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N A S A TECHNICAL N O T E
VOLUME I
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
By J o h n H. P a i n t e r a n d G e o r g e H o n d r o s
Manned S p a c e c r a f t C e n t e r
Houston, T e x a s
F o r sale by t h e O f f i c e of T e c h n i c a l S e r v i c e s , D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e r c e ,
Washington, D.C. 20230 -- Price $3.00
FOREWORD
W. Victor
M. Easterling
B. Martin
J e t PropuLsi o n Labo r a t o r y
L. Randolph Pasadena, C a l i f o r n i a
P. Goodwin
M. Brockxnan
Section Page
1.1.1 Volume I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1 . 1 . 2 Volume I1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
....................
Excursion Module 8
3.2.1 Up-link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.2 Down-link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.2 Transponder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 . 4 . 1 General Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3 . 4 . 2 Antennas ................... 23
3.4.3 Microwave C i r c u i t r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
.
Section Page
3.4.6 ...................
Transmitter 25
3.4.7 ...............
Ranging C i r c u i t r y 26
3.4.8 .............
Demodulation C i r c u i t r y 28
3.4.10 ......
A c q u i s i t i o n and Programing C i r c u i t r y 31
3.4.11 .......
Ground System P e r i p h e r a l Equipment 31
4.1.2 An Explanation of A c q u i s i t i o n . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.1 Pre-Launch . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . 37
4.2.3 ......
E a r t h Orbit . .
. . . .
. . . . . . 38
4.2.4 . .
Translunar I n j e c t i o n . .
. . .....
. . . 38
4.2.6 ....
Earth-Lunar Coast ..... .
. . . . . . 38
. . ..... . .
. . e .
Rendezvous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 41
4.3.10 E a r t h T r a j e c t o r y I n j e c t i o n and Coast .
. . . . . 42
4.3.11Atmospheric Reentry . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 42
5.0 FEFERl3NCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.0 TABWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.0 FIGUKES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
ii
UNIFIXD S-BAND TELECOMMTJNICATIONS TECHNIQUES FOR APOLLO
VOLUME I
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
SUMMARY
history. Then the basic spacecraft and ground system concept are simply
1.0 INTRODUCTION
ment for the Apollo lunar missions is not now well documented. Although some
documentation which provides a reader with the basic system design, capabilities,
documentation for the system in its current state of development and is divided
Detailed description of other elements that may feed into the present
system but are not directly developed by MSC is planned to appear in later
developed.
1.1.1 Volume I
At the time Volume I was prepared, the CSM spacecraft S-band subsystem
insure equipment reliability, and insure compatibility with the ground sub
volume is one which resulted from detailed technical discussions between Planned
Flight Center, and associated contractors. Although the authors feel that this
possible that the final spacecraft S-band equipment may differ slightly (at
the module level) from the one described. It is not expected that the basic
were functionally specified, but not designed. The authors have treated the
1.1.; volume 11
2
analyze existing designs. The equations are sufficiently general that changes
tions made in the derivations are plainly stated so that the validity of the
1 . 1 . 3 Volume I11
Volume III is a tabulation of performance data or circuit margins for
each channel of the system. The calculation of these circuit margins is based
Volume I11 allow inference of the quality of the various system channels during
ground systems.
The present configuration of the Unified S-Band has evolved from earlier
equipment. It is therefore important to acquaint the reader with the history
of the system. The Mercury spacecraft was provided with many electro-mgnetic
transmitting and receiving systems. These systems operated at seven discrete
frequencies within five widely separated frequency bands. The systems used
on the Mercury spacecraft were:
5. C-band transponder
gically located about the globe, were provided with systems compatible to those
the Mercury missions. The spacecraft and ground systems used in the Mercury
majority of these systems should be used in the Gemini Project, with, perhaps,
When the Apollo F’roject was initiated, if; was stipulated that as much as
possible of the existing Mercury ground network and spacecraft systems be used.
In addition to these systems, it was conceived that a transponder should be
included in the spacecraft to perform the ranging operation at lunar distances.
The transponder was a l s o to be used for transmission of voice and telemetry at
lunar distances. Since the transponder design chosen was compatible with the
3
Deep Space Instrumentation Facility ( D S I F ) , established by the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL), the JPL technique (pseudo-random code ranging) was chosen by
NASA to perfom ranging. Thus, for the deep space phase of communications for
the lunar mission, the JPL transponder was to perform the communication and
tracking functions using three deep space stations, closely resembling the JPL
design. For the near-earth phase, however, the VHF', UHF, and C-band Gemini-
type equipments were to be used to perform the comnications and tracking
functions. A study' conducted by JPL, however, indicated that "under worst
conditions" the deep space stations might not acquire the spacecraft at alti
tudes lower than 10,000 nautical miles
2
.
In addition, computations made by
the contractor and MSC indicated that the VHF and UHF systems range capability
would be less than 10,000 nautical miles.
contractor, it was realized that a problem with the spacecraft weight would
arise, since the near-earth phases of the mission required a nuniber of different
tion should be given to the spacecraft weight problem, and that perhaps some
other communications and tracking system could be used during the various near-
December 1962. At this meeting OTDA presented plans for a ground network using
cations and tracking (separate from those of JPL), and a number of stations
ground network not only would increase the range capabilities for near-earth
communications and tracking, but would also allow transmission from the space
craft during both near-earth and deepspace phases to be performed by one
transmitter, thus eliminating all the VHF, C-band and UHF systems and their
back-ups, and consequently reducing the spacecraft weight.
The philosophy of using the unified S-band system for communications and
the ground network required for the support of lunar missions is presently
being implemented under a contract from the Goddard Space Flight Center.
2The altitude of 10,000 nautical miles was calculated on the basis of the
a
(100 n a u t i c a l m i l e s ) . Depending on t h e geographical r e l a t i o n of t h e i n j e c t i o n
p o i n t t o t h e n e a r e s t deep-space s t a t i o n , t h e s p a c e c r a f t may have t o climb
s e v e r a l thousand m i l e s i n a l t i t u d e before becoming v i s i b l e .
Code = x{
\
. c .>
496-kc square wave). For g e n e r a l information t h e combining f u n c t i o n i s :
v ( 2 . [(a. b v b.c v a . c ) @ c ]
l
1
Where t h e d o t i n d i c a t e s t h e Boolean "and", t h e v i n d i c a t e s t h e Boolean "or",
t h e + i n d i c a t e s t h e Boolean "exclusive or", and t h e b a r i n d i c a t e s t h e Boolean
"not' The l e n g t h s of t h e code components i n b i t p e r i o d s a r e given i n t a b l e I.
For d e t a i l e d information on t h e g e n e r a t i o n of t h i s code, see r e f e r e n c e 1.
-
3.1.1.3 Voice. Voice transmission i s a l s o r e q u i r e d t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t .
The baseband voice s i g n a l i s simply an analog waveform w i t h most of i t s energy
l y i n g between 300 and 2,300 cycles per second. This s i g n a l o r i g i n a t e s from
t h e v a r i o u s channels i n t h e ground s t a t i o n .
-
3.1.2.1 Range code. The range code s i g n a l , recovered i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t
f o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n t o t h e ground, i s approximately t h e same as t h a t generated
10
-
3 . 1 . 2 . 2 Pulse-code-modulated telemetry. The primary s p a c e c r a f t t e l e m e t r y
s i g n a l i s binaryPCM (non-return t o zero) having e i t h e r a 5 1 . 2 - k i l o b i t or
1 . 6 - k i l o b i t information t r a n s m i s s i o n r a t e . The b a s i c onboard generated t e l e
metry clock frequency i s 312 k i l o c y c l e s .
-
3 . 1 . 2 . 4 Biomedical telemetry. Biomedical d a t a from t h e a s t r o n a u t s i s
routed through-the PC%I t e l e m e t r y when t h e a s t r o n a u t s are i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t .
When a n a s t r o n a u t i s o u t s i d e t h e s p a c e c r a f t , e i t h e r i n space o r on t h e s u r f a c e
of t h e moon, a s p e c i a l s e t of biomedical t e l e m e t r y channels i s provided.
Seven low frequency s u b c a r r i e r s i n t h e a s t r o n a u t ' s suit communications package
a r e frequency modulated with t h e biomedical measurements. The modulated sub-
c a r r i e r s a r e summed and amplitude modulated on a VHF c a r r i e r f o r r e l a y back t o
t h e parent s p a c e c r a f t . A t t h e s p a c e c r a f t t h e AM s i g n a l i s demodulated and t h e
s m e d f r e quency-modulat ed subcarr i e r s a r e r e covered . Thi s r e cover e d s i g n a l
forms t h e baseband input t o t h e S-band system. The c e n t e r f r e q u e n c i e s and
channel information of t h e v a r i o u s biomedical s u b c a r r i e r channels are given i n
t a b l e 11.
-
3 . 1 . 2 . 5 Television. During c e r t a i n mission phases t h e s p a c e c r a f t w i l l
t r a n s m i t t e l e v i s i o n t o t h e ground. Because of s p a c e c r a f t power l i m i t a t i o n s
t h e t e l e v i s i o n p i c t u r e w i l l not be of t h e usual broadcast q u a l i t y . The t e l e
v i s i o n s i g n a l i s analog, having a b a s i c p i c t u r e format of 10 frames per second,
320 l i n e s per frame, w i t h a n a s p e c t r a t i o of 4:3. The r e s o l u t i o n i s f u r t h e r
l i m i t e d by 500-kilocycle baseband low pass f i l t e r i n g . Amplitude synchronization
w i l l be used with t h e synchronizing l e v e l 30 percent above t h e black l e v e l .
-
3 . 1 . 2 . 6 g e r g e n c y voice. A c a p a b i l i t y i s r e q u i r e d f o r s u c c e s s f u l voice
communication w i t h t h e ground i n t h e event of f a i l u r e of t h e s p a c e c r a f t high-
g a i n antenna or f i n a l a m p l i f i e r , b u t not both. The emergency voice baseband
s i g n a l i s t h e normal voice, routed through a d i f f e r e n t channel.
-
3 . 1 . 2 . 7 Emergency key. For a l a s t - r e s o r t communication c a p a b i l i t y t h e
a s t r o n a u t s may use hand-keyed Morse code. The baseband key s i g n a l i s an on-off
d-c voltage obtained by keying t h e s p a c e c r a f t 28-volt b a t t e r y .
11
-
3 . 1 . 2 . 9 Recorded vo-ice. The normal c l i p p e d voice may be recorded a t any
time. The recorded voice i s played back a t a h i g h e r rate t h a n t h e recording
rate ( g r e a t e r t h a n 4 : l ) . The playback s i g n a l occupys a g r e a t e r base bandwidth
t h a n t h e normal voice s i g n a l ( g r e a t e r t h a n 9 k c ) due t o t h e high playback rate.
The playback s i g n a l i s routed through a d i f f e r e n t channel t h a n t h e real-time
voice.
3.2.1 Up-link
The up-link modulation techniques are simpler, conceptually, t h a n t h e
down-link and s o a r e t r e a t e d f i r s t . The f i n a l modulation process on t h e
outgoing c a r r i e r i s phase modulation using r e l a t i v e l y narrow d e v i a t i o n . Narrow
phase modulation i s r e q u i r e d t o i n s u r e t h a t a phase s t a b l e c a r r i e r component
a r r i v e s a t t h e s p a c e c r a f t . Since t h e s p a c e c r a f t transmission c a r r i e r i s
derived phase coherently from t h e r e c e i v e d c a r r i e r , it i s important t h a t t h e
c a r r i e r received a t t h e s p a c e c r a f t not be allowed t o r e v e r s e phase f o r any
appreciable l e n g t h of time due t o modulation, s i n c e t h i s r e v e r s a l would cause
an e r r o r i n two-way Doppler t r a c k i n g between t h e ground t r a n s m i t t e d and received
c a r r i e r s . Narrow phase d e v i a t i o n a l s o assures that t h e modulation i s concentra
t e d i n t h e f i r s t order s i d e products of t h e modulated s i g n a l . This concentra
t i o n optimizes t h e p a r t i c u l a r r e c e p t i o n technique employed i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t .
-~
3.2.1.3 Voice.- The baseband voice s i g n a l i s f i r s t frequency modulated on
a 30-kc s u b c a r r i e r , t h e n summed with t h e o t h e r up-going information and phase
modulated on t h e c a r r i e r .
3.2.2 Down-link
The down-link modulation techniques for CSM and LEM a r e p r a c t i c a l l y
i d e n t i c a l . The CSM may transmit on two S-band c a r r i e r s simultaneously. The
m, however, may time share one c a r r i e r f o r t r a n s m i s s i o n of FM or PM modula
t i o n . Considering both s p a c e c r a f t , t h r e e s e p a r a t e c a r r i e r f r e q u e n c i e s may be
received a t t h e ground, simultaneously. The v a r i o u s modulation parameters w i l l
be t r e a t e d i n t h e s e c t i o n on s i g n a l design.
~. - .
12
There a r e two f i n a l modulation processes i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t . These
processes a r e phase modulation and frequency modulation. Similar t o t h e up-link,
a phase-stable c a r r i e r component must a r r i v e a t t h e ground s t a t i o n f o r use i n
Doppler t r a c k i n g and f o r use by t h e narrow angle channels which p o i n t t h e
ground antenna. This c a r r i e r requirement implies narrow phase modulation f o r
some of t h e information l i n k s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e c a r r i e r requirement implies
t h a t t h e L8M can not t r a n s m i t FM modulation when t r a c k i n g and ranging i s
r e q u i r e d by t h e ground. A s explained i n s e c t i o n 2.1, a s e p a r a t e frequency-
modulated c a r r i e r was chosen f o r t h e transmission of t e l e v i s i o n and c e r t a i n
o t h e r d a t a . C e r t a i n of t h e information s i g n a l s can be t r a n s m i t t e d only i n t h e
PM channel, and c e r t a i n o t h e r s i g n a l s can be t r a n s m i t t e d only i n t h e FM channel.
Some of t h e information s i g n a l s can be t r a n s m i t t e d i n e i t h e r channel. The
combination modes are s p e l l e d out e x p l i c i t l y i n t h e s i g n a l design s e c t i o n 3.2.3.
-
3 . 2 . 2 . 2 Pulse code modu1ate.d. telemetry. The PCM t e l e m e t r y s i g n a l , b i n a r y
coded, i s f i r s t phase modulated on a 1.024-mc s u b c a r r i e r . The modulated sub-
c a r r i e r may t h e n be e i t h e r summed with PM channel information and phase modu
l a t e d on t h e down PM c a r r i e r or summed with FM channel information and
frequency modulated on t h e down FM c a r r i e r .
-
3 . 2 . 2 . 3 Voice. The baseband voice s i g n a l i s f i r s t frequency modulated on
a 1.25-mc s u b c a r r i e r . A s w i t h t h e PCM t e l e m e t r y s u b c a r r i e r , t h e voice sub-
c a r r i e r may be summed w i t h o t h e r information and be t r a n s m i t t e d through e i t h e r
t h e PM o r FM channel.
3.2.2.9 -
Recorded voice. The recorded voice s i g n a l i s frequency modulated
on a 1 . 2 5 mc s u b c a r r i e r . This i s not t h e same s u b c a r r i e r used f o r real-time
voice. Because of base-bandwidth considerations, t h e r e l a y e d EVA biomedical
d a t a cannot be summed w i t h recorded voice. The modulated s u b c a r r i e r may be
summed with o t h e r information and t r a n s m i t t e d through e i t h e r t h e PM or FM
channel. A s wkth recorded telemetry, recorded voice and real-time voice cannot
be t r a n s m i t t e d through t h e same c a r r i e r channel.
3.2.3 S i g n a l Design
It has been s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y ( s e e . 3 . 2 . 2 ) t h a t f o r t h e down l i n k c e r t a i n
information f u n c t i o n s are r e s t r i c t e d t o PM only o r FM only, while some f u n c t i o n s
can be t r a n s m i t t e d e i t h e r way. There a r e many p o s s i b l e combinations of t r a n s
missions. The choice of t h e various modulation parameters f o r t h e s e combina
t i o n s i s r e f e r r e d t o , here, as s i g n a l design. A t t h i s time, f i r s t c u t s i g n a l
design and o p t i m i z a t i o n f o r both t h e up and t h e down l i n k s have been performed
by t h e prime c o n t r a c t o r s f o r CSM and LEM, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
-
3.2.3.1 Combination m>-des. It i s necessary t o d e s i g n a t e a l l t h e p o s s i b l e
transmission modes, both f o r t h e up- and t h e down-links. This i s done i n
table I11 for t h e up-link. Table I V does not l i s t a l l t h e p o s s i b l e combinations
f o r t h e down-link, but l i s t s most of those o f L i n t e r e s t . Table IV, a l s o i n d i c a t e s
which modes use t h e s p a c e c r a f t high power f i n a l a m p l i f i e r s (PA) and which modes
r e s u l t f o r use of t h e PM e x c i t e r only.
--
3 . 2 . 3 . 2 Modulation parameters.- For t h e purposes of Volume I, t h e
modulation parameters t o be t r e a t e d a r e s u b c a r r i e r f r e q u e n c i e s and v a r i o u s
modulation i n d i c e s . There a r e s e v e r a l s e p a r a t e sets of modulation i n d i c e s f o r
t h i s system; those of t h e information on t h e subca,rriers,and t h o s e of t h e sub-
c a r r i e r s on t h e c a r r i e r s . A t t h i s time c o n t r a c t o r s have derived s e t s of modu
l a t i o n i n d i c e s . It i s intended t h a t Volume 111 w i l l p r e s e n t a t h i r d set of
i n d i c e s , derived and optimized by NASA-MSC. Table V p r e s e n t s only t h e sub-
c a r r i e r frequencies, l e a v i n g t h e i n d i c e s f o r Volume 111.
3.2.3.3 Modulated
----. -
spectra. The modulation modes described i n
s e c t i o n 3 . 2 . 3 a r e best i l l u s t x t e d through p l o t s of energy d e n s i t y a g a i n s t
frequency. The s p e c t r a of i n t e r e s t a r e those f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l up-links,
i n d i v i d u a l d a m - l i n k s , and t h e dual up-links and down-links where a l l channels
are a c t i v e . The d u a l l i n k p l o t s show haw t h e s p e c t r a f o r both s p a c e c r a f t f i t
together .
It should be noted that t h e s e s p e c t r a l p l o t s have not been mathematically
computed. The p l o t s are approximations and a r e used here as i l l u s t r a t i o n .
Figure 4 d e p i c t s t h e energy spectrum of a n i n d i v i d u a l up-link; t h a t is, a
c a r r i e r of frequency f o phase-modulated by a pseudo-random ranging code p l u s
14
A m e r i t of t h e f o u r s u b c a r r i e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s t h a t f o r t h e m a j o r i t y of
time when recorded d a t a i s not t r a n s m i t t e d , t h e two s u b c a r r i e r s a s s o c i a t e d
with recorded d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e t o s a t i s f y any f u t u r e a d d i t i o n a l d a t a comuni
c a t i o n requirements.
Figure 8 shows a n i n d i v i d u a l dawn-emergency voice l i n k , w i t h base band
voice narrow-phase modulated onto t h e c a r r i e r .
1. Premodulat i o n proce s s o r
2. Transponder
3. Power a m p l i f i e r
4. Antennas
16
I
broken down i n t o f o u r d i f f e r e n t s i g n a l s . These s i g n a l s which can only be t r a n s
m i t t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y , are 51.2 k i l o b i t s . p e r second (kbs) or 1.6 kbs real-time
t e l e m e t r y plus normal voice and biomedical data; or recorded PCM t e l e m e t r y
( a t 31.2 or 1 . 6 k b s ) p l u s recorded voice; or emergency voice, or emergency key.
The FM output can be broken dawn i n t o two d i f f e r e n t s i g n a l s which can only be
t r a n s m i t t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y , and are t e l e v i s i o n p l u s r e a l - t i m e t e l e m e t r y (31.2 or
1.6 kbs) plus normal voice and biomedical data; or t e l e v i s i o n p l u s recorded
t e l e m e t r y (51.2 or 1 . 6 k b s ) p l u s recorded voice.
-
Pulse code modulation (non-return t o zero) data,
kbs r a t e , i s derived from t h e s p a c e c r a f t PCM
equipment and may e i t h e r be recorded or t r a n s m i t t e d i n real time. Whether
played back from t h e r e c o r d e r or t r a n s m i t t e d i n real time, t h e t e l e m e t r y
information i s processed by one of t h e following methods.
-
3.3.1.3 B i o m e d i c a l d a t a . During e x t r a - v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s of t h e
a s t r o n a u t s (such as walking on t h e s u r r a c e of t h e moon) some biomedical i n f o r
mation w i l l be r e q u i r e d by t h e ground s t a t i o n . This information w i l l be
t r a n s m i t t e d from t h e a s t r o n a u t ' s s p a c e s u i t , v i a t h e s u i t VHF-AM t r a n s c e i v e r ,
and received on t h e s p a c e c r a f t t r a n s c e i v e r . I n t u r n , t h e output of t h e space
c r a f t t r a n s c e i v e r , c o n s i s t i n g of t h e composite of seven s u b c a r r i e r s with t h e i r
biomedical information, i s routed t o a f i l t e r (high-pass) and t h e n t o a mixing
network where it i s summed with voice information d e r i v e d from one of t h e sources
discussed previously. The composite output modulates t h e 1.25-mc s u b c a r r i e r
which i s then routed t o t h e FM or PM mtxing networks of t h e processor.
-
3.3.1.4 Television. The t e l e v i s i o n information i s derived from t h e
onboard t e l e v i s i o n equipment and i s routed t o t h e FM mixing network. There,
t h e t e l e v i s i o n information i s summed with voice o r telemetry, or both, and t h e
composite s i g n a l i s routed t o t h e transponder for transmission.
18
i s chosen, and t h e information i s routed t o t h e VOX-NO-VOX mechanism, t h e
c l i p p e r , and t h e n d i r e c t l y t o t h e transponder phase modulator, completely
by-passing t h e mixing network i n t h e premodulation processor.
-
3.3.1.7 Data s t o r a g e equipment. Although t h e d a t a s t o r a g e equipment (DSE)
i s not a p a r t of t h e premodulation processor, t h i s equipment i s described very
b r i e f l y i n t h i s s e c t i o n , s i n c e DSE outputs a r e d i r e c t l y routed t o t h e premodu
l a t i o n processor under some circumstances.
3.3.2 Transponder
The Apollo s p a c e c r a f t transponder c o n s i s t s of t h r e e b a s i c p a r t s , namely
t h e r e c e i v e r and two t r a n s m i t t e r e x c i t e r s . This subsystem a c c e p t s a l l o u t p u t s
from t h e premodulation processor, performs t h e f i n a l modulation process, and
t r a n s m i t s t h e information t o t h e ground. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e transponder r e c e i v e s
a l l of t h e i n f o m a t i o n from t h e ground systems, recovers and t u r n s around t h e
range code, and r o u t e s t h e voice and up-data s u b c a r r i e r s t o t h e premodrilation
processor. Thus, as far as t h e u n i f i e d S-band system i s concerned, t h e t r a n s
ponder performs t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n and r e c e p t i o n f u n c t i o n s onboard t h e command
and s e r v i c e module and t h e l u n a r excursion module. The u n i f i e d S-band t r a n s
ponder i s shown i n f i g u r e 12. It i s necessary a t t h i s p o i n t t o d i s c u s s t h e
o p e r a t i o n of t h e transponder w i t h r e s p e c t t o t r a n s m i s s i o n and r e c e p t i o n of
information i n t h e v a r i o u s modes discussed elsewhere i n t h i s r e p o r t .
3.3.2.1 Reception.- The ground t o s p a c e c r a f t s i g n a l c o n t a i n s i t s f u l l
baseband information, having range code, up-data s u b c a r r i e r , and voice sub-
c a r r i e r phase modulated onto t h e c a r r i e r . The RF s i g n a l e n t e r s t h e transponder
a t t h e p r e s e l e c t o r and i s routed t o a balanced mixer. There it i s mixed w i t h
t h e output of t h e c a r r i e r loop VCO which has been f i l t e r e d and frequency
m u l t i p l i e d by 34. The output of t h e balanced mixer i s t h e n routed t o t h e f i r s t
I F a m p l i f i e r . I n t h e I F channel t h e amplitude of t h e s i g n a l i s c o n t r o l l e d by
t h e automatic g a i n c o n t r o l (AGC) s i g n a l which i s derived from t h e AGC d e t e c t o r
as shown i n f i g u r e 12. The output of t h e f i r s t I F i s routed t o t h e second
d e t e c t o r where it i s mixed w i t h t h e output of t h e c a r r i e r loop VCO which has
been frequency-multiplied by two. A s shown, t h e second d e t e c t o r has two
outputs. One of t h e s e o u t p u t s i s routed t o an a m p l i f i e r and f i l t e r (second I F ) .
The o t h e r f e e d s two channels. The f i r s t channel c o n s i s t s of a n AGC d e t e c t o r
which f e e d s a n AGC a m p l i f i e r f i l t e r which, i n t u r n , c o n t r o l s t h e g a i n of t h e
f i r s t I F a m p l i f i e r . The second channel c o n s i s t s of a hard l i m i t e r which d r i v e s
t h e c a r r i e r t r a c k i n g phase d e t e c t o r . The output of t h e c a r r i e r t r a c k i n g phase
d e t e c t o r i s bandwidth l i m i t e d by t h e I F f i l t e r . This output i s f e d through a
f i l t e r t o the c o n t r o l p o i n t on t h e VCO, t h u s causing t h e o s c i l l a t o r t o maintain
phase coherence w i t h t h e incoming s i g n a l .
20
21
40" - 12 db
16" - 20 db
6.5" - 28 db
3.4.2 Antennas
There a r e , i n t h e Apollo ground s t a t i o n s , two t y p e s of S-band ground
antennas.
One type, used f o r deep-space communication i s a n 85-foot p a r a b o l i c
antenna. The o t h e r , f o r near-space communication i s a 30-foot p a r a b o l i c
3 . 4 . 2 . 2 Near-space . . a c q u i s i t i o n antenna.- It i s r e q u i r e d t h a t an a u x i l i a r y
antenna be a v a i l a b l e t o a i d t h e main antenna i n i n i t i a l a c q u i s i t i o n and lock-on
of t h e received s i g n a l . This a c q u i s i t i o n antenna w i l l be r i g i d l y mounted on t h e
periphery of t h e main antenna. Having a n approximate diameter of 3 f e e t , t h e
a c q u i s i t i o n antenna has a maximum g a i n of 22 db, a beam-width of roughly
10 degrees, and a t r a c k i n g accuracy of 0 . 5 degrees, t o t a l . The a c q u i s i t i o n
f e e d i s of t h e simultaneous l o b i n g type whose output i s c i r c u l a r l y p o l a r i z e d
w i t h p o l a r i z a t i o n sense t h a t can be s e t manually.
3.4.3 Microwave C i r c u i t r y
A s t h e r e a r e two kinds of antennas a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e deep-space and
near-earth s t a t i o n s , so, a l s o , t h e r e a r e two kinds of microwave c i r c u i t r y .
Figures 16 and 17 show t h e c i r c u i t r y f o r t h e deep-space s t a t i o n s and near-earth
stations, respectively.
23
always r o u t e d t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n channel r e c e i v e r s . The sum channel s i g n a l s
a r e routed from t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p o l a r i z a t i o n switches t o s e p a r a t e d i p l e x e r s .
The r e c e i v e r o u t p u t s of t h e two d i p l e x e r s a r e r o u t e d t o a switching network
which enables t h e main sum channel t o f e e d low n o i s e a m p l i f i e r number one and
t h e a c q u i s i t i o n sum channel t o feed low-noise a m p l i f i e r number two, or v i c e
versa. This switching network a l s o provides t h e c a p a b i l i t y f o r d r i v i n g e i t h e r
low-noise a m p l i f i e r w i t h a n RF c a l i b r a t e d noise source.
24
3.4.6 Transmitter
The t r a n s m i t t e r i n f i g u r e s 15 and 20 i s t h a t c i r c u i t r y l a b e l e d "Transmitter
and Frequency Generating C i r c u i t r y . " This subsystem i n c l u d e s a b a s i c Rubidium
frequency standard, a frequency s y n t h e s i z e r phase-locked t o t h e standard, and a
25
master v o l t a g e c o n t r o l l e d o s c i l l a t o r . The VCO i s phase-locked t o t h e frequency
s y n t h e s i z e r and provides t h e R F d r i v i n g s i g n a l f o r t h e t r a n s m i t t e r . The syn
t h e s i z e r provides t h e tuning, or frequency changing, c a p a b i l i t y f o r t h e t r a n s
m i t t e r . The frequency of t h e s y n t h e s i z e r i s changed manually by t h e o p e r a t o r
i n d i s c r e t e frequency s t e p s . Because t h e frequency changes i n s t e p s , t h e
phase-locked VCO i s used as t h e master t r a n s m i t t e r o s c i l l a t o r ; s i n c e t h e
response of t h e loop t o a n i n p u t frequency s t e p i s a continuous smooth t r a n s i
t i o n of t h e VCO t o a new frequency. This smoothness of frequency and phase
change of t h e t r a n s m i t t e r i s necessary t o i n s u r e that c a r r i e r phase-lock i n
t h e s p a c e c r a f t r e c e i v e r i s not broken during ground t r a n s m i t t e r tuning. The
VCO f e e d s a m u l t i p l i e r chain which feeds t h e phase modulator. The o t h e r
i n p u t s t o t h e modulator a r e t h e range code, up-data s u b c a r r i e r , and up-voice
s u b c a r r i e r . From t h e modulator, t h e composite s i g n a l i s routed through
s u i t a b l e m u l t i p l i e r s and t h e power a m p l i f i e r t o t h e microwave c i r c u i t r y .
1
3.4.7 Ranging C i r c u i t r y
The ranging c i r c u i t r y i s made up of those p a r t s of f i g u r e 15 l a b e l e d
"Receiver I F Clock Demodulation, Code C o r r e l a t i o n C i r c u i t r y " , "Receiver Coder
Clock Transfer Loop and Clock Doppler Detector", "Receiver FP Doppler Detector
and Transmitter Clock Generator", and " D i g i t a l Ranging Equipment". Figure 21,
22, 23, and 24 show t h e s e u n i t s s e p a r a t e l y .
27
3.4.8 Demodulation C i r c u i t r y
The d i s c u s s i o n of t h e d a t a demodulation equipment i s keyed t o f i g u r e s 15
and 26. The two i n p u t s a r e t h e ‘,O-mc and 10-mc I F outputs of t h e r e f e r e n c e
channel r e c e i v e r s . The ‘jO-mc channel i s used d u r i n g r e c e p t i o n of t h e F’M modes
while t h e 10-mc channel i s reserved for. t h e Wl modes.
28
3.4.8.1 PM modes.
29
3.4.8.1.4 Ehergency voice. The emergency voice s i g n a l , which w a s phase
modulated d i r e c t l y on t h e c a r r i e r , e n t e r s t h e d a t a demodulation c i r c u i t r y
through t h e 10-megacycle I F channel and i s introduced t o t h e main PM demodulator.
The voice information i s recovered through synchronous d e t e c t i o n and appears
a t t h e output of t h e main PN demodulator where it i s l o w - p a s s f i l t e r e d and
passed t o t h e d a t a handling equipment.
3.4.8.2 FM modes.
3 . 4 . 8 . 2 . 1 Voice. The normal (or recorded) voice, which i s frequency
modulated on a 1.25-mc s u b c a r r i e r and t h e n frequency modulated on t h e c a r r i e r ,
e n t e r s t h e d a t a demodulation c i r c u i t r y v i a t h e 50-megacycle I F channel and i s
introduced t o t h e main FM demodulator, a modulation t r a c k i n g loop. This loop
has a closed-loop noise bandwidth which i s a d j u s t a b l e t o optimize r e c e p t i o n of
each p a r t i c u l a r mode. The voice s u b c a r r i e r i s recovered and appears a t t h e
output of t h e modulation t r a c k i n g loop. The recovered 1.25-me s u b c a r r i e r i s
then routed t o t h e i n p u t of a voice demodulator where it i s t r e a t e d i n t h e same
manner as i n t h e PM mode.
1. Antenna p o s i t i o n programer
3. Up-Data v e r i f i c a t i o n r e c e i v e r
4. PCM s i g n a l conditioner
-
3.4.11.3 Up-data v e r i f i c a t i o n r e c e i v e r . The up-data v e r i f i c a t i o n r e c e i v e r
i s a subsystem Ghich i s used tode-ne whether up-data and voice have been
t r a n s m i t t e d c o r r e c t l y from t h e ground s t a t i o n t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t . This sub
system c o n s i s t s of a phase locked device f o r c a r r i e r demodulation and 30- and
70-kc d i s c r i m i n a t o r s f o r s u b c a r r i e r demodulation. The i n p u t t o t h e r e c e i v e r
i s derived from t h e o u t p u t , o f t h e power a m p l i f i e r . Upon demodulation t h e voice
s i g n a l s a r e monitored for q u a l i t y . The demodulated up-data s i g n a l s are
compared with t h o s e a t t h e output of t h e d i g i t a l command system. If an e r r o r
i s d e t e c t e d , c o r r e c t i o n procedures a r e immediately i n i t i a t e d . I n addition
t o t h e preceding comparispn, t h e t r a n s m i t t e d voice and up-data information i s
recorded. Thus, a record of t h e up-link t r a n s m i t t e d information e x i s t s a t a l l
times.
-
3.4.11.4 PCM s i g n a l c o n d i t i o n e r . The PCM s i g n a l c o n d i t i o n e r subsystem
i s used t o t e s t and analyze t h e performance of t h e spacecraft-to-ground t e l e m e t r y
channel. This subsystem generates a d i g i t a l pulse t r a i n a t t h e "PCM s i g n a l
simulator'' with b i t r a t e s of 1 0 t o 200 kbs. This s i g n a l i s mixed with s p e c i f i c
q u a n t i t i e s of noise and i s capable of d r i v i n g t h e up-data s u b c a r r i e r modulator
of t h e ground system. Additionally, t h i s subsystem i s capable of providing
pure s i g n a l s (without n o i s e ) t o t h e PCM b i t comparator, o r a mixed s i g n a l and
32
noise t o t h e b i t synchronizer and s i g n a l c o n d i t i o n e r , a.1~3a c l e a n s i g n a l (no
n o i s e ) t o t h e b i t comparator. The b i t synchronizer a n d s i g n a l c n n d i t i m e r
a c c e p t s i g n a l s from e i t h e r t h e PCM simulator, d e s c r i b e d above, or t h e output
of t h e ground t e l e m e t r y demodulator. The s i g n a l c o n d i t i o n e r a c c e p t s PCM s i g n a l s
under adverse signal-to-noise c o n d i t i o n s and r e c o n s t r u c t s t h e s e s i g n a l s t o
t h e i r optimum shape w i t h t h e l e a s t noise p o s s i b l e . F i n a l l y , t h e b i t comparator
may r e c e i v e s i g n a l s from t h e s i g n a l s i m u l a t o r and t h e s i g n a l c o n d i t i o n e r . These
two s i g n a l s w i l l be made c o i n c i d e n t i n time. F u r t h e r , t h e b i t comparator can
compare t h e two s i g n a l s and r o u t e an e r r o r s i g n a l t o t h e frequency counter when
t h e i n p u t s i n q u e s t i o n a r e not of t h e same time, phase, o r j-~ol-arity.
33
I
4.0 SYSTEM OPERATIONAL “ I Q U E S
4 . 1 Ranging and S p a c e c r a f t A c q u i s i t i o n
4.1.1 A P h y s i c a l Explanation of t h e Ranging Process
34
may a c q u i r e and l o c k t o t h e clock component of t h e incoming transponded code.
A t t h i s p o i n t , it i s h e l p f u l t o v i s u a l i z e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e t r a n s
m i t t e d code and t h e transponded code as it i s r e c e i v e d a t t h e ground ( f i g . 28).
P a r t 5 of t h e figure shows t h e r e s u l t of t h e f i n a l s t e p i n a c q u i s i t i o n of
t h e coae, t k t of' s t e p p i n g t h e r e c e i v e r code g e n e r a t o r i n d i s c r e t e b i t s t e p s
u n t i l it e x a c t l y matches i n phase, or c o r r e l a t e s , w i t h t h e r e c e i v e d code.
35
This correlation is actually obtained by stepping each of the four receiver
code components separately, with the range tally being advised of the equiv
alent movement of the entire receiver code. After obtaining correlation of the
entire code, the continuously up-dated range measurement being displayed by the
range tally is correct and has a resolution of about half a bit period or
l5O meters. After the acquisition of the transponded code, a step is taken to
refine the resolution of the continuous measurement. This is to switch from
counting Doppler on the two clock generators to counting Doppler on two RF
signals derived phase coherently from the two carriers. Since the clock signals
are, themselves, coherelit with their respective carriers, the clock Doppler is
phase coherent with the RF Doppler. Immediately after tallying a zero crossing
of the clock Doppler, the RF Doppler counter is allowed to commence up-dating
the range tally. This increases the resolution of the continuous range measure
Many signals must be acquired during operation of this system. The fol
lowing lists the signals and the order in which they must be acquired and gives
Many of the acquisition processes are automated, being run by the acquisition
the exact method employed to automate the functions. Acquisition begins with
the spacecraft transmitting a carrier which is phase modulated by the voice and
ously determined information, to search for the spacecraft signal. This search
may consist of a spiral scan motion combined with programmed tracking of a pre
Combined with the antenna search in angle, the acquisition reference re
ceiver searches in frequency for the central carrier component of the spacecraft
signal. This search is made by sweeping the receiver VCO in frequency. When
the VCO frequency is at the proper position relative to the spacecraft carrier
component, the acquisition carrier tracking loap will lock. The lock is signi
fied by the appearance of a d-c carrier acquisition signal from the RF channel
quadrature phase detector.
Once the carrier tracking loap is locked, the antenna angle drive channels
become operative. The antenna drive is thea saJitched from the programmed search
alined, the main antenw, which is physically tied to Lhe acquisition aitenna,
acquires the spacecr-aftsignal. The main reference channel VCO is then swept
into lock with the carrier component. This lock activates the m i n angle
channels. The antenna drive is then switched fron the acquisition angle channels
Next, the carrier tracking l o o p in the dzta demodulator is lozked up. Then,
both the voice and PCM telemetry demodulatois are activzted. Now, the gro9x-d
transnitter VCO is swept in frequency m t i l the spncecraft carrier trxking
l o o p a c q u i r e s . A c q u i s i t i o n i s s i g n a l l e d a t t h e s p a c e c r a f t by a 3-c a c q u i s i t i o n
s i g n a l ( t h e s p a c e c r a f t coherent au'tonatic g a i n con.trol v o l t a g e ) .
The space-
c r a f t i n - l o c k s i g n a l and VC3 s t a t i c phase e r r o r a r e telemetered t o t h e groand
station.
4.2.1 Prelaunch
37
Cape Kennedy. It w i l l a l s o be r e q u i r e d t o check t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e system,
i t s e l f , before launch.
4.2.2 Launch
During t h e one t o f o u r e a r t h o r b i t s b e f o r e t r a n s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n , it i s
r e q u i r e d t o have t r a c k i n g from a t l e a s t two s t a t i o n s on t h e f i r s t o r b i t and a t
l e a s t one p e r following o r b i t . Also r e q u i r e d i s voice, PCM telemetry, up-data,
and t e l e v i s i o n .
4.2.4 Translunar I n j e c t i o n
4.2.7 Lunar O r b i t
4.2.10 Reentry
4.3.1 Prelaunch
4.3.2 hunch
visible to the go-no-go tracking station down-range. This station acquires the
spacecraft PM carrier first, then its FM carrier with telemetry, voice and
television. At the hand-over time, the launch site station ceases transmitting.
The go-no-go station observes this event by monitoring the spacecraft tele
transmitting and causes the spacecraft to acquire the new qarrier, voice, and
command channels. The go-no-go station then transmits the ranging code, ac
For the remainder of powered flight and during insertion, the go-no-go
and receive voice, telemetry, and television in the FM mode. When powered
flight terminates and after the spacecraft has stabilized, sufficient Doppler
decision. After contact with the go-no-go station is lost, spacecraft trans
mission in the FM mode is terminated. The voice and telemetry channels are
For the remainder of time spent in earth orbit, most communication and
tracking is performed with the spacecraft in the high-power PM mode, using the
mniantenna. The only exceptions are if data laas been recorded or if tele
if contact is not being maintained with a ground station, voice and PCMtele
metry will be routed to the onboard data storage equipment. The spacecraft
m y not be acquired until after injection burn is complete. In any event, the
code will be made in the same manner as before. After acquisition, sufficient
in the PM mode, using the omniantenna, as the command service module (CSM)
separates from the remainder of the vehicle to begin transposition and docking
.
with the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) Care must be taken to maintain space
craft attitude during this maneuver so that the PM links will not be broken.
Television and/or data playback may be required at this time. If so, the FM
mode will be activated. However, to avoid interruption, real-time PCM telemetry
and voice will remin in the PM mode. After docking and trznsposition is com
plete, an astronaut enters the LEM and activates the LEM systems. From this
40
angle tracking and ranging. While operational tracking and communications con
tinue using the CSM PM mode, the LEM PM mode is activated and two-way LEM ground
acquisition performed. All LEM communications functions are then checked. out.
During this period the CSM high-gain antenna is deployed and activated.
After the completion of LEM checkout, LEM transmission ceases. For the
reminder of the flight to the moon, primary communications with the spacecraft
an astronaut leaves the spacecraft, his voice and special biomedical data are
Voice and PCM telemetry will be transmitted in the PM mode during retro
fire to insert into lunar orbit. Tracking and ranging will also be performed
on the spacecraft, using the PM mode, during retrol'ire. Arter insertion into
lunar orbit, communication will be accomplished with the CSM in the PM mode.
Sufficient tracking data will be accumulated to insure a good orbit around the
moon. While the spacecraft is behind the moon, voice and telemetry will be
recorded in the data storage equipment. When the spacecraft reappears from
behind the moon, two-way signal acquisition is made with the CSM in the PM mode.
are transmitted through the PM channel. Recorded telemetry and/or voice are
transmitted through the FM channel. For the remaincier oflthe time that the CSM
At some time during lunar orbit, two astronauts will transfer.fromthe CSM
to the U M . The L E M systems will be activated and a checkout procedure initiated.
The CSM will be communicating with the earth station in the PM mode. Two-way
PM carrier acquisition will be made between LEM and ground. The LEM telemetry,
voice, and up-data channels will be activated, and tracking on LEM and CSM,
simultaneously, will be initiated. At this point of the mission full dual
capability for all comunication functions will be required of the earth tracking
stations. After LEM systems checkout has been satisfactorily completed and the
landing decision made, the LEM will separate from the CSM and retrofire f o r
descent to the lunar surface. Continuous communication and tracking will be
maintained with both spacecraft simultaneously, in their PM modes, visibility
permitting. After a satisfactory LEM descent and landing, tracking of the LEM
is not necessary, and voice, telemetry, and television from the LEM m y be had
in the FM mode. During the stay on the moon's surface one astronaut will depart
the spacecraft. His voice and biomedical data will be relayed to earth via the
LEM voice channel. Meanwhile, the CSM ground link will be maintained in the
PM mode, except for -pfossible recorded data playback in the FM mode. After com
pletion of lunar surface operations the LEM will return to the PM mode for two
way acquisition of carriers, range code, and information channels. The LEM will
41
then boost free of the surface and establish a rendezvous trajectory toward the
CSM. Simultaneous tracking and communication with both spacecraft will again
After a successful rendezvous, the two L;EM astronauts will transfer back
to the CSM. The LEM systems will be left on. The CSM will separate from the
L E M and boost into an earth transfer trajectory. Communication and tracking
with the CSM will be performed in the PM mode with possible FM television.
As long as the LEM remains in the ground antenna beam-width of the CSM
tracked in the PM mode to determine its lunar orbit. After injection into the
transfer trajectory, the CSM will coast back toward earth with communications
As the CSM nears the earth, communication will be in the PM mode using the
depend on the geographical location of the reentry path and the reentry ioni
42
5.0 REFWNCES
No. 32-67, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, March 31, 1961.
2. Martin, Benn D.: The Pioneer IV Lunar Probe. A Minimum Power FM/PM System
Design. Technical Report No. 32-215, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Pasadena, California, March 15, 1962.
43
5.0 TAE!L;ES
X 11
- = - - ~. ~ ~
1 4.0 kc Spare
44
1-A
Range Corle Only
1-F
Range Code + Voice + Up-Data
1-G
Voice + Up-Data
45
TABLE lY.-DOWNLINK MODULATION MODES
._. . .-
TRANSMITTED INFORMATION
MODE
PM Channel
FM Channel
_-- -
A-1
Carrier only
By-pass PM Final Amp.
A-2
Carrier only
~~
A-3
Carrier only
Television 8~ Real-time
By-pass PM Final Amp.
Biomed.
B-1
Range Code
By-pass PM Final Amp.
.-
B-2
Range Code
Television 8~ Real-time
By-pass PM Final Amp.
PCM T/M, Voice, EVA,
Biomed.
.- ~ ... .-
B-3
Range Code a Real-
time PCM T/M,
Voice, EVA, Biomed.
B-4
Range Code &Real-
Television & Recorded
time PCM T/M,
PCM T/M, Recorded
C-1
Real-time PCM T/M,
~~ __.
c-2
Real-time PCM T/M,
Recorded PCM T/M,
~~
c-3
Recorded PCM T/M,
Real-time PCM T/M,
Recorded Voice
Voice, EVA, Biomed.
D-1
Emergency Voice
By-pass PM Final Amp.
. - . . .
D-2
Emergency Voice
E-1
Emergency Key
By-pass PM Final Amp.
-_ -.
46
- ...- . . . ... .. - ..
._ . . - -... . - '
TABU V.- SUBCARRIER FREQUENCIES
r -
..
Up-link Voice 30 KC
Up- D a t a 70 KC
.
Down-link Voice 1 . 2 5 MC
-- ._
Biomedical D a t a 4.0 KC
5.4 KC
6.8 KC
8 . 2 KC
9.6 KC
11.0 KC
12.4 KC
47
- . .
output
. .
48
VOICE PCM
E LE METRY
4 U P - L I N K VOICE
-
4 P DATA
CSM VOICE
b
P M RECEIVER
4 ' FINAL AMPLIFIERS,
HI- GAIN
ANTENNA
I
v
"0MNI I'
I ANTENNA
FM DATA
REFERENCE L
* DEMODULATION
- I
1 4 CIRCUITRY
-
I
I
CIRCUITRY HANDLING
t EQUIPMENT
ACQUISITION
EROWAVE
I
ANTENNA
CIRCUITRY
[ lNCU"G
DIPLEXER)
I RECEIVER I I
1 ACOUISITloN
ANGLE
RECEIVERS(2)
{ TO ANTENNA
SERVO SYSTEM
RANGE
CODE
ACQUlSTION
PROGRAMMING
'OICE a
IP DATA
CIRCUITRY *I EQUIPMENT
RECEIVERS (2)
b
b ACQUISITION -bTO
MICROWAVE ANGLE CHANNEL SERVOS
CIRCUITRY
~
e
-b RECENERS ( 2)
d
+ PROGRAMMING
ANTENNA 1 FM
REFERENCE DATA
I CHANNEL IOMC. DEMODULATlON
-m
e RECEIVER
A
R~~~~~~~ I=' 1 I 1 I
RANGING
l I I
-I I
RECEIVER CIRCUITRY "2
RANGE CODE
I
PREMOWLATON
CIRCUITRY *I
VOICE SUBCARRIER
UP-DPTA SUBCARRIER
I
II
L
f
LoLfo+ 30 KC
1.
f0z +2 MC
PM FM
.
COHERENT CARRIER
RANGE O D E ENVELOPE
NON-COHERENT CARRIER
T/M SUBCARRIER
C O H E R E N T CARRIER
RANGE CODE
i ENVELOPE
I L
VOICE SUBCARRIER
FL -FL+ 1.25MC
1 FL+ 1.024MC
I
I
I
1
I
I
I \
55
-,.
f
CSM PM
COHERENT CARRIER
LEM PM 1 CSM F M
G O H E R E M CARRIER N$N COHERENT CARRIER
RANGE CODE ENVELOPE 1;! I
I ‘r
RANGE CODE E N V E L O P E T V ENVELOPE
I I
fT/M SUBCARRIER
VOICE SUBCARRIER
I r T’B
d SUBCARRIER
5
i ’ /
I
r T / M SUBCARRIER
t
7
FGSY/ P Y
[ LFLEY/PY+ l . 2 5 M C
FLEM/pY + I. 0 2 4 M C
CSM P M LEM F M
COHERENT CARRIEF? NON COHERENT CARRIER
RANGE CODE ENVELOPE I
T V ENVELOPE
T/ M SUBCARRIER T/ M SUBCARRIER
FMM/pM +
+
FGsy/pm I. 25 MC
I . 024 M C IF FLEu/FM
FLEU/Fu + 1 . 024 M C
-
+ I . 25 MC
Figure 7.- The dawn-link p o s i t e s p e c t r a for LF51 and CSM
57
I .
-. ...... -. .._ ...
PM COHERENT CARRIER
VOICE ENVELOPE
//
f o
L o + 3 0 0 CPS f0+2.3 KC
+ 512 KC
..
0
fo
60
1
AGC TO PCM TELEMETRY 1
I !-
F ILTER
1 0
+TO REDUNDANT I
TRANSPONDER RECEIVER
FILTER
I *,
N FROM RED
- - -
F M MODULATION FROM RED
TRANSPONDER
BUFFER
-iR AMPLIFIER
MIXER AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER
VARACTER 4 VARACTER
MULTIPLIER MULTIPLIER
61
FROM PCM
KEY
BAND PASS
FILTER
512 KC FROM C T E
LOW-PASS
t
FILTER
FcX 3 K C NO VOX I
VOICE a BIOME0 FROM
V H F / A M RCVR
FILTER
Fc = 3 K C FILTER NETWORK
t I
LO DSE RECORDER I I
v I 1- I
- EMERGENC-Y VOICE
f I
512 KC FROM PCM CLOCK
4 PCMMTA
LI
81-PHASE
MODULATOR
1
4os
~
A M LIMITER
L
I
TELEVISION
rI
I
I
I
I
I
I
-
RF INFUT
I
I
FILTER
AGC .TO
PCM
TELEMETRY
I
RFWTFUT I
MXER
I t
FM EXCITER 1
@AN0 PASS
512 KC F W PCM CLOCK 81 - PHASE FILTER . REAL T / M
x 2 e= 1.024 MC
4MOOULATCR __*
Bw = 150 KC (, PM TO XPNDR ,
--b
H I - PASS
FILTER
FCz 3KC
I
CLIPPER a
FILTER
MIXING
KTWORK
4
fl Fc = 1.024 MC
B s I50 KC
RECORDED T/M I 1 1
*TO RECORDER
4 UP-VOICE
DEMOWLAKN?
[ VOICE ,
I
rt
CLIPPED VOICE FROM TAPE RECORDER FILTER -
TELEVISION
I
I
I
I
p4- I
I
I
- FILTER -
I
65
I
REcElviR RF 10 M C IF
REE~VERwo
- CLOCK
'DEMODULATOR
a CODE
RECD. CLOCK +
DE
DATA
HANDLING
'AGC CIRCUITRY K)MC-REF + CORRELATOR EQUIPMENT
RCVR CODE
f T T STTTTT
MICROWPVE
I
1 411 TRMMITTER
RCVR V
RF DOPPLER
I -
__ a FREQUENCY IO M
~'
:$FER
b
CIRCUITRY
GENERATW
CIRCUITRY
a
-
TRANSMITTER VCO
I MC REF GENERATOR
-BIASED RF
DOPPLER
PM MODULATION
TRANSMITTER CODE
VOICE
5 0 M C REF
-BAND L.O. , I I I 1 7
I UP-DATA
-
ANGLE ERROR
TO SERVOSYSTEM
I i-
MAIN A N T E N N A I
I
I
I
I
RECEIVER: R.F: CARRIER
-3
t
R E F OSC
I
I I
I I
II
I I -
MICROWAVE
I
I
I C IRCU ITRY mEa SYN FREP REF RUBID
I
a DIPLEXER
I
I
I 1
ACP ANTENNA
I I ,
\I/ I
.
a 1
I
d I 3R os
- I
r I
I
3
IHS 0383
I I I I
--- r------I--
,
--- 1
fl PROGRAMMED
\' FUNCTIONS I
I
~ RECEIVER CLOCK ~
RANGE DATA
I
I
RANGE
RATE
DATA
I I I
- - I
' I
ANBADG, 8loMEDl
' I
I
-
140 MC
f 1d- BP LIM
-
BIOMED
FILTS
a
.
I
I
W . ; E R F os0
2.048MC
H I , I
I
'
,
I
I
DULATOR
-1
U TV FlLT
I
.
I
I
_I
'GE-J
Figure 15. - The Apollo unified S-band telecommunications
and tracking ground system
67
r -- - - ---1
I MAIN ANTENNA FEED I
I I LO- NOISE
b AMPLIFIER +
TO MAIN # I
,X- ANGLE
CHANNEL +TO MAIN REF.
I RECEIVER CHANNEL
TO MAIN
,Y- ANGLE
I .
CHANNEL
~~ NOISE REFERENCE
I RECEIVER SOURCE CHANNEL
I SELECTOR
I I
I
I
DIPLEXER J _*TO ACQ. REF:
LHCP SUM
I I 1 AMPLIFER
CHANNEL
L-
I I
I
I
I
I
I
DIPLEXER - "r' I
I
I
I
I
TO ACQ.
Y-ANGLE
'CHANNEL
RECEIVER
I .
Il_jI 1" FROM X MTR
3
I
I TO ACQ. RF LOAD
X-ANGLE
I CHANNEL
I LHCP X I RECEIVER
I
MAIN
X-ANGLE
CHANNEL
RECEIVER
I MAIN
E
MAIN
ANTENNA
FEEDS
MAIN
DIPLEXER ' LOW NOISE
AMPLIFIER '
DIRECTIONAL
COUPLER
REFERENCE
CHANNEL
RECEIVER
LOW NOISE
AMPLIFIER CHANNEL
RECEIVER
ACQUISITION I I ACQUISITION
LOW NOISE
AMPLIFIER ' X-ANGLE
CHANNEL
RECEIVER
FEEDS ACQUISITION
LOW NOISE
AMPLIFIER ' Y-ANGLE
CHANNEL
RECEIVER
I L
-t,,
I
Ib PREAMPLIFIER + MIX 4
50 M:
I 10 HC
-----I
hFH-1-
I TO A N G L E
I CHANNELS
FREQUENCY
I MULTIPLIER MULTIPLIER
I
I
I
I
I
3.4 MC
LL
I 7
I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I I
.-J
RE( E R
DO1 .E R
REFERENCE
r-------- ‘I - - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - I\
I I RECEIVER ANGLE CHANNEL
I
I
160 MC I
F + F
I b PREAMPLIFIER I
50M: BANDPASS IOMC ANGLE ERROR ITOANTENNA
4 MIX MIX
CARRIER IN I FILTER, 2 KC ISERVO %TI%
I
I
L) $ SENSITIVE
I DETECTOR, 22MC * LOOP FILTER --b
MASTER VCO
22 MC
+b I
I
1
I
I
r
I
MODULATED I
I
I I
I
PREMOWLATlON
I
CIRCUITRY
L --
UP- DATA
I
$ SENSITIVE I CODE
DETECTOR I
ICORRELATION
r
t I
+ , I
I
DETEGTOR * BANDPASS
LIMITER,2 KC
' (t
SENS'TIVE
DETECTOR LOOP FILTER -+ v GO . I RECEIVED
I CLOCK'
I W
I
b IO MC REF.
@ SENSITIVE
DETECTOR
I
I
CLOCK
DOPPLER
’
? I
I I I
RECEIVED
CLOCK
TRANSMITTER
,I
‘I
I
.
@ SENSITIVE
DETECTOR + LOOP FILTER + vco 4DOUBLER X 2
I
I
I
RECEIVER
CLOCK X2’
1 I
CLOCK I I
I I
1 I TRANSMlTTEq
1 CLOCK
I I
y b2- 1
DOUBLER X
I MC REF
- ------ - -- - -- - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ -1
I I
BIASED
I DOPPLER 4 MIX I
I DETECTOR I
I , I I I
I I
I - I
FREQUENCY I
I MULTIPLIER MULTIPLIER
X 32
MULTIPLIER
x5
eC, SHIFTER
I x 5/4
I
XMTR I
- c +
DOPPLER
REF I
-
' MULTIPLIER
x3 b MIX b MIX - MULTIPLIER
X8
DOPPLER
DETECTOR
IRFDOPPLER,
I L L . I
I a
I
I I
I I
I FREQUENCY I
SHIFTER
I "
X 57/ 221 I
I I
I I
I I
I FREQUENCY
I
I SHIFTER IXMTR
CLOCK,
I X 5/ 221 I
’
CODE b ACQ. ASSY. 4-b PROG. UNIT I
CORREL.1
I
I FkkTIONS
I t
-l
I
I
I
HANDLING
CLOCK I
EQU I P MENT
I
DOPPL. I
I
1
I
RANGE
I
RATE
I
DATA
RCVR.
I
CODE
I
I
TRACKING I
I 1 DATA
xz I
-1- - - - - - - - --,
J
- x96 4 .
cos
I b
wtt
x3 * MIX MIX __* X8 - DOPPLER
OETECTOR -
10 MC
4
y-
4
BAND PASS
LIMITER - VOICE
ANALOG
.
JO MC REF. BIOMED.
BIOMEDICAL
LlMilER
- FILERS
aDEMOD.
GI
2.048 MC
I
FREQ.MULT.
EMERGENCY
I .I.--
vnwc
I YCY *
A 4
1 ~
BAND PASS
AMPLIFIER
140MC
-c,
vco
140 M C '
t AGC
$ SENSITIVE
1
43
AMPUFIER FREQ. MULT. @ALDET.
4 C�TECX)R 4 x 2 1.024ffi
2.048 M C
I 4
.50 MC I
T"
INTEGRATED CLOCK
L RECEIVED CLOCK PHASE DIFFERENCE
e
RECEIV ER
-
CORRELATOR +-- GO DE 4 =
GENERATOR
DOPPLER
DETECTOR 8
w I
TRANSMITTER
1
v CODE CLOCK
G E NER ATOR
I
1. XMTD
0
I
2. RCVD
0
I I +I '
2
RCVR ,
3. GEN
INlT 0
I
4. INTER
0
I
5. FINAL
0