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Pa Labcon:
Labcon: GI
GI motility
motility and Anti-Diabetic byDr. Manalang
and Anti-Diabetic January 11, 2011
January 11, 2011
Pa
ss
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ee Experiment E. Effects of Herbal Medicinal Plants on Blood Sugar
en
en Effect of Insulin and HMPs on Blood Sugar
Arl
Arl
ňa
ňa
Before
Ni
Ni After 15 After 30 After 45 After 60
Weight (g) admissi
PREP/D mins mins mins mins
ng
ng on
RUG
da M M M M M M M M M
da M1 M2 M2
Da 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
Da 10 10
rr 7.0 7.8 83 42 41 37 L L L L L
units 6
06 7
he
he insulin T T T T T T
ac 10 11 12 12 13
ac Kangko 82 60 61 95 70
9.8 9 5 4 7 5 7
Te
Te ng
H H H
rr 11 10
Camot 7.1 42 90 62 121 36 42 81 97
ea
ea 7.3 5 2
e tops 5
ob
ob
12 14 16 11 10
Ric
Ric 8.4 73 98 115 89 82
Pipino 7 8 4 8 0 5
7
ee
cki
cki L = low (value below 20); T = twitching; H = hyperirritable
Ni
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ad
ad Average values of the effects of insulin and HMPs on blood sugar
Gl
Gl
Je After After After After
Je Before
PREP/DRUG 15 30 45 60
nz
nz admission
Ay mins mins mins mins
Ay
10 units insulin 94.5 41.5 18.5 -- --
th
th
Kangkong 93.5 60.5 120.5 110 103.5
Ka
Ka Camote tops 66 91.5 108.5 39 89
oo Pipino
Jh 100.5 106.5 116.5 125 107.5
Jh (cucumber)
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Page 1 of 6
Drug Standard dose (SD) Recommended - Uses of kangkong
dose (RD) o Tops- laxative
Reg. insulin 100 IU/mL 10 units o Juice- emetic
Kangkong 50% 5mg/g o Latex (dried)- purgative
Camote tops 50% 5mg/g o Buds- anti-helmintic
Pipino (cucumber) 50% 5mg/g
o Treatment of Gastric in intestinal problems
o Hypoglycemic / Anti-Diabetic
Computation: Drug dosage
Wt(g) of mouse x (5mg/g mouse) x (1ml/300mg) = ____mL o Antioxidant / Antiproliferative
o Diuretic
1. Insulin o Antioxidant
- storage and anabolic hormone of the body - has been proven to have an oral hypoglycemic property.
- promotes storage of fat as well as glucose (both sources of - leaves have carbohydrate components that, due to negative
energy) within specialized target cells and influences cell feedback, stimulates the release of insulin in beta cells
growth and the metabolic functions of a wide variety of - rich in fibers, and based on a study done by B Hagander,
tissues dietary fiber decreases fasting blood glucose levels and
- promotes synthesis (from circulating nutrients) and storage plasma LDL concentration in noninsulin-dependent diabetes
of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein in its major target mellitus patients.
tissues: liver, fat and muscle - Malalavidhane (2000): The oral hypoglycemic activity of
- Regular Insulin Ipomoea aquatica in healthy, male Wistar rats after a glucose
o a short acting soluble crystalline zinc insulin made by challenge gave significant reductions in the serum glucose
recombinant DNA techniques to produce a molecule concentrations of the subjects; aqueous extract of the green
identical to human insulin leafy vegetable Ipomoea aquatica is as effective as the oral
o effects appear within 30 minutes and peaks between 2 hypoglycaemic drug tolbutamide in reducing the blood sugar
and 3 hours and generally lasts 5-8 hours levels of Wistar rats.
- Normal Insulin Levels - Sokeng, et al (2007): An inhibitory effect of Ipomoea
o 60 mg – Mice aquatica extracts on glucose absorption using a perfused rat
o 80-120 mg – man intestinal preparation was observed. The study showed a
significant inhibitory effect on glucose absorption. Moreover,
- ADR:
results suggest the inhibition of glucose absorption is not due
o Insulin resistance
to the acceleration of intestinal transit.
o Lipodystrophy
- This insulin-like activity of kangkong infusion increases the
o Formation of antigenic substances
uptake of glucose in the muscles and in the liver, decreases
- ANTIDIABETIC
the formation of glucose from fats and proteins and
o Short-acting (immediate effect)
promotes glucagon suppression which inhibits the rise in the
o Sustain Prolonged effect
blood glucose level. All these contribute to the lowering of
- Standard drug
blood glucose level of the subjects.
- In Type I DM (insulin dependent; genetic autoimmune)
- has a hypoglycemic effect on the mice and thus, may
- CONCLUSION: regular insulin is a short-acting drug that
potentially aid in lowering blood glucose levels in diabetic
decreases the blood glucose level on the body
patients.
2. Kangkong
- ANTIDIABETIC
- Ipomoea aquatica
o Short-acting
- a fast-growing annual or perennial vine from family
o Sustain hypoglycemic effect
Convulvulaceae
- Lower than insulin
- considered as a purgative, anti-helmintic, anti-diabetic
- Ampalaya, Momordica ipodica  like insulin
medicinal plant
3. Camote tops
- purplish variety  used for diabetes  insulin-like
- Ipomoea batatas
substance
- is rich in simple starch, complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber,
- high in carotenoids including lutein, also rich in iron
vitamins A, C and B6, iron, calcium and phosphorus.
- high level of S-Methyl Methionine
- The leaves have a high content of polyphenolics -
o Treatment of gastric and intestinal problems
anthocyanins and phenolic acids, with at least 15 biologically
o so-called Vitamin U – this is pseudovitamin
active anthocyanins with medicinal value.
o substance that strengthens the cell membrane and
- also has polyphenols which have physiologic funtions, radical
overall immune system and was also reported that it
scavenging activity, antimutagenic, anticancer, antidiabetes
can act as a hypolipidemic agent
and antibacterial activity in vitro and vivo. It is considered
- Have carbohydrate component
hemostatic, spleen invigorating.
- Rich in fibers
- It has been suggested that it can control blood glucose levels.

Page 2 of 6

- Phytic acid
o increases the acitivity of glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase thus lowering the blood glucose levels.
- Diacylated anthocyanin
o on the other hand, is a glycoside of the antioxidant,
cyanidine   - Liver disease
o can inhibit alpha-glucosidase activity, can reduce blood
glucose levels after starch-rich meals and significantly
inhibits maltase activity
- Flavones
o a class of flavonoids, present in the plant can control
blood sugar and modulate the metabolism of glucose
and blood lipid,
o decrease outputs of lipid peroxidation and scavenge the
free radicals.
- Theoretically, camote tops can induce rapid decline of blood
glucose level after administration of the infusion and effect
will become evident within the first 15 minutes.
- The effect of camote is similar to that of short-acting insulin
lasting for only few minutes, thus, it should be administered
right before meals.
- CONCLUSION: Ipomea batatas is able to decrease blood
glucose level because of its active components phytic acid,
diacetyl anthocyanin and flavones which controls blood
glucose and modulates glucose and blood lipid and also
decreases the peroxidation of lipid. These results were not
attained in the experiment this is due to human errors and
other factors.
- ANTIDIABETIC HYPOGLYCEMIC
o Immediate effect
o Short-acting (15 mins)
o Short-lived
4. Cucumber
- Cucumis sativa
- Decoction of pipino peelings
- A fruit that came from the same family as pumpkin, zuccini
and other squashes.
- It is an excellent source of potassium, vitamin C and folic
acid.
- Cucumbers' hard skin is rich in fiber and contains a variety of
beneficial minerals including silica, potassium and
magnesium.
- A staple in the diet of diabetics
- There are so few digestible carbohydrates in Cucumber that
they have no noticeable effect on blood sugar levels.
- In the experiment there was increase in blood sugar at time
15, 30, and 45 minutes, and a decrease at 60 minutes
- Since cucumber is low carbohydrate containing, it does not
promote hyperglycemic effect.
- Contains luteolin which is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
- Lower glycemic index diets have been shown to help control
type2 diabetes and reduce symptoms of insulin resistance.
- Cucumber has 0 Glycemic index and 0 Glycemic Load
o Index: how fast 50g of carbs in them raises our blood
glucose levels
o Load: how fast a standard portion of a particular food
(like Cucumber) raises blood glucose, and thus gives an
indication of glycemic and insulin response
- Cucumber is best natural diuretic known, secreting and
promoting the flow of urine.
- Helps in kidney and urinary bladder disease.
- Pancreatic disease
- The potassium content of cucumber makes it highly useful
for conditions of high and low blood pressure.
- Cucumber contains erepsin, the enzyme that helps to digest
protein.
- The high silicon and sulphur content of the cucumber is said
to promote the growth of hair, especially when the juice of
the cucumber is added to the juice of carrot, lettuce and
spinach.
- A mixture of cucumber juice with carrot juice is said to be
beneficial for rheumatic conditions resulting from excessive
uric acid in the body.
- Cucumber juice is also valuable for helping diseases of the
teeth, gums, especially in cases of pyorrhea.
- The high mineral content of this vegetable also helps to
prevent splitting of nails of the fingers and toes.
- ANTIGLYCEMIC
o Delayed
o short-lived effect
5. Malunggay
- Moringa oleifera
- Galactagogue, rubefacient, antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant,
purgative, antibiotic, antifungal.
• Antiinflammatory, antitumor activities on mice studies.
• Antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-ulcer.
• Estrogenic, antiprogestational, hypoglycemic,
antihyperthyroidism, hypocholesterolemic, antihyperthyroid,
antispasmodic.
• Considered abortifacient and emmenagogue.
• Purported to be beneficial for decreasing blood pressure,
relieving headaches and migraines, reducing inflammatory and
arthritic pains, anti-ulcer, anti-tumor. Purported to be beneficial
for decreasing blood pressure, relieving headaches and
migraines, reducing inflammatory and arthritic pains.
-specific components of Moringa preparations that have been
reported to have hypotensive, anticancer, and antibacterial
activity include :
1. 4-(4'-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl
isothiocyanate 
2. 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate
3. niazimicin
4. pterygospermin ,
5. benzyl isothiocyanate 
6. 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl glucosinolate 
-delayed hypoglycemic effect
Page 3 of 6
 Experiment F. Effects of Herbal Medicinal Plant on Gastro-Intestinal - MOA:
Motility (Anti-diarrheal Effect) o prototype nonselective muscarinic blocker and a
Effects of Atropine SO4 and HMPs on Gastrointestinal Motility potent parasympatholytic
o increases firing of the sinoatrial node (SA) and
Average Values of the Effects of Atropine SO4 and HMPs on conduction through the atrioventricular node
Gastrointestinal Motility (AV) of the heart
Atropin Avocad o opposes the actions of the vagus nerve
Caimito Duhat
e SO4 o o blocks acetylcholine receptor sites
Weight of mouse (g) 4.06 9.04 8.3 9.98 o decreases bronchial secretions
0.0783 - The results showed that administration of atropine may
Amount of drug given (mL) 0.1506 0.138 0.165
(0.1305) decrease GI motility via binding to the muscarinic receptor
Distance traveled by  prevents the release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and
17.5 33.25 7 29.1
activated charcoal (cm) inhibition of adenylyl cyclase
Length of small intestine - However, complete muscarinic block cannot totally abolish
45.0 47.25 32.5 37.1
(cm)
activity in the gastrointestinal system due to the presence
Percent distance traveled
38.88 70.40 24.56 78.35 of local hormones and noncholinergic neurons in the
(%)
enteric nervous system which also regulate
gastrointestinal functions.
- Likewise, gastric secretion is blocked less effectively: the
volume and amount of acid, pepsin, and mucin are all
reduced, but large doses of atropine may be required.
- Theoretical data: 25-30 % distance traveled
- CONCLUSION: As an anticholinergic drug, atropine
decreases GI motility

Antidiarrheal Criteria
<50 % distance traveled- antidiarrheal
>50 % distance traveled- cathartic

2. Avocado
- Persea americana
Effects of Atropine SO4 and HMPs on Gastrointestinal Motility
(average values) - The fruit, is a good source of potassium and vitamin D,
used to lower cholesterol levels, to increase sexual desire,
and to stimulate menstrual flow.
Drug Standard dose (SD) Recommended dose (RD)
Atropine 1mg/mL 0.01mg/g - oils (“unsaponifiable fractions”)- are used to treat
Avocado 30% 5mg/g osteoarthritis.
Caimito 30% 5mg/g o applied directly to the skin to soothe and heal
Duhat 30% 5mg/g skin; and to treat thickening (sclerosis) of the
1. Atropine Sulfate skin, gum infections (pyorrhea), and arthritis
- Atropine is an alkaloid extracted from Atropa belladonna o used in combination with vitamin B12 for a skin
and other plants of the family Solanaceae. condition called psoriasis.
- It is relatively lipid-soluble; crosses placenta; trace - The seeds, leaves, and bark are used for dysentery and
amounts enter breast milk; and crosses the blood-brain diarrhea.
barrier. - The fruit pulp is used topically to promote hair growth and
speed wound healing.
- The seeds, leaves, and bark are used to relieve toothache.
Constituents:
- Leaves & bark: volatile oil estragole and anethole
(methylchavicol, alpha-pinene), flavonoids, tannins
- Protein binding: 14 to 22% in plasma.
(hydrolysable and condensed)
- Elimination: Liver metabolism and renal excretion
- Fruit pulp: unsaturated fats, protein (about 25%),
- elimination half-life: 2hrs
sesquiterpenes, vitamins A, B1, B2.
- Duration of action: 4-8 hours; 72 hours or longer (eyes)
- Estragole and estragole-containing essential oils have been
- From 30% to 50% is excreted unchanged in the urine
reported to possess insecticidal, anti-viral, and anti-
bacterial properties (Leung, 1980; Okunade and Olaifa,
1987).

Page 4 of 6
 - Condensed tannins are polyphenolic compounds and are
not absorbed by the body. They have high antioxidant
activity and possess a protective activity, specifically in the
GI tract.
- Hydrolysable tannins, however, are absorbed by the body
and it those tannins which may pose a concern when
ingested (this, however, is not conclusive).
- The pulp of the avocado fruit is rich in a fatty oil, and this
can account for up to 40% of its composition. In addition
to sugars and carbohydrates
- Avocado oil is derived from the fruit pulp and is composed
primarily of glycerides of oleic acid and approximately 10%
unsaponifiable compounds, such as sterols and volatile
acids. Oleic acid is a beneficial monounsaturated fatty acid
and its concentration ranges from 61% to 95% in an
avocado. The vitamin D content of the oil exceeds that of
butter or eggs.
Discussion
based on the experiment the avocado decoction did not
show anti-diarrheal effects.
- there have also been some studies that the fruit, leaf and
bark of avocado causes diarrhea in birds and animals due
to the presence of persins (cathartic effect).
 Persins are fungicidal toxins present in avocado
which are essentially harmless to humans but when
consumed in large amounts in domestic animals
tend to cause diarrhea.
- Condensed tannins possess a protective activity,
specifically in the GI tract. Hydrolysable tannins, however,
are absorbed by the body and these tannins may pose a
concern when ingested
- Some studies support use of avocado extracts for
dysentery and other abdominal symptoms. Using the bark
or the leaf while others claim it is the raw fruit that has
effect. However, further studies are still being conducted
and there is still no concrete evidence for the mechanism
of action of avocado extracts in producing anti-diarrheal
effects.
- However, we should not exclude observer error in the
experiment.
- Theoretical data: 30-35% distance traveled
3. Caimito
- Chrysophyllum cainito
- Family Sapotaceae
- has been used in folk medicine:
o Decoction of bark used as tonic and stimulant;
used for diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhages and
treatment of gonorrhea.
o Infusion of the bark is tonic and refreshing.
o In some countries, the fruit is used for diabetes.
Fruit eaten for inflammation in laryngitis and
pneumonia.
o Bitter seed sometimes used as tonic, for diarrhea
and fevers
o Decoction used for angina.
- Contains:
1. POLYPHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS
(-) EPICATECHINS has the highest concentration
Functions:
Antioxidant
Histamine decarboxylase inhibitor
(prevent release of histamine)
2. TANNINS
Anti-diarrheal properties
 Tannins are polyphenols that are obtained from various
parts of different plants belonging to multiple species
 Tannins affect the walls of the stomach and other digestive
parts.
 They sour the mucus secretions and contract or squeeze
the membranes in such a manner that secretions from the
cells are restricted.
 This action is possible by involving lymph stasis and
neutralizing the autolytic enzymes.
 An effective astringent does not stop the flow of the
disturbing substance in the stomach, but helps in
controlling the irritation in the small intestine.
- Mouse 2 with percent distance travel of 49.12%,
implicated the anti-diarrheal property of caimito.
- Human error can be attributed for Mouse 1 in which
activated charcoal did not travel in the intestines.
- Theoretical data: 40-42% distance traveled
- CONCLUSION: Caimito has notable anti-diarrheal
properties probably due to the presence of tannins.
4. Duhat
- Syzygium cumini
- Decoction of Duhat leaves
- Standard Dose: 30% (300 mg/ml)
- Recommended Dose: 5mg/g
- Sample Calculation
ml of drug = wt. of mouse x RD x (1/SD)
For Mouse1: 9.79g x 5mg/g x (1ml/300mg)
= 0.16 ml duhat decoction
- Average % distance traveled = 78.40% (above 50% cut-off)
- aka jambul, java plum or black plum, lomboy
- USES:
o decoction of the bark is taken internally for
dyspepsia, dysentery, and diarrhea
o syrup from its fruit is also locally used to treat
diarrhea due to its astringent property.
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