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1
Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch
1
The World’s Most Powerful Microscope
• Inside your body are more than 10 million (107 ) neutrinos left over from
the Big Bang.
• Each second, some 1014 neutrinos made in the Sun pass through your
body.
Solar diameter
Earth diameter
Lunar diameter
4p → 4
He + 2e+ + 2νe + 25 MeV
Borexino
Cosmic Rays Produce Neutrinos in the Atmosphere
Accelerator
p
Target
p Sun
γ ν
Opaque matter
p Earth ν
ν
ν
µ
Detector
p
SuperK’s Zenith-Angle Dependence
Downward ν (cos θ = 1) travel about 15 km.
Upward ν (cos θ = −1) travel up to 13 000 km.
300 300
e-like sub-GeV
200 200
µ-like sub-GeV
100 100
0 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
cosΘ cosΘ
200 200
e-like multi-GeV µ-like multi-GeV
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
cosΘ cosΘ
Upward νµ , which travel longest path, are fewer than expected. Oscillations?
Charmonium Spectrum
4500
–
DD
–
4000 DD
–
DD
Mass [GeV/c ]
2
–
DD
3500
g (1)
3000
hadrons (70)
g v (29)
2500
0– + 1– – 0+ + 1+ + 2+ +
Upsilon Spectrum
11000
–
BB
–
BB
Mass [GeV/c ]
2
10500 –
BB
g (11)
g (5) g (11)
p (5) g (7)
g (21)
g (5)
g (7)
10000 g (7)
g (4) g (7)
p (28) g (35)
p (7) g (22)
g (7)
9500
0– + 1– – 1+ – 0+ + 1+ + 2+ +
Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch
2
t ≈ 0.4 ¥ 10–24 s t
100
Running Mass [GeV/c 2]
10
t ≈ 1.5 ¥ 10–12 s b
1 t ≈ 10–12 s c
0.1
s
0.01
d
u
0.001
Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch
3
Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch
4
1/a s
2
4
6
8
10
12
1
t
G–LS
NMC
10
CLEO
Q [GeV]
PEP e+e–
e+e– event shapes
TRISTAN
UA2
LEP Lattice
PD
100
G
LEP2
1 10 100 1000
x=.0075
x=.0125
1.0 1.0
x=.140
1.2 1.2
x=.180
1.0 1.0
x=.225
F2
0.8 0.8
x=.275
0.6 0.6
x=.350
0.4 0.4
x=.450
0.2 0.2
x=.550
x=.650
0.0 x=.750 0.0
1 10 2 2 2 100 1000
Q [GeV /c ]
Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch
5
Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch
6
Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch
7
Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch
8
All this is but a dream.
Michael Faraday
Research notes, 19th March 1849