Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROCESS FILTRATION
Basics of Filtration
y Reasons for filtration
y Removal of fluid
contaminants
y Eliminate costly problems
y Filtered product more
valuable
y Increases product yield
y Collection of suspended
solids
y Catalysts
y recoveryy
y Reduce operating costs
Basics of Filtration
y Driving forces
y Filtration
y The removal of a suspended
p p
particle from a fluid,, liquid
q or
gas, by passing the fluid through a porous or semi
permeable medium.
y Separation
y The removal of a dissolved substance from a carrier fluid
stream.
y Cartridge filtration
y Pressure driven
Basics of Filtration
y Other driving forces
y Gravitational
y Settling
y Centrifugal
y Vacuum
y Advantages
y Greater output
y Small equipment required
y Ease handling volatile liquids
y Pressure drop
y System pressure drop
y Cartridge pressure drop
y Housing pressure drop
Basics of Filtration
y Filtration variables
y Flow rate
y Differential pressure
y Viscosity
y Contaminant
y Flow conditions
y Compatibility
y Area
Basics of Filtration
y Flow rate
y Size determined by the cartridge
y In most cases the flow rate and/or capacity needs of the
application will be used to determine the appropriate size
of cartridge.
cartridge The housing will then be sized to fit the
selected cartridge.
y Inlet/Outlet
y The inlet/outlet pipe size is also selected to meet the flow
rate requirement. In most cases this is already
determined by the pipe size in the system.
Basics of Filtration
y Differential pressure
y Difference in pressure between the inlet and outlet
sides of a filter
y Measured as PSI or kPa and referred to as PSID, P,
pressure drop
d or differential
diff i l pressure
y For applications sensitive to pressure drop, housing and
cartridge
g need to be considered
y P = P cartridge + P housing
Basics of Filtration
y Location
y The size of the housing may be influenced by the amount
of space available for the installation.
y Location and product selection can also be influenced by
th surrounding
the di environment.
i t
Basics of Filtration
y Dirt holding capacity
y Dirt holding capacity is a measure of the weight gain
of a filter during it’s useful (as measured by pressure
drop at a given flow rate) life
Basics of Filtration
y Systems
y Open
p
y Effluent to atmosphere
y Parallel
y Two or more systems
T t
y Higher flow rates
y Reduced pressure drop
y Series
y Two or more systems
y Step filtration
Basics of Filtration
y Parallel system
Basics of Filtration
y Series system
Basics of Filtration
y Mechanical capture
y Direct interception
p
y Physical barrier capture
Basics of Filtration
y Mechanical capture
y Bridging
g g
y Two particles hitting the
filter medium at the same
time creating a smaller
pore
Basics of Filtration
y Mechanical capture
y Sieving
g
y Particle to large to pass
through pore
Basics of Filtration
y Mechanical capture
y Inertial impaction
p
y Inertia principle
y Diffusion interception
y Pi
Primarily
il ffound
d iin gases
Basics of Filtration
y Mechanical capture
y Electro kinetic effects
y Electrically charged filter
medium
Basics of Filtration
y Mechanical capture
y Gravitational settling
g
y Heavier particles settle to
bottom
Basics of Filtration
y Means of retention
y Mechanical retention
y Particle restriction from
passing through medium
Basics of Filtration
y Means of retention
y Adsorptive
p retention
y Adherence of particles to
medium
Basics of Filtration
y Media migration and particle migration
y Media migration is the sloughing of the filter medium into
the filtered fluid
y Particle migration is the sloughing of filtered particulate
matter
tt from
f th filter
the filt cartridge
t id i t the
into th filtered
filt d fluid.
fl id This
Thi
most often occurs due to changes in the flow rate or
excessive pressure drop
Basics of Filtration
y Cartridge flow
y Radial flow
y Pleated
y String wound
y Polypropylene spun
y Paper carbon
y Carbon block
y Granular Carbon
y Specialty
Basics of Filtration
y Cartridge flow
y Up
p flow
y Granular carbon
y Specialty
y Softener
y DI
y Iron reduction
Basics of Filtration
y Means of retention
y Surface
y Particles on the surface
of medium forming a cake
Basics of Filtration
y Surface filters
y Surface filters remove particulate
matter via a sieving mechanism.
(you can’t push a basketball through
chicken wire.)
wire )
y The media is usually pleated to
provide the maximum amount of
surface area.
Basics of Filtration
y Means of retention
y Depth
p
y Particles trapped
throughout the depth of
medium
Basics of Filtration
y Depth filters
y Depth filters remove particulate matter via
a tortuous path. The fluid travels radially
through the depth of the cartridge.
y Depth
D th cartridges
t id normally
ll have
h a graded
d d
density. They have larger openings at
their surface and smaller openings near
their center.
Basics of Filtration
y Surface vs. depth filters
y In theory a surface filter will work better when the
particulate matter in the water is all the same size
y A depth filter will work better when the particulate
matter
tt has
h a broad
b d range off sizesi and
d the
th filter
filt truly
t l
has gradient density
Basics of Filtration
y Surface vs. depth filtration
Parameter Surface Filters Depth Filters
Deformable Particles May blind off pleats Recommended - adsorptive retention
Particle Size
Table salt 100 microns
Human hair 40 - 70 microns
Talcum powder 10 microns
Fine test dust 0.5 - microns
Pseudomonas diminuta 0.3 - microns