PREPARED BY: EL KHOBAR M.

NAZECH
 Kyoto Protocol
How climate change will affect the world:

- The burning of fossil fuels and destruction of

forests are expected to increase the earth’s
average temperature by up to 5 degrees C by
2100.
- This rise will create mores tress on Asia’s already
overtaxed environment and change the way we
live.
 Effect of Climate Change in Tropical Asia

• Water  Himalayan glaciers will melt, causing

floods. Silty runoff will contaminate water
supplies and clog hydro-electric plants.
• Agriculture  Rice yields will decline as
temperatures increase. Farmers will be
vulnerable to new pests and natural disasters.
• Coastal zones  Sea levels could rise by up to
one metre, flooding coastal cities and tourist
resorts, ruining water supplies and fishing
grounds.
Effect of Climate Change in Tropical Asia (2)

• Health  Malaria, dengue fever and

schistosomiasis will move into new regions
on the margins of the current endemic
areas.
• Adaptations  Several million people will
be displaced. New crops will need to be
introduced to replace faltering rice
production.
 What the World is Doing
• In December 1997, world leaders met in
Kyoto, Japan, to develop a strategy for
controlling carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gas emissions (methane,
nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride)
on global scale. This is not an easy task.
• Most of the current energy consumption is by
industrialized nations, and developing nations
argue that countries currently producing the
most CO2 should be required to produce the
largest part of the emissions reductions needed.
• The developed countries argue that although
they are producing the most CO2, they are doing
this using highly energy-efficient manufacturing
processes. They produce the most CO2 because
they are producing more goods.
• As the developing countries expand, they
argue, these countries must also
participate in the necessary CO2 emission
reductions and be required to move from
energy-wasting to energy-conserving
processes. Current estimates indicate that
greenhouse gas emissions from
developing countries will surpass those
from industrialized countries before the
year 2000.
 Kyoto Protocol
• After much discussion and bartering, they
agreed to give the 1992 Convention on
Climate Change some bite and adopted
the Kyoto Protocol.
• As part of the agreement, an overall goal
of reducing greenhouse gases by at least
5 percent below 1990 levels by 2010-2012
was set. Unfortunately, reductions do not
need to begin until 2008.
The protocol commits developed countries
to achieving the following goals by 2012.
• Developed nations have to reduce their
collective emissions of carbon dioxide and
greenhouse gasses by at least five
percent. There isn’t, however, a penalty for
countries that exceed their targets.
• The reduction requirement per country
varied. Japan agreed to a 6 percent
reduction, while most European countries
will be required to achieve 8 percent
reductions.
• Governments must work together to
ensure developed nations don’t damage
the economies of developing countries.
• Saving the environment is expensive, so
countries that reduce emissions by more
than their target can sell their credits.
Countries can also benefit by financing
international projects.
 Who hasn’t signed up
• Australia
• United States
• Singapore
• Hong Kong
• Macau (China agreed only to the
mainland)
• Developing countries objected any restrictions
and were exempted. There is a fear now that
companies in industrialized nations will move
their operation to these developing countries to
eliminate the need to reduce CO2 emissions. If
this occurs, the objective of the Kyoto Protocol
will have been defeated.
• Because developing countries are not required
to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, and
because their industrial development is
continuing to expand, it is likely that atmospheric
CO2 levels will continue to rise, even with
reductions by industrialized nations.
 Montreal Protocol
• 1989, the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
• 81 nations agreed to phase out all use of
CFCs by the year 2000
• Currently, 140 countries are parties in the
Montreal Protocol

elkhobar@eng.ui.ac.id