Space diversity Alignment

Solution for Signal Ducting due of

Ducting

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1 © Nokia 21-01-2000
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 The free-space, reflection, and diffraction mechanisms described
earlier explain signal level variations on a large scale, but other
mechanisms introduce small-scale local fading
 Slow Fading occurs as the user moves over hundreds of wavelengths
due to shadowing by local obstructions
 Rapid Fading occurs as signals received from many paths drift into
and out of phase
• the fades are roughly λ/2 apart in space: 7 inches apart at 800
MHz., 3 inches apart at 1900 MHz

• fades also appear in the frequency domain and time domain

• Rayleigh distribution is a good model for these fades

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Space Diversity

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 Fortunately, Rayleigh fades are very short and last a small percentage
of the time

 Two antennas separated by several wavelengths will not generally

experience fades at the same time

 “Space Diversity” can be obtained by using two receiving antennas

and switching instant by-instant to whichever is best Signal received
by Antenna 1 Signal received
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 Required separation D for good de-correlation is 10-20λ
• 12-24 ft. @ 800 MHz.
• 5-10 ft. @ 1900 MHz.

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Space Diversity Application Limitations

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 Space Diversity can be applied only on the receiving end of a link.

 Transmitting on two antennas would:

• fail to produce diversity, since the two signals combine to produce
only one value of signal level at a given point -- no diversity results.
• produce objectionable nulls in the radiation at some angles

 Therefore, space diversity is applied only on the “uplink”, i.e..,

reverse
path
• there isn’t room for two sufficiently separated antennas
on a mobile or handheld

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Alignment Procedures

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Primary
A1 B1

Secondary
B2
A2

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 Set Power ON for A1 and B1 ( main link), while A2 and B2 OFF
1- Fix antenna of B1 and move the one for A1. When you get the maximum
value on the voltmeter ( design parameter) tight antenna A1

A1- ON B1-ON

A2-OFF B2-OFF

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3- Now play with B1 till you get the maximum value, then tight antenna B1

A1- ON B1-ON

A2-OFF B2-OFF

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 Set Power ON for A2 and B1, while B2 OFF
Play with A2 till you get the maximum value, then tight antenna A2

A1- OFF B1-ON

A2-ON B2-OFF

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 Set Power ON for A1,B2 while A2 OFF
Play with B2 till you get the maximum value, then tight antenna B2

A1- ON B1-OFF

A2-OFF B2-ON

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