Y



  
YY  Y
 
 u

‡ The TAT was first developed in 1935 by Henry Murray,
Christiana Morgan, and their colleagues at the
Harvard Psychological Clinic. It is generally agreed,
however, that the basic idea behind the TAT came
from one of Murray's undergraduate students. The
student mentioned that her son had spent his time
recuperating from an illness by cutting pictures out of
magazines and making up stories about them. The
student wondered whether similar pictures could be
used in therapy to tap into the nature of a patient's
fantasies.
 
  
The Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT, is a
projective measure intended to evaluate a person's
patterns of thought, attitudes, observational capacity,
and emotional responses to ambiguous test materials.

‡ The TAT is one of the oldest projective measures in

continuous use. It has become the most popular
projective technique among English-speaking
psychiatrists and psychologists, and is better accepted
among clinicians than the Rorschach.
 2 u
In the case of the TAT, the ambiguous materials
consist of a set of cards that portray human figures in
a variety of settings and situations. In the TAT, the test
subject examines cards and is asked to tell a story
about each card. The story includes the event shown in
the picture, preceding events, emotions and thoughts
of those portrayed, and the outcome of the event
shown. The story content and structure are thought to
reveal the subject's attitudes, inner conflicts, and
views.
 Y Y

‡ The TAT is often used in individual assessments of
candidates for employment in fields requiring a high
degree of skill in dealing with other people and/or
ability to cope with high levels of psychological stress.

‡ The TAT can be given repeatedly to an individual as a

way of measuring progress in psychotherapy or, in
some cases, to help the therapist understand why the
treatment seems to be stalled or blocked.

 
 @

@
‡ The Rorschach test also known as the Rorschach inkblot
test, the Rorschach technique, or simply the inkblot test
is a psychological test.

‡ The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist

Hermann Rorschach.

‡ In the 1960s, the Rorschach was the most widely used

projective test.

‡ The interpretation of a Rorschach record is a complex

process.
  
‡ The ten inkblots.

‡ Subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded.

‡ Analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex

scientifically derived algorithms or both. Some
psychologists use this test to examine a person's
personality characteristics and emotional functioning.

‡ It has been employed to detect an underlying thought

disorder, especially in cases where patients are
reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly.
 
The areas of dispute include :
‡ The objectivity of testers,
‡ reliability,
‡ biasness of scales towards greater numbers of
responses,
‡ the limited number of psychological conditions
which it accurately diagnoses
 

Y

Y 

 
 

 
‡

 
   
@ ÑMMPI) is one of the most
frequently used personality tests in mental
health. The test is used by trained professionals
to assist in identifying personality structure and
psychopathology.
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‡ POPULARITY OF THE INSTRUMENT DUE TO
3 ASPECTS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

Ł MULTIPHASIC NATURE OF THE TEST

Ł FORMAL ASSESSMENT OF TEST TAKING
ATTITUDE
Ł EMPIRICAL BASIS FOR ITEM SELECTION
 22Y u

‡ The MMPI was developed in the 1930s at
Minnesota University as a serious and
comprehensive personality test that can be used
to detect psychiatric problems. It was revised in
1989 as MMPI-2 and a version for adolescents
developed ÑMMPI-A). There is also an
abbreviated version ÑMMPI-3).
‡ It has ten clinical scales to indicate different
psychiatric conditions, although these are not
'pure' and hence the scales are often referred to
by their number, to avoid confusion and
argument.
‡ Due to its clinical use, there is a lot of concern
that people taking it may fake results and hence
there are three 'validity' scales to guard against
this.
22Y 



‡ HYPOCHONDRIASIS
‡ DEPRESSION
‡ HYSTERIA
‡ PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE
‡ PARANOIA
‡ PSYCHASTHENIA
‡ SCHIZOPHRENIA
‡ HYPOMANIA
22Y 




‡ MASCULINITY-FEMININITY SCALE
‡ SOCIAL INTROVERSION SCALES