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The resistance
(Submitted by Randall Gauthier, versus temperature curve is fairly linear
RdF Corporation, http://www.rdfcorp.com/) and the temperature range is the widest
of the common RTD materials. Platinum
An RTD (Resistance Temperature has a very high resistivity, which means
Detector) is basically a temperature that only a small quantity of platinum is
sensitive resistor. It is a positive required to fabricate a sensor and
temperature coefficient device, which making platinum cost competitive with
means that the resistance increases other RTD materials. Platinum is the
with temperature. The resistance of the only RTD commonly available with a
metal increases with temperature. The thin film element style.
resistive property of the metal is called
its resistivity. The resistive property Primary uses: Platinum is the primary
defines length and cross sectional area choice for most industrial, commercial,
required to fabricate an RTD of a given laboratory and other critical RTD
value. The resistance is proportional to temperature measurements.
length and inversely proportional to the
cross sectional area : Copper, nickel and nickel iron are also
rXL commonly used RTD materials. They
R= ------------ are mostly used in lower cost non-
A critical applications and will not be
Where detailed in this article.
R = Resistance (ohms)
r = Resistivity (ohms) Platinum RTD Performance
L = Length Specifications :
A = Cross sectional area
1
achieve the DIN standard is pure
platinum that is alloyed with a controlled Other looser accuracys are available,
small amount of platinum group metals but are generally only used in very low
to reproduce the curve. The DIN curve cost and high volume applications.
has captured a majority of the market for
industrial RTDs worldwide. Thin film The accuracys stated here are based on
sensors are only manufactured with DIN International Standard IEC Publication
platinum. 751 for DIN RTDs. There are many
standards that define accuracy and they
Reference Grade Platinum: have slight variations on accuracy
Reference grade platinum is made from values, but generally fall within the class
99.999% pure platinum. It will produce A and B definitions.
a maximum temperature coefficient of Some of the commonly used standards
0.003926Ω/Ω/°C. The maximum are:
temperature coefficient can only be • ASTM E 1137 American Society
achieved in Standard Platinum for Testing and Materials
Resistance Thermometers (SPRT) for • B.S. 1904 British Standards
laboratory use. The practical range of Institution
temperature coefficients for industrial • IEC 751 International
use is 0.003902 to 0.003923Ω/Ω/°C. Electrotechnical Commission
Reference grade platinum is still the • DIN 43760 German
choice for critical applications including Electrotechnical Commission
aerospace and nuclear. • JIS C 1604 Japanese Industrial
Standard
Accuracy: Platinum RTDs typically are • Mil-T-24388 Thermocouple and
provided in two classes, class A and Resistance Temperature Element
Class B. Class A is considered high Assemblies (Naval Shipboard)
accuracy and has an ice point tolerance
of +/- 0.06 ohms. Class B is standard Stability: This is a measurement of drift
accuracy and has an ice point tolerance over time. This is often referred to as
of +/-0.12 ohms. Class B is widely used long term stability. Most manufacturers
by most industries. specify stability at less than 0.05°C per
year. Stability is affected by the sensor
The accuracy will decrease with design. A well designed, high quality
temperature. Class A will have an sensor will have less drift. Stability is
accuracy of +/-0.43 ohms (+/-1.45°C) at also affected by the sensor's service
600°C and class B will be +/- 1.06 ohms environment. High vibration, mechanical
(+/- 3.3°C) at 600°C. The chart below abuse and thermal shock will affect
shows the tolerance versus temperature stability.
(IEC 751).
Accuracy Versus Temperature (°C) Interchangeability : Interchangeability
is the measure of variability of base
3.5
tolerance and temperature coefficient
3
2.5
from sensor to sensor. This is important
Accuracy (°C)
0.5
characteristics without re-calibration.
0 System designers should know what
-20
0°
C
-10
0°
C 0°C
10
0°C
20
0°C
30
0°C
40
0°C
50
0°C
60
0°C sensor tolerances will support their
Temperature
Class A Class B
2
performance expectations when • fluid boundary or film on sensing
specifying the sensor. surface
• influences from wall or vessel
Response Time: Response time is the • thermal lag on wall or vessel
sensor's ability to react to temperature • other outside environmental
changes in the process. The ability to influences (convective and
track process changes depends on the conductive)
sensor's thermal mass and proximity to Industrial specifications define response
the process. Direct immersion sensors time as 63.2% of a step change in
generally are the fastest responding, but temperature. This is usually tested in
in many applications a thermowell is water flowing at three feet per second.
used so that the process does not have This is a direct plunge test from ambient
to be drained to change a sensor. to water at approximately 70 to 90°C.
3
Rs = Resistance between element leads
and case (ohms) A typical range for self-heating in an
êR/êT = slope of the RTD (Ω/°C) industrial RTD is 30 to 60mW/°C.
This is only an estimate because there RTD Types : There are basically three
is no direct measurement of insulation styles of platinum sensing elements.
resistance across the sensing element. Each style has unique characteristics
The standard test method for the and advantages.
measurement of insulation resistance
takes the measurement from the Wire wound Element : The wire wound
commoned leadwires to the sensor sensor is the simplest sensor design.
case. The test is usually performed The sensing wire is wrapped around an
using 50 or 100Volts DC and an insulating mandrel or core. The winding
insulation resistance of greater than 100 core can be round or flat, but must be
megohms is considered acceptable. an electrical insulator. Matching the
Insulation resistance is the largest coefficient of thermal expansion of the
cause of error and failure in an RTD. sensing wire and winding core materials
The causes can be an inadequate seal, will minimize any mechanical strain.
high humidity environment, or a failed
seal. In some cases baking the RTD
assembly will increase the insulation
resistance and recover the RTD.
4
of the sensing materials mentioned the assembly. Techniques similar to
earlier. those used in this design are used in
Standard Platinum Resistance
A unique version of the wire wound Thermometers (SPRT), which are used
sensor is the hollow annulus design. as laboratory standards.
This design is intended for Aerospace or
Nuclear applications, where response There are variations to this style sensor
time is important or the application is of depending on the manufacturer. The
a critical nature. basis of the sensing element is a small
coil of platinum sensing wire. This coil
resembles a filament in an incandescent
light bulb. The housing or mandrel is a
hard fired aluminum oxide tube with four
equally spaced bores that run
transverse to the axes. The coil is
inserted in the bores of the mandrel and
the bores are packed with a very fine
grit ceramic powder. This permits the
sensing wire to move while still
remaining in good thermal contact with
the process being measured.
5
The advantage of the thin film Platinum Three Wire RTD: The three wire RTD is
RTD is low cost and low thermal mass. the most popular configuration for use in
The low thermal mass makes them industrial applications. When used
respond faster and they are easier to correctly, the three wire configuration
assemble into small packages. eliminates the series resistance. This
Disadvantages are that they are not as permits an accurate measurement of the
stable as wire wound RTDs and they sensing element. Two of the leads are
are only available in DIN connected to one side of the sensing
(0.00385Ω/Ω/°C) platinum. element and the single lead to the other
side.