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~ALIFORNIA
GEOLOGY
51.50
California's Geology
OUf Resources - Our Hazards
I'ETr WILSO'\, Go\('mpr
(AIII.()R,\IA SI A I E OFC,\UFQR'I"
ml'ART\lr'\TOF
IX'lUGLAS P. WIIEELER. Sl"Cn.1i1n
(O,\SERV ArlO'
II II: RES0LiIKESAGI"CY -
DiI'i\l<l" tlf \lm... ~ I,DWARD G. HEIDle, Dill'l:lor
dnJ (*'OIl~~ ()1'J'i\RTMI ~ r OF CO","SERV/\ 110'
CALIFORNIA
In This Issue I
REMOTE SENSING AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGE SYMPOSIUM ANNOUNCEMENT . ............. 98
CALCAREOUS TUFA FORMATIONS . 99
GEOLOGY GEOMETRY OF NORMAL FAULTING IN TECOPA VALLEY.
CALIFORNIA FROM MAGNETIC SURVEYS 110
DMG OPEN·FILE REPORT 117
A PUBLICATION OF THE
APRIL 22 JOSHUA TREE, AND JUNE 28 LANDERS AND BIG
DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY BEAR EARTHOUAKES. 1992 118
ALFRED E. ALOUIST AWARD FOR ACHIEVEMENTS IN EARTHOUAKE
51alll '" CaldllfNll PETE WILSON SAFETY IN CALIFORNIA. . 121
Go~~ GEOlOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA OFFERS
The ReIoo.C8$ Agenc'f' DOUGLAS P WHEELER
SHORT COURSES 121
Secretary (Of' ReSOVrctlS THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA - 1991 122
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SECOND CONFERENCE ON
~ t 01 ConsfwvaIIOn EDWARD G. HEIOIG EARTHOUAKE HAZARDS IN THE EASTERN SAN
O"ector FRANCISCO BAY AREA . 124
~tlt"'''''&GoooIoov JAMESF. DAVIS
BOOK REVIEWS ,......... . 125
51al6 Geologlsr TEACHER FEATURE . 130
PUBLICATIONS REOUEST FORM 131
CALIfORNIA GEOlOGY CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SUBSCRIPTION
AND CHANGE OF ADDRESS FORM _ 132
Technical E<lJIIW Elise M"IIISOfl
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS REDUCTION
Copy Editor: lena TabllK)
Graphics and Desogn; P&ggy Walker FELLO\YSHIP ANNOUNCED _ ,_ 132
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..-.:I ~ and,.,.,.".- ,....-.:110 lhe NIfl In ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE SYMPOSIUM
Cal~Ctflla. are lnd\Jded ,n lhe magu'.... Conl,ibut&d MICktI.
phoIogrltp/\s, ..._ ......... enol ~ "'""''0 ...............
_ ... welcome. The 25th [ntelTli2tior'lAl Symposium on Remote Sensing and Global Envi-
THE CONCLUSIONS AND OPINIONS EXPRESSED IN AR·
ronmental Change will be held April 4-8. 1993 in Graz. Austria.
T~ESARESOLELYTHOSE~THEAVTHORSANOARE
NOT N'CESSARIlY E N ~ BY THE DEPARTMENT 1he meeting will be conducted by the Environmental Research [nsbtute of
OFCONSEAVATlON
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CAliFORNIA GEOLOGY
" JULY/AUGUST 1992
CALCAREOUS TUFA FORMATIONS
Searles Lake and Mono Lake
TED RIEGER, Writer and Photographer
Photo 1. Tufa spires al South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tula State Reserve. Narrowed diameters on two Spires at lelt indicate a former
lake surlace where tufa was reduced, possibly by waves or solution 10 lake water. Photos by author.
INTRODUCTION Lake, the specific mechanisms for tufa of springwater discharge from a tufa forma-
formation are still not fully understood tion. Receding lake levels eventually halt
Tufa fonnallons. while not unique to However, the basic process for the forma- tufa deposition. leaving exposed formations
1 California. are represented here by tion of tufa tOVJel'S and pinnacles is dis· appearing as towers. cones. domes. ridges.
some of the most picturesque and diverse cussed below. knobs. or more intricate shapes.
examples knovm (front cover and Photo 1).
Tufa. often called calcareous tufa. is a sedi- Calcareous tufa forms underwater in Tufa deposits also occur as pavements
mentary rock composed of calcium car- saline or alkaline lakes when calcium- or concretionary deposits in sedimentary
bonate Oimestone) deposited as calcite. bearing spring water wells up from the Iakebeds, and along shorelines of alkaline
aragonite. or high-magnesium calcite. lakebed. When the caklum-containing lakes througllout the v..rorld. Tufa is some·
ll1e hard. dense variety of tufa is travertine. spring water comes in contact with car- times found in terraces of fonner shore-
Tufa has been quarried and cut for building bonate in the lake water, precipitation inlo lines that have been exposed by evapora-
stone. most notably from sources in Italy calcium carbonate, or the formation of lion or by receding lake waters. Calcium-
(Putnam. 1971). but extraction of tufa in tufa. occurs around the opening of the bearing streams and rain runoff may also
California has been limited. spring (F"Igure 1). Although springwater contribute to tufa precipitation in some
temperature may influence tufa formation. locations. Another form. sand tufa. found
Tufa deposits occur in several forms. deposition can occur wilh geolhermal or at Mono Lake in intricate structures 01
and the factors and variables involved cold'water springs. Lake level fluctuation calcite-impregnated columns, tubes, and
in tufa formation may differ by location. influences tufa formation by altering the olher configurations. forms beneath and
Although substantial research has been mineral concentration in the lake water adjacent to the lake in sands and silts satu·
done on the subject. particularly at Mono and can also change the rate and location rated with brine.
Figure 1. Stylized
cross S6C\lon ot
Mono Lake showing
1941 lake level tula deposition by
~, I -------------------- Interaction 01 lake
and sPfing water.
I Tops ot tuta spires at
left ma~ the lake's
level in 1941. Cour-
tesy of the Calrlorma
Department of Parks
and RecreatIOn.
Tufa towers
Present lake level
Glacial deposits
\\; ~."
. .....
''t'"
( ; h" •• " .0
'"
,,
J '-,
r-~~' 6-a.•.•'.......
• .... <•••• [.,,~ •
I ¥ .. , A
'" o
~'O
d"'" U
ft • • _ <0.'" . . . . 0;
<' "'•. Q.o"u
, •
••• ,. 40'" o~u,.
,
...
•
•
"""
•....,"'::-x.
A
v
"
-- • "
•
•
•
•
••
·•
.'
,
•
'.
".
' ..
." '"
Figure 2. Map showing basins probably occupied by lakes during the Tahoe stage 01 the Plelsloa;me. Modified from Blackwelder (1954).
1Skllome1ers
Basin Jake of Pleistocene origin. Tufa
deposits have also been found in the
$alton Trough in southern California. and
at a number of alkaline Quaternary lakes
of the Great Basin.
Figure 3.locallOn map 01 the Trona Pinnacles tufa area.
DISCUSSION OF SEARLES LAKE
PINNACLES OR TAONA PINNACLES
,00 SEARt&~Y)
LAKE " ... verticaUy from gently sloping
basal mounds composed of
sublacustrine talus material and
,• more recently eroded tufa talus.
'~
~
Scholl (1960) has classified the
• pinnacles into four general
~ E shapes-tower. tombstone. cone.
!~ and ridge (Photos 2 and 3). The
=- 'M
tOVJer structures occur in all three
groups. and are among the most
common and noticeable type. with
roughly circular horizontal cross
sections and summits that may be
pointed. rounded. or flat. Their
heights exceed their diameters.
The tombstone pinnacles occur
(1.960 m) in 1927 and a b.vof6.372 tions up to 7.070 feet (2.150 m) in Mono along the northwest. western, and south·
feet 0.943 m) in 1982. Auctuations are Basin. While some of the highest deposits em shores of the lake (F'lgure 6). Towers
due to waler diversions from tributary of tufa are about 13.000 years old. lula also protrude from the surface of lhe lake
streams by the Los Angeles Department deposilS older than 40.000 years have in these areas. The groves tend 10 be
of Water and PQV.Ier. wet winters. and been found within the Mono Basin (Scott where water news underground aJong
drought. The lake level is 6.374.5 feet Stine. University of California. Hayo.vard. faults. or at the sides of ~deltas" within the
0.944.2 mJ (April 1992) with a maxi- oral communication. 1992). lake where tributary slreams provide
mwn depth of about 150 feet (45 m).
PhOIO 4. Exposed tuta forma\lOns at shoreline and in lake at South Tufa Area. Mono lake Tufa State Reserve.
~
MONO not be supportoo on land.
COUNTY
Sand Tuta
Sand tufas occur primarily along the
southern and southeastern shores of
the lake. but have also been found in
Mill Creek stream cuts above the nonh·
\.Ve5I: shore of the lake (Hgure 7). They
range in height from a few inches to
6 leet (2 m). The sand tula figures consist
of tubes. columns. and associated struc-
-"(Yosemite tures of calcite-impregnated pumice s,mel,
formed in beach and lake-bollom sedi-
~-L_""~',---Na-,I"io",n,-al.L o
Pa'"
S 10miles
--'
ments near the shore of the lake. The
carbonate-eemented sand is exposed
by a drop in lake level and <;ubsequenl
, , v.ind erosion of loose sand around the
I i i
o S 10 1S~
formation. Cloud and Lajoie (1980) state
that the younger sand structures may
have formed \lIith'n the past centu~.
Sand tufas are found between elevations
Figure 5. locatIOn map 01 Mono Lake. of 6.374 feet (1.944 m) and about
~
Boundary of and photographer in Sacramento.
Scenic Area Galfomaa. He specializes in natural
history, geology. and historical sub-
o 2 3 miles jects. and proouces technical and
I 'I II II
business articles for tr&de publica-
o 1 2 3 4 5 kllom\llers
tions. Ted has varied experience in
outdoor recreation and resource
t---I Aaogll or sand and lula rormaHon management with federal and Stale
agencies.
Figure 7.localions and elevalions of bases of sand lufa, Elevations are estimated by
observations and have not been surveyed Courtesy of N. Upham, U.S. Forest Service.
REFERENCES
Blackwelder, Eliot. 1954, Pleistocene lakes Dunn, J.R.. 1953, The onon of the dePOSIts RU5",II.I.C., 1883. SketCh of the geologICal
anet drainage In Ihe Mojave region. south- of lufa at Mono lake: Journal of Sedi- history of Lake Lahontan: U.S. Geological
ern California: California Division of Mines mentary Petrology, v. 23, p. 18-23. Survey Third Annual Ae~rt. p.189·235.
Bullellfl 170, p. 35·40. Hems!. D.B., and Bradley, T.J.. 1989, A Aussell. I.C.. 1889. Quaternary hIstory of
Blanc. R.P., and Cleveland. G.B.. 1961. malpighian tubule limo gland In nn insect Mono Valley, camornia: U.S. Geological
Pleistocene Lakes of southeastern Califor· inhabiting alkaline salt lakes: Journal of Survey Eighth Annual Report, p. 261-394.
nia-I: Minerallnformallon ServiCe, April Experimental Biology, v. 145. p. 63-7B. Scholl. OW., 1960, Pleistocene alga! pm·
1961. p. 1-7. Mono Basin Ecosystem Study Comminee. nacles al searles Lake, California: Journal
Bureau 01 land Management. Recroation 1987, The Mono Basin ecosystem. of sedimentary Petrology. v. 30. no 3,
lal'lds of the California desert. 1972, efle<:ls of changing lake level: Nallenal p.414-431.
p.6,7. Academy Press. Washington. D.C, SCholl, OW., and Tah, W.H.. 1964. Algae,
Calilomia Department 01 Parks & Recreation. 272p. contrbJlors to !he 10rmatlOn of calcareous
1986, Mono Lake Tufa State Reserve and Mono Lake Commltlee. 1980. Mono lake tufa. Mono Lake, Califorma: Journal 01
Mono Basin National Forest scenic Area, guidebook: Kutsavi Books, Lee Vining, Sedimentary Petrology. v 34. no. 2,
lolel-out brochure with map and draWings. CalifornIa, 114 p. p.309-319.v
Cloud, Preston, and lajoie, K.R .• 1980. Cal- Pulnam. W.C., t971. Geology: Second
cite-Impregnated deltu!dlzallon Structures Edit.:;!n, Oxlord UfUversity Press. New
in ~noral sands of Mono Lake, California: YOrl\, p. 145.
Science, v. 210, p.1oo9·1012.
Photo 1. Normallaults exposed in a roadctJt on Route 178. 3.7 mWes east (6 0 km) of Shoshone (Heydari, 1986). View tS to the
northeast. These west'tlipping laults ollset tuffaceous rocks of the Chicago Valley Formation. Allirs! glance Ihe main fault In the
center of the photograph appears 10 be a reverse fault However, the yellow and orange luffs truncated by Ina fault are not the same
stratigraphIC horizon. Phato by David L. Wagner.
INTRODUCTION menl extending from Pahrump Valley contains faulted Tertiary rhyolites and
west to the Sierra Nevada (Wemicke and basalts as well as abundant evidence for
I ate Cenozoic tectonism in the others. 1988). Ellis and others (1989) exle/l51onol leclonlsm. E\idencc for nor·
L Basin and Range Province is suggest thai lateral displacement along mal faulting includes lhe prominent range-
dominated by east-west crustal extension. intersecting. complementary strike-slip front fault at the base of the Resting
VJhk:h Is reflected in a 5eries of north- f<:lulls may account for a large portion of Spri~ Range. numerous normal faults in
south trending horsts and grabens and the net extension. a roadcul on Roule 178 in the same
abundant normal and strike-slip faults. range (Heydari. 1986) (Photo 1). an offset
Estimates for the amount of crustal Magnetic SUl'\leys· can klentify sub- IAlCkled luff marker horizon in the Tertiary
extension vary from 20 percent (Stewart. surface structures related to normal fault· rhyoNte. l.Ind rotated fauh blocks exposed
1971) 10 100 percent (Wernicke and fig in areas VJhere volcanic rocks with In Tecopa Valley (FJgure 1). The purpose
others. 1988). Several me::hanisms have high magnetic susceptibilities are of this study was to condJcl a series of
been prop::>:>etlto lICCOWlt for the larger ).lxtapos.ed wilh Iow-<.usceplibiKty sedi- ground-based magnetic surveys perpen-
amounts of extension. incb:ling listric mentary rocks. TOC(lp<! Valley provKles an dieu1ar to regional strike in order to
nonnal faults (curved. dov.Tlward-flallening excellent locality for such a stldy since it understand the geometry of normal fault-
faults) (Wright and Troxel. 1973) arK! a ing in Tecopa Valley.
shallow. gently--dipping regional detach- • T "rms m boldface lypt ~" ""lllIlined 011 pq 116
\16·~ 1.6
"~,--r::-...------,,---.,--....,.,.,--,
-,-,----,,-----""""'<---,--,--,-----,
"620'
()
'(.'"
>" • ~
, '•
,~
0 , ~
0
• , , t:: TECOPA
"" \
\ I
\
\
I VALLEY
\
, , ,,,, ,,-
0 ,
\
0 ,-
FIQUr8 1, loca:x>n map 01 Tecopa Valley ShowIng \ \
plo;ectlOl, Wles ot magnetIC surveys Bedrock blocks
are Tr _ Tertiary rhyolite; BKO _ Bonanza KIng Oolomrte:\
Tb _ Tertiary basah: p£-£ _ Precambnan·cambnan \ pC - £
sedImenlary rocks Small numbers _th arrows rcprc:senl \
locatIOn and VIeW directJon 01 Photos 2·4 Modified from
Hillhouse ('981).
\
\
\
\
" . •
Tecopa
Photo 3. View of the Resllng Spring Range looking southeasllrom the center of Tecopa Valley. The Precambrian·Cambrian sedimentary
rocks 01 the Resting Spring Range dip to the east In the baCkground. The west·dipping llatirons at the base of the Resting Spring Range are
exposures 01 resistant rault-gouge matenal or the range·lront lault. Photo by John Louie.
Photo 4. Titled Tertiary rhyolite block north 01 Route 178 (Figure 1). Photo by MdIaeI Gross.
10
'"'''' graph shows the curve drawn through all the
measurements taken at the repeat station
,S I' throughout the day. Measurements laken
~
,•• ""'" •
line station
~ ,,,.,, measurement 50.492 nT 17.163 hours
~
..il
> • tirst repeal
station
measurement 50,437 nT 12.692 hours
""'" •
..." -
•
A line statton measurement was taken at
17.163 hours. The ver1lcal orange line drawn
at 17.16 intersects the curve at 50,443 nT.
ThIS dilfers trom the !irst repeat station
'"'''' , , I I , I
measurement by 6 1'1 T. To correct lor diu,"al
varialion, 6 nT was subtracted trom the line
" " " IS 16
Averaged tome t (hours)
" " station value to give 50.486 nT.
fO
Eo 51400
>-
t:
00 Field Measurements - - - . .
z
w
>- 51000
~
MOdel~
Q
~
'"
~
50600 00< '%
"w >O(
=00 "J{
"z
"< 50200
0
,.,"""
~ 'ctl '
. 500
m
~
m
<
p=2.7
p=2.0 '//
;~;~ ..;~;~
300 ~
5z
,-1/\" 100
~\~::'o:' ',",', 3
p=2.7 " " " " " .-
-100
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
SW DISTANCE (km) NE
FlQure 4. Magnellc field data. model results, and schematic geologic cross section 'or the IlOrthern profile.
denSity, t • magnetic susceptibility In cgs Uf'lIls.
j) _
Southern Profile
The large magnelk anomaly \NeSt 01 model is thilt it requires a rh~1ite thick- Magnetic field measurements aloN::! the
the tilled block of rhyolite north of Route ness of about 2.000 feet (600 m) whkh southern profile exhibit two peaks. one at
17 (Photo 4) appc.::r.rs to represent sub- Is not entirely compatible with field evi- approximately 0.5 km and the other at
surface continuation of the range-front dence. Ht¥lari (1986) measured a thick- 3.4 krn (Figure 5). The maximum at 3.4
fault. 1lle model which best cCITesponds ness of only 787 feet (240 m) for the km is located along the strike of Tecopa
to the obscTWd magnelk liek:l wI", is a Resting Spnng Pass Tuff. Peak (FJgIJe I). The range in values is
nonnal fault dipping 45 degrees to the less than 100 nT. which is much smaller
VJCSt. VJith highly susceptible volcanics in Gravity surveys along the northern than the anomaly observed along the
the footwall to the ea~ (RgllTe 4). profile in Tecopa Valley suggest a model northern profile. Magnetic storm activity
of low density sediments in the basin and measured 30 nT. A model thilt corre·
We assigned a susceptibility (k) value high density bedrock along the eastern sponds to the dala consists of a pair
of 0 00068 ond d Ihkkness of 2.000 feet and western flanks (Gross and others. of buried east-rlipping slabs wilh mag·
(600 m) to the rhyolitic material in the 1990). The result of gravity modeling is netic susceptibilities of 0.00068. The
footwall, The magnilude of the anomaly shown in coojunction with the magnetic <;Ial,<; are 425 fOOl (130 m) thick and dip
Sugge.1S there IS a very highly susceptible mcdel in Figure 4 ar'Kl depicts the range- 23 degrees to the east. with the western
(k - 0.004) block 1.800 feet (550 m) front fault as a west-dipping structure slab at a depth of 145 feet (l05 m) and
wide along the fault. This might represent VJith dense bedrock 00 the east and ~ the ~S1cm slab l!ilt D depth 01 510 feet
a layer of basalt intruded along the lault dense basin fill on the west. Both the (ISS m). These slabs may be Tertiary
zone. There are outcrops of basalt associ- magnetk aT'd gravity data place the vaeanics I.l.hlch have been rotaled along
ated with the range-Iront fault exposed range-front fault at approximately the west-dipping normal fo'luhs. TIlls struclUre
along the western flank of the Resting same 10catkn along the profile. though is consistent with all of the bedrock expo-
Spring Range that would further support the gravity model infers a shallovJer dip of sures in Tecopa Valley. as well as the dip
this mOOel. A problem VJith the magnetk 18 degrees. of the Resling Sprh"Vil Pass Tuff (Hey:lari.
1986). Also. it implies an irregular surface
along the bedrock!basin·fill contact.
ro 50660
-" F"lQUre 5. MagnetIC field data.
~Z '/ •I>..
w
~
506'0
0 0
"---- . model results. and schematIC
geologlc cross sec:tJon lor !he
southern profile. Data from
-
0
;
~.
50620 field St8b01"1S arc P'OfOC1od
0 O~ ooto northwesI'SOUtheasl
~
w • • profile. l • magnetIC susc:ep-
"~
w
50500
'- •
ribllity in cgs Ul\lts
~=O.OOO68
300 m
~
m
'00 <
~
~
4' 4'
·'00
-300 ~
00
NW
'.0 20 30
DISTANCE (ktn)
.. 50 '0
SE
·500
CONctUSK>NS
cess. and Petrogenesis, hek! at the Uni· three DMG offices. In addition. the Sacra-
~PECIAL ~llON 11~ versity of California. Davis. mento office offers prepaid mail order
sales.
Four of the chapters are guides for
liek! trips hek! in conjunction wilh the SACRAMENTO GEOLOGIC INFORMATION
RElJ) GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGY symposium. Chapter 1 is a guide for a AND PUBLICATIONS OFFICE
AND METAMORPHISM OF THE trip in the San Francisco Bay area where
FRANCISCAN COMPLEX AND WEST- 801 K Street. MS 14-33
metabasa1fs of the Franciscan Complex
Sacramento, CA 95814·3532
ERN METAMORPHIC BELT OF are exposed. Chapter 2 is an overview of
(916)445'5716
NORTHERN CAUFORNIA. SPECIAL the western Metamorphic Belt of the
PUBUCATION 114. Peter Schiffman Sierra Nevada. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 are SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA
and David L. Wagner. editors. 1992. guides for field trips in the northern part REGIONAL OFFICE
$10.00. of the Wesfern Metamorphic Belt. These
trips are in an area covered by the soon 1145 Marf<.et Street, 3rd Floor
Spedal Publication 114 contains five to be released I :250.000 scale Geologic San Francisco, CA 94103
chapters that discuss metamorphism and Map of the Chico Quadrangle, California. (415)557-1500
t~tonics affecting Mesozoic and Paleo- This map will be the latest of the Division
LOS ANGELES
zoic rocks in the Coast Ranges and Sierra of Mines and Geology Regional Geologic REGiONAL OFFICE
Nevada provinces of northern California. Map Series. (RGM 007A).
The publication was prepared for an inter- 107 South Broadway, Room 1065
national symposium, The Transition from SPECIAL PUBUCATION 114 is avail- Los Angeles. CA 90012·4402
Basalt to Metabasalt: Environments, Pro- able for reference and purchase at all (213)620-3560
'M~~O
MAGNITUOES ties of Landers and Yucca Valley. Strong
j '1P 0
c 3.0'"
ground-shaking. landslides. and rockfalls
caused by the Big Bear eanhquake dam-
-.
0°
0 4.0-
l aged buildings and roadways in the Big
". 5.0- Bear Lake area. There were 377 minor
t ~-
and 25 major injuries and one fatality
6.0..-
from the June 28 earthquakes.
... - 7.0-
C
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
.
ro," rc Bill Bryant and Mike Reichle (DMGl.
30' - '"I< ,
~~
f
c
and Egill Hauksson (Cm reviewed the
manuscript. Claudia Hallstrom (DMGI
assembled the earthquake reports that
• •
."'. .~
-
C
were used in this article. Katrin Douglass
from CIT provided the epicenter map.
20'
,
-l
t
C
1WENTY-NII/£
".
1 ,~,
"'1 <,;
SAN
22. 1992 Joshua Tree eanhquake has been
~, added to the map (southernmost star). Major
, >. faults are shown in black, while the June 28,
, o.~ 1992 fault rupture is highlighted in orange.
J \ .... Emerson and Camp Rock lault rupture de·
". ""1"
I
". ...
•
"
,.. ". I
II'"
tails have been added. Courtesy of CIT and
USGS.
DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
for Achievements in 00
"" _ ""G'Ol"".
.,.. ...._ ' . . """
Of . . . . . •
J"n~ 9. 1992
II •• Earl W. Hn,t
Depart.ent of Conne~at1on
Division of IIinen And Geology
lUll M",k.. t St ..... t. Third floor
San frnnclnco, CA 94103
Dea' Earl:
congutuletlonn on l><l\n<:l aelectod by the cnlitorni. Earthquake
Snhty I'oundatlon u th . . .ec1pl.mt of the U!12 Alquht Award for
Ilchl ...... nu in earthquake safety In California.
You hnve been n fine enlOple of the do<I1""t.d, hard-workln'.! civil
narvont we Ilke to a .... In SUte GOvernllent. 'tour t1re1eu
atrorta are 01"0 01.11 ,.cog"hed throuqhout the geo1oqlc
co....unlty nnd by other. Involved in • .,18_le ntoty. With only n
..... 11 "tofr. you h~ve prepared ~H special Studie" Zon"" Map" and
reviBed 124. In addition, ." Manager or the fault Evaluatlon and
Zoninq ProqulI Blnc.. Ita inception In 1913, you have provided
valuabla Inro..ation and '1uld"n"e to cltla.. ~nd counti .."
throuqhout the Stat...
Again, conqntulatlonB Cor a job w811 don ...
sincerely,
:;f.?. JA:'-'j
Edward G. lleidi'l
olractor
cc: B. Guerard
J. D<l.vh
Boron minerals ............... metric tons 562.311 $429,806 1,093,919 $436.176 1.093,919 $436,176
Cement (portland) ....................... do. 10,911 642.020 10,032 604,080 8,788 527,280
Clays .............................. metric tons 2,195,830 39,243 212,163,515 2140,217 212,160,685 2136.897
Gem stones ...... .............................. NA 2.982 NA 1,501 NA 1,500
Gold3/ .............................. kilograms 29,804 366,595 29,607 368.300 33,362 396,866
Gypsum (crude) thousand short tons 1,734 13.066 W W W W
lime ............................................ do. 395 24,503 345 19,425 298 16,674
Mercury .......................... metric tons W W 4/ 4/ 4/ 41
Pumice ....................................... do. 79,000 4,612 71,739 5,088 W W
Sand and gravel;
Construction thousand short tons e/138,300 e/670,800 132,214 626,000 115,000 546.300
Industrial .............................. do. 2.426 43,863 2.452 48,055 2.000 40,000
Silver31 ........................... metric tons 21 3,650 21 3,209 27 3,466
Stone;
Crushed .... thousand short tons 54,887 238,034 e/42,500 e/200,600 34.500 162,900
Dimension ................. short tons 28,829 5,564 e/30.077 e/5,213 30,000 5,300
Combined value of asbestos, barite
(1990-91), calcium chloride (natural),
cement (masonry), clay (fuller's earth
1990-91), copper ~989-90}. diatomite,
feldspar, iron ore ( y-product 1989.
and usable). magnesium compounds,
mica (crude 1991), molybdenum. perlite.
potash, pumice (1991). rare-earth metal
concentrates, salt, soda ash. sodium
sulfate (natural), talc and pyrophyllite,
titanium concentrates (ilmenite 1989-90),
tungsten ore concentrates, and values
indicated by symbol W ............. XX 369,664 XX 421,935 XX 843,826
e/_ Estimated. NA. Not available. W .. Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; value included
XX .. Not applicable. with "com!>ijned value" figure.
11. Production as measured by mine shipments. sales. or marketable production (including consumption by producers).
21. Excludes certain clays; kind and value included with "Combined value" data.
31_ Recoverable content of ores. etc.
4/ .. less than 112 unit.
T
HE QUICKSAND grains is borne by the fluid. So, the more Less commonly. sand may also
wafer in the openings, the less the grains become quick as a resuJt of water being
MODEL-AN support each other. A very small shake forced into it. This might happen in a
EXPERIMENT or jolt on a saturated sand will dislodge stream floodplain after prolonged rainlaU
the grains and the whole mass will begin or during flooding when water is suddenly
Level: upper elementary to senior to act like a dense fluid. Some of the injected into a previously unsaturated
high school water may be expelled in sand volcanoes. sandy sediment. In either instance. the
If a heavy object like a road. a buikiing, sediment may become fluidized and
ANTICIPATED LEARNING OUTCOMES or even a person is on this liquid·like behave accordingly.
mass, it may sink.
1. Students will describe the difference Materials:
in stability between dry sand and Sandy sediments subject to water-
sand that has become liquid-like. saturation and a change to a liquid-like • WKIe-mouth Mason;ar or clear plastic
bottle, one quart or larger
state do not prOllide adequate support for
2. Students will observe what happens building. Hov.,.oever. the problem will only
when water-saturated sand becomes appear when the sediment is shaken or • Enough fine saooto fill the;ar or
liquid-like. bottle about 113 - 1/2 (use sandbox
jolted. When these sediments are built on
sand or something similar)
in regions prone to earthquakes. we can
3. Students will determine which expect problems. Experiences in the
sediment grain-sizes are prone 10 Marina District in San Francisco during • Quarter or rock small enough to lit
becoming liquid-like. the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake pro- into the;ar
vide vivid examples (see photo). There,
4. Students will discuss the social impli- • 1-1/2-footlength of plastic. rubber. or
great damage was suffered by structures
cations of building on sediments glass tubing
built on sandy sediment and loose fill
prone 10 becoming liquid-like. material. all of it water saturated.
BACKGROUND
PROCEDURE
l. Put the tubing into the jar so
that one end of it rests on the
~Jl This experiment was designed
James V. O'Connor
Department of Environmental SCience
by:
•
bottom of the jar and the other
end extends about a foot Oul of
the jar.
,,'
Donald L. Woodrow
depth of 1/3 -1/2, holding the Department of Geoscience
lWI) Hobart & William Smith Colleges
tubing in position while you Geneva. NY 14456
POO'
Reprinred from ·Hands·On G60bgy; K·12 ACIlVII>es lind
3. Place the coin or small rock on ROSCIJrces" WIth pemlI$Sion lrom rhe K-12 Ellrffl Science
the sand surface. Education Commiltoo of SEPM (S0C>61y Irx S6dimrmlllry
G6o!ogr). CfJPyrighr 1991
4. Imagine you had to build in a I AMOUNT ENCLOSED (prICe includes postage and salas ta~.) $.
location where qUicksand is A CHECK OR MONEY ORDER MUST ACCOMPANY THIS ORDER, All non·U.S. orders must be paid
known to develop. Can you I With an Internallonal money order or dral! payable in U.S. dollars and made OUl to DIVISION OF MINES
AND GEOLOGY. Send order to: DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY, P. O. Bo~ 2980. SacramenlO,
think of a way that you might t Caillornia 958\2-2980.
avoid its worst effects? Describe I NAME _
your plan in a paragraph.
: STREET _
L~ ~~ zIP _
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