Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LIST OF CONTENTS
Study Appendix
1 I, you, he, she, it, welcome A Greetings
2 Pronunciation B Meetings
3 Tonal marks; plural; good C Nouns
4 Questioning “is it so?” D Verbs
5 very, indeed; not E Adjectives
6 Verbs: be; know of F Adverbs
7 one; a; friend; G Vocabulary
measure word “…ge” English to Mandarin
8 person; this, that one H Vocabulary
9 these, those ones Mandarin to English
10 of; 's; s' I Incremental Phrases
11 Vocabulary review 1-10
12 Future actions; today; come,
go, learn
13 Past actions; not done (mëi)
14 a book; “yðbën …”; house;
give, take, learn
15 If, then
16 Connectives: and, but; there
is, there is not Exercises set for Studies
17 Interrogatives: what? who?
18 Relative pronouns: such thing
= what; such person = who
19 Prepositions: to, through, from
20 Locations: up, in, by
21 with, before, since
22 Combined verbs: can do
23 Yes; No; Not
24 “Measure words”
25 Comparison; gender
26 Vocabulary review 1-25
STUDY 1
VOCABULARY 1.1
[Instructor: Clap. Memory prompt: think of lively “Juanita” dancing to the music of ‘men’ playing on stringed
instruments.…
Students clap and sing, “wó … nï … tå” ]
wó * I
nï you
tå he, she, it
PRACTICE 1.1
VOCABULARY 1.2
huånyîng * Welcome!
qïng Please!
pøtñnghuè Mandarin
xiìxie Thanks!
* See guidance on Mandarin pronuciation and Pinyin script.
Check especially “h”, “q”, and “x” in Vocabulary 2.1.
Check tones and tonal marks in Vocabulary 3.2.
STUDY 2
VOCABULARY 2.1
INDIVIDUAL SOUNDS
Letters Pronounciation Letters Pronunciation
a a as in “atone” o o as in “or”
b b as in “bag” p p as in “pun”
c ts as in “bats” q as chh in “matchhead”
ch tsh as in “hatshop” r r rolled as in “curl”
d d as in “dog” s s as in “sat
e e as in “the book” sh like sh in “rashly”
f f as in “fun” t t as in “top”
g g hard as “get” u u as in “put” (See group below)
h guttural like ch in “loch” w w as in “water”
i i as in “bistro”; ea as in “tea” wu like u, not wu
j j as in “jam” x like s in “see”
k k as in “kitchen” y like y as in “yam”
l l as in “love” yi yi is i, not yi
m m as in “mug” z like ds in “suds”
n n as in “nibble” zh like dge in “hedgeless”
Easier recognizable sound groups are: aisle; ban; bang; naos/(now); eight; tiara; ring.
STUDY 3
VOCABULARY 3.1
VOCABULARY 3.2
GRAMMAR 3.1
PRACTICE 3.1
[Students split into groups of three and exchange statements using:-
wó, nî, tå, wómen, nïmen, tåmen, hço.]
STUDY 4
VOCABULARY 4.1
PRACTICE 4.1
PRACTICE 4.2
PRACTICE 4.3
PRACTICE 4.4
STUDY 5
VOCABULARY 5.1
hën very
or, as a substitute for ‘is indeed’
bù (bö before a fourth tone syllable not, not want to, No
ã or before a toneless syllable)
PRACTICE 5.1
PRACTICE 5.2
[Students in twos or threes converse and iterate through the following examples.]
PRACTICE 5.3
[Instructor splits students into groups of three. Students converse, exchanging questions and answers.]
STUDY 6
VOCABULARY 6.1
PRACTICE 6.1
PRACTICE 6.2
[Instructor splits students into groups of three. Students converse, introducing themselves and others, making
statements, and exchanging questions and answers. Use rìnshi, shð, and bö.]
PRACTICE 6.3
wó
nï
tå
wómen dö tå
nïmen kèn
tåmen
qïng
[Instructor gets students to make statements, questions, and instructions using theses elements.]
STUDY 7
VOCABULARY 7.1
pêngyou * friend(s)
xiåoxi; xðnxí message
yîge ‡ a (can be for a thing or a person)
yi one
-ge † a ‘measure word’ used generally
* Note that the syllable “you” in pêngyou is a neutral tone, even in effect.
‡ Pronounce ‘ge’ hard as in English ‘get’, (never soft as in ‘gel’).
† A ‘measure word’ is used for focusing on a thing, person or action. ‘ge’ is
acceptable for general use. See Vocabulary 14.1 and Study 24 for others.
[Instructor's hints: ‘penfriend’, ‘penguin’?]
[Instructor comments to students about the use of various ‘measure words’. Are there any in English? Perhaps
think of manage-r, manage-ress, sheep-flock. Refer also to Vocabulary 14.1 about “bën” for ‘a volume of’.]
PRACTICE 7.1
yîge pêngyou a friend
nï shð yîge pêngyou ma? You are a friend, eh? Are you a friend?
wó shð yîge pêngyou! I am a friend!
tåmen bö shð hço pêngyou. They aren't good friends.
[Instructor randomly points at students and each responds with statements or questions using these elements.]
PRACTICE 7.2
wó/nï/tå dö
wómen/nïmen/tåmen + kèn + yîge hço xiåoxi
qïng bù dö
STUDY 8
VOCABULARY 8.1
PRACTICE 8.1
PRACTICE 8.2
[Instructor dictates to students the sentences in Exercise 8.1, and they write the Pinyin.]
PRACTICE 8.3
[Instructor reads the sentences in Exercise 8.1. they write the English translation.]
PRACTICE 8.4
[Instructor reads the sentences in Exercise 8.2. they write the Mandarin translation.]
PRACTICE 8.5
[Instructor leads game of “Old Grady says do this, do that” using “this”, “that”, “zhì”, and “nè”]
STUDY 9
VOCABULARY 9.1
...xié * ...se (plural determiner); some
yðxié some
zhìxié these; these ones
nèxié those; those ones
* Note, remember to pronounce ‘sh’ like the English ‘sh’ in ‘rashly’, but
pronounce ‘x’ rather like ‘hss’ or the ‘s’ in ‘see’.
PRACTICE 9.1
zhìxié rên shð hço pêngyou. These persons are good friends.
zhìxié shð hço pêngyou. These are good friends.
nèxié pêngyou shð hço rên. Those friends are good persons.
nèxié pêngyou rìnshi zhìxié rên. Those friends know these people.
[Instructor uses students in threes, doing Columns 1, 2, and 3, respectively.]
PRACTICE 9.2
zhìxié rìnshi nèxié rên. These know those people.
nïmen rìnshi zhìxié hço pêngyou. YOU know these good friends.
[Instructor uses students in threes, doing Columns 1, 2, and 3, respectively.]
PRACTICE 9.3
[Students work in twos or threes. Taking turns, one says the Mandarin in Practices 9.1 and 9.2; then the next
turns the statement into a question by adding “ma?”; then another student says the negative of this by putting
“bö” in front of “shð” or “rìnshi”.]
PRACTICE 9.4
[Instructor reads sentences in Exercise 9.1, and students write the Pinyin.]
STUDY 10
VOCABULARY 10.1
wóde of me; my
nïde of you; your
tåde of him, her, it; his, her, its
wómende of us; our
nïmende of YOU; YOUR
tåmende of them; their
[Instructor randomly points at students and quizes them on translation of a Mandarin or English word listed.]
PRACTICE 10.1
wó shð nïde pêngyou. I am your friend.
nège rên shð wóde pêngyou. That person is my friend.
tåmende pêngyou bö shð hço rên. Their friends are not good
people.
zhìxié rìnshi tåde pêngyou. These know her friends.
yðxié pêngyou rìnshi nï Some friends know you.
[Instructor touches articles in the room (such as a pencil). Individual students upon demand simultaneously point
at self and say “wóde …” (such as “wóde pencil”); or look at someone else and say “nïde …”; or just point away
at someone else and say “tåde …”.
With discretion, a game could be played, eliminating anyone who does the wrong combination of gesture and
words!]
STUDY 11
STUDY 12
GRAMMAR 12.1
wó huð xuêxî tå I will study it.
PRACTICE 12.1
wó jíntiån bö huð læi
wó
nï [huð]
tå [mîngtiån] (‘huð’ can be omitted, if a qù
wómen [jíntiån] [bö] word like ‘mîngtiån’ læi
nïmen [xiènzèi] makes it obvious that the xuêxî tå
tåmen [nèshî] action will take place in dö tå
zhìge rên the future.)
PRACTICE 12.2
[Students work in pairs exchanging questions and answers.]
nï huð læi? wó huð læi.
wó bö huð læi.
tå jíntiån xuêxî? tå jíntiån bù xuêxî.
tå mîngtiån [huð] xuêxî.
STUDY 13
GRAMMAR 13.1
wó xuêxî pøtñnghuè le I did study (I studied) Mandarin.
wómen rìnshi tåmen le We knew them.
GRAMMAR 13.2
wó mêi xuêxî pøtñnghuè I did not study Mandarin.
wómen mêi rìnshi tåmen We knew them not;
we didn't know them.
PRACTICE 13.1
wó læi le I came.
nï qù dèhuð le You went [to the] meeting.
tå xuêxî le He studied.
nïmen rìnshi tåmen le YOU knew them.
wó mêi læi I did not come.
nï mêi qù You did not go.
tå mêi xuêxî He did not study.
nïmen mêi rìnshi wómen YOU did not know us.
STUDY 14
PRACTICE 14.1
yðbën shõ a book
qïng dö zhìbën shõ, nèbën shõ Please read this book, that book
PRACTICE 14.2
wó gëi nï wóde fængzi le I gave you my house.
nï gëi wó tåmende shõ You give me their book.
wómen huð gëi tåmen yðbën shõ We will give them a book.
PRACTICE 14.3
qïng, nï næ wóde shõ. Please, take my book.
wó gëi nï wóde shõ le. I gave you my book.
nï mêi gëi wó nïde shõ. You did not give me your book.
wó jíntiån bö huð næ nèbën shõ. I will not take that book today.
nïde fængzi hën hço Your house is very good.
[Students work in threes and converse.]
STUDY 15
VOCABULARY 15.2
zhídao [to] know, have knowledge of a fact
[zèi] zhìr; [zèi] zhìlï [located; be located] here
[zèi] nèr; [zèi] nèlï [located; be located] there
GRAMMAR 15.1
yèoshð nï bù hën hço* , wó If you are not very well, (then) I will not
(jiù)† bö huð qù nèr. go there.
yèoshð mîngtiån nèxié shõ [huð] If tomorrow those books [‘will’] come,
læi, wómen huð xuêxî tåmen. we will study them.
* When a third tone (…â) precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a second tone (…á).
Hence “hën hço” is pronounced ‘hên hço’. † Note word order with jiù after the noun wó.
GRAMMAR 15.2
jiçrö nïde shõ bö zèi nèr, nï If (supposing) your book is not there,
[huð] zhídao tå ma? will you know it?
jiçrö tå zèi nèr, tå huð læi ma? If he is there, will he come?
GRAMMAR 15.3
röguó nï xöexî, wó huð læi nèr. If you study, I will come there.
röguó tåmen læi zhìlï, wómen If they come here, we study this book.
xuêxî zhìbën shõ.
STUDY 16
VOCABULARY 16.1 (Connectives)
… hê … and (links nouns or pronouns)
… êrqië … and (joins phrases, adjectives, adv's)
… dènshð …; … këshð … but
bù … êr … not … but …; and not …; but not …
… nèshî …; … dångshî … [and] then
… huô[zhë] … huô[zhë] … (either) … or …
… hæishð … … or (alternatively) …
… bùræn … … or (otherwise; if not) …
GRAMMAR 16.1
wó hê nï shð hço pêngyou I and you are good friends.
wó hço dènshð nège rên bù hço I'm fine, but that man is not well.
tå huð læi nèshî wómen huð xuêxî He will come [and] then we'll study.
wó huô jíntiån huô mîngtiån læi. I'll come either today or tomorrow.
tå jîntian hæishð mîngtiån huð læi? Wiil he come today or tomorrow?
wómen qù nèr bùræn tå bù xuêxî! We go there or else he does not study!
PRACTICE 16.1
tå læi êrqië tå xuêxî wómende shõ. He comes and he studies our book.
tå læi le dènshð wó mêi zhídao He came, but I did not know.
tå huð læi zhìr nèshî nïmen huð qù She will come here, then YOU'll go.
huôzhë wó huôzhë nï huð qù nèr Either I or you will go there.
nï jín tian huð xuêxî nïde shõ hæishð Today will you study your book or
wóde shõ ma? my book?
wó zuòtiån xuêxî nèbën shõ le, Yesterday I studied that book, or I
bùræn wó bö huð zhídao dæfù would not know the answers.
tå huð læi xiènzèi bùræn wó qù nèr He'll come now, or I (will) go there.
STUDY 17
VOCABULARY 17.1 (Interrogatives, Questions)
shênme …? what …?
shêi …? who …?
wìishênme …? why …? (what … for?)
shênme shîhou … ? when …? (what time …?)
nçlï …? nçr …? where …?
GRAMMAR 17.1
zhìge jùhuð shð shênme? What is this meeting?
nè(ge dñngxi) shð shênme? What's that (thing)?
nè(ge rên) shð shêi? Who's that (person)?
shêi qù nèr? Who goes there?
tåmen wìishênme bù læi? Why aren't they coming?
nï shênme shîhou xuêxî? When do you study?
nïde fængzi zèi nçlï? Where is your house?
PRACTICE 17.1
tåmen zhìr xuêxî shênme? What do you study there?
nï zhídao shênme? What do you know?
nïmen shð shêi? Who are you?
shêi zuòtiån læi le? Who came yesterday?
nï wìishênme bù zhídao nè? Why don't you understand that?
tå wìishênme næ wóde shõ le? Why did he take my book?
tåmen shênme shîhou huð qù jùhuð? When will they go to the meeting?
wómende shõ zèi nçlï? Where is our book?
dèhuð de fængzi zèi nçr? Where is the house of meeting?
nï wìishênme bö huð læi zhìr? Why will you not come here?
STUDY 18
VOCABULARY 18.1 (Uses of “de”)
shðdang proper, suitable
dèo … can, [to] be able to accomplish …
zuô [to] do; [to] make
dðfang place
GRAMMAR 18.10
zhì shð (tå * gëi wó This is (what he gave me). This is ([the thing of
de) This is (the thing that he this description:] “he
gave me). gave it”).
nège rên shð (hço de) That person is a friend That person is a friend
pêngyou (who is good). ([of this description:]
“good”.)
nèxié (bù xuêxî de) Those are persons (who Those are persons ([of
rên don't study). this description:] “they
don't study”).
* “suó” can be inserted for ‘whatever’— wó suó shuñ de whatever I said
zhì shð (wó bù xuêxî This is the reason (why This is the reason ([of
nèbën shõ de) yuænyín I don't study that book). this description:] “I
don't study that book”).
mîntiån shð (wómen qù Tomorrow is (when we Tomorrow is ([the time
dèhuð nèshî de) * go to the meeting). of this description:] “we
go to the meeting then).
zhì shð (tåmen xuêxî This the house (where This is the house ([of
de) fængzi we study). this description:] “we
study”).
zhì shð (wómen qù This is how we go to This is the way ([of this
wómende dèhuð de) lù our meeting. description:] “we go to
our meeting”).
nè shð (wó xuêxî tåde That is the person That is the person ([of
shõ de) rên whose book I study. this description:] “I
study his book”).
zhì shð (nï gëi de) shõ This is the book which This is the book ([of
you gave. this description:] “you
gave”).
wó qù (zað nïde fængzi lï I'm going to the I'm going to the
de) dèhuð meeting which is in meeting ([of this
your house. description:] “in your
house”).
* “nèshî” can be omitted
STUDY 19
VOCABULARY 19.1 (Direction)
hê …; tòng …; gén … to … (speaking ‘with’ a hearer)
dèo … to … (a place); up to …; as far as …
chuångguô … through: from one side to the other
tñngguô … through: by way of, via …
fìng … de mîng through …; in the name of …
còng … from … (from such place, e.g. China)
còng … chõ from …; out from …; out of …
lùguô pass by way of
GRAMMAR 19.1
GRAMMAR 19.2
nèbën shõ shð gëi zhìge rên That book is for this person.
zhì wìi[le] nïde hço jùhuð shð This is for the purpose of your nice
meeting.
wómen læile yòuyö nïmende dèhuð We came due to YOUR convention.
wó læile tð wó bèba I came on behalf of my father
tå yínwìi mèma bù hço êr mêi læi He did not come because his mother
is not well.
STUDY 20
VOCABULARY 20.1 (Location)
(zèi) … lï (is) in …
(zèi) … lïmian (is) inside …
(zèi) … shang [mian] (is) on … , upon …
(zèi) … [mian] (is) at …
… mian in the location (described by ‘zæi …’)
GRAMMAR 20.1
tå zèi shõ lï It [is] (positioned) in the book.
* [zèi] fængzi lïmian … Inside the house …
tå zèi shõ shang [mian] It [is] (located) on the book.
wó zèi tåde fængzi [mian] I [am] (positioned) at his house.
* Note that ‘zèi’ is normally omitted, if it would start a sentence.
PRACTICE 20.1
[Use words from Study 26 or other vocabulary lists and make more sentences.]
VOCABULARY 20.2
(zèi) … shang; zèi shèngmian (is) up, over ; located upon, on top of
(zèi) … xiè [mian] (is) down; under …; below …
(zèi) … lï[mian] (is) in[side] …
(zèi) … wèi[bian], (zèi) wèimian (is) out[side] …
(zèi) … qiæn[mian] (is) [located] ahead; in front of …
(zèi) … hôu[mian]; (is) [located] behind …
(zèi) … hôu[bian]
(zèi) … pæng[biån] (is) by [the side of] …; beside …
(zèi) … [fù]yðn (is) near[by]
GRAMMAR 20.2
PRACTICE 20.1
STUDY 21
PRACTICE 21.1
STUDY 22
VOCABULARY 22.1 (Auxilliary Verbs — Desire)
xïhuan …; xï'èi … [to] like to …, have an interest in …;
[to] enjoy …
xíwèng … [to] like to …, have a desire to …
[to] hope to …; would like to …
xiçng … [to] want to …
këwèng … [to] wish to …
PRACTICE 22.1
wó xïhuan xuêxî pøtñnghuè I like (am interested) to study Mandarin
wó xíwèng qù dèhuð I'd like (hope) to go to the meeting.
tå xiçng xuêxî zhìbën shõ He wants to study this book.
tå këwèng shð nïde pêngyou He wishes to be your friend.
tåmen xiçng mîngtiån læi They want to come tomorrow.
nï xïhuan yóu zhìbën shõ ma? Are you interested to have this book?
wó këwèng qù wóde fængzi I wish to go to my house.
nège rên xíwèng shð nèr That person hopes to be there.
wómen xiçng qù nèr We want to go there.
tåmen këwèng læi zhìr They wish to come here.
nï xíwèng dö zhìge xiåoxi ma? Would you like to read this message?
wó këwèng shuñ pøtñnghuè I wish to speak Mandarin.
PRACTICE 22.2
wó xõyèo xuêxî pøtñnghuè I need to study Mandarin
wó bðxõ qù dèhuð I must go to the convention.
tå yîdðng yèo xuêxî zhìbën shõ He must study this book.
tå yínggåi shð nïde pêngyou He ought to be your friend.
nïmen xõyèo mîngtiån læi YOU need to come tomorrow.
tå yîdðng dëi shuñhuè zhì He's obligated to say this.
nï yínggåi gëi tå tåde shõ You ought to give him his book.
nï bðxõ læi jíntiån You have to come today.
tå bùdêbù qù nèr He has no option but to go there.
xõyèo nïde fængzi huð zèi nèr It is necessary that your house [will] be
there.
wómen yîdðng yèo qù jùhuð We must go to the meeting.
wó xiçng yèo nège dñngxi I would like to order that thing.
PRACTICE 22.3
wó këyï xuêxî pøtñnghuè I'm permitted to study Mandarin.
wó kënêng qù dèhuð I have a chance to go to the meeting.
tå nêng xuêxî zhìbën shõ He can to study this book.
tå jðnlð shð tåmende pêngyou He tries to be their friend.
tåmen dèo mîngtiån læi They could to come tomorrow.
nï rèng tå næ wóde shõ ma? You let him take my book?
wómen shð qù dèhuð le We tried to go to the meeting.
tå shðyông xuêxî còng wóde shõ He is trying to study using our book.
wómen rèng tå qù nèr We let him to go there.
tåmende pêngyou dèo læi ma? Their friend could come, is it so?
nï huð shuñ pøtñnghuè ma? Can you speak Mandarin?
wó lðtö shuñ shðdang de pøtñnghuæ I try to speak Mandarin properly.
gëi wó kèn nè! Let me see that!
STUDY 23
VOCABULARY 23.1 (No, Not)
mêi yóu do not have
mêiyóu …; mêi …; [biê …] did not …; [don't …]
bù zèi; [bù … dñu] no more; not any more; no longer; [not all]
yóngyuçn bù never (in the future)
cònglæi bù never (present or habitual)
cònglæi mêi [yóu] never (past)
bùxø …!; jðnzhï …! No …; … is not permitted!
bù! No! (responding to positive words)
shðde! duð! [Correct] No! (responding to negative words)
shðde! Yes! [Correct!]
bù! No! = but yes! (faulting negative words)
PRACTICE 23.1
wó bù læi I don't come; I don't want to come.
wó bø nêng læi I can't come.
wó yóu shõ. wó gëi le nï tåmen. I have [some] books. I gave you them.
wó mêi yóu shõ I do not have [any] books.
wó cònglæi mêi qù nèr I never went there.
wó yóngyuçn bö qù nèr. I'll never go there
PRACTICE 23.2
nï xïhuan ma? … Do you like it? …
… bù [xïhuan], wó bù xïhuan! … No, I don't like it!
nï bù xïhuan, duð ma? … You don't like it, do you? …
… duð, wó bù xïhuan! … [Correct] No, I don't like it!
… shðde, wó bö zèi xïhuan! … [Correct] No, I don't like it any more!
… bù, wó xïhuan tå! … [Incorrect] Not so, I do like it!
STUDY 24
VOCABULARY 24.1
zæzhð leaflet, thin magazine, document
yðjièn idea, opinion
huè painting or drawing
wênzhång article written; editorial; essay
zhuñzi table
VOCABULARY 24.2 (Measure Words)
yð… (before …à a, an; (one) yðbën shõ = a book
…á …â)
yî (before …ã …) yîge pêngyou = a friend
liçng… a pair of;(two) liçngbën shõ = a couple of books
…ge (used generally) yîge pêngyou = a friend
…bën (thick books) yðbën shõ = a book
…fìn (leaflets, news- liçngfìn zæzhð = a pair of leaflets, thin
papers) magazines, or documents
…cð (-ce; times) yîcð = once; liçngcð = twice
…zhóng (kinds of) liçng zhóng rên = two kinds of people
…bièn (full cycles) nèbën shõ wó kènle liçngbièn =
I read that book twice [completely].
…diçn (ideas) liçngdiçn yðjièn = two opinions
…duèn (sections, parts) zhìduèn lù = this section of road
…fö (pictures) yðfö huè = a painting or a drawing
…lìi (types of) zhìlìi dñngxi = this type of thing
…piån (write-up) nèpiån wênzhång = that article
…tiæo (item of news) zhìtiæo xiåoxi (/ xðnxí) = this message
…zhång (flat, squarish) yîzhång zhuñzi = a table
…zuô (buildings) yîzuô fængzi = a house
PRACTICE 24.1
tå læile zhìr liçngcð She came here twice.
næ zhìfên zæzhð Take this magazine.
nièn nè hço de Read that [aloud] well.
yîzhóng rên shð hço bù hço Two kinds of person are good and bad.
PRACTICE 24.1
zhì shð yîge hço rên This is a nice person.
nï zhídao yîge yuænyín ma? Do you know a reason?
wó mêi kèn nèbën shõ I did not read that [volume of the] book.
gëi wó mèma zhìbën zæzhð Give my mother that (thick) magazine
wómen gëile liçng fìn zæzhð We gave a pair of (thin) magazines.
tå qù nèr liçngcð He went there on a couple of occasions.
wó rìnshi yîzhóng pêngyou I know one kind of friend.
PRACTICE 24.2
tå dåi zèi dèhuð qíjiån liçngbièn le She stayed during [all] the assembly
twice.
wómen yóu yîdiçn yðjièn guånyö We have one idea about the truth.
zhénxiång
zèi nèduèn jùhuð wómen huð xuêxî In that section of the meeting we will
zhìfìn zæzhð study this magazine.
nèlìi fèngzi huð shð hën hço wêi That house will be very good for our
wóde jùhuð meeting.
qïng kèn jíntiån nèfìn zæzhð de Please read today this article in that
zhìpiån wên zhång magazine.
wó kènjian tå le zèi nèzhång I saw it on that table
zhuñzi shang
wó xíwèng zuñ yízuô hço fængzi I would like to make a nice house.
STUDY 25
VOCABULARY 25.1
bï than (in comparison with)
zuð most, the most (indicating the superlative)
næn- male (relating to humans)
ný- ; nýxðng de female (relating to humans)
nænhæir boy
nýhæir girl
GRAMMAR 25.1
nè shð hço de shõ That is a good book.
zhìbën shõ shð hço (de) This book is good.
zhìbën shõ shð hën hço de This book is very good.
nèbën shõ shð bù hço de That book is not good.
zhìbën shõ bï nèbën shõ hço This book is better than that book. (= this
book compared to that book is good)
zhì bï nè hço This is better than that.
wómende bï tåmende hço Ours is better than theirs.
GRAMMAR 25.2
zhìbën shõ shð zuð hço de This book is best.
zhìbën shõ shð zuð hço de This book is the best.
zhì shð zuð hço de shõ This is the best book.
GRAMMAR 25.3
zhìge nænrên shð tåde nænpêngyou This man is her boyfriend.
wó shð nège nýhæirde bèba I am that girl's father
zhìge nýrên rênshi nège nænhæir This woman knows that boy.
nège nænrên bï nèxié rên hço That man is better than those people.
STUDY 26
VOCABULARY 26.1 (Vocabulary Review English to Chinese Mandarin)
> >
a, an yîge, etc. (Study 24 be (be present;
shows more ‘measure words’.) be located) zèi
Use yð before …à, …á, or …â, else yî because of yínwìi …
have the ability because of
to; can nêng; dèo (linking the
about, on the cause of an
subject of … guånyö … action with
after … [zèi] … yïhôu the action
ahead [zèi] … qiæn[mian] itself)
êr
ahead of [zèi] … qièn before …
[zèi] … yïqiæn
allow rèng on behalf of
tð …; dèi …
allow to …; let rèng …; gëi … behind
[zèi] … hôu[mian];
and hê [zèi] … hoù[bian]
and (joining [located] below [zèi] … xiè[mian]
two verbs or beside … [zèi] … pæng[biån]
adjectives) … êr[qië] … best, the best zuð hço de
and not êr better than … bï … hço
answer dæfù (a) book (yðbën) shõ
(an) article writ- boy nænhæir
ten; essay (yðpiån) wênzhång … built things …-zuô (MW)
as, since yínwìi … but dènshð; këshð
assembly dèhuð but not êr
assist; help bång; bångzhù by (the side of) [zèi] … pæng[biån]
assistance, help bångmång; bångzhù by (near to) [zèi] … yðn
[located] at [zèi] … mian call on; visit fçngwìn
attempt to shð can nêng
go back; return huî
be (am, is, are) shð
> >
can; be able to endeavour, try jðnlð; lðtö
accomplish, (an) essay;
manage dèocan; have an article written (yðpiån) wênzhång
ability or pos- exist zèi
sibility to nêng; dèo father bèba; fù qín
can; know how female … ný-
to huð; nêng fine hço
have a chance for [one who
to …; may … kënêng …; yëxø … benefits] wìi …; gëi …
China Zhñngguò for [the pur-
come læi pose of] wìi[le]
convention dèhuð friend pêngyou
converse shuñhuè from [China] còng [Zhñngguò]
a couple of liçng- (method as for from … on;
‘yð-’: e.g. ‘liçngge’) since … còng … yïlæi;
… (complete) còng … qø
cycles of …-bièn (MW) in front of [zèi] … qiæn[mian]
desire to … xíwèng … girl nýhæir
did … (past) … le give gëi
did not … mêi … go qù
do, make zuô good hço
(a) document (yîfìn) zæzhð grasp hold næ
down [zèi] xiè have, possess yóu
(a) drawing (yðfö) huè have not mêi yóu
due to … yòuyö … he tå
during … [zæi] … qíjiån help; assist bång; bångzhù
(an) editorial; help; assistance bångmång; bångzhù
essay (yðpiån) wênzhång her … tåde …
(either)… or … huôzhë…huôzhë …; [located] here [zèi] zhìr; [zèi] zhìlï
huô … huô … his tåde
else, otherwise … bùræn …
> >
hope to; would know (be acqu-
like to … xíwèng … ainted with) rìnshi
how (in what know (facts) zhídao
manner)? zënme? zënyèng? [a] leaflet [yîfìn] zæzhð
how [far, much] learn xuêxî
(what extent) duñ [e.g. shén] let; allow to … rèng …; gëi …
how much? duñshço? letter (docu-
I wó ment) xðn
[an] idea (yðdiçn) yðjièn like to; enjoy xïhuan …; xï'èi
if (in the case …would like to;
that) … then yèoshi … (jiù) hope to … xíwèng …
if (on the cond- live, reside zhù
ition that) …, located zèi
then röguó …, nèmuó … be located zèi
if (supposing) jiçrö (or yèoshi) in the location
[an] illustration [yðfö] huè (described by
… images of, ‘zèi’) … mian
… copies of love [someone] èi
(of pictures) …-fö (MW) love [some-
[located] in [zèi] … lï thing] èihèo
in (joining in) chånjiå [a] thin mag-
indeed, surely hën azine [yîfìn] zæzhð
[located] inside [zèi] … lïmian make (some-
have an interest thing); do zuô
in …; like to xïhuan …; xï'èi … male … næn-…
is it so? ma? man nænrên
it tå Mandarin pøtñnghuè
… (news) item- manner, way fångfç
s of …-tiæo (MW) may, have a
its tåde chance to … kënêng …; yëxø …
… kind(s) of …-zhóng (MW)
> >
may, have per- No, as you say!
mission to … këyï … (confirming
meet jiènmièn negative
meeting jùhuð words) shðde! duð!
[a] message [yðtiæo] xiåoxi; xðnxí But it is! = No!,
method, way fångshð that's not the
more … than case! (faulting
[that] bï [tå] … a negative
[the] most … zuð … suggestion) shðde!; (bù!)
mother mèma; mø qín No …! (not
mm, is it so? ma? permitted) bùxø …!; jðnzhï …!
my wóde no longer bö zèi
nearby [zèi] …fùyðn no more bö zèi
it is necessary not bù (Note: bö shð)
that … xõyèo … not want to bù
have a neces- now xiènzèi
sity to … yîdðng yèo … have an oblig-
need to; have to ation to; must bðxõ …; yîdðng dêi
it is necessary …; bùdêbù …
that … xõyèo … of … …de
never (future) yóngyuçn [located] on [zèi] … shang
bù one yí
never (present once; one time yîcð
or habitual) cònglæi bù (an) opinion (yðdiçn) yðjièn
never (past) cònglæi mêi [yóu] have an oppor-
No bù tunity to … kënêng …; yëxø …
No! That's not or (alternative-
so! (respond- ly) … hæishð …
ing to positive or (either…or) huôzhë…huôzhë…;
words) bù! huô…huô…
> >
or (otherwise) … bùræn … reside, live zhù
otherwise … bùræn … return, go back huî
ought to … yínggåi … road, way lù
our wómende …s …men
out [zèi] … wèi[bian]; …'s, …s' …de
[zèi] … wèi[mian] say … shuñ
outside zèi … wèibian; say to; tell gèosu
zèi … wèimian … sections of …-duèn (MW)
[a] painting [yðfö] huè see, watch jièn
a pair of liçng- (method as for see a sight kènjièn
‘yð-’: e.g. ‘liçngge’) not see a sight kèn bù jièn
… parts of …-duèn (MW) See you to-
pass close to lùguô morrow mîngtiån jièn!
have permis- see, understand mîngbai; lïjië; dóng
sion to; may këyï … should, ought yínggåi …
person, people rên since, as yínwìi …
place dðfang since, from còng … yïlæi;
… planar things còng … qø
(flat, squarish) …-zhång (MW) so, therefore yíncï …; suóyï …
Please! qïng! speak … shuñ
proper shðdang speak words to
properly shðdang de converse shuñhuè
question wìntî stay, remain liù xiæ; liùxia; dåi
read dö study xuêxî
read (look at on the subject
and under- of …; guånyö …
stand) … kèn … suitable shðdang
read aloud suitably shðdang de
[something] niæn …; dö … [a] table [yðzhång] zhuñzi
[the] reason [is] yuænyín take, grasp næ
remain; stay liù xiæ; liùxia; dåi tell gèosu
> >
more … than … time(s) …-cð (MW)
[that] bï [tå] … once; one time yîcð
Thanks! xiìxie! to (a place) dèo …
that (pronoun) nè to (speaking
that … nège … with) hê…; tòng …;
that (conj.) [omit] gén …
then, at that today jíntiån
moment nèshî; dångshî tomorrow mîngtiån
their tåmende on top of [zèi] … shèngmian
[located] there [zèi] nèr; [zèi] nèlï true; genuine zhén
there are [not] [mêi] yóu a truth zhénlï
there is [not] [mêi] yóu the truth zhénxiång; zhénshî
therefore … yíncï …; suóyï … try, attempt to shð
these; these … zhìxié; zhìxié … try, endeavour jðnlð; lðtö
they tåmen try out in use shðyông
thing dñngxi twice liçngcð
this (pronoun) zhì two …; pair of liçng- (method as for
this (pronoun, ‘yð-’: e.g. ‘liçngge’)
emphasized) zhìgì … types of …-lìi (MW)
this … zhìge … under [zèi] … xièmian
those; those … nèxié; nèxié … understand mîngbai; lïjië; dóng
… thoughts of …-diçn (MW) until …; to … dèo …
through (by [located] upon [zèi] … shèngmian
way of; via) tñngguô … use, (a benefit) yông
through (from make use of yông; shïyông
one side to try out in use shðyông
the other) chuångguô … very hën
through (in visit; call on fçngwìn
the name of) fìng … de mîng visit; see (e.g.
pass through; a doctor) kèn
pass by lùguô … volume of …-bën (MW)
> >
want to … xiçng … write xië
watch kèn write a letter xië xðn
way, manner fångfç … write-ups of …-piån (MW)
way, method fångshð Yes! shð[de]
way, road lù That idea is cor-
way, style fångshð rect, as you say!
we wómen (confirming
Welcome! huånyîng! negative
well hço words) shðde! duð!
what …? shênme …? But yes it is!
whatever suó = that's not the
when? what case! (faulting
time? shênme shîhou? a negative
where? nçlï? nçr? suggestion) shðde!; (bù!)
whether shðfóu yesterday zuòtiån
which? (sing.) nç [yî]ge? (change you nï
‘ge’ to ‘bën’, etc. YOU nïmen
as necessary) your nïde
which? (plural) nçxié? YOUR nïmende
who …? shêi …?
whose? shêi de? shuî de?
why? for what? wêishênme?
will … (future) huð …
wish to … këwèng …
with (by using) [zèi] yông …
with (company) tòng …; hê … [yðqï]
gén … yðqï
without (not
having …) mêiyóu …
woman nýrên
< <
have the ability because of
to; can nêng; dèo (linking the
can; be able to cause of an
accomplish, action with
manage dèo the action
have an oblig- itself) êr
ation to; must yîdðng dêi … but not êr
of …; …'s, …s' …de manner, way fångfç
(See Study 18 method, way fångshð
on uses of ‘de’ call on; visit fçngwìn
place dðfang through (in
… thoughts of …-diçn (MW) the name of) fìng … de mîng
thing dñngxi [an] illustration [yðfö] huè
see, understand mîngbai; lïjië; dóng … images of,
read; read a- … copies of
loud dö (of pictures) …-fö (MW)
… parts or father bèba; fù qín
sections of …-duèn (MW) nearby [zèi] …fùyðn
No, as you say! say to; tell gèosu
(confirming to (speaking
negative with) tòng …; gén …
words) shðde! duð! with (company) tòng …; gén … yðqï
[See ‘shðde’] give gëi
how [far, much] allow to …; let rèng …; gëi …
(what extent) duñ [e.g. shén] for [one who
how much? duñshço? benefits] wìi …; gëi …
and (joining about, on the
two verbs or subject of … guånyö …
adjectives) … êr … fine, good, well hço
and not êr or (alternative-
ly) … hæishð …
and hê
< <
to (speak with) hê…; tòng …; see a sight kènjièn
with (company) tòng …; hê … [yðqï] not see a sight kèn bù jièn
very, indeed, have a chance
surely hën to …; may … kënêng …; yëxø …
behind [zèi] … hôu[mian]; but dènshð; këshð
[zèi] … hoù[bian] wish to … këwèng …
Welcome! huånyîng! may, have per-
(a) drawing, mission to … këyï …
painting (yðfö) huè come læi
go back; return huî … types of …-lìi (MW)
will … (future) huð … did … (past) … le
can; know how [located] in [zèi] … lï
to huð; nêng see, understand lïjië; mîngbai; dóng
[either]… or … huô … huô … tomorrow mîngtiån
[either]… or … huôzhë…huôzhë … [located] inside [zèi] … lïmian
today jíntiån a couple of liçng- (method as for
endeavour, try jðnlð; lðtö ‘yð-’: e.g. ‘liçngge’)
No …! (not endeavour, try jðnlð; lðtö
permitted) bùxø …!; jðnzhï …! remain; stay liù xiæ; liùxia
if (supposing) jiçrö (or yèoshi) road, way lù
see, watch jièn pass close to lùguô
See you to- mother mèma
morrow! mîngtiån jièn! is it so? ma?
meet jiènmièn did not … mêi …
if (in the case have not; there
that) … then yèoshi … [jiù] isn't/aren't mêi yóu
meeting jùhuð without (not
read (look at having …) mêiyóu …
and under- …s …men
stand) … kèn … [located] at [zèi] … mian
visit; see (e.g.
a doctor) kèn
< <
in the location can; know how
(described by to huð; nêng
‘zèi’) … mian you nï
through (in YOU nïmen
the name of) fìng … de mîng your nïde
see, understand mîngbai; lïjië; dóng YOUR nïmende
mother mø qín read aloud
grasp hold næ (something) niæn …
male … næn-… female … ný-
boy nænhæir girl nýhæir
man nænrên woman nýrên
which? (sing.) nç [yî]ge? (change beside … [zèi] … pæng[biån]
‘ge’ to ‘bën’, etc. by [the side of] [zèi] … pæng[biån]
as necessary) friend pêngyou
which? (plural) nçxié? … write-ups of …-piån (MW)
where? nçlï? Mandarin pøtñnghuè
where? nçr? during … [zæi] … qíjiån
that (pronoun) nè Please! qïng!
that … nège … ahead of [zèi] … qièn
that (conj.) [omit] ahead; in front
[located] there [zèi] nèlï of [zèi] … qiæn[mian]
if (on the cond- go qù
ition that) …, allow rèng
then röguó …, nèmuó … allow to …; let rèng …; gëi …
[located] there [zèi] nèr person, people rên
then, at that know (be acqu-
moment nèshî; dångshî ainted with) rìnshi
those; those … nèxié; nèxié … if (on the cond-
have the ability ition that) …,
to; can nêng; dèo then röguó …, nèmuó …
can nêng [located] on [zèi] … shang
[located] upon [zèi] … shèngmian
< <
who …? shêi …? converse shuñhuè
whose? shêi de? shuî de? whatever suó
what …? shênme …? so, therefore yíncï …; suóyï …
when? what he, she, it; also
time? shênme shîhou? him, her, to it tå
why? for what? wêishênme? her, his, its tåde …
make use of yông; shïyông they tåmen
attempt to; try shð their tåmende
be (am, is, are) shð on behalf of tð …; dèi …
Yes! shð[de] … (news)
No, as you say: items of …-tiæo (MW)
[Yes, that idea through (by
is correct, as way of; via) tñngguô …
you say!] with (company) tòng …; hê … [yðqï]
(confirming to (speaking
negative with) tòng …; gén …
words) shðde! duð! out[side] [zèi] … wèi[bian];
But yes it is! = No!, out[side] [zèi] … wèi[mian]
that's not the why? for what? wêishênme?
case! (faulting [an] article writ-
a negative ten; editorial,
suggestion) shðde!; (bù!) essay [yðpiån] wênzhång
proper; for [one who
suitable shðdang benefits] wìi …; gëi …
properly for [the pur-
suitably shðdang de pose of] wìi[le]
whether shðfóu question wìntî
try out in use shðyông I, me wó
[a] book [yðbën] shõ my wóde
whose? shêi de? shuî de? we, us wómen
say …; speak shuñ our wómende
< <
down [zèi] xiè
because of yínwìi …
now xiènzèionce; one time yîcð
desire/hope/ have an oblig-
would like ation to; must yîdðng dêi …
to … xíwèng … have a neces-
have an interest sity to … yîdðng yèo …
in …; like to xïhuan … a, an yîge, etc. (Study 24
have an interest shows more ‘measure words’.)
in …; like to xï'èi … Use yð before …à, …á, or …â, else yî
letter (docu- (an) article writ-
ment) xðn after … [zèi] … yïhôu
[a] message [yðtiæo] xðnxí before … [zèi] … yïqiæn
[a] message [yðtiæo] xiåoxi [an] idea [yðdiçn] yðjièn
want to … xiçng … [an] idea [yðdiçn] yðjièn
[located] below [zèi] … xiè[mian] by (near to) [zèi] … yðn
Thanks! xiìxie! [an] article writ-
write xië ten; editorial,
write a letter xië xðn essay [yðpiån] wênzhång
need to; have to with (company) hê … [yðqï]
it is necessary gén … yðqï
that … xõyèo … [a] table [yðzhång] zhuñzi
learn, study xuêxî use, (a benefit) yông
if (in the case make use of yông; shïyông
that) … [then] yèoshi … [jiù] try out in use shðyông
if (supposing) jiçrö [or yèoshi] with (by using) [zèi] yông …
have a chance due to … yòuyö …
to …; may … kënêng …; yëxø … never (future) yóngyuçn bù
one yí have, possess;
so, therefore yíncï …; suóyï … there is/are yóu
ought to … yínggåi … have not; there
as, since yínwìi … isn't/aren't mêi yóu
< <
[the] reason [is] yuænyín how (in what
be (be present; manner)? zënyèng?
be located; be … planar things
alive; exist) zèi (flat, squarish) …-zhång (MW)
behind [zèi] … hôu[mian]; true; genuine zhén
behind [zèi] … hoù[bian] a truth zhénlï
[located] in [zèi] … lï the truth zhénxiång; zhénshî
[located] inside [zèi] … lïmian this (pronoun) zhì
[located] at [zèi] … mian this (pronoun,
[located] there [zèi] nèr; [zèi] nèlï emphasized) zhìgì
beside …; by this … zhìge …
(the side of) [zèi] … pæng[biån] these; these … zhìxié; zhìxié …
during … [zæi] … qíjiån [located] here [zèi] zhìlï
ahead of [zèi] … qièn [located] here [zèi] zhìr
ahead; in front know (facts) zhídao
of [zèi] … qiæn[mian] China Zhñngguò
[located] on [zèi] … shang … kind(s) of …-zhóng (MW)
[located] upon [zèi] … shèngmian live, reside zhù
out(side) [zèi] … wèi[bian]; [a] table [yðzhång] zhuñzi
out(side) [zèi] … wèi[mian] [the] most … zuð …
down [zèi] xiè best, the best zuð hço de
after … [zèi] … yïhôu yesterday zuòtiån
before … [zèi] … yïqiæn do, make zuô
by (near to) [zèi] … yðn … built things …-zuô
[located] below [zèi] … xiè[mian] (MW)
[located] here [zèi] zhìlï
[located] here [zèi] zhìr
[a] document,
leaflet, thin
magazine [yîfìn] zæzhð
how (in what
manner)? zënme?