheritance
© it will vary depending on an individual's
genetic background
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© Arrors in the hybridization and probing process
must also be figured into the probability
© Until recently, the standards for determining
DNA fingerprinting matches, and for laboratory
security and accuracy which would minimize
error
©
-Could it be an accidental random match?
-If not, could the DNA sample have been
planted?
-If not, did the accused leave the DNA sample
at the exact time of the crime?
-If yes, does that mean that the accused is
guilty of the crime?
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