Cancer

Cancer :
The name for diseases in which the body's cells become
abnormal and divide without control. Cancer cells may
invade nearby tissues. And they may spread through the
bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the
.body
Or:

An abnormal growth of cells which tend to

proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some
cases, to metastasize (spread).
Cancer is not one disease. It is a group of more
than 100 different and distinctive diseases.
Cancer can involve any tissue of the body and have
many different forms in each body area. Most
cancers are named for the type of cell or organ in
which they start. If a cancer spreads (metastasizes),
the new tumor bears the same name as the original
(primary) tumor.
The frequency of a particular cancer may depend
on gender. While skin cancer is the most common
type of malignancy for both men and women, the
second most common type in men is prostate
cancer and in women, breast cancer.
Cancer frequency does not equate to caner
mortality. Skin cancers are often curable. Lung
cancer is the leading cause cause of death from
cancer for both men and women in the United
States today.
Benign tumors are NOT cancer; malignant tumors
are cancer. Cancer is NOT contagious.
Cancer is the Latin word for crab. The ancients
used the word to mean a malignancy, doubtless
because of the crab-like tenacity a malignant tumor
sometimes seems to show in grasping the tissues it
invades. Cancer may also be called malignancy, a
malignant tumor, or a neoplasm (literally, a new
growth).
Type of cancer :
1. Anal cancer.
2. Bile duct cancer ( cholangiocarcinoma).
3. Bladder cancer.
4. Bone cancer.
5. Bone cancer, secondary.
6. Bowel cancer.
7. Brain tumours.
8. Brain tumours, secondary
9. Breast cancer in women,
10. Breast cancer in men.
11. Breast cancer, secondary.
12. Colon and rectal cancer.
13. Cervical cancer.
14. Childern's cancer
15. Endocrine tumour.
16. Eye cancer ( ocular melanoma)
17. Fallopain tube cancer.
18. Gall bladder cancer.
19. Head and neck cancer.
20. Kaposoi's sarcoma
21. Kidney cancer.
22. Larynx cancer.
23. Leukaemia.
24. Leukaemia, acute lymphoblastistic.
25. Leukaemia, acute myeloid.
26. Leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic.
27. Leukaemia, chornic myeloid.
28. Liver cancer.
29. Liver cancer, secondary
30. Lung cancer.
31. Lung cancer, secondary.
32. Lymph node cancer, secondary
33. Lymphoma, hodgkin.
34. Lymphoma, non-hodgskin.
35. Melanoma.
36. Mesothelioma.
37. Myeloma.
38. Neuronendocrine tumours.
39. Ovarian cancer.
40. Oesophageal (gullet) cancer.
41. Pancreatic cancer
42. Penis cancer
43. Prostate cancer.
44. Pseudomyxoma peritonei.
45. Skin caner.
46. Small bowel cancer.
47. Soft tissue sarcomas.
48. Spinal cord tumours
49. Stomach caner.
 50. Testicular cancer.
51. Thymus cancer.
52. Thyroid cancer
53. Trachea ( windpipe) cancer.
54. Unknown primary cancer.
55. Vagina cancer.
56. Vulva cancer
57. Womb ( endometrial ) cancer

Bladder

Bladder cancer occurs in three main types: squamous cell

carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and urothelial carcinoma,
which accounts for 90% of bladder cancers.

Breast

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that has developed

from cells of the breast. The disease occurs mostly in
women (in fact, it is the most common cancer among
women, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers). Men can
also develop breast cancer in rare instances. For more
information, see our section on Van Elslander Cancer
Center's breast cancer treatment options or our breast
cancer information section.

Cervical
Cervical cancer begins in the lining of the cervix (the lower
part of the uterus). Cancer of the cervix develops slowly,
usually over a period of years, as cells begin to change to
pre-cancerous and then to cancerous cells. For more
information, see Van Elslander Cancer Center’s cervical
cancer information section.

Colorectal

Colon and rectal cancer develop in the digestive system.

Most colorectal cancers begin as a polyp (a tissue growth
into the center of the colon or rectum), which can slowly
change into cancer over a period of years. For more
information, see our section on Van Elslander Cancer
Center's colorectal cancer treatment options or our
colorectal cancer information section.

Hodgkin's Disease

Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer also known as

Hodgkin's lymphoma. It begins in lymphatic tissue, which
includes lymph nodes and other organs that form blood
and protect against germs. For more information, see our
Van Elslander Cancer Center's Hodgkins Disease
information section.

Leukemia

Rather than forming a tumor, Leukemia cancer cells

involve the blood and blood-forming organs (bone
marrow, lymphatic system, and spleen), and circulate
through other tissues where they can accumulate. For
more information, see our section on Van Elslander
Cancer Center’s leukemia section.

Lung
Lung cancers usually develop slowly and undetected over
many years. Early pre-cancerous changes in the lung do
not form tumors, cannot be seen on x-rays and do not
cause symptoms. If the changes progress to cancer,
malignant cells grow and form a tumor. Cells can break
away from the tumor and spread to other parts of the
body before being detected by x-rays, which is why lung
cancer is a so life-threatening. For more information, see
our section on Van Elslander Cancer Center’s lung cancer
treatment options or our lung cancer information section.

Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma starts in the lymphoid tissue. It

is the third most common childhood malignancy. For more
information, see our section on Van Elslander Cancer
Center’s lymphoma information section.

Melanoma

Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that begins in the

melanocytes (cells that produce melanin, the skin
pigment). Melanoma tumors are often dark in color.
Melanoma is rarer than the other types of skin cancer
(basal cell and squamous cell), but it is much more
serious. For more information, see our section on Van
Elslander Cancer Center’s melanoma information section.

Skin cancer, non-melanoma

Non-melanoma skin cancers develop from skin cells other

than melanocytes and are the most common skin cancers.
They include basal cell and squamous cell cancers.
Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer

Oral cancer is cancer that develops in the mouth, or oral

cavity (including lips, inside lining of the lips and cheeks,
teeth, gums, the front two-thirds of the tongue and the
floor and roof of the mouth). Oropharyngeal cancer starts
in the part of the throat just behind the mouth.

Prostate

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American

men, excluding skin cancers. The prostate is a gland at
the outlet of the bladder. It is found only in males, and its
gland cells produce seminal fluid that protects and
nourishes sperm cells. Over 99% of prostate cancers
develop from the glandular cells, and most prostate
cancers grow very slowly. For more information, see our
section on Van Elslander Cancer Center’s prostate cancer
treatment options or our prostate cancer
information section.

Stomach

90% to 95% of the malignant tumors of the stomach are

adenocarcinomas. This cancer develops from the cells that
form the inner lining of the stomach called the epithelium.

Testicular

Testicular cancer develops in one or both testicles in men

or boys. It is a highly treatable and most often curable
form of cancer. For more information, see Van Elslander
Cancer Center’s testicular cancer information section.

Thyroid

The thyroid gland, found in the neck under the Adam's

apple, contains mainly two types of cells: Thyroid follicle
cells and C-cells. Different cancers can develop from each
kind of cell.

What causes cancer?

Each cancer is thought to first start from one abnormal
cell. What seems to happen is that certain vital genes
which control how cells divide and multiply are damaged
or altered. This makes the cell abnormal. If the abnormal
cell survives it may multiply out of control into a
malignant tumour.

We all have a risk of developing cancer. Many cancers

seem to develop for no apparent reason. However,
certain risk factors are known to increase the chance
that one or more of your cells will become abnormal and
lead to cancer.

Cancer

Name: Tulin Mohammad Al Jundi.

Grade: 11.
Subject: Biology.
Teacher: Mr. shamel