The seed plant originated ____ million years ago.

360
what is a seed?
an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat
why can seeds be dispersed from their parent to further areas?
because the protective coat protects the embryo while the food supply nourishes
it
what are the defining characteristics of seed plants?
(1) seeds (2) reduced gametophytes (3) heterospory (4) ovules (5) pollen
True or False. The gametophytes of seed plants are visible to the naked eye.
False - the gametophytes of seed plants are microscopic
what is the advantage of seed plants having microscopic gametophytes?
gametophytes can develop from spores retained within the sporangia of the parent
al sporophyte, gaining protection and nourishment
seed plants are (homosporous/heterosporous)
heterosporous
each megasporangium has (a single functional megaspore / vast numbers of megaspo
res)
each megasporangium has a single functional megaspore
each microsporangium has (a single functional microspore / vast numbers of micro
spores)
each microsporangium has a vast number of microspores
what sporophyte tissue envelops and protects the megasporangium?
integument
how many layers of integument surround gymnosperm megasporangium?
one
how many layers of integument surround angiosperm megasporangium
two
the megasporangium, megaspore, and their integument(s) is called a(n)
ovule
what happens in an ovule?
a gemale gametophyte develops from a megaspore and produces one or more eggs
a microspore develops into a(n)
pollen grain
what is a pollen grain?
consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall
the tough pollen wall contains the polymer ______
sporopollenin
what is pollination?
the transfer of pollen to the part of the seed plant that contains the ovules
what is a micropyle?
the only opening through the integument and allows entry of a pollen grain
if a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to ....
a pollen tube that discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within the o
vule
True or False. Sperm in seed plants are flagellated.
False - they have been lost in most gymnosperms and all angiosperms because poll
en grains transport sperm-producing gametophytes directly to the ovule for ferti
lization
fertilization in seed plants initiates the transformation of the ovule into a __
___
seed
what advantages do seeds provide over spores?
(1) multicellular layer of tissue called the seed coat provides extra protection
for embryo (2) stored food supply, allowing dormancy for months to years (3) tr
ansported long distances by wind or animals
True or False. Gymnosperms have seeds that are not enclosed in ovaries.
True - they have "naked" seeds
Gymnosperm seeds are exposed on modified leaves called ____ that usually form co
nes called _____
sporophylls; strobili
what is a progymnosperm?
a transitional species of seedless vascular plants (portray characteristics of s
eed plants, but not all)
the first seed-bearing plants to appear in the fossil record date from around __
__ million years ago
360
the earliest fossils of gymnosperms are about ____ million years old
305
the Carboniferous period gave way to the _______ period
Permian
Carboniferous swamps were largely replaced by (gymnosperms/angiosperms), which w
ere more suited to the drier climate
gymnosperms
the end of the Permian period (251mya) is considered by many as the boundary bet
ween the _____ ("old life") and _____ ("middle life") eras
Paleozoic; Mesozoic
conifers
cone-bearing gymnosperms that cover many regions in northen latitudes; include p
ine, spruce, fir, and redwood
what are the four phyla of gymnosperms?
Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta
What phylum is the largest of the gymnosperms?
Coniferophyta
What phylum is the second largest of the gymnosperms?
Cycadophyta
The Mesozoic era is known as the age of _____ as well as the age of dinosaurs.
cycads
the only surviving species of the phylum Ginkgophyta is
Ginkgo biloba
Gnetophyta consists of what three genera? How many species exist in each?
Gnetum (35), Ephedra (40), Welwitschia (1)
Most conifers are (cypresses/redwoods/evergreens)
evergreens
What is special about evergreens?
they retain their leaves throughout the year
the "berries" of the common juniper are actually what?
ovule-producing cones consisting of fleshy sporophylls
Which of the following is a deciduous conifer that can tolerate temperatures tha
t plunge to -50 degrees celcius? Wollemi pine, European larch, Sequoia, or Redwo
od?
European larch
Who's Methuselah?
the world's oldest tree, a bristlecone pine
1 Sequoia = how many blue whales? How many people?
24 blue whales; 40,000 people
Draw and label the life cycle of a pine.

in most conifer species, each tree has _____ and _____ cones
ovulate; pollen
In conifers, which of the following is the sporophyte? Pine needle, pollen cone,
Pine tree, or ovulate cone?
Pine tree
where are sporangia located in conifers?
on scalelike structures packed densely in cones
in pollen cones, diploid ________ undergo meiosis, producing haploid ________ wh
ich develop into pollen grains containing ________.
microsporocytes; microspores; male gametophytes
in ovulate cones, diploid ________ undergo meiosis, producing haploid ________ w
hich develop into ________
megasporocytes; megaspores; female gametophytes
it takes nearly (1/2/3/4) years for male and female gametophytes to be produced
and brought together and for mature seeds to form from fertilized ovules in coni
fers
3
what are angiosperms?
seed plants that produce the reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
what plants are the most diverse and widespread?
angiosperms
angiosperms are classified in a single phylum called ______
Anthophyta ("anthos" = flower, in Greek)
what are the key adaptations (defining characters) of angiosperms?
flowers and fruits
what is a flower?
an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction; insects or other an
imals transfer pollen directly from one flower to the sex organs on another flow
er
Draw and label the structure of an idealized flower.

what are the four floral organs of a flower?

(1) sepals (2) petals (3) stamens (4) carpels
define "sepals"
green sporophyll that encloses the flower before it opens; they are located at t
he base of the flower
define "petals"
brightly colored sporophyll that aids in attracting pollinators; they are locate
d interior to the sepals before the flower opens
True or False. The sepals and petals of flowers are sterile floral organs in som
e angiosperms but not in most.
False - the sepals and petals are sterile in ALL angiosperms
a "stamen" consists of a stalk called the _______ and a terminal sac where polle
n is produced called the _______
filament; anther
stamens produce ________ that develop into pollen grains containing male gametop
hytes
microspores
carpels produce ________ that develop into female gametophytes
megaspores
the carpel contains what three structures?
(1) stigma (2) style (3) ovary
what is the stigma?
the sticky structure located at the tip of the carpel that receives pollen
a fruit consists of a ______ ______
mature ovary
why would a pea pod be an example of a fruit?
it contains mature ovules (seeds/peas) encased in the ripened ovary (the pod)
oranges, plums, and grapes are examples of _____ fruits, in which the wall of th
e ovary becomes soft during ripening
fleshy
beans, nuts, and grains are examples of _____ fruits
dry
What two things do fruits do for seeds?
(1) provide protection (2) aid in dispersal
how are the seeds in maple fruits, berries, and cockleburs dispersed?
maple fruits have propellers/wings that are carried by wind; berries are eaten b
y animals and their fleshy contents are digested while the seeds remain unharmed
and are deposited in natural fertilizer (feces); cockleburs have "burrs" that c
ling to animals for "hitchhiking"
Draw and label the life cycle of an angiosperm.

place the following in order: male gametophytes, anthers, microsporangia, pollen

grains, microspores, generative cell & tube cell, sperm & pollen tube
anthers > microsporangia > microspores > pollen grains > male gametophyte > gene
rative cells & tube cells > sperm & pollen tube
place the following in order: ovule, ovary, female gametophyte, egg and cells
ovary > ovule > female gametophyte > egg and cells
what is another term for a female gametophyte in angiosperms?
embryo sac
what is cross-pollination?
in angiosperms, it is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one p
lant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species
how many sperm cells are discharged into the embryo sac? what does the sperm cel
l(s) do?
2; one sperm cell fertilizes the egg forming a diploid (2n) zygote; one sperm fu
ses with the two nuclei in the large central cell of the embryo sac producing a
triploid (3n) cell
what is double fertilization?
one fertilization event produces a zygote and the other produces a triploid cell
(this is unique to angiosperms)
after double fertilization, what happens?
ovule matures into a seed; zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo with root an
d 1-2 cotyledons; fertilized nucleus of central cell divides repeatedly and deve
lops into endosperm
what are cotyledons?
seed leaves that grow on sporophyte embryos after double fertilization
what is endosperm?
tissue rich in starch and other food reserves that nourish the developing embryo
Another type of double fertilization takes place in some gymnosperm species. Wha
t is the difference between this type and that seen in angiosperms?
gymnosperm double fertilization results in two embryos rather than one embryo an
d one endosperm
angiosperms originated at least ____ million years ago
140
during what period did angiosperms begin to dominate many terrestrial ecosystems
?
mid-Cretaceous (100mya)
what two fossils of 125-million-year-old angiosperms had been studied during the
1990s and display both derived and ancestral traits?
Archaefructus liaoningensis & Archaefructus sinensis
what genus of angiosperms "...may belong to the earliest-diverging group of angi
osperms known"?
Archaefructus ("archae-" means "ancient; "fructus" means "fruit": "ancient fruit
")
Draw and label the phylogenetic tree for angiosperms

the _______ is considered a possible sister group to the angiosperms and is an e

xtinct group of seed plants
Bennettitales
what is a monocot?
a flowering plant species with one cotyledon
what is a dicot?
a flowering plant species with two cotyledons
orchids, palms, maize, wheat, and rice are (monocots/dicots)
monocots
roses, peas, sunflowers, and maples are (monocots/dicots)
dicots
True or False. Basal angiosperms are those that include flowering plants belongi
ng to more recent lineages.
False - Basal angiosperms are those that include flowering plants belonging to t
he oldest lineages.
Amborella, water lillies, and star anises are (magnoliids, basal angiosperms, an
imals, eudikaryotes)
basal angiosperms
magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants are (magnoliids, basal angiosperms,
animals, Elton John's favorite type of flower)
magnoliids
25% of angiosperm species are (eudicots, monocots, basal angiosperms, magnoliids
)
monocots
what are the key characteristics of monocots?
(1) one cotyledon (2) parallel veins (3) scattered vascular tissue (4) fibrous r
oot system (5) pollen grain w/ one opening (6) floral organs in multiples of 3
what are the key characteristics of eudicots?
(1) two cotyledons (2) netlike veins (3) ring-arranged vascular tissue (4) a mai
n root (taproot) is present (5) pollen grain with three openings (6) floral orga
ns in multiples of 4-5
67% of angiosperm species are (eudicots, monocots, basal angiosperms, magnoliids
)
eudicots
_______ symmetry (symmetrical in one direction only) in flower petals may inhibi
t an insect from obtaining pollen from a certain direction
bilateral
True or False. Gene flow may be reduced more easily in diverging populations wit
h bilateral symmetry than in populations with radial symmetry.
True
Would speciation occur more rapidly in flowers with bilateral symmetry or radial
symmetry? Why?
Bilateral symmetry because gene flow is reduced since insects are inhibited from
obtaining pollen in all directions. As a result, speciation would occur in thes
e bilaterally symmetrical flowers since there is more environmental pressures on
the flower to change in a way in which insects will be less inhibited from poll
inating the plants.
what are the six crops (angiosperms) that yield 80% of all the calories consumed
by humans?
(1) wheat (2) rice (3) maize (4) potatoes (5) cassava (6) sweet potatoes
wood consists of an accumulation of tough-walled _____ cells
xylem
the medicinal compound _______ is derived from Eucalyptus tree and is used as an
ingredient in cough medicines
menthol