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Textile Testing
• Fabric testing plays a crucial role in gauging product
quality, ensuring regulatory compliance and assessing
the performance of textile materials.
Sewing Thread
Why Textile Testing is important ?
• Testing is important, mainly for customer
satisfaction of the textile product
• as well as to ensure product quality for the
market in which the textile manufacturer
competes
• Testing is also important in order to control
the manufacturing process and cost.
Two main Aspects of Quality Control
• Testing
• Inspection
• Testing should be accomplished by some
standard methods so that the test results can
be compared.
• Inspection is visual examination with respect
to the specifications
sources for standard test methods for
textiles.
• American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM)
• American Association for Textile Chemists and
Colorists (AATCC)
• International Standards Organization (ISO)
• Bureau of Indian Standards (BSI)
American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM)
• The purpose of this organization is to develop
standards on characteristics and performance
of materials, products, systems and services.
• The standards developed by ASTM include
– test methods,
– specifications and
– definitions and
– usually deal with physical properties of materials.
Standards for Textiles
• For textiles, ASTM writes primarily physical-
type tests such as methods for testing the
– tensile strength
– abrasion resistance,
– twist determination,
– fibre maturity,
– denier and yarn count, among many others
American Association for Textile
Chemists and Colorists (AATCC)
• AATCC was founded to promote greater
knowledge of textile dyes and chemicals and
therefore is concerned specifically with textile
products.
• This organization works very closely with
ASTM but writes chemical-type tests.
• AATCC sponsors scientific meetings and
promotes textile education
International Standards Organization
(ISO)
• The International Organization for standardization
(ISO), based in Geneva, Switzerland is an
organization that serves member organizations
throughout the world
– American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
– Standards Council of Canada (SCC),
– British Standards Institution (BSI),
– Standards Australia (SAA),
– the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS),
– China State Bureau of Technical Supervision (CSBTS).
Bureau of Indian Standards (BSI)
The newton is the unit of force derived in the SI system; it is equal to the amount of net force required to
accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one meter per second per second
Methods for testing tensile strength
• Three methods have been commonly used to
measure tensile strength:
• Grab test
• Modified grab test
• Strip test
Grab test
• In the grab test, the width of the jaws is less than the width of the
specimen.
• An example would be for a 100 mm wide specimen where the centrally
mounted jaws are only 25 mm wide.
• This method is used for woven high-density fabrics and those fabrics with
threads not easy to remove from the edges.
• The grab method is used whenever it is desired to determine the
‘effective strength’ of the fabric in use.
Modified grab test.
• The mounting geometry is the same as for the grab test;
however, lateral slits are made in the specimen to severe all
yarns bordering the portion to be strength tested, reducing to
a minimum the ‘fabric resistance’ inherent in the grab
method.
• This method is desirable for high-strength fabrics.
Strip test.
• There are two types of strip test:
– the raveled strip test and the cut strip test.
• In both tests the entire width of the specimen is gripped in both the
upper and lower jaws.
• The raveled strip test is only used for woven fabric and specimens are
prepared by removing threads from either side of the test piece until it is
the correct width.
• The cut strip test is used for fabrics that cannot have threads removed
from their sides such as knits, non-woven, felts and coated fabrics.
• The test specimens are prepared by accurately cutting to size.
Fabric Tear Strength Testing
• Tearing of a fabric can occur in a wide range of products and is involved in fatigue
and abrasion processes as well as the catastrophic growth of a cut on application
of a force.
• This test measures the force required to continue a tear which has already been
started in the fabric.
• A cut is made in a rectangular sample to form two "tongues" and reference lines
are marked to indicate the point the tear is to be continued to.
• One tongue is then placed in the upper jaw of a tensile tester, the other tongue in
the lower jaw, and the two jaws opened to continue the tear to the reference line.
• The average tear strength is then calculated.
Again, BS 2543 specifies minimum tear
strength for different uses:
Occasional domestic/Light domestic = 15N,
General domestic/Severe domestic = 20N,
Grade Description
5 No change
1 Dense surface fuzzing and/or severe pilling. Pills of varying size and
density covering the whole of the specimen surface.
Fabric Pilling Standards
• Fabric pilling or related surface change is commonly tested in
the laboratories simulated by the action of abrasive materials.
• Generally, the machines are supplied with a standard reference
consisting of photographs of samples tory using specific
machines by generating pilling on the fabric by simulating wear.
S
• ample of the original fabric is fixed in the machine and wear with
different degrees of pilling.
• The abraded fabric is then compared with standard photographs
that have been developed by the standards institutions such as
ASTM, AATCC, IWS, BIS, JIS, etc., and a degree of pilling is
assigned accordingly.
Fabric pilling: instruments
• ICI pilling box tester:-. Specimens are mounted on the polyurethane tubes
and tumbled randomly in a cork-lined box for a certain time.
• Order of interlacing can be determined with the naked eye for coarse
fabrics or using a magnifying glass or a microscope for fine fabrics.
• It is important that an undistorted sample that is larger than the
repeat unit (by estimation) is examined from the main body of the
fabric for this purpose.
• Starting at a randomly selected point on the lower left side of the
fabric, the interlacing pattern of the warp and filling yarns is
determined until a repeat is found in both directions.
• Warp yarns are numbered from left to right and filling yarns are
counted from bottom to top.
• The selvage design is determined in a similar way. However, it is
usually drastically different than the rest of the fabric.
Determination of the Presence of Size and Finish