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1
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olar;cJ ha}umif;/ zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpt k jzpf wnfaqmufrvm;/ rwnf aqmufbl;vm; AdkvfcsKyfatmif
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2
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wdkif;&if;om;a&;&mawG udk edkifiHa&;t& pepfwus rudkifwG,f&aJ tmif ajcmufvSef h/ zuf'&,f udk


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opfawm eJ hywfoufwJ hvkyyf dkifcGifh tm%m tm;vHk;udk ,lxm; ygw,f?

2008 zGJ hpnf;yHktajccHOya't& trnfcHjynfaxmifpv k $wfawmf udk tydkifp;D jyD; ppftm%m &SifawG
[m wdkif;jynf&J ho,HZmwawGudk xifovdk cs,fvS,f/ wdkif;&if;om;awG&J htcGifh ta&;awGudk qufvuf
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(2)

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1947 ckeSpf azaz:0g&Dv (12) &ufae hrSmvufrw S fa&;xdk;csKyfqdkcJhwJh yifvHkpmcsKyfeJ hpyfvSsOf;vdk h


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21 &mpkyifvHknDvmcH vSKyf&mS ;rSKrSm ppftm %m&SifawGu arG;jrLxm;wJh wdkif;&if;om;trnfcH tzGJ h


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4
wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ htpnf;}uD;awG ygatmif vkyfief;pOf csrSwfaz:aqmifbdk h uawmh ta&;w}uD;
vdktyfvSygw,f?

oufqidk f&m wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawG/ 'Drku


d a&pD tiftm;pk acgif;aqmifawG tm;vHk; wae
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tcuftcJawG &Sdedkifygw,f? nDvmcHysufjym;atmif ppftm%m&SifawGu taeSmuft,Sufay;bdk h aocsm
oavmufygbJ? ppftm%m&SifawG&J h Oya'axmifajcmufxJ 0ifroGm;bdk hvJ owdxm;}u vdrhf r,f vdk h
ajrSmfvifhygw,f? tJ'guawmh rw&m;toif;awGeJ hqufoG,fw,f&,fvdk h Oya'a}umif; t& tjypf&SmjyD;
ta&;,l cH&edkifwmyg? 'gudk ausmfv$m;bdk h enf;vrf;w&yftaeeJ h pOf;pm;edkifwmuawmh 21 &mpk yifvHk
nDvmcHaz:aqmif a&;aumfrwDuae tqdkjyKoabmwlnDcsuf rl}urf;awGudk acgif;pOf}uD; awG wckjcif;
tvkduf jyKpkwifjy/ wjynfvHk;/ wurBmvH;k odatmifjzef ha0jyD; oabmxm;awG awmif;cH bdk h jzpfygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk }unfacgif;aqmifwJh yifvHknDvmcHaz:aqmifa&;aumfrwDu tqdkjyKwif oGif;edkifr,fqdk&if
oabmwlnDcsuf rl}urf;awG[m edkifiHa&;t& }uD;rm;wJh tiftm; jzpfedkifygw,f?

vGecf JhwJh &ufykid f;uav;jzpfwJh 'DZbFmv (10) &ufae hn vGwfvyfwJh tm&StoHuae ar;cGe;f
wckudk ajz}um;&if; a': atmifqef;pk}unfu zuf'&,f qdkwJh t"dy`g,fudk vlawGoad tmif/ ra}umuf
}uatmif 0dkif;0ef;&Sif;vif; ay;bdk h yef}um;oGm;ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk}unf ekwfuae zuf'&,f qdkwJh
pum;vHk;xGufvmwmudk }um;vdkuf&awmh yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrw S fa&;xdk;cJhwJh awmif}uD; OD;xGef;jrifh &J h
rsufemS udk csufjcif;ajy;jyD; jrifrdygw,f? OD;xGef;jrifh[m zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk tjzpf wnfaqmufrvm;/
rwnfaqmufbl;vm;qdk wmudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkomru a':atmifqef;pk}unfudkyg ar;jref;oGm;
cJholyg? olom toufxif&mS ;&Sdwkef; a':atmifqef;pk}unfu zuf'&,f pum;ajymwmudkrsm; }um;
vdkuf&&if b,favmufrsm; 0rf;om&SmrvJ vdk hpOf;pm;rdwma}umifh ygbJ?

1987 ckeSpcf ef h jzpfygw,f? awmif}uD; jrdK hrSmOD;xGe;f jrifh&J htdrfeJ hrvSr;f rurf;aexdkifcJhpOf wae h
awmifay: tjrifhydkif;uae qif;vmwJh OD;xGe;f jrifh eJ hpma&;olqrHk djyD; pum;ajym&if; vrf;r}uD; bufquf
avSsmufvm }uygw,f? vrf;r}uD;udk jzwful;}ur,fh tcsderf Sm ppfom;awG ay:vmjyD; OD;xGef;jrifh/ pma&;
olwdk htygt0if vrf;jzwful;r,fh vlxkwcsdK hukd jzwfcGifh rjyKygbl;? wdkif;rSL; um; vmrSm a}umifhbJ wJ h?
wdkif;rSL; eJ hol h udk,f&aH wmfum;awG ygwJ hum;wef;u tawmfa0;ao;ayr,fh vlxkawGu aeyl}uJ}uJrmS
&yfjyD; apmifh ay;}u&ygw,f? OD;xGef;jrifheJ htwl ,SOfwGJjyD; rwfwyf&yf&if; wdkif;rSL;um;wef;&Snf}uD; jzwf
oGm;wmudk }unfhaewJ h OD;xGe;f jrifh rsufemS udk apgif;iJ h}unfhvdkufygw,f? yifvHkpmcsKyfvufrw S fa&; xdk;jyD;
jynfaxmifp}k uD; wckvHk; vGwfvyfa&;&atmif wwyfwtm; 0dkif;0ef;}udK;yrf;ay;cJhwJh wdik f;&if;om; acgif;
aqmif}uD;wOD; [m eSpaf ygif;av;q,f}umvdk hjyef}unfhvdkufawmh ud, k hfa'oawmif udk,ftyk fcsKyfcGifh r&
awmhbJ tjcm;olawG vmtkycf sKyfaewmudk vrf;ab;uae ai;ajrSmf}unfhae&wJh b0rsdK; eJ htqHk; owf
ae&ygvm; qdkjyD; rcsdwifuJ a}uuGJaeyH&k w Sd Jh OD;xGef;jrifh&J hrsufemS udk woufarhbG,f r&Syd gbl;?

udk,fha'orSm udk,ftyk fcsKyfcGifh&a&;[m wdkif;&if;om;awG vdkjcifwJh tajccHtcGifhta&;w&yf jzpf


ygw,f? 'D tajccHudk 1947 ckeSpf yifvHkpmcsKyfrmS uxJu pawG h&wmyg? pmcsKyf tyk'f (5) rSm “e,fpyf
a'orsm; twGuf e,fwGif; tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif udk,fykid f tkycf sKyfa&; &meke;f tjynfh &Sdap&rnf [laom rl udk
oabm wlnD}uonf?” &,fvdk haz:jyyg&ySd gw,f? 'gayr,fh 1947 ckeSpfzGJ hpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk taumif
txnf az: usifhoHk;wJhtcgrSm 'DoabmwlnDcsufudkxdyg;cHcJh&w,f vdk hwkid f;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawGu
axmufjy}uygw,f? yk'rf 160 t& jynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,f trwfawGteuf olwdk htcsif;csif;a&G;cs,f

5
wifajrmuf vdkufoludk oufqidk f&m jynfe,f&J h0ef}uD;/ odk hr[kwf 0ef}uD;csKyf tjzpfcef hwmrsdL; r[kwfyg bl;?
jynfe,f udk,fpm;vS,f trwfawG teuf jynfaxmifpk 0ef}uD;csKyfu a&G;cs,foludkom jynfe,f0ef }uD;
tjzpfcef h &wmyg? 'Dawmh tJ'D jynfe,f0ef}uD;&J hwm0efcHrKS [m jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f trwfawGrSm
r&SdawmhbJ jynfaxmifpk 0ef}uD;csKyfqDa&mufoGm;ygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifp0k ef}uD;csKyfuwdkuf
&du
k fay;wJh trdef hudkom OD;pm;ay;emcHjyD; jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,ftrwfawG&J hwifjycsufawG tay: tav;
xm;rSK t}uD;tus,f usqif;oGm;cJhw,f vdk hoHk;oyf}uygw,f?

1974 ckeSpf zGJ hpnf;yHkacwfudk a&mufjyefawmh ydkqk;d oGm;ygw,f? yk'fr (11) t& jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf
vrf;pOfygwD [m edkifiHawmf&J hOD;aqmifygwD jzpfw,fvdk hjyXmef;xm;wmudk tajccHjyD;jynfe,f/ wdkif;/ jrdK h e,f
aumifpD OuUXawG tm;vHk;udk rqvygwDuvlawG/ ppfAkv d fa[mif;awGudkom cef hxm; tkyf csKyfap cJh wmyg?
tck 2008 zGJ hpnf;yHktajccHOya'rSm awmh tqdk;qHk;ygbJ? jynfaxmifpk orRw ae&m udk ,lr,fh ppfAdkvf 'grS
r[kwf ppfAdkvfvlxGufuae jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfwm0ef,lr,fh yk*dK~ vfawGudkwdkuf&u dk f cef hxm;awmhrmS rdk h
jzpfyg w,f? wdkif;&if;om;jynfe,fawG tajccHuae oHk;oyf&if jynfe,f 0ef}uD; csKyf awGudk oufqidk f&m
jynfe,fvlxku a&G;aumufwifajrSmufcGifh qHk;&SKH ;ae wm[m vGwfvyfa&;&jyD; csdef upvdk h,ae htxd jzpfyg
w,f? 'g[m wdkif;&if;om;awG&J hud, k fykid fjyXmef;cGifhudk jzpfap/ udk,fydkiftyk fcsKyfcGifh udk jzpfap awmufavSsmuf
qHk;&SKH ;aeapwJh tcsufw&yfyg?

'ga}umifh wu,fvdk hom yifvHknDvmcHaz:aqmifa&;aumfrwDu oabmwlnDcsuf rl}urf;awGtqdk


jyKwifoGif;r,f qdk&if Oyrmtm;jzifh atmufyg rl}urf;w&yfudk wifjyvdkygw,f?

udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf


wdkif;&if;om; vlrsLd ;pkrsm; vdkvm;onfh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk atmufygtwdkif; em;vnf vufcH
usifhoHk;oGm;&ef oabmwl}uonf?

(1) jynfaxmifpk zGJ hpnf;&mY yg0ifonfhjynfe,frsm;wGif atmufajcvlxku a&G;cs,fonfh udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;


u wifajrSmufaomyk*~dKvfrsm;jzifh jynfe,ftpdk;&udkzGJ hpnf;I jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJ h0ifrsm;u wif ajrSmufaom
yk*~dKvfu jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk usifhoHk;cGifh &Sdap&rnf?

vufeufudkifxm;wJh b,ftzGJ htpnf;taeeJ hjzpfjzpf tqdkjyKoabmwlnDcsufr}l urf;awGeJ hpyfvSsOf;


vdk h olwdk h&J h&yfwnfcsufawG xkwfaz:}uwmudk b,fol hudkrS b,fOya'a}umif;eJ hrSta&;,lvdk hr& ygbl;?
wjynfvHk;rSm&Sw Sd Jh vlxkawG/ owif;rD', D mawG u tJ'rD l}urf;awG tay: vdu k fygaqG;aEG;}u&if; jidrf; csr;f wJh
vlxkekid fiHa&;vSKyf&Sm;rSKudk tm;jzpfapedkifygw,f? tJ'D rl}urf;awGudk edkifiHwumrSm a&mufae}uwJh 'Drdk ua&
pDtiftm;pkawG/ wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ htpnf;aygif;pHkawGu wqifhjzef hcsv D SKyf&Sm;}ur,fq&dk if xda&mufwJh edkifiH
wum vSKyf&Sm;rSKawGvnf; ay:aygufvmedkifygw,f? 'g[m a':atmifqef;pk}unf &nf n$ef;wJh uGe, f ufudk
vkyif ef;eJ haz:aqmif wnfaqmuf&mvnf; jzpfapedkifyga}umif; wifjyvdkufygw,f?

6
(3)

21 &mpk yifvHknDvmcH eSifh ppfwyf. tcef;u¾?


21 &mpk yifvHknDvmcH eJ hpyfvSsOf;vdk htcuftcJq;Hk uawmh em;vnfrKS vGJae}uwmjzpfa}umif;udk jyD;
cJhwJ h&ufowWywfawGtwGif; a':atmifqef;pk}unf t}udraf ygif;rsm;pGm&Sif;jywm }um;vdkuf&ygw,f?t"du
tm;jzifh 21 &mpkyifvHknDvmcH[m xdyw f dkuf&ifqidk frSK r[kwfbJ trsdL;om;&if}um;apha&;twGuf taxmuf
tuljzpfapr,fh pkpnf;rSK wckjzpfw,f qdkwm wyfrawmfom;awGeJ htjcm;tzGJ hawG em;vnfatmif }udK;pm;
r,fvdk h vnf; qufvuf&iS f;jycJhygw,f?

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}uwma}umifh a':atmifqef;pk}unf udk,fwdkifu vdkuf&Sif;jyae&ovm; qdkwmu yxr tcsufyg? b,f
avmufbJ apwem&nf&, G fcsufuaumif;jyD; trsdL;om;&if}um;apha&;udk wu,fwef;OD;wnfayr,fh ppftm
%m&Sifpepfudk taotvJzufwG,fxm;wJh ppfacgif;aqmiftcsdL huwyfrawmfudkv$r;f rdk;cGifh&xm;orSs
xdyw
f dkuf&ifqidk frKS udk vufawG ha&Smifv$Jvdk h&yg hrvm; qdkwmu 'kwd, tcsuf jzpfygw,f?

yxr tcsufa}umifh vdkuf&iS f;jyae&w,f qdk&ifawmh 'Davmufqdk vHak vmufjyDvdk h,lqygw,f?


ppftm%m&Sifpepf oufq;dk &Snfatmif pDrx H m;wJh 2008 zGJ hpnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ h2010 a&G;aumufyJaG bmif
oufouftwGif;ubJ vkyfaqmifoGm;jcifwJh tiftm;pkwcsdL hudkawmh b,favmufbJ&iS f;jyonfjzpfapolwdk h
&J hppfreS fwJh yl;aygif;yg0ifrSK&bdk hrvG,f ygbl;? 21 &mpk yifvHk nDvmcH eJ hqufpyfwJh vlxkekid fiHa&;vSKyf&mS ;rSK}uD;
vufawG htm;aumif;vm&if ol h tvdkvdkyg0ifvm}urSm jzpfygw,f?

'kwd, tcsufu ydkjyD; ta&;}uD;w,fvdk hxifygw,f? vuf&dS tm%mudk udkifxm;wJh wyfrawmfeJ h


ywfoufvdk hyg? a':atmifqef;pk}unfu em;vnfrKS rvGJatmif apwem&dk;eJ h vdkuf&iS f;jyae&mrSm }um;emol
awGteuf wcsdL hu vdkwmxufykd t"dy`g,fziG fhvm}uovm;vdk hp;dk &drb f G,fjzpfvmygw,f? om"u tm;jzifh
“21 &mpk yifvHknDvmcHrmS ppfwyfrygvdk hrjzpfbl;? ppfwyfryg&if 21 &mpkyifvHknDvmcHudk vkyv f dk hr&bl;?
jrefrmedkifiHrSm ppfwyfu tkycf sKyfvmwm}umjyD? vlxk[m ppfwyf&J htkyfcsKyfrKS atmufrmS tom;usaejyD?”
qdkwJh aqG;aEG;csufrsKd ;awGudk owdjyKrdvm vdk hyg? 'gudk rod romjzpfap/ ododomomjzpfap aZmif;ay;vGe;f
&if 21 &mpkyifvHknDvmcHaz:aqmifa&;udk t[ef htwm; jzpfapedkifygw,f?

21 &mpk yifvHknDvmcH &J hteSpo f m&eJ hpyfvSsOf;vdk h pOf;pm;}u/ aqG;aEG;}u/ t}uHay;}u/ tjrifjcif;
zvS,f}u/ jzpfajrmufatmif 0dkif;0ef;yHyh dk;}uwJh ae&mrSm tqifhtoD;oD;u wyfrawmfom;awG tm;vHk;
yg0ifoihfw,f qdkwmudkawmh taotcsmvufcH&rSm jzpfygw,f? tJovdk yg0ifvma&; twGuf 21 &mpk
yifvHk nDvmcH edkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfudk vufcHwJh tiftm;pkwdkif;u enf;vrf;aygif;pHk&SmjyD; 0dkif;0ef;}udK;yrf;}u
&rSmyg?

'gayr,fh “21 &mpkyifvHknDvmcHrmS ppfwyf rygvdk hrjzpfbl;? ppfwyfryg&if 21 &mpkyifvHknDvmcH


rjzpfbl;?” qdkwJhtxd oHk;eke;f vmwJh tcgrSmawmh t"dy`g,fu eSpcf kaqmifoGm;ygw,f? wcku wwdkif; jynf
vHk;twGuf ta&;}uD;wJh edkifiHa&; vkyfief;pOf}uD;rSm ppfwyfudk tzGJ htpnf;tvdkuf w&m;0if ae&may; vdkuf

7
ovdk jzpfoGm;ekid fygw,f? aemufwcku ppftm%m&Sifpepf&J hxdr;f csKyfrKS udk ppfwyf}uD;wckvHk;u emcHaeorSs
umvywfvHk; wyfrawmfom;awG taeeJ hawmif ygeidk frmS r[kwfwma}umifh olwdk hrygorSs 21 &mpkyifvHknD
vmcH[m taumiftxnfaz:vdk hr&awmhwJh oabm jzpfoGm;ygw,f?

vlxk[m ppfwyf&J htkycf sKyfrSKatmufrSm tom;usaew,fqw dk Jhtcsuf[m vHk;0udk rSm;,Gif;ygw,f?


tom;usw,fqw dk m jidro
f ufjyD; a}ueyfvufcHae&m a&mufygw,f? wu,fawmh 1962 ckeSpt f m%modr;f
cJhwJheSpfrmS bJ qJAif;Zlvdkif ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;upvdk h ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk qef husifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJhvlxk
vSKyf&Sm;rSKawG yHko¾mefrsLd ;pHkeJ h,ae htcsdet f xd tm;aumif;aumif; &Sad eqJ jzpfygw,f? e,fcsJ hpepfu jref
rm edkifiHudk v$r;f rdk;cJhwm ppftm%m&Sifpepfxuf rsm;pGm ydk}umygw,f? tkycf sKyfcJhwm }umvdk hom pepfqdk;
awGudk rwdkufzsufbJ acgif;iHk hcH&awmhr,f qdk&if jrefrmedik fiHvGwfvyfa&;&p&m ta}umif; r&Sdawmhygbl;?
jrefrmedkifiHvdkbJ }um&SnfpmG tkyfpk;d cJhwJh ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m tif'ked ;D &Sm;edik fiHrmS ae0ifoGm;cJhygjyD?

21 &mpk yifvHknDvmcH rSm wyfrawmfeJ hqufpyfwJh tcef;u¾udk &Sif;vif;pGm pOf;pm;edkifbdk hvkv


d m
ygw,f? 21 &mpkyifvHknDvmcH[m ekdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOf}uD;yg? wyfrawmftaeeJ htzGJ htpnf;tvdkuf udk,fpm;
jyKcGifh ay;rvm;qdkwm pOf;pm;p&m jyoem}uD;jzpfygw,f?

1947 ckeSpf yifvHknDvmcHrmS Adv k fcsKyfatmifqef; wufa&mufvufrw S fa&;xdk;oGm; cJhwm[m wyfrawmf


udk,fpm;vS,ftaeeJ hr[kwfygbl;? tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,ftaeeJ hjzpfygw,f? 21 &mpk yifvHknDvmcH rSm
oabmwlpmcsKyfudk vufawG hvufrw S fa&;xdk;}ubdk h&v
Sd m&if wyfrawmfu vufcHxm;wJh tpdk;&/wenf;
tm;jzifh Defacto tajccHeJ htm%m&,lxm;wJh tpdk;&jzpfygapOD;/ ol h&J hudk,fpm;vS,fu w&m;0ifvufrw S f
a&;xdk;wmrsdL; vkyef ikd fygw,f?

'Dvdk jzpfapbdk htwGuf wyfrawmfom;awGudk,fwdkiftaeeJ h pOf;pm;&rSmuawmh ppftm%m&Sifpepf


udk pGef hv$wfa&; jzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifpepfwnf&dS usifhoHk;aeorSsumvywfvHk; ppfrSewf Jh jynfaxmifpk
b,fawmhrS wnfaqmufvdk h&edkifrmS r[kwfvdk hyg? tusdL;quftaeeJ hjynfwGif;ppf oufq;dk &Snfaewma}umifh
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ppftm%m&SifawGeJ holwdk h&J hvufa0cHvlwpk vufxJom a&mufoGm;wm a}umifh jzpfygw,f? vlxkomru
wyfrawmfom;awG wu,fhtrsm;pk}uD;yg pm;0wfaea&; rajyvnfwma}umifh wyfwGif;qENjyrSKawG jzpfaejyD;
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rawmfom;awG udk,fwdkifu tajz&Smbdk hvdkygjyD?

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11
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12
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13
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(6)
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14
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15
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16
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awmh wdkif;jynfeJ hvxl ktwGuf tusdL;&Sdeidk frmS jzpfa}umif; wifjyvdkufygw,f?

(7)
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rdygw,f?

17
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18
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19
(8)

21 &mpk yifvHknDvmcHedkifiHa&;vSKyf&Sm;rSK tm;aumif;atmif b,fvdk yHhydk;oifhovJ?


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20
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24
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25
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26
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