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Example 1
A block of metal of
dimensions 0.5 m x 0.6 m
x 1.0 m has a mass of
300 kg. Calculate the
maximum pressure
acting on the ground.
Derive the formula for The container on the right has a base area A. It is
the pressure in a filled to a depth h with a liquid of density ρ.
liquid. Calculate:
(a) volume of liquid = Ah
F ρAhg
(e) pressure = = = ρgh
A A
∴ Pressure in liquid = ρgh
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Example 2
The figure shows a cylinder containing liquid
mercury.
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Explain gas Gas pressure is the force per unit area exerted by the
pressure gas molecules as they collide with the walls of their
container.
Explain • Atmospheric pressure is the pressure caused by the
atmospheric weight of the air above us.
pressure . • Atmospheric pressure acts equally in all directions.
• Atmospheric pressure varies with the height of the
object above sea level. It decreases with the altitude or
the height above sea level. At higher altitudes, the
density and the temperature of the air are lower. As a
result, the frequency of collisions of the molecules is
lower. Hence, atmospheric pressure is lower.
Describe
activities to
show
existence of
atmospheric
pressure
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Example 4
The figure shows a mercury barometer is placed in
a school laboratory where the atmospheric
pressure is
75 cm Hg.
Example 5
The figure shows a barometer. The vacuum space
is filled with a gas X.
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Pgas = Patmosfera + h
Pgas = Patmosfera - h
Pgas = Patmosfera
Example 1
The figure shows a manometer
containing mercury is connected to a
gas supply.
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Example 2 Determine
The figure shows a basic hydraulic system (a) The pressure transmitted in the
has small and large pistons with cross- hydraulic fluid.
sectional area of 0.005 m2 and 0.1 m2 (b) The mass of the load.
respectively. A force of 20 N is applied to (c) If the small piston is pushed down at
the small piston. a depth a 0.04 m, what is the distance
moved by the large piston.
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Question 1
An object is hung from
a spring.
(a) What is the buoyant
force on the object in
water?
Question 2
A stone weights 2.5 N. When it is fully
submerged
in a liquid, its apparent weight is 2.2
N.
Calculate the density of liquid if its
volume displaced by the
stone is 25 cm3 (25 x 10-6 m3).
Buoyant If Buoyant force = weight ⇒ the object floats
Force and stationary
and Buoyant force > weight ⇒ the object moves
Flotation up
Buoyant force = weight ⇒ the object moves
down
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State the A floating object displaces its own weight of fluid in which it
Law of floats
floatation
Based on Figure (a), (b) ,(c) and (d) Example 5
write the equations in words to The figure shows a glass tube of
relate the forces acting on the mass 0.012 kg with uniform
objects when the objects float and diameter and cross-sectional area 4
stationary. x 10-4 m2 , and it is filled with sand
so that it is made vertical in a
beaker containing water.
[ Density of water is 1000 kg m-3 ]
Determine
(a) The upthrust
(b) The mass of sand in the glass
tube.
Example 4
An object of mass 5 kg floats on the
surface water. What is the upthrust
experienced by the object.
Figure 1
and 2
show a
same boat
sailing in
the sea
water and
the river.
figure 1 figure 2
A boat will
submerged ¾ The buoyant forces in the sea and in the river are the
deeper in same
the river. ¾ This is because the buoyant force is equal to the weight
of the boat which is unchanged.
¾ The density of fresh water is lower than sea water.
¾ The buoyant force of a floating boat is equal to the
weight of water displaced.
¾ The lower the density of the water, the larger the volume
of water displaced.
¾ A boat must displace more water to obtain sufficient
buoyant force to support its weight.
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If extra
weight is
put into
the boat,
why will
the boat
float lower
in the It displaces more water so that there is a larger
water? buoyant force to support the extra weight.
What is the
purpose of
Plimsoll
line mark
on a ship?
SUBMARINE
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HIDROMETER
¾ A hydrometer is an instrument
used to measure the relative
density of liquids such as milk
or acid in accumulators.
¾ It consists of a tube with a bulb
at one end. Lead shots are
placed in the bulb to weigh it
down and enable the
hydrometer floats vertically in
the liquid.
¾ In a liquid of lesser density, a larger volume of liquid must be
displaced for the buoyant force to equal the weight. So the more the
hydrometer is submerged.
¾ The hydrometer floats higher in a liquid of higher density.
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Mark the water level in the vertical tubes P,Q and R in the following
figures.
A person who stands near a railway When two speed bots move faster
feels like falling into it when and closely to each other, an
suddenly a train moves with a high accident may be occurred. It is
speed passes him. It is because the because the water moved at a very
velocity of the air in front of him high velocity between the boats.
increases. According to Bernoulli’s Principle,
According to Bernoulli’s Principle, the pressure of the moving air
the pressure of the moving air decreases as the speed of the air
decreases as the speed of the air increases.
increases. The higher atmospheric The higher water pressure on either
pressure behind pushes him side of the boats caused its closer
forward. to each other.
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When the piston is pushed, air is Water from a tap flows at high
forced out through the jet of gas at speed out of the jet of water
a high speed. (nozzle).
According to Bernoulli’s Principle, According to Bernoulli’s Principle ,
the pressure of the moving air the pressure of the moving air
decreases as the speed of the air decreases as the speed of the air
increases . increases
The higher atmospheric pressure in The higher air ssure in the vessel
the insect poison container will ‘pumps’ air from the side tube to
push the insect poison liquid up which the vessel is connected.
through the narrow metallic tube
Carburettor Aerofoil
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