TI EINAI H <DQTO~YN8E~H

Ilupnxrnro 9a nsptypa<pEi 11 o~DyovuCll <pro'toaUv9sall, 0l1AuoiJ 11 <pro'toaUv9sall Ka'tU rnv onotc napuys'tat O~DYOVO. M' aD'tO 'tOY rpozo Aet'tODPYOUV 'ta <pD'ta Kat'ta KUavo~aKLTJPta.

Ms 't1l <pro'toaUv9s~ ru <pD'ta <pnuXVODV 'to <paYll'tO 'tOD~, ol1AaoiJ yA,DKO~11! H yA,DKO~l1 uno'tsAetLat ano 6 UV9pUK6~. Tov av9paKa uuto 'tOY nnipvoov 'ta <pD'ta ano rnv u'tJ.lOa<patpa ox; oto~siotO 'tOD av9puKu. 'Erot ano 6 uoptn C02 napuys'tat eva uopto yA,DKO~l1~. Ot avnopaast~ nOD 001lYOUV oro aXllJ.lanaJ.lO 't1l~ YADKO~l1~ uno 'to C02 ovoJ.la~ov'tat oxorewsc avnopaasts, ytan as ours; OSV SJ.lnA,EK6'tat 'to <pros (Kat u' aDtE~ OEY zpoxetrm va aaXOA,119ro ytan OEY n~ KatExro).

Ttn va yivoDV OJ.lro~ ot aKOt6tVE~ aVttopaast~ xpsta~stat EYEpYSta Kat avuyroyuCll OfNaJ.lll (snEtoiJ yiV6tat avayroYiJ tOD av9paKa). Q~ nllyiJ cvEpySta~ XPllatJ.lonotc:itat to ATP Kat ro~ avaycoytKfJ OUVaJ.lll 'to NADPH. Ta OUO aDta uopic napuyov'tat KU'tU n~ <prot6tvE~ avnopaast<; 't1l~ <protoaUv9sa,,<;, nOD Myov'tat srot snstoiJ XPllatJ.lonotoUv ro<; KtVTILTJpta OUVaJ.lll 'to <pro<;!

(To ATP EXSt 'tpia qxoooopucc nOD aDVOEOVtat J.lsta~U tOD~ J.ls bSaJ.lOU<; D\j111A,iJ<; cvEpySta~, ot onoioi orov anavs OiVODV aDtfJ rnv cvEpYSta yta va npaYJ.la1OnOt119si KunOta avnbpaall, Kat aXllJ.lanss'tat ano 'to ADP, 'to onoto £xst OUO <proa<poptKu JlS npoa9iJK11 EYo<; <proa<poptKoU). ~'t1lV <protoaUv9sall, Kata n<; <pro'tStvE<; uvnbpaast<; 'to ADP J.lStatpEns'tat as A TP Kat om aDVEXSta 11 EYEpYSta tOD ATP XPllatJ.lOnotc:tLat ort; aKo'tStv8s, 0l1AuoiJ to ATP anast as ADP Kat <proa<poptKO unooioovta<; EYEpYSta yta rrtv napayroyiJ 'tll<; yA,DKO~l1<; Kat a't1l O'DVEXSta yivstat 10 ioto ano 't1lv apxiJ.

To NADPH J.lSta<pEpSt llAeKtpOVta. Katn n<; <pCOtStV8<; avnopuast<; 11 O~StoroJ.levll tOD J.lOP<PiJ (NADP+) J.lStUtpEn6tat ornv aVllYJ.lEvTI (NADPH). To NADPH XPllatJlOnotc:itat oru; aKO'tStVE<; avnbpaaSt<; Kat J.lE'ta'tp8nS'tat nUAt as NADP+, Kat nuJ.ls nUA,t an' rqv upxiJ·

~'t1lV <protc:tVE<; avnopuac:t<; A,c:ttoDpyc:i J.lta aADaiba J.lc:tu<popu<; llA,SKtpovicov nOD CO<; tSA,tKO unobEK't1l8XSt to NADPH, ro<; bo't11s XPllatJ.lOnOtcttat 'to vspo. fta vo yivC:t auto XPC:tu~stat EYtpyma, 11 ozotc npootpsperm uno 'tOY iJA,to. Omv buo uoptn vspou oroaoDv rc llA,SKtpOvta 'tOD<; (Kat ta npro'tovta nOD UnOJ.laKpUVOVtat taDtoxpova) aXTJJ.la't~stat tva uopio O~DyOVOD. AD'tO etvm 'to O~DYOVO nOD aVa1tVEODJ.lS

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H <pwTOouv9EOTI OVOIJO~ETOI fl OloolKooio KOTO rnv onoio EVOe; (qxoroouvaerucoc) 0PVOVIOIJOe;, IJE Til J30~9EIO TOU <pWTOe;, IJETOTpEnEI OVOPVOVEC; OUOiEe; OE 0PVOVIKEe; 9pmTIKEe;. Korc Til OloolKooio OUT~ TO <pUTO, oncoc cnlonc KOI Konolol IJIKPOOPYOVIOj.loi, TO <puTonAoVKTOV, nopOOKWO~OUV Tl"IV TPO<p~ TOUe;.

H ocrroouvseon elvoi j.110 OIlIJOVTIKOTOTIl J310AoVIK~ OI£Pvooio, ue TIlV onoio 01 qxoroouvaerucol opvovrouol npounaeuovrot TOV OV9POKO KOI TO O~UVOVO, nou elvoi onopclrnro Via Til 9pE4J1l TOUe;. To XAwpo<pu)..)..ouxo <pUTO EXOUV rnv IKOVOTIlTO va usrcrpenouv TO olo~EiolO TOU OV9POKO KOI TO VEPO OE OPVOVIKEe; OUOiEe;, oncoc VAUKO~Il, cnopolrnrec Via rnv avomul;1l KOI Til OUVT~PIlO~ TOUe;. H <pwToouv9ETIK~ aUT~ OIEPvooio Vi VETO I j..I£ TIlV EVEPVEIO TOU IlAIOKOU <pWTOC;. H Xllj..llK~ ovrlcpoon Tile; qxoroouvaeonc, AEVoj..lEVIl KO I ovriopoon oorroouvaecnc EivOI:

H ruo ncvco OVTiopOOIl unopel, oo<poAwe;, va cnxonomaei ana Xl1j.1IK~C; nxeupoc, Ano J310Xl1j..1IK~C;, OJ.lWe;, nAwpoc;, aUTO OEV eivci op90, EnEIO~ r) cnxonornuevn ovrlopcon 90 M£IXVE OTI TO EAEU9EPO o~UVovo 90 npospyorcv E~ 1lJ.1loEioe; ana TO C02 KOI TO H20 evo, oruoc 90 OOUJ.1E, TO O~UVOVO npOEPXETOI onOKAEIOTIKO ana TI1V <pWTOAUOIl TOU H20'

LTI1V npOVIJOTIKOTIlTO OIJWe; Il qxoroouvaeon ViVETOI OE OTOOIO KOI J.1E IJIO OEIPO ana noxunxoxsc Xllj..lIKEe; OVTIOPOOEI<;, nou OUV04Ji~OVTOI OTO ruo novco ax~j.lo. To onuelo TOU KUTTOPOU, OTO onoio ViVOVTOI 01 OVTIOpOOEIe; OUTEe;, EivOI 01 xAwponAoOTEC;.

To VEPO OIOAUEI KOI jJETO<PEPEI TO olo~EiolO TOU OV9POKO j..IEXPI TO KUTTapo KOI TOUe; xAwponAOOTEC; TWV <puAAwv. EKEi, j.lE TI1V EVEPVEIO TOU <pWTac; (hv) nou onoppoqio r) <PWTOOEOjJWTIK~ ouolo (ouvnaox; 11 XAwpo<pu)..)..ll, 0)..)..0 unopxouv KO! OAAEC; <pWTOOWj.lEUTIKEe; OUOiEC;, onox; 11 ~ov90<puAAIl, r) <puKOEpu9pivll, 11 oucoxuovlvn KTA., 01 onolec OEV EXOUV npoorvo XPWj..IO) OIOOnaTO! TO vspo (<pwToAuOIl) OTa OTOIXEio TOU:

H20 + hv -.+[H] + 1/2 02' To o~uVOVO onEAw9EpWVETOI OTO nEplJ30)..)..OV, EVW TO OTOj..llKO UopOVOVO OEOjJEUETOI ana OIO<POPO EV~Uj..IO (NADP).

ME Til J30~9EIO OUTWV TWV EV~Uj.lWV TO UopOVOVO OOIlVEiTOI OTIC; OVTIOpOOEIe; j..IE TO OIO~EioIO TOU OV9POKO:

LTO OEUTEPO aUTO OTOOIO OVTIOPOOEWV OEV onOITEiTOI IlAIOK~ EVEPVEIO, VI' aUTO 01 OVTIOpOOEIe; OUTEe; OVOj.lO~OVTOI «OKOTEIVEC;». H J300lK~ ouoio nou nopoverm elver 11 VAuKO~I1, 11 onoio, npOKElj..IEVOU va on0911KEU9Ei, IJETOTpEnETOI OTO nOAUjJEpEe; Tile; ouuxo. AUTO IJETO<pEPETOI OE O)..)..Ee; 9EOEIe; TOU <pUTOU KaTO Til VUXTO, orov OTOj.laTO TO <pOlVOjJEVO Tile; qxoroouvasonc,

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To <pU'cu £Xouv (HO~a'W ore <pUAAa roix.To oroucrn xp11m~cuouv O''t11v aV'taAAay~ osptcrv ~c'ta~u rou <pu'tou us rou nePt~UAAOV'tO~ (uzatvet btO~EibtO ron uv9paKa, ~yaiVEt o~uyovo: <pW'tOcrUv9ECJ11), aAAa Kat CJ't11V bta1tVO~. dta1tVO~ sivct 11 £~Oboc,; tOU VEPOU ano m oroueru,

Ttntt O'U~~aiVEt O~ID~; To qnrro ano nc,; piSE; ron naipVEt VEpO. To VEPO unto stvci O'UVEX£c,; ~£CJa CJtO <pu'to, aVE~aivEt ~ "CJWA~VE;" Kat nUEt nnvrou. LtO 'tEAO~ ~yaiVEt ano rc orouorc. H £~ObO; ron VEPOU ano m orouetn KUVEt to <pUtO vc 'tpa~uct VEPO ano u; pU::Ec,;. Y nUPXEt b11AUb~ po~ VEpOU. B£~ata, ore <pUtU zou SOUV O'c ncptOx£c,; ~E ~11paO'ia, 11 po~ au't~ stvot ooo 'to buvu'tov mo apy~.

ftan 'to vspo sivot rooo O'1l~aVUKO yta 'to <pu'tO; M£CJa oro VEPO eivm btaAU~e~ ot OUCJiE; zon xpetUse'tat to <pu'tO Kat u~ naipVet ano 'to £ba<po~. Me 't11V Kiv11CJ11 rou VEPOU ~ECJa CJ'tO qmto, Ot OUCJiEc,; aUtEc,; <ptuvouv CJE oAa 'ta ruttapa tOU <pu'tou. EmnAEov, to VEPO XPEtUSEtat yta 't11V <pWtOcrUV9ECJ11: bUO ~opta VEPOU CJX11~anSouv Eva ~OptO o~uyovou. AKO~11, 'to VEPO bivEt ~op<p~ orn ~£P11 tOU <pUtOU, zou Ssv EXOUV ~UAO (CJKE<p'tEl'te Eva czonoro <pu'to, ta <puMa ron Sapffivouv Kat bCV ~nopouv vc bta't11p~O'ouv 'to CJx~~a roue).

Lta <pU'tU 11 <pIDtocrUv9EO'1l yiVE'tat CJE etbtKU opyavibta non OVO~USov'tat xAwponAUCJtEc,;. 0 XAwponAUCJt11; n£pt~UAAttat ano btnA~ ~E~~PUV11. To ECJWtEptKO tOU ovo~us£tat CJtpffi~a Kat EKEi yivovtat Ot CJKOtEtV£e,; avnbPuCJEt;. LtO orproun Bptoxovrm KunOtOt ~E~~pavffibEt~ CJX11~auCJ~o{ zou ovo~u~ov'tat 9uAaKOEtb~. YnuPXouv bUO Eib11 9uAaKO£t8wv: ta 9uAaKOet8~ tCOV grana zou 9u~i~ouv KEp~ata tOn09E't11~Eva to Eva nuvw CJtO UAAO Kat tn 9uAaOKOet8~ tOU CJtpffi~ato~ zou O'UVbEOUV J.J£ta~U rou; rc 8uAaKOEtb~ tOW grana. Ln~ ~E~~pUVEc,; tCOV 8uAaKOEtbffiv ~piCJKOVtat ot npo)tEivE; zou O'U~~E'tEXOUV CJu~ <pCO'tEtvE; avnbpuCJEtc,;.

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KVTTaplKt) aVa1tVot)

KC:lTa TIl BlOAoyia ue 'tOY opo K'UTTflPlKll flVfl1tVOll xapaKTIlPiSf:'tat 11 Ka'ta~oAuCll otaou(Ucria 1tOU Aa!!~avf:t xoopa ore lCD't'tapa Kat Ka'ta TIlV ozoio 1tOA1>1tAOKa opyaVtKa uopto, Ka'ta crf:tpa q>8ivoucrae; 1tPOti!!l1cr11e; uoa'taV8paKce;, AinTl Kat 1tpo)'t8TVf:e;, O~f:tOOVOV'tat npOKf:tJ.LEvOU V' a1tf:Af:u8f:poocrouv svspvstu, 11 onoic stvrn anapaiTllTll os allie; KU't'taptK€e; OtaotKacrif:e;. H KU't'taptlCit uvurrvon sivnt €va a1to tu 'tf:Mu'taia cr'taota 'tOU !!C'ta~oAtCJ!!OU rcov 1tOAUlCD't'taprov opvuvioucov

XPl1(J1J.U)Tl1Ta T1]<; KVTTaplKt)<; ava1tVot)<;

H xurrupucr] avanvoi) cru!!~aivf:t oe 1tOAuXP11CJt!!01tot11!!€vf:e; 1tOAU1tAoKf:e; ooote; yta OUO AoyoUe;:

• 'Ex,ouv axp11cr'tf:u'td f:~attiae; 'tlle; 1tOMi)e; xpi)CJlle;, i) Of: f:~U1tllPf:'touv 1tAf.OV crne; avaYKf:e; 'tOU xurrcpou.

• Ot a1tAoucr'tf:pf:e; ouote; oru; ozote; otacr1toov'tat !!1t0POUV va avaKvKAw8ovv, yta vc q>nax'touv mo xpi)CJt!!8e; 1tOAU1tAOKf:e; ouoteq,

H f:V€pYf:ta 1tOU a1tf:Af:u8f:poovf:'tat a1t0811Kf:Uf:'tat ornv rptqxoorpopucf aOf:Vocriv11, aAAa 11 a1tooAf:ta f:Vf.pYf:tae; U1tO !!Opq>i) 8f:p!!o'tll'tae; stvm ava1toq>f:UKTIl.

H KU't'taptlCit uvcorvon avacr't€AAf:'tat!!f: avacr'taAnKa €vsu!!a avaAoya us r«; avaYKf:e; 'tOU xorrcpou. LK01tOe; au'ti)e; TIle; avacr'tOAi)e; sivrn 11 f:~tcroPponTlcr11 uvriusou crnv 1tapayroyi) f:V€pYf:tae; Kat npotovrcov Kat rnv Ka'tavaArocri) roix;

Kuru 't11 OtapKf:ta TIle; x,f:t~f:piae; vapKlle; otaK01t'tf:'tat 11 KU't'taptlCit avanvoi) ~ecrro TIle; Ospuovevivrp; 11 onoin avacr'tf.llit TIlv 1tapayroyi) TIle; q>rocrq>optlCite; aOf:Vocriv11e;, oocr'tf: 11 napayo~f:V11 cvepYf:ta va ~f:'ta'tpf.1tf:'tat a1tf:u8f:iae; oe Oepuorrrr«. Y 1tO q>ucrtQAoytK€e; cruv6i)Kf:e; Kan rsroto 8a oOl1youcrf: ce ol1A11npiacr11.

H KU't'taptlCit avanvoi) stvm avti8f:TIl OtaOtKacrta 't11e; q>ro'tocrUv6f:cr11e;. Kat Ot OUO otaOtKacrif:e; f:1t11Pf:asOUV TIlV 1tf:ptf:KnKOTll'ta TIle; a't~ocrq>atpae; ce OlO~f:{OtO rou av8paKa Kat o~uyoVO[I].

X1]fJEia T1]<; KVTTaplKt)<; ava1tVot)<;

To dooe; 'tlle; KU't'taptlCite; uvcorvorp; rcov xorrcprov svoz; srov'tavou opyuviouou f:~ap'ta'tat a1to 'to dooe; 't11e; «vcorvorj; 'tOU {OlOU 'tOU opyrrvtouou, Lx,f:nKa ue rnv KU't'taptlCit cvcorvon, av 11 O~f:{orocrl11tpay~a't01tOtf:t'tat ~f: o~uyovo 'to'tf: ovo!!aSf:'tat flEp6Blfl flVfl1tVOij, aAAtOOe; flVflEp61hfl flVfl1tVOij. H KU't'taptlCit uvczvon ~1topd va J,.I£'ta'tpa1tf:i a1to af:po~ta crf: uvcspojhc, av unaPXf:t f.AA8t'l'11 o~uyovou orov opyovtouo, 01troe; cru~~aivf:t crov av8pro1to os 1tOAU €v'tOV11 q>uCJtlCit acrKllcr11.

rA1>KOA1>(Jl1

To 1tpoo'to cr'taotO 't11e; KU't'taptlCite; avanvoi)e; ue otacr1taCJll TIle; YAUKos11e; (uoa'tav8paKae; W1tOU ~ovocraKxap{'tll) 11 yAUKoAucr11·

2010-2011

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Avonvo'; OTOUC; IJOVOKUTTOPOUC; OPYOVIOIJOUc;,TO q>UTO KOI OOTUC; ~c.>IKOUC; OPYOVIOIJOUC;

'OAOI 01 opvoviouol XPEIO~OVTOI EVEPYEIO Trw onoio onoicrouv ~E Til oloonooll XIl~IKWV OUOIWV onoc 11 yAuKo~Il·AuT~ 11 oloonooll elvoi ~IO OEIPO ana XIl~IKEe; OVTIOpOOEIe; nou yiVOVTOI ~EOO aTO KUTTopo.AuTo OVO~O~ETOI KUTTOPIK~ ovonvon.Fio va yiVEI 11 KUTTOPIK~ ovonvon OUXVO XPEIO~ETOI o~uyovo.nopoMIlAo nopoYETOI olo~EiolO TOU OV8POKO TO onoio elvoi OXPIlOTO KOI onol3oMETol ana TO KUTTOpo.AUTf; 11 oVToMoy~ ospkov yiVETOI:

• aTO EninEOO TOU KUTTOPOU ~EOW Tile; nAOO~OTIK~e; ~EIJl3pOVIle; ~E OIOXUOIl

• aTO EninEOO TOU OPYOVIO~OU

LTO EninEOO TOU OPyOVIO~OU 11 OIOOIKooio oVToMoy~e; ospkov OVO~O~ETOI ovonvon.H ovonvon yiVETOI ~E IJIlXOVIOIJOUe; KOI opYOVO,OIOCPOPETIKO ovoMyo TOUe; oovovrououc KOI E~OPTWVTOI ana:

• TIe; EVEPYEIOKEe; TOUe; OVOYKEe;

• TIlV nOAunAoKoTIlTO TOUe;

• TO nEpll3oMov OTO onoio ~ouv

LTOUe; ~OVOKUTTOpOUe; opvoviououc onox; 11 A~011300o 11 oVToMoy~ ospkov yivETOI ~E Til OIOXUOIl.LTO nEpll3oMov TOU ~OVOKUTTOPOU opvovrouou OUKEVTWVETOI neprcoorspo o~uyovo ana OTI OTO «urroponxcouo rou.Auro ou~l3oivEI EnEIO~ TO o~uyovo aTO KUTToponAOO~O KOTOVOAWVETOI OUVExWe; YIO TrW onEAEu8EpWOll EVEpYEIOe;.

H ovonvon aTO qnrrc.To CPUTO XPEIO~OVTOI KOI aUTO EVEPYEIO TIlV onoio E~OOCPOAi~ouv ~E Til KUTTOPIK~ ovonvon.To XEpooio* CPUTO npooAo~l3ovouv o~uyovo KOTEU8Eiov ana rnv OT~OOCPOlPO EVW TO UOOTIVO* ana TO o~uyovo nou elvoi OIOAEI~EVO aTO VEpo.H ovroxxovn ospkov aTO XEpooio CPUTO YIVETOI IJE Til 130~8EIO TWV OTO~OTWV.To CPUTO,~E Til qxoroouvaeon nopovouv YAUKO~1l KOI o~uyovo ope KOTOAOl3oivOUIJE OTI TO CPUTC] elvoi OIl~OVTIKO YIO Til ~w~ viorl 1301l80uv crnv KOAUlIJll TWV oncrrnoscov TOV OPyOVIO~WV Tile; I3loocpOlpoe; ~E o~uyovo KOI KOI OUOiEe; nou unopouv va onoocooouv EVEPYEIO.'OOO YIO TO o~uyovo nou KOTOVOAWVOUV TO iOIO TO CPUTO ~E TIlV KUTTOPIK~ ovonvori eivoi noxu ~IKPOTEPO ~E aUTO nou ncpovouv ern CPWTOOUV8EOIl.

KOI TEAOe; 11 ovonvon OTOU ~WIKOUe; OPYOVIO~OUe;.LTO oonOVOUAO 11 ovonvon yiVETOI OIO~EOOU Tile; nEnTIK~e; KOIAOTIlTOe; EiTE Tile; EniOEPlJiooe; EiTE EIOIKWV opyovwv nou unopel va EivOI unoruncoon I3poYXlo,unoTunwoEIe; nVEu~OVEe; ~ TpOxEiEe;.LE 000 oonovouxo olo8ETOUV KUKAOCPOPIKO OUaTIlIJO,1l uerorpopo TOU o~uyouv npoe; TO KUTTOPO KOI 11 onol3oA~ TOU olo~Eloiou yivETOI ~E Til 130~8EIO

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5

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TOU oUYKEKPIiJEVOU OUOT~IJOTOe;.E~OIpOUVTOI TO EVTOIJO OTO onoio r) IJETO<POpa TWV ospkov yiVETOI ana TIe; TpOXEiEe;.

To UOPO~IO OnOVOUAWTa onox; TO 4JaPIO ovonvEouv IJE ~paYXIO.~TO olJq>i~lo onwe; 0 ~aTpOXOe;,unapxouv OIOq>OPETIKa OVOnVEUOTIKa opvovo OVQAOYO IJE TO OTaOIO Tr)e; OVanTU~r)e; TOU ~OTpaXOU.O ~aTpOxOe; ovonvea IJE unorunoon nVEUIJOVEe; EVW 0 yupivoe; ovonvea IJE ~paYXIO onox KOI TO 4Japlo.To 8r)AOOTIKa olo8crouv ovonVEUOTIKO OUOTr)IJO nou nEPIAOIJ~aVEI TO opvovo rnc OEpOq>OPOU ooou KOI TOUe; nVEUIJOVEe;.O oepoc EIOEPXETOI OTOUe; nVEUIJOVEe; IJE KIV~OEIe; nou yiVOVTOI ana EIOIKOUe; IJUEe; OTr) 8WpOKIK~ KOIAOTr)TO.H IJETOq>Opa TOU o~uyovou OTO xurrcpo KOI r) OnOlJaKPUVOr) TOU OIO~EIOiou TOU

2010-2011

6

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