`mc-XobXØz-Nn-¥-bpsS hmb\:

Hcp "t_m[']q¿∆kao-]\w

\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ]Tn-°-s∏´pw N¿®-sN-ø-s∏´pw hcp-∂-h-bmWv kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn-

se-gp-X-s∏´ {]mNo-\-Z¿i-\-߃. ]e Ime-ß-fn¬, ]e coXn-bn¬, ]e `mj-I-fn¬
hmbnbv°s∏´ Ah-bpsS C∂sØ hmb-\-bn¬ Gsd k¶o¿Æ-X-I-fp-≠v. ]mT-]-chpw
`mjm-]-chpw Imen-I-hp-sam-s°-bmWv B k¶o¿Æ-X-Iƒ. Z¿i-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ°IsØ
sshhn[yw \nd™ Bi-b-tem-Ihpw ]mT-co-Xn-Ifpw hnhn[ Z¿i-\-߃ XΩn-ep≈ kwhm-
Zm-fl-I-amb _‘hpw Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-Æw, Ah-bpsS hmb-\sb, Cu LS-I-߃
GI-ap-J-am-°p-∂p. {]mNo-\-Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS ka-Im-en-I-amb hmb-\sb khn-ti-j-am-°p∂
LS-I-߃/{]iv\-߃ Fs¥∂v At\z-jn-bv°p-I-bmWv Cu {]_‘-Øns‚ BZy-`m-K-
Øn¬ sNøp-∂-Xv. AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-Z¿i-\-Ønse tI{µ-X-Øz-amb "t_m['sØ°pdn-®p≈
ssk≤m-¥n-I-hn-h-c-W-amWv c≠m-asØ `mK-Øn¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. Z¿i-\-Øns‚ s]mXp-
hmb ssk≤m-¥nI ho£-Ww, AXnse Hmtcm kq£vamw-i-Øn-eq-sSbpw Fßs\ cq]-
s∏´v hcp∂p As√-¶n¬, Hmtcm kq£vamw-i-Ønepw Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ssk≤m-¥n-I-amb
s]mXp-\n-e]mSv Fßs\ {]Xn-^-en-°p∂p F∂Xv Cu `mK-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ Hc-t\z-j-W-
amWv.
H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ D∂-bn® ]e {]iv\-ß-sfbpw apJm-apJw ImtW-≠n-h-cp∂ kµ¿`-
߃ Cu At\z-j-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. AssZz-X-Øns‚ ssk≤m-¥nI \ne-]m-Sn-s‚, Ipd-
®p-IqSn hym]-I-amb Xc-Øn¬ km≤y-amb Nne hmb-\-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ kqN-\-I-fmWv
aq∂mw `mK-Øn¬. CXv AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥-Øn-s‚tbm AXns‚ F√m-Øcw hmb-\-I-fp-tS-
Xptam Bb ka-{K-amb hnh-c-W-a-√. AssZz-X-Ønse t_m[-XØzsØ Bkv]-Zn-®p≈
kao-]-\-amWv CXn¬ ssIs°m-≠n-´p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm Z¿i-\hpw k\m-X-\-amb ]mT-sa∂
\ne-bn-e-√, adn®v ]e hmb-\-I-fn-eqsS \nc-¥cw ]pXp-°-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ {]{Inb
F∂ \ne-bn-emWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂ t_m[-amWv Cu {]_-‘-Øns‚ A¥¿[m-c.

sI. apØp-e£van
thZm-¥-hn-`mKw
kwkvIr-X-k¿∆-I-em-ime
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw {]mtZ-in-I-tI{µw

1
 `mc-XobXØz-Nn-¥-bpsS hmb\:
Hcp "t_m[']q¿∆kao-]\w

hmb-\b
- nse hnI¬∏-߃
"Thus ignoring the whole tradition of more than two thousand years of India's
philosophical concerns, the neo-vedantins bypassed the different and tricky problems
raised by earlier discussions and debate and gave a radically new interpretation
which reconciled everything by vague references to the ultimate unity of everything
in the indescribable, formless reality of Brahman that permeated everything and thus
was the essence of all that is" - Daya Krishna

hmb\ k¶o¿Æ-amb Hcp {]{In-b-bm-sW-∂-Xpw, hmb-\-bpsS hgn-Iƒ AXns‚

kzcq-]-sØ-Øs∂ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂psh∂Xpw GXp hmb-\-bp-sSbpw ap∂-dn-hp-I-fm-
Wv. `mj, Imew, D≈-S°w F∂n-h-bvs°ms° hmb-\sb cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]¶p-
≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kwkvIrX-`m-j-bn-se-gp-X-s∏´ {]mNo\XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS hm-
b\ Akm-am-\y-amb {i≤ \Ωn¬ \n∂m-h-iy-s∏Sp∂p-≠v. ChnsS {i≤ F∂-Xp-sIm-
≠p-t±-in-®-Xv, Bi-bw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xnse {i≤ am{X-a-√, hmb\ F∂ {]-{In-b-sb-
°p-dn-®p≈ {i≤ IqSn-bm-Wv. Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ {]mNo\XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS hmb-
\-b°v m-bp≈ aps∂m-cp°w F∂ \ne-bn¬ Nne Btem-N\ - I
- ƒ Bh-iy-am-W.v kwkvIr-
X-`m-j-bnse XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS hmb\bnse s]mXp-k-ao-]-\-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
AØcw kao-]-\-ßsf {]iv\-h¬°-cn-t°≠ Bh-iy-apt≠m? Ah-bnse ap≥hn-[n-
Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Fs¥ms°? Cu hmb\Isf kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS--Iß - ƒ GsXm-
s°-bm-W?v XpS-ßnb Btem-N\ -- I
- f
- psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬, kwkvIr-XX
- Ø
- z-Nn¥ {]m[m-
\y-tØmsS ssIImcyw sNøp∂ "t_m[w' F∂ XØzsØ ap≥\n¿Øn \S-Øp∂
At\z-j-W-amWv Cu {]_-‘w.
Cu Btem-N\ - b
- nse {]mY-an-Ia - mb Hcp LSIw `mj-bm-Wv. a‰v `mj-Isf At]-
£n®v, kwkvIr-X-`m-jbv°v \nc-h-[n-bmWv {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ. `mjm-]-c-ambh am{X-a-√,
kmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]c - h- p-sam-s°-bm-bh- . {]mNo-\ß- f- mb kwkvIr-X{- K-Ÿßƒ hmbn-
°p-tºmƒ/]Tn-°p-tºmƒ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm-dp≈ Hcp Imcyw, Ah-bnse `mj Xs∂ ]e-
t∏mgpw apgp-h≥ ]Tn®p Ign-bp-∂n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. hncp-≤-߃ F∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bm-
hp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb A¿∞-߃, \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-
h∂ `mjm-{]-tbm-K-ßfpw hm°p-I-fpw. CXv kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
sIm≠m-hmw, hymJym-\] - m-cº- c- yØns‚ kº-∂X - s- Im-≠p-am-hmw. F¥p-Xs
- ∂-bm-bm-
epw, ]mTw apgp-h\
- mbn ]Tn®p Ign-bmØ {]Xo-Xn-tbm-sS-bmWv Ahsb ho≠pw ho≠pw
hmbn-°p-∂X - v.
AtX-k-a-bw, ]mT-ß-fpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb kµ¿ß-fn¬ \n∂-
S¿Øn am‰n, Ahsb ip≤-]m-T-ß-sf∂ cq]-Øn¬ kao-]n-bv°m≥ Xo¿Øp-am-hn-√.
`mjm-]-chpw Ncn-{X--]-c-hp-amb kao-]-\-ß-fpsS k¥p-e\w ChnsS Bh-iy-am-sW∂v
ImWmw.
 AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂, kwkvIr-X`- mj {]mNo\XØzNn-¥bpsS hm-b\ - b
- n¬ F{X-
tØmfw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-Xa-- m-sW-¶n-epw, kwkvIr-X-`m-jbn¬ \n∂v Xo¿Øpw kzX-
{¥amb \ne-\n¬∏v a‰v ]e `mj-Iƒ°pw F{X-tØmfw _p≤n-ap-´m-sW-¶n-epw, kwkvIr-
X-]m-T-߃ ka-Im-enI hmb\°m¿°v, a‰v `m-j-Isf At]-£n-®v, AI-e-Øn-em-Wv.
¢m v apdn-I-fn¬ CXv Xo¿Øpw {]I-S-hp-am-Wv. hyXykvX Np‰p-]m-S-p-I-fnse DZm-l-c-
W-߃, hnh-c-W-߃, D]-a-Iƒ Hs° `mj-bpsS Imen-I-amb AI-esØ ImWn-
bv°p∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂, kwkvIr-X` - m-jb
- p-ambn _‘-s∏´ \ΩpsS ]e Icp-X-
ep-Ifpw (notions) (]e Imc-Wß
- ƒsIm-≠p-≠m-bh - ) Cu AI¬®bv°v B°wIq´p∂p.
F∂m¬, `mc-X-Ønse {]mNo\XØzNn-¥bpw kwkvIr-X-`m-jbpw XΩn-em-I-
s´, hfsc ZrV-amb _‘hpap≠v. `mjmamXr--II - I
- ƒ XØz-Nn-¥b - psS Xs∂ BJym\
amXr-I-I-fmbn amdp-∂p. `mjbpsS Ncn-{X-hpw XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS Ncn-{Xhpw ]e-t∏mgpw
]c-kv]c - ]
- q-cI
- ß
- f- m-Ip-∂p. `mj-bp-sSbpw BJym-\Ø - ns‚bpw k¶o¿Æ-XI - ƒ, kn≤m-
¥-ßfpsS k¶o¿Æ-X-I-fmbn amdp-∂p. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Ime-L-´-Øn¬, ssh⁄m-
\nIam-[y-a-ambn kwkvIr-X-`m-jbv°v ]Icw Cw•ojv `mj FØp-∂-tXm-sS, C¥y≥
XØz-Nn¥ LS-\m-]-c-ambn henb am‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p. CXv XØz-Nn-¥sb
IqSp-X¬ P\-Io-b-am°n F∂Xv KpW-]-c-amb hi-am-Wv. F¶nepw Cu L´-Øn¬
hnhn[ XØz-Nn-¥m-]≤ - X
- n-Iƒ°-IØ - p≈ kwhm-Zm-flI - X
- bpw ]c-kv]c- k
- w-_‘
- amb
{]h¿Ø-\hpw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂-Xmbn ImWm-sa∂v cLp-cm-a-cmPp Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.
(c-Lp-cm-a-cm-Pp. Fw; 2006; 7, 9) C°meL´-Øn¬X-s∂, {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-
≠mb XØz-Nn-¥b - psS Bhn-jvIm-ca - m-Is
- ´, henb Af-hn¬ Xpd- p-Iƒ sIm≠p-hc - p-
∂p. XØz-Nn¥m-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fpsS cq]hpw `mhhpw ASn-apSn amdp-Ibpw ]pXn-sbmcp
coXn-bn-ep≈ kwhm-Zm-fl-IX Ah ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C{Xbpw `mjm-am-‰-ß-
fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-s∂-¶n-epw, `mc-Xob XØz-Nn-¥-tbm-Sp≈ kao-]-\hpw kwkvIr-X-
`m-j-tbm-Sp≈ kao-]-\hpw ]c-kv]cw ]e-t∏mgpw _‘-s∏-´p-Xs∂ InS-°p-∂p. ]e-
t∏mgpw kwkvIrX-`m-j-tbm-Sp≈ kao-]-\-amWv XØz-Nn-¥-tbm-Sp≈ kao-]-\sØ
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v.
B[p-\n-Ihpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb ]e-Xcw hn`-P-\-ß-sf-bpw, Zzµz-]-cn-I¬∏-\-I-
sfbpw ASn-ÿm-\a - m-°n-bmWvv XØz-Nn¥ `mc-XØ
- n¬ kmam-\y-ambn hmbn-bv°s
- ∏-Sp-
∂-X.v
Bi-bh - mZw ˛ `uXn-Ih - mZw
BkvXnIw ˛ \mkvXnIw
tkizcw ˛ \nco-iz-cw. F∂n-ßs\ ]e-Xcw hn`-P-\߃.
]-s£, Cu Zzµz]c-n-I¬∏-\-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ B[p-\nIt_m[-Øn\p ap∂n¬
Ch-bnse sshhn-[yw- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. {]mY-an-I-amb ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬; Bi-b-hmZw/
BkvXnI Z¿i\w/ tkizc-hmZw F∂nh tN¿∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xmbn tXm∂mw. `uXn-I-
hmZw/ \mkvXn-I-hmZw/ \nco-iz-c-hmZw F∂n-h-bpw. F∂m¬ {]mNo\`mc-Xob Z¿i\-
ßfpsS \ne Cu Zzµz-]-cn-I¬∏-\-Iƒ°-∏p-d-Øm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, ]q¿∆-ao-
amwkmZ¿i\w BkvXn-I-Z¿i-\-am-Wv. thZsØ \ncp-]m-[n-I-ambn AXw-Ko-I-cn-bv°p-
∂p. AtX-ka - bw AXv \nco-iz-ch
- p-am-Wv. _u≤-Z¿i-\a - m-Is
- ´, thZsØ {]am-Wa
- mbn
AwKo-Ic- n-°p-∂n-√. F∂m-eX
- ns\ `uXn-Ih - m-Za
- mbn IW-°m-°m-\m-hn-√. ]n¬°m-eØv
AXv Xo¿Øpw Bi-b-hm-Z-ambn amdp-∂p-≠p-Xm-\pw.

3
 C\n, thZsØ {]am-Wa - mbn AKo-Ic- n-°p∂ Z¿i-\ß - f- n¬ (B-kvXn-IZ- ¿i-\ß - -
fn¬) Øs∂, F¥mWv thZw, F¥mWv {]mamWyw F∂-Xn-s\-s®m√n A`n-{]m-ssb-Iy-
sam-∂p-an-√. AssZzXthZm-¥n-Iƒ°v, thZw F∂m¬ D]-\n-jØ - p-If - m-sW-¶n¬, ]q¿∆-
ao-amw-kI- ¿°v, thZw "{_m“Ww' F∂ thZ-`m-Ka - m-W.v AXn¬Ø-s∂-, thZ-`m-Kß - ƒ°v
AXmXv Nn¥-I∑ - m¿ sImSp-°p∂ hymJym-\t- `-Zß - fpw D≠v. AXp-sIm≠v thZw F∂
'fixed text' s\ (Iv\p-]X
v ]
- m-Ts
- Ø) \ap°v Z¿i-\h - y-hl- m-cß
- f- n- ¬ Is≠-Øm-\m-hp∂n√.
]s£ H∂p-≠v, thZw, F∂ al-Ømb ]mc-ºcy{]Xn-\n-[m-\c - q-]w. Cu sshhn-≤y-
߃°n-Sb - n-epw, Cu {]Xn-\n-[m-\c- q]w tIm´w-X´- msX \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
as‰mcp {]iv\w Ncn-{X-Ønt‚-Xm-Wv. Hcp Z¿i\w \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS I-S-∂p-t]m-
Ip-tºmƒ kzmwio-I-cn-°p-∂, X≈n-°-f-bp∂ hyXykvX ssk≤m-¥nI]cn-I¬∏-\-I-
-sf, IrXy-amb Z¿i\hn`-P-\-Øn\v ImWm-\m-hn-√. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬, \nco-iz-c-am-bn-
cp∂ kmwJy-Z¿-i\ - hpw \ymbZ¿i-\hpw ]n¬°m-eØv tkiz-ca - m-Ip-tºmgp≈ hyXym-
k-ßsf AXm-Xns‚ {]m[m-\y-tØmSpIqsS Xs∂ ImtW-≠X - p-≠v. Hmtcm Z¿i\]≤-
Xnbpw Hmtcm AS™ kn≤m¥amXr-II - f
- √
- , adn-®v, \nc-¥cw XpS-cp∂ ssk≤m-¥nI
{]{In-bb - m-sW∂v Zbm-IrjvW Hm¿Ωn-∏n°p-∂p-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠v, Z¿i-\] - ≤
- Xn F∂
XS-hp-ap-dn-bn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-´v, "{]iv\'ßfp-sSbpw {]ta-b-ßfp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ XØz-Nn-¥sb kao-]n-bv°-W-sa∂v At±lw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. (Z-bm-IrjvW,
2001;21)
Ipg-bv°p∂ as‰mcp {]iv\w Hmtcm Z¿-i\ - ]
- ≤
- X
- n-°pw IrXy-amb Hcp t]cv Bcm-
bn-cn-°pw, Ft∏m-gm-bn-cn-°pw \n¬In-bXv F∂-Xm-Wv. AssZzXw/ ssZzXw/ kmwJyw
F∂n-ßs\ Hmtcm t]cp-Iƒ. Hmtcm Z¿i-\-Øns‚bpw t]cns\ am{Xw ap≥\n¿Øn
B Z¿i\w ]e-t∏mgpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. AssZz-X-Z¿i-\sØ B t]cv kqNn-
∏n°p-∂, c≠n-√mØ Ahÿ AXm-bXv Htc-sbmcp XØzw F∂ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
am{Xw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. AssZz-XØ - n¬ F{X AssZz-Xa - p≠v? AXv GXv coXn-bn-ep-≈-
XmWv Fs∂m-ct- \z-jWw \S-tØ-≠X - m-Wv. F√m-Øc - Ø
- nepw AXns‚ hn]-co-Xa - mb
Xc-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ ssZzX-th-Zm-¥-Øn¬ F{X ssZzX-ap≠v Fs∂m-c-
t\z-jW- h- pw. B ssZzX-t_m-[Ø- nse adn-IS- °
- m-\m-hmØ t{iWo-_≤ - X - b-°qSn (hi-
- s
erarchy) ssZzX-t_m-[t- Øm-Sp-IqSn tN¿Øp hmbn-t°-≠X - p-ap-≠v.
XØz-Nn-¥-bpsS hmb-\-bn¬ {i≤n-t°≠ as‰mcp Imcyw, Hmtcm XØz-Nn¥m
]≤-Xnbpw Nne "s{^bn'apIƒ°p≈n¬ kzbw {]Xn-jT v n-°p-∂p-sh-∂X - m-W.v Nne {]Jym-
]nXe£y߃, coXn-Iƒ AwKo-IrX XØz-߃ F∂n-hb - p≠v Hmtcm Z¿i-\Ø - n-\pw.
hm-kX v h
- Ø
- n¬ Cu s{^bn-ap-If- mWv Ch-bpsS kmaq-lnI /cmjv{SobXe-ßsf \n¿Æ-
bn-°p-∂-Xv. ]s£, Cu {]Jym-]nX e£y-ßfn¬ \n∂-I-∂v, Ah-bnse hni-I-e-\-co-
Xn-Iƒ°v Ah-bp-tSXmb {]m[m-\y-ap-≠.v DZm-lc
- W
- Ø
- n\v, tam£w F∂ e£yw. `¿Ør-
l-cn, hmIy-]Z- o-bØ
- ns‚ BZysØ Imfi-Øn¬ hymI-cW - ]- T
- \
- Ø
- ns‚ e£yw tam£-
am-sW∂v ]d-bp-∂p. ]s£ ]n∂o-Sp≈ Im-fißfn¬ CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]Xn-]m-
Z\w C√. Bbp¿t∆Z{KŸ-ßf - n¬ Bflm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. F¶n-epw, NnIn-
’sb kw_-‘n®v Bbp¿t∆Z-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏mSv CXmWv ˛
""`qtXt`ym ln ]cw bkvamXv
\mkvXn Nn¥m NnIn-’ntX.'' (kp-{ip-X-kw-ln-X, imco-c-ÿm-\w, I.17)

4
 ]©`qX-ß-sf-°mƒ kq£va-amb XØz-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v, NnIn’m--imkv{X-Øn¬
A{X-Xs∂ Nn¥n-t°-≠X - n√ F∂v. A{X-tØmfw `uXn-Ia
- mWv Bbp¿t∆-Zw. F¶nepw
Bflmhv AhnsS Hcp "s{^bnw' Bbn-cn-bv°mw. Cu s{^bn-an-\-I-Øp IS∂v hni-I-
e\-Øns‚ {]{In-b-Iƒ GsX∂v t_m≤y-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. AØcw hmb\ XnI®pw
hyXy-kvX-am-Im-\n-S-bp-≠v. s{^bn-ans‚ km∂n-≤yhpw Akm-∂n-≤yhpw sNep-Øp∂
am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn-®-dn-bm≥ CØcw hmb-\tb klm-b-I-am-Iq.
"s{^bn'ans\ AwKo-Ic - n-®m¬ Xs∂, s{^bn-ans‚ kzcq-]Ø - n\v am‰w hcm-hp∂
kµ¿`-ß-sfbpw B am‰-߃ hnj-b-sØ-Øs∂ am‰n-°-f-bp∂ coXn-I-sfbpw Ipdn-
®p≈ t_m[-sØ-°qSn Dƒs°m-t≈-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kwkvIr-X`- m-jb - nse ]e ⁄m\-
]-≤-Xn-Ifpw imkv{X-hy-h-lm-c-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-®p-t]m-∂n-´p≈ Hcp coXn-im-kvt{Xm-
]m-b-amWv "A\p-_-‘-N-Xp-jv{Sbw'. hnj-bsØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Hcp ]q¿∆-]o-Tn-
I-bm-bn-´mWv "A\p-_‘ - N
- X
- p-jvSbw' Dt±-in-bv°s- ∏-´X- v. ]mT-Øns‚ A\p-_‘ - a- mbn
IW-°m-°-s∏´ \mev LS-I-߃ ˛ A[n-Imcn, hnj-bw, kw_-‘w, {]tbm-P\w ˛
Fßs\ ]mT-cq-]o-Ic - W- sØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂p F∂Xv {][m-\a - m-W.v Hmtcm imkv{Xhpw
Bsc A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp-∂pthm B "A[n-Imcn', XpS-ßm≥ t]mIp∂ imkv{X-
Øns‚ kmc-amb "hnjbw', ]d-bp∂ hy‡nbpw tIƒ°p∂ hy‡nbpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘-amb "kw_‘w', B imkv{Xw sIm≠p-t±-in-bv°-s∏´ {]tbm-P-\-amb "{]tbm-
P\w' F∂n-h-b-S-ßp∂ "A\p-_-‘-N-Xp-jvSbw' sNøp-∂-Xv, hnim-e-amb ssh⁄m-
\n-I-`q-an-I-bn¬ Hcp {]tXyI ]mT-Øns‚ ÿm\sØ IrXy-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. Cu
\n¿Æbw ]mT-Øns‚ hym]vXnsb Ipd-b° v p-∂p-sh∂v tXm∂m-sa-¶nepw, CXn¬ km≤y-
Xsb Xpd-∂p-X-cp∂ Hcp hihpw D≠v. `mj amdp-tºmƒ, tZiw amdp-tºmƒ, h¿§w
amdp-tºmƒ Hs° imkv{X-hy-h-lm-c-Øns‚ A[n-Im-cnbpw {]tbm-P-\hpw hyXy-kvX-
am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Cw•ojv `mj-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ thZm-¥-hy-h-lm-c-߃, {]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-I-fn-
eq-sS-bp-≈h - , \mcm-bW Kpcp-hns‚ hyh-lm-cß - ƒ ˛ Hmtcm-∂n\pw Hmtcm A\p-_‘ - -
N- X p- j v S - b - a m- W v . AXp- s Im≠h hyXy- k v X - ] m- T - ß ƒ. hyXy- k v X - ] m- T - ß ƒ
hyXykvX[¿Ω-ßsf \n¿∆-ln-bv°p∂p. "A\p-_‘ - N- X- p-jvSbw' ]mT-sØ-b√ - , ]mTw
A\p-_‘ - N - X- p-jSv b- s- Ø-bmWv \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂s - X-∂p-hc - p-∂p. "A\p-_‘ - N
- X
- p-jSv bw'
F∂ s{^bnw Aßs\ ]p\¿\n¿∆-Nn-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
{]mNo\Z¿i-\-ßsf B[p-\nI ImeØv hmbn-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ as‰mcp
Imcyw, ]pXnb ImeØv Dcp-Øn-cn™p h∂n-´p≈ hn⁄m-\-im-J-Iƒ AtX coXn-
bn¬ ]gb Ime-Øn√ F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp-]s - £, ka-Im-enI{i≤-bn-ep≈ ]e hnj-bß - -
fpw, a‰v ]e N¿®-I-f-p-sSbpw `mK-am-bn, {KŸ-ß-fn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂p-≠m-Imw. F¶nepw Ah-sb, hcn-Iƒ°n-Sbneq-sS hmbn-s®-Sp-t°-≠X - p-≠v. am{X-a√- ,
a\-»m-kv{Xw, Ft∂m XØz-Nn¥ Ft∂m kØm-hn-⁄m-\obw Ft∂m Hs° D≈
coXn-bn¬ I≈n-Xn-cn-®p≈ hnj-b{- ]-Xn-]m-Z\- h- p-a√ \mw {]mNo-\X- Ø
- z-Nn-¥b- n¬ ImWp-
∂-Xv. Hmtcm hn⁄m-\-im-Jbpw Dcp-Øncn™p hcp-∂-Xn-\v, AXmXv kmaq-lnIImc-
W-ß-fp-ap-≠v. t_m[-im-kv{Xw, consciousness studies, cognitive science Fs∂ms°
hnfn-bv°m-hp∂ Nn¥-Is - f, {]mNo\Z¿i-\ß - f - n- ¬ sXc-bp-tºmƒ, B sXc®n-en\v, Hcp
\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS kz`mhw IqSn-bp-≠v. AssZzXthZm-¥sØ Bkv]-Z-am-°n, AØcw
Hcp \n¿Ωn-Xn-bv°m-bmWv ChnsS {ian-°p-∂-Xv. Cu \n¿ΩnXn Hcn-°epw ka-{K-a-√.
G‰hpw {]mY-an-I-amb hkvXp-X-I-sf-Ø-s∂, ]c-º-cm-KX]mT-ß-fpsS hyh-lm-c-am-
XrI-I-fn¬\n∂v AI∂v hmbn-bv°m-\mWv ChnsS {ian-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

5
 {]mNo-\Z- ¿i-\ß- ƒ, ]e hmb-\I - f
- nepw Dd-™p-t]m-b, GI-in-em-cq-]a- mb I¬∏-
\-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥hpw ÿnc-ambn sI´n-bn-S-s∏-
Sp∂ ]e kn≤m-¥-am-Xr-I-I-fp-ap-≠v. GIXzw/\m\m-Xzw F∂ Zzµz-amWv t]cv kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂Xp-t]mse AssZz-X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-kn-≤-m-¥-ambn G‰-hp-a-[nIw N¿®-sN-
ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]mT-sØbpw hmb-\m-co-Xn-I-sfbpw Bkv]-Z-am°n Cu kn≤-m-¥sØ
]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ib - mWv Chn-sS. ASn-ÿm-\X - Ø
- z-ambn IW-°m-°s - ∏-Sp∂ "t_m['sØ
tI{µ-am-°n, k¶o¿Æm-\p-`-h-߃ \nd™ temIw AssZz-X-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNø-
s∏-Sp-∂s- X-ßs - \-sb-∂pw, GIXzw/\m\mXzw F∂ Zzµzw GsX√mw coXn-If - n¬ Bhn-
jvI-cn-bv°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂pw ChnsS At\z-jn-°p-∂p. Cu Bhn-jvIm-c-co-Xn-I-fnse
sshhn-≤yhpw ChnsS N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. thZsØ (D-]-\n-jXv F∂ thZ-`m-KsØ
am{Xw) ]c-aa- mb {]am-Wa- m-°p∂ AssZz-XZ- ¿i-\Ø - n¬, D]-\n-jXv ]mT-߃ hymJym-
\-Øn-eqsS ]p\:krjvSn-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ kµ¿`hpw ChnsS Nq≠n-°m-Wn-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

II
t_m[--Øns‚ CS-߃
"The paradox is this: consciousness is part of the world, but it is also our
only access to the world (including itself)" - J.N. Mohanty

]e imkv{X-ßf - p-sSbpw CjvSh

- n-jb
- a
- mWv t_m[-w. F√m-h¿°pw t_m≤y-ap≠v
t_m[-sØ-°p-dn-®v. G‰hpw kq£vv-a-amb Aaq¿Ø-amb A¿∞-X-e-Øn-epw, hfsc
k¶o¿Æhpw aq¿Ø-hp-amb hnj-b-ß-tfmSp tN¿Øpw t_m[sØ ]Tn-°mw. akvXn-
jvI-imkv{Xw (brain science), a\-»m-kv{Xw, XØz-Nn¥ F∂o hyXykvXimkv{X-im-
J-I-ƒ apt∂m-´pshbv°p∂ t_m[-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-I-fp≠v. kmaq-lnI imkv{X-
⁄cpw kmln-Xy-im-kv{XNn-¥-Icpw `mjm-im-kv{X-⁄cpw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ X\-
Xmb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. Ch-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-Ip-∂-Xv,
"t_m['sØ°p-dn®t\zjn-°p∂ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Dt±-in-°p∂ e£y-
߃ ]e-XmIsIm≠v. "t_m[w' F∂-Xn-eqsS A¿∞-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX¥v? t_m[-hp-
ambn Iq´n-t®¿Øv \mw F¥n-s\-sbms° At\z-jn-°p∂p F∂Xv ChnsS {]k-‡amWv.
GsX-¶nepw Hcp hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hns\ \mw B hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn-
®p≈ t_m[w F∂v ]d-bm-dp-≠v. Nne-t∏mƒ, tIh-ea - mb Adn-hn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXa
- m-
bn, Ipd-®p-IqSn Bg-Øn-ep≈ A\p-`-hm-fl-I-amb Adnhv F∂ A¿∞w t_m[-Øn\v
I¬∏n°p-∂p. a‰v Nne-t∏mƒ, B¥-c-amb ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Poh-ssN-X\yw F∂
A¿∞-Ønepw t_m[w F∂ ]Zw {]tbm-Kn-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
t_m[w hy‡n-bp-tStXm kaq-lØ - n-t‚tbm BImw. t_m[w A{X-Xs∂ {]I-S-
am-ImØ Ah-ÿI - f
- p-≠.v Chbpw hy‡n°pw kaq-lØ
- n\pw BImw. Ch-bp-sS-sbms°
BI-ØpI temI-t_m-[-sØ-Øs∂ cq]-s∏Sp-Øp∂p. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS temI-t_m-
[sØ B hy‡n-bpsS kzXzw Xs∂-bmbn IW-°m-°mw.
AssZzXthZm-¥-Øns‚ hgn-Ifn-eqsS t_m[w F∂ ]cn-I¬∏-\sb hmbn-
s®Sp°p-∂X- n- \p ap≥]v, AssZz-XØ
- ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\]
- c
- a
- mb coXn-imkv{- X-sØ°p-dn®v
Nne [mc-W-Iƒ D≠m-tI-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. AssZzXw Hmtcm kµ¿`Ønepw AI-

6
Øp-I-b-dn-bn-´mWv t\m°p-I. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn F¥v kw`-hn-°p∂p F∂Xn-emWv
AssZzXw Du∂p-∂-Xv. ]pd-Øp-\n∂v AI-tØ-°-√, AIØp-\n∂v ]pdtØ°mWv
AssZzXw t\m°pI. ImcWw I - m-cy-ambn amdp-tºmƒ F¥p-≠m-Ip-∂p? Imc-WØ - ns‚
XpS¿®-bn-emWvv AssZz-X-Øn\v XmXv]-cyw. AtX-k-abw \ymb-Z¿i\w Du∂p-∂Xv
Imcy-Øns‚ ]pXp-ab - nepw {]tbm-KØ- n-ep-am-W.v Imc-WØ - ns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn ImcysØ
a\- n-em-°n-bn-s√-¶n¬, AXns\ ka-{K-am-sbmcp a\- n-em-°e - mbn AssZzXn Icp-Xp-
∂n-√. F¥mWv krjvSnbpw \mihpw? F¥mWv Hcp hkvXp-hnse kØ/Im-X¬?
am‰w hcmsX Hcp hkvXp-hn-se¥-h-ti-jn-°p-∂pthm AXmWvv AXns‚ kØ F∂v
AssZzXw ]d-bp-∂p. Fs‚ AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ ]e AS-cp-I-fn¬, am‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-
ImsX F∂n¬ F°m-ehpw F¥-ht- i-jn-°p-∂pthm AXmWv Fs‚ kØ. B Awi-
am-Wv, _m°n amdp∂ Awi-߃s°√mw A¿∞hpw Poh\pw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. B Awi-
amWv AssZz-X-Øn¬ NnØv Ft∂m, ssNX-\y-sa-t∂m, ip≤-t_m-[-sat∂m Hs°
hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-k-Ø. AXv Xs∂-bmWv Bflmhv/{_“w. i¶-c≥ ]d-
bp∂p ˛""B¿°pw Bflm-hns\ \ntj-[n-bv°m-\m-hn-√. ImcWw B¿°pw Xs∂-Ø-
s∂ \ntj-[n-bv°m-\m-hn√'' F∂v. ""BcmtWm \ncm-Ic - n-bv°p-∂X- v, AtX hy‡nbpsS
kzcq-]a- mWv Bflm-hv. Btcm-]n-°s - ∏-Sp∂ [¿Ω-Øn-s\tb \ncm-Ic - n-°m-\m-Iq. A·n-
1
bpsS DjvWsØ A·n Xs∂ \ncm-I-cn-°n-√t√m.'' \ncm-I-cn-°pI F∂ {]{In-b-
bpsS/ GXv {]{In-b-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-amb t_m[w F∂ XØz-Øn-emWv i¶-c≥
ChnsS Du∂p-∂-Xv. hy‡n-bpsS KpWtam [¿Ωtam A√, hy‡n-bpsS kzcq-]-amWv
t_m[w, t_m[w Xs∂-bmWv hy‡n F∂n-S-ØmWv AssZz-X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X.
ip≤-t_m[w kzXzw Xs∂-bmWv F∂ \ne-]m-SmWv AssZz-X-Øn-\v.
Cß-s\-sbmcp ip≤-t_m-[c - q-]a
- mb kzXzsØ AwKo-Ic - n-t°-≠Xv F¥n\v? imco-
cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-ambn \nc-¥cw \S-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ {]{In-b-Iƒ Cu GI-X-Øz-hp-
ambn Fßs\ ka-\z-bn-°p∂p? _rl-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn\v i¶-c≥ cNn® `mjy-
Øn¬ Cu kwi-b-Øn\v DØcw Xcm≥ {ian-°p-∂p≠v. hyXy-kvX-hn-j-b-ß-fn-te°v
NnX-dn-®n-X-dn-t∏m-Ip∂ hyXykvXC{µn-b-߃, a\ v F∂n-hsb GtIm-]n-∏n-°pI
F∂ [¿Ω-amWv ip≤-t_m[w \n¿∆-ln-bv°p-∂-Xv. hnhn[kwth-Z-\-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]-
c-_-‘hpw hn\n-a-bhpw GtIm-]-\hpw ˛ Ch-bpsS BI-Øp-I-bmWv \ΩpsS A\p-`-
h-Øns‚ ImX¬ F¶n¬, Cu GtIm-]\w km≤y-am-°p∂ XØz-amWv t_m[w. tZl-
amWv Bflmhv F∂v kn≤m-¥n-°p∂ (tZ-lm-flh - m-Zw) Nm¿∆m-I\pt]mepw ktN-X\ - -
amb tZl-sØ-bt√ a‰v AtN-X-\-hkvXp-°sf {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbn IW-°m-°m-
\m-Iq F∂v i¶-c≥ tNmZn-°p-∂p.2 Cu ssNX\yw Xs∂-bmWv t_m[w AssZz-X-
Øn¬. D]-\n-jØ - p-If
- n¬ {i≤, k¶¬∏w, Cu£Ww apX-emb ]Z-߃sIm≠v kqNn-
∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ XØz-amWv ssNX-\ysØ PU-h-kvXp-°-fn¬\n∂v th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Cu XØz-sØ-bmWv i¶-c≥ ip≤-t_m-[-ambn Xs‚ Zm¿i-\n-I-hn-Nm-c-ß-fn¬ hnI-
kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv.

t_m[-\n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ
Rm-\mcv F∂ At\z-j-W-Øn-eqsS AssZzXw {]]-©sØ hymJym-\n-bv°m≥
{ian-°p-∂p. F∂m¬, Rms\∂ ip≤-t_m-[sØ am{Xw sh®v Cu {]{Inb ]q¿Æ-am-
In-√. Imc-Ww, k¶o¿Æ-amb temIhpw sshhn≤yw \nd™ temIm-\p-`h
- ß
- fpw ip≤-

7
t_m-[-hp-ambn GsX√mw Xc-Øn¬ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-bv°p-∂p-sh-∂pw At\z-jn-t°-≠-
Xp≠v. t_m[sØ B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ \n¿ΩnXn {]{In-b-Isf°pdn®v ChnsS Btem-
Nn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hy‡n-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS t\m°p-tºmƒ, temI-Øn-te-°p≈
BZysØ Im¬sh-∏v, "AlwImcw' F∂ Nhn-´p-]-Sn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv (ego). AlsØ
hnhn[ cq]-ß-fn-embn \n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°p∂ AkwkvIrX hkvXp-hmWv Alw-Im-cw.
Bscm-s°-bmWv Rm≥, F¥mWv B tXm∂¬, Bc√ Rm≥, Rm\pw Rm\-√m-Ø-
Xpw, XΩn-ep≈ _‘w... CØcw A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS B[m-c-amWv Al-¶m-cw.
krjvSn{]{In-bs
- b-°p-dn®v L´w-L´- a
- mbn Xncn®v hni-Za
- mbn hnh-cn-°p∂ kmwJy-Z¿i-
\-Ønepw ]©-`q-X-߃°pw, Ah-bpsS kq£va-cq-]-ß-fmb ]©-X-∑m-{X-Iƒ°pw
ap≥]mbn AlwIm-c-Øns‚ DXv]Øn ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
Alhpw Alw-Im-chpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw ˛ AXmWv ip≤-amb t_m[hpw
t_m[-\n¿Ωn-Xn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-kw.

temI-\n¿ΩnXn
hy‡n-\n-jvT-amb Alw-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pdw-tem-I-sØ-Øp-tºm-gp≈ A\p-`-
h-sØ-°p-dn®v, AXns‚ kzcq-]s - Ø-°p-dn®v AssZzXthZm-¥Ø
- n¬Øs∂ c≠v hyXy-
kvXa
- mb ImgvN∏- m-Sp-If
- p-≠v.
i¶-c-\n¬\n∂v hfsc ]n¬°m-e-Øv, 16˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn® {]Im-im-fl≥
apt∂m´v sh® kn≤m-¥-sØ-°p-dn®v BZyw ]d-bmw. ZrjvSn-kr-jvSn-hmZw F∂mWv
Cu kn≤m-¥Øns‚ t]cv. ZrjvSn Xs∂-bmWv krjv-Sn. 'To perceive, is to be' F∂n-
Xns\ Cw•o-jn¬ kw{Kln-bv°mw. ZrjvSn Xs∂-bmWvv, \ΩpsS ImgvN Xs∂-bmWv
krjv-Sn/AkvXnXzw. Hmtcm hy‡nbpw kz¥w ImgvN-bn-eqsS AXmXv temIsØ
krjvSn-°p∂p ImgvN-bn¬\n∂v thdn´v temI-Øn\v kzX-{¥-amb AkvXnXzw Xs∂-
bn√ F∂mWv Cu hmZw. ImWp∂-Xn-eq-sS, A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS, Adn-bp-∂-Xn-eq-
sS, \mw temIsØ krjvSn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-bv°p-Ib
- mWv F∂¿∞w.
Cu hmZ-Øn¬, ImgvN-°m-c\v/ImgvN-°m-cn°v kz¥w ImgvN-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬
]q¿Æ-amb I¿Ør-Xz-ap-≠v. ImgvN-bpsS ]q¿Æ-amb hkvXp-\n-jvT-Xsb CXv tNmZyw-
sN-øp∂p. ]s£, Cu hmZ-Øns‚ BXy-¥n-Ia - mb e£yw, krjvSn-bpsS/krjvSØ
- ns‚
]q¿Æ-amb Ab-Ym¿∞Xzw ÿm]n-bv°p-∂-Xn-em-Wv. {]]-©-Øn\v i¶-c≥ I¬∏n-
°p∂ Bt]-£n-I-k-Xy-Øn¬\n∂v CXv Gsd AI-e-Øn-em-Wv.
CXn¬\n∂v A¬∏w hyXy-kvXa - mWv i¶-c≥ apt∂m´v sh°p∂ krjvSn-˛Z- rjvSn
hmZw. ap≥t] krjvSn-°s
- ∏-´X
- ns‚ ImgvNb- nse \n¿ΩnXn{]Im-cß- s
- f-∏‰
- n am{X-amWv
CXn¬ Du∂p-∂-Xv. CX-\p-k-cn-®v, tem-I-Øn\v hy-‡n-\n-jvT-amb ImgvN-bn¬ \n∂v
kzX-{¥-amb \ne-\n¬∏pw D≠v. AXv Bt]-£n-I-am-sW-¶n-epw. (F-¶nepw AXn\v
ASn-ÿm-\-ssN-X-\y-Øn¬ \n∂v kzX-{¥-amb \ne-\n¬∏n-√) Hcp ]cn-[n-h-sc, {]]-
©-Øns‚ hkvXp-\n-jvTX AwKo-I-cn-bv°p∂ i¶-c≥, ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn A-Xns‚
kzX-{¥-amb \ne-\n¬∏pw AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-∂n-√.
i¶-cs‚ ImgvN∏ - m-Sn¬, ImWp∂ Ime-tØm-fw, ImWp-∂h
- s‚/ImWp-∂h
- f
- psS
ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬, ImgvN kXyw Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]s£, kXyw BXy-¥n-I-ambn hkvXp-\n-
jvTa
- m-Wv. (h-kvXp-X{¥w F∂mWv i¶-c≥ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p∂ hm°v). Db¿∂ Hcp Xe-

8
Øn¬\n∂v t\m°p-tºmƒ, ImWp∂ hy‡n°v I¿Ør-Xz-sam∂pw hmkvX-h-Øn¬
C√. Ds≠∂v tXm∂p∂ I¿ØrXzw hy‡n-\n-jvThpw (]p-cp-j-X-{¥-hpw) Bt]-£n-
I-hp-amWv.
Cu c≠v hmZ-ß-fn¬, ImgvN-°m-c\pw/ImgvN-°m-cnbpw ImgvNbpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘sØ kXyw, AkXyw F∂o ]cn-I¬∏-\-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv t\m°p-I.
hni-Ie- \
- Ø
- nse bp‡n CØcw "s{^bn'apI-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-hc
- p-tºmƒ t\¿Øp-t]m-
Ip-∂X
- mbn ImWmw.

t_m[-Øns‚ kq£vac - q-]ß

- ƒ
shfn-®-Øn¬ ]e \nd-߃, ISp∏w IqSnbpw Ipd™pw ImgvN-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]m-
se, t_m[w, {]I-S-ambpw A√m-sX-bpw, aq¿Ø-cq-]-Ønepw Aaq¿Ø-cq-]-Øn-epw, ]e
\ne-I-fn¬ \ap-s°m-∏-ap-≠v. Hm¿Ω, Dd-°w, kz]v\w, sX‰p-[m-c-W-Iƒ Ch-sbms°
F¥mWv? F¥mWv Ch-bp-sS-sbms° kzcq-]hpw {]{In-b-bp-sa∂v ]e XØz-Nn-¥-
Icpw Npgn-™m-tem-Nn-s®-Ønb \nK-a-\-߃ ]e Zm¿i-\nI {KŸ-ß-fn-embn ]c∂p
InS-°p-∂p. Ch-bpsS Zm¿i-\nIam\-߃ Hmtcm Z¿i-\Ø - ns‚bpw s]mXp-\n-e]
- m-Sp-I-
fp-ambn tN¿∂p-In-S-°p-∂p.
Hm¿Ω Hcp XpS¿®-bm-W.v XpS¿®-bpsS c≠w-iß - f
- p≠v Hm¿Ω-bn¬. Hm¿Ωn-b° v p∂
hy‡n-bpsS XpS¿®bpw Hm¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnj-b-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bpw. ]s£, hy‡n-
bnepw hnj-b-Ønepw Ime-Øn\pw ÿe-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn-®p-≈ am‰-hp-ap-≠v. BXy-
¥n-I-amb Ah-ÿ-bmWv XpS¿®. Bt]-£n-I-am-bXv CS¿®-bpw. t_m[w AXns‚
kq£vac - q-]Ø
- n¬ \Ωn¬ k∂n-ln-Xa - s
- √-¶n¬, Hm¿Ω km≤y-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-
sIm≠v Hm¿Ω-sb-°qSn B[m-ca - m-°n-bmWv i¶-c≥ Bflmhv F∂ t_m[-kz-cq-]Øns‚
3
XpS¿®sb ÿm]n-°p-∂X - v.
£Wn-Ia - mb hn⁄m-\a - mWv {]]-©Ø- nse ASn-ÿm-\X - Øzw F∂v {]Jym-]n-
°p∂ _u≤-Zm¿i-\n-It- \mSv i¶-c≥ tNmZn-°p-∂X
- ,v Fß-s\-bmWv Hm¿Ω F∂ A\p-
`-hsØ hymJym-\n-°pI F∂m-Wv. Ign-™-Ime {]hr-Øn-Isf ^e-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-
Øn-°p-∂Xpw ]pXnb {]hr-Øn-Isf km≤y-am-°p-∂Xpw Hm¿Ω-bm-Wv.
\ΩpsS Hmtcm Adn-hnepw Hm¿Ω-bpsS Awi-ap-≠v. ]pXp-Xm-bp-≠m-Ip∂p F∂v
tXm∂n-°p∂ Hmtcm Adn-hn-s\bpw Hm¿Ω-bp-ambn tN¿∂mWv \mw A\p-`h - n-°p-∂X
- v.
Hm¿Ω-bpsS Xangv]Z-amb "⁄m]Iw' F∂ hm°v F.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ Nq≠n-°m-´p-
∂p. (cm-am-\p-P≥. F.-sI, 2001; 90) Imfn-Zm-ks‚ A`n-⁄m-\i- m-Ip-¥f
- Ø
- n¬ Hm¿Ωbpw
ad-hnbpw kvt\lhpw kvt\l-\ncm-k-hp-am-Ip-∂p. Ima-tZ-h\v "kvac≥' F∂ ]cym-b-
ap-≠m-bX- ns‚ kmwK-Xyhpw At±lw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Ime-L´- t- ØmsS
C¥y-bn¬ kw`-hn® _u≤n-Ia - mb hn—n-Ønsb Pn.-F≥. tUhn "Iƒ®-d¬ Awt\jy'
F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw ChnsS {i≤n-°mw. (tU-hn. Pn.-F≥, 2009; 10)
kz]v\w F∂ A\p-`hw Hm¿Ω--sb-°mƒ, krjvS- n-]c - a
- m-Wv. kz]v\s
- Ø-°p-dn-®p≈
IuXpII-c-amb D]-\n-jZv\nco-£-Ww, kz]v\w Cl-tem-Ihpw ]c-tem-Ihpw IqSn-t®-
cp∂ Ih-e-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p F∂-XmWv.4 \mw Dd-ßp-tºmƒ, \ap-°p-≈n-en-cp∂v
kz]v\hnj-b-ßsf (Im-a-ß-sf) krjvSn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]pcp-j-s\-°p-dn®v ItTm-
]-\n-jØpw ]d-bp-∂p.5 \map-dß
- p-tºmgpw \ap-°p-≈n¬ Dd-ßm-Xn-cn-b°v p∂ Hcp XØzw.

9
B XØzw \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Ima-ß-fmWv kz]v\-hn-j-b-ß-fmbn \ΩpsS A\p-`-h-a-fi-
e-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. ChnsS {i≤n-t°≠ Hcp Imcyw, D]-\n-jXv ]mT-Øn\v i¶-cs‚
hymJym-\Ø - n¬h-cp∂ A¿∞-t`-Za - m-Wv. \map-dß
- p-tºmƒ \ap-°p-≈n¬ Dd-ßm-Xn-cp∂v
Ahn-Zy-sIm≠v Ima-ßsf \n¿Ωn-°p∂ ]pcp-j≥ F∂v i¶-c≥ hymJym-\n-°p-∂p.
Aßs\ i¶-cs‚ hymJym-\-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ hnj-b-߃°v Ahn-Zy-bpsS
\ndw-Iq-Sp∂p. DW¿®bpw kz]v\hpw XΩn¬ kqNy-kq-N-I`mhw Ds≠-∂mWv i¶-c≥
]d-bp-I.6 kqN-Iß- fmb kz]v\ß - ƒ Ab-Ym¿∞-ßs - f-¶nepw bYm¿∞-ßf - mb kqNn-
Xm¿∞-ß-fn-tebv°v hnc¬Nq-≠p-∂p. ChnsS i¶-c≥ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂-Xv, `mj-bp-
ambn _‘-s∏´ D]-a-bm-Wv. A¿∞w kwth-Z\w sNøm≥ sI¬∏n-√mØ hcbpw
Ipdnbpw IqSn-t®¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ A£-cß - ƒ tN¿∂v, A¿∞kwth-Z\ - £
- a- a
- mb hm°p-
7
I-fmbn amdp-∂X- p-t]m-se, F∂v. kz]v\Ø - nse hnj-bß - ƒ kXy-as - √-¶nepw, kz]v\w
8
I≠p F∂Xv kXy-am-Wt√m F∂mWv i¶-c≥ ]d-bp-I. ChnsS Ah-KXnbpsS cq]-
Øn-ep≈ B[m-cØn¬, t_m[-Øn¬, kz]v\w krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.
F∂m¬ kz]v\hpw ImWmØ Dd-°-Øn¬ t_m[-Øns‚ XpS¿® \ne-\n¬°p-
∂pt≠m C√tbm? Cu hnjbw _u≤-Zm¿i-\n-Icpw AssZz-Xn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ A`n-
{]mbhyXym-k-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Wv. _u≤-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Dd-°-Øn¬ t_m[w
apdn-bp-∂p. ImcWw GsX-¶nepw Hcp hnj-b-tØmSv tNcm-sX, \n¿hn-j-b-I-amb tIh-
e-t_m[w Fs∂m-∂n-√. F∂m¬ AssZz-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]m-bØ - n¬, Hcp hnj-bt- ØmSpw
tNcmØ tIh-et_m[w \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. "Rm≥ kpJ-ambn Dd-ßn' F∂ A\p-`hw
kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv, Dd-°Ønepw apdn-bmsX \ne-\n¬°p∂ t_m-[-Øns‚/ ssNX-\y-
Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ØnemWvv. Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ "At_m[w' Fs∂m-c-hÿ
AssZz-X-Øn¬ C√. t_m[-Øns‚ {]I-S-X-bpsS ]e AS-cp-Iƒ am{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv.
D◊/ C√mbva F∂ c≠v Xcw kwh¿§-ßsf IqSm-sX, AssZz-XZ- ¿i\w AwKo-
I-cn-°p∂ aq∂m-a-sXmcp Xcw kwh¿§-am-Wv, D◊-bp-sSbpw C√m-bva-bp-sSbpw Awi-
߃ Ie¿∂, D◊°pw C√m-bva-°pw CS-bn-se-hn-sStbm D≈ Hcp Ah-ÿ. Ibdv
I≠vv ]mºm-sW-∂v IcpXn `b-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ H∂v. sX‰mb Adnhv/ anYy-/
{`aw˛-C-Xns‚ Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-®m-Wv i¶-c≥ temI-Øns‚ s]mXp-\n-e-sb˛ status s\ Af-
°p-∂Xv. {`a-⁄m-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-Iƒ°v, `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i\ hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬
{]ap-Ja- mb ÿm\-ap-≠.v Hcp-]s - £, "icn'bmb ⁄m\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-Is - f-°mƒ
IqSp-X¬ CSw {`a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-Iƒ ]e Z¿i-\-ß-fnepw Iøm-fp-∂p. Adn-hv,
icn, sX‰v F∂n-h-bpsS kzcq-]-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-Iƒ Xs∂-bmbn Ch amdp-∂p.
Adnhv Ft∏mgpw icn-bm-bn-cn-°ptam AtXm sX‰mb Adn-hpt≠m? "{`a-⁄m\w' F∂
{]tbm-K-Øn¬-Øs∂ CXns‚ kam-[m-\-hp-ap-≠v. ⁄m\-Øns‚ XpS¿® {`a-Ønepw
(b-Ym¿∞-⁄m\w) {]a-bnepw (A-b-Ym¿∞-⁄m-\w) D≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ ss\bm-
bn-I\pw A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-an-√. F∂m¬ ]q¿∆-ao-amw-km-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ "k¿∆w
⁄m\w bYm¿Yw' (F√m ⁄m\hpw bYm¿Y-am-Wv. AbYm¿∞-⁄m\w Fs∂m-
∂n√) F∂mWv kn≤m-¥w. ss\bm-bn-I\v Ab-Ym¿∞-⁄m\w ]pXnb Hcp ⁄m\-
am-Wv. AssZz-X-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬, {`a-⁄m-\w, ap≥]-d-™-Xp-t]m-se, icn-sbt∂m
sXs‰t∂m Xo¿∏p I¬∏n-°m-\m-hmØ "A\n-∆N - \
- ob' ⁄m\-am-Wv. Hcp ⁄m\sØ
"icn' F∂v Xo¿®-bm-°-W-sa-¶n¬, AXv F∂pw Hcp icn-bm-bn-cn-bv°Ww AssZz-Xn-
°v. {`a⁄m\sØ sXs‰∂v AwKo-Ic - n-°m≥ Bhn-√, Imc-Ww, Xm¬°m-en-Is
- a-¶nepw

10
D≠mb A\p-`-hsØ \ntj-[n-°m-\p-am-hn-√. Bt]-£n-I-amb sX‰n-s\, Bt]-£n-I-
amb icn-sb, icn-sbt∂m sXs‰t∂m \n¿∆Nn-bv°m-sX, AssZzXn A\n¿∆-N\obw
F∂v hnSp-∂p. Ib-dn¬ ImWp∂ ]mºv Hcp \n¿Ωn-Xn-bm-Wv. AXp-t]mse {]]-©-
hpw. t]cpw BIr-Xnbpw `mhhpw \nebpw {]]©Øn\v Ft∏mƒ thW-sa-¶nepw
amdmw. ]s£ F√m {]m]-©nI hyh-lm-c-Øn\pw B[m-c-amb t_m[-Øn\v am‰-an-√.
\S≥ F∂ Htc hy‡n-bn-eqsS \mw hnhn[ IYm-]m-{X-ßsf Adn-bp-∂-Xp-t]m-se.9
\Ss‚ XpS¿®bpw IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚ hyXy-kX v X- bpw t]mse, t_m[Øns‚ XpS¿®bpw
A\p-`h- Ø
- ns‚ sshhn-[y-hpw. Cu hni-Ie - \- a
- \
- p-kc
- n-®v, XpS¿® BXy-¥n-Ia
- mb Hcp
"icn'bmWv. F∂m¬ CS¿® Bt]-£n-Ia - mb icn-bmWv. XpS¿®bpw CS¿®bpw XΩn¬
icnbpw sX‰pw XΩ-nep≈ efn-Xa - mb _‘-a√ D≈-Xv. AXn-epw k¶o¿Æam-b, A\p-
`-h-ßfpsS sshhn-[y-Ønepw am‰-Ønepw Du∂p∂ Hcp _‘-am-W-Xv.
ta¬∏-d™ t_m[m-\p-`-h-ßsf, AssZzXw ⁄m\-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw kao-]n-
°p∂p. Gsd-°psd IrXy-amb \nb-aß - ƒ°pw \n¿∆-N\ - ß- ƒ°pw AIØv {]h¿Øn-
®p-≠m-Ip∂ Adn-hp-I-fp-≠v. Np‰p-ap≈ `uXn-Iamb ÿqe-amb hnj-b-ßsf Adn-bp-
∂Xv A¥:Ic-Ww, C{µn-b-߃ hgn, hnj-b-ß-fn-te°v sN∂p-tN¿∂m-Wv. A¥:Ic-
W-Øn\v cq]-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ ChnsS am‰w-h-cp-∂p. Cu am‰-amWv hrØn. Cu ⁄m\-
amWv hrØn-⁄m-\w. {]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£-hp-amb {]am-W-߃ ChnsS {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂p. ⁄mXm-hv, t⁄bw, ⁄m\w, ⁄m]Iw XpS-ßnb LS-I-߃ tN¿∂v
{]h¿Øn®p-≠m-Ip∂ A¥:Ic-Wm-h-ÿ-bmWv Chn-SpsØ A\p-`-h-kz-cq-]w. ip≤-
t_m-[Ø - ns‚ XpS¿® Ch-bn-se-Øp-∂X - v, A¥:Ic-WØ - n-s‚bpw C{µn-bß - f - p-sSbpw
am≤y-ÿy-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. F∂m¬, hnj-b-Øn-s‚tbm AXns\ Adn-bp∂ coXn-bp-
sStbm kzcq-]sØ, ÿqe-ambpw IrXy-ambpw \n¿∆-Nn-bv°m-\m-hmØ kµ¿`-߃
D≠v. kz]v\w, sX‰p-[m-cW
- , Dd-°w, kpJZp:J߃ ˛ Cu kµ¿`-ßf - n¬ km£n-ssN-
X\yw (Witness Conscious) C{µn-b-ß-fpsS am≤y-ÿy-an-√msX hnj-bsØ t\cn-´-\p-
`-hn-°p-∂p. ÿqe-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬\n∂v Chsb hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂-Xv, Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂
ka-bØv am{Xta Ch°v \ne-\n¬∏p≈p F∂-Xm-Wv. Bcmepw Adn-bs - ∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p∂
ka-bØv Chbv°v AkvXnXzw C√. "A⁄m-X-kØ' Ch-bv°n-√. XnI®pw "Adn-b-
s∏-S¬' am{Xw kØ-bm-bn-´p≈ Ah "km£n-`m-ky-ßfm'Wv. km£n t\cn-´d - n-bp-∂h
F∂¿∞w. kpJZp:J߃°v, ckm-kzm-Z\ - Ø- n-\v, hkvXp-\n-jvTa
- mb A⁄m-Xk - Ø
- -
bn-√. AXp-sIm-≠h km£n-`m-ky-߃. sX‰p-[m-c-W-Iƒ°v A⁄m-X-k-Ø-bn-√.
Ahsb ImWm-Ø-t∏mƒ \ne-\n¬∏n√. Ah km£n-`m-ky-߃.
Cu c≠v Xcw Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw A¥¿[m-c-bmWv ip≤-t_m-[w.
]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ß-f-s√-¶n¬t∏mepw, t{iWo-_-≤-amb Hcp Zzµzw ChnsS
{]h¿Øn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. ]e cq]-I-ß-fn-eqsS Cu Zzµzw AssZz-X-Øn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-
bv°s
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
{ZjvSmhv/Zriyw
tZln/tZlw
ImcWw/Imcyw
A\p-`hw/`mj
hnjbn/hnjbw

11
 A£cw/tcJ
\S≥/IYm-]m{Xw
]cm-hnZy/A]-cm-hnZy
t_m[w/t_m[-cq-]ß
- ƒ
Bflmhv/A\m-flmhv
BZy-Ime D]-\n-jØ - p-°f - n¬ hep-Xmb G‰-°p-d®
- n-ep-Iƒ C√msX Ah-Xc - n-∏n-
°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu Zzµz-I¬∏-\I - ƒ, i¶-c\
- n-se-Øp-tºmƒ kØm-]c - a
- m-bn-Øs∂ hyXy-
kvX-\n-e-I-fn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-h-bmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]mc-am¿∞nIw F∂pw
hymh-lm-cnIw F∂pw hyXy-kvX-amWv Ah-bpsS kØ. BZysØ hn`mKw apgp-h≥
]mc-am¿∞nIw ˛ ]n∂-tØXv hymh-lm-cn-Iw. F¶nepw hymh-lm-cn-IX Hcp C√m-bva-
b√. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ kXv/AkXv F∂t]cn¬ Cu hn`-P\ - sØ hnfn-°m-\m-hn-√.
]n¬°me AssZz-X-hm-Zn-I-fnseØptºmƒ, Ch XΩn-ep≈ AI¬® Gdn-h-cp-∂-Xm-
bn-°m-Wmw. hyh-lm-cn-I-X-bpsS \ntj-[-cq-]Xzw AhnsS A¬∏w-IqsS Dd-bv°p-∂p.
ssZzX-th-Zm-¥n-Iƒ kPo-ha- mbn cwKØv h∂-Xn-\m¬, ssZzX-\n-tj-[Ø - n-eqsS AssZz-
XsØ ÿm]n-bv°pI F∂-Xn-embn Ah-cpsS {i≤ apgp-h≥.
]e Xe-ßfpsS Dƒ-s°m-≈¬ AssZz-XØ - ns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬, hyXykvX Du∂-
ep-It- fm-sS-bmWv {]tbm-Kn-bv°s
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- v. apfi-tIm-]\ - n-jØ
- n¬, hnh-cW
- m-flI
- a
- mb
{KŸ-\n-jvT-amb F√m Adn-hn-s\bpw "A]-cm- hnZy'bmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. "A]-cm-
hnZy'bpsS {]Xn-]m-Z-\-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hn—n-Øn-bmbn "]cm- hnZy'sb Ah-X-cn-∏n-
bv°bpw sNøp∂p. "]cm-hnZy' {KŸm-Xo-X-am-b, imkv{Xm-Xo-X-amb A\p-`-h-cq-]-amb
Adn-hm-Wv. bm-sXm-∂n-\m-emtWm A£-ca - mb (\-in-bv°m-Ø) ⁄m\w D≠m-Ip-∂Xv
AXmWv ]cm-hn-Zy. D]-\n-j-Øn¬ Ch XΩn-ep≈ Xc-X-a-`m-h-sØ-°p-dn®v {]I-S-amb
bmsXmcp kqN-\b - pan√. F∂m¬, Cu D]-\n-jXv`mK-Øn\v i¶-c≥ cNn® `mjy-Øn¬,
"A]-cm ln hnZym AhnZym' F∂v Dd-∏n®n-cn-°p-∂p.10 Chn-sSbpw A]-c-bmb Adnhv
Ahn-Zy-bpsS afi-e-Øn¬ hcp-∂Xv i¶-cs‚ `mjy-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv.
s]mXpsh t\m°p-tºmƒ Hmtcm t_m[-cq-]hpw ]pdw-tem-Im-\p-`-h-ß-fn-te°v
Fßs\ \ofp∂p F∂ hni-Ie - \
- w, BXy-¥n-Ia - m-bn, F√m A\p-`h
- ß
- f
- p-sSbpw GtIm-
]-\-L-S-I-amb ip≤-t_m-[-Øn¬ sNs∂Øn hn{i-an-°p∂p F∂v ImWmw. F¶nepw
Cu hn{i-a-ÿm-\-sØ-Øpw-h-sc-bp≈ bm{X-bnse ssk≤m-¥nI {ia-ß-sfbpw Ah-
bnse KXn-hn-K-Xn-I-sfbpw ImWm-Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-Sm.

III
km≤y-XI
- ƒ, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ
""\n≥ aµ-lm-kamw t_m[-\n-em-hn¬
F≥ a\-°-Æp-Iƒ hnS-cs´'' ˛ {ioIp-am-c≥ Xºn

t_m[-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu hnh-c-W-Øns‚ Hcp {]tXy-I-X, CXv "DØ-a-]p-cp-

j≥ GI-h-N\'Øn¬ (Ist person singular) \n∂psIm≠p≈ Hcp BJym-\-am-sW-∂-

12
Xm-Wv. Chn-sS-\n∂v hy‡n-\n-c-t]-£-amb Xe-Øn-te°v ]e-t∏mgpw CsX-Øp-∂p.
hy‡n-tI{µn-Xa - mb \ne-hn´v; kaq-lØ - n-te-°v, ]pd-tØ-°v, A]-cØ - n-te°v CXv ]I-
cp-∂-sX-ßs\? t_m[w hy‡n-k-Ø-bpsS ]e-hn[ AS-cp-Iƒ IS-∂mWv hy‡n-_m-
ly-amb Xe-Øn-se-Øp-∂X - .v AssZz-XsØ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw CsXmcp \o≠ bm{X-
bm-Wv. Alw-Im-cw, C{µn-b-߃, C{µn-b-[¿Ω-߃, tZlw, tZl-[¿Ω-߃ F∂n-h-
sbms° IS-∂mWv t_m[w tZl-_m-ly-amb temIsØØp∂Xv. Hmtcm L´-Ønepw
auen-I-k-Ø-bn¬ \n∂p≈ AI¬®-bpsS I´n IqSn-s°m-≠n-cn-bv°pw. Cu AI¬®-
bpsS tXmXv A\p-kc - n-®m-bn-cn°pw AXmXv hnj-bt- Øm-Sp≈ {]Xn-]Ø - n-bpw. AI¬®
11
IqSp-t¥mdpw {]Xn-]Øn Ipd-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw F∂¿∞w. B¥-c-amb ssNX-\y-
Øns‚ Hcp-a-bn-eq-sS-bmWv hy‡nbpw A]-chpw GIo-`-hn-bv°p-∂-Xv. \nc-h[n hyXy-
kvXX - I
- s
- f-bpw. t{iWo_≤-XI - s
- fbpw adn-IS- ∂
- p-thWw as‰mcp hy‡n-kØ - b - p-ambn
GIo-`-hn-bv°m≥. Aaq¿Ø-amb Xe-Øn¬ kw`-hn-bv°p∂ Hcpa F∂n-Xns\ hnti-
jn-∏n-bv°mw. Cu Hcp-asb aq¿Ø-amb X-e-ßfn-te°v ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-bv°p-∂Xv {i≤n-
®p-th-Ww. DØ-a-]p-cp-j≥ GI-h-N\ {]{In-b-bn¬\n-∂v, kaq-l-Øns‚ t_m[-sØ-
°p-dn-®v, kaq-lØ - nse AwK-߃ ]¶n-Sp∂ khn-jb - I
- a
- mb t_m[-\n-e]m-Sp-Is- f-°p-
dn-®-t\z-jn-bv°m≥ Cu kn≤m-¥w klm-b-I-am-Iptam?
as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬, H∂p-In¬ XnI®pw hy-‡n-]-c-am-hp-I (Personal).
As√-¶n¬ Xo¿Øpw hy‡n-\n-ct- ]-£a - m-hp-I (Impersonal). F∂-XmtWm Cu kn≤m-
¥-Øns‚ KXn? A¥¿hy-‡n-Ia - mb (Interpersonal) F¥p-Xcw kao-]\ - a
- mWv \ap°o
Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v hmbn-s®-Sp-°m-\m-hpI? Chn-sS, \ap°o Z¿i-\-Øns‚ [m¿Ωn-I-
am-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®-t\z-jn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]s£, tUm. sI.-F≥.-F≥. Cf-b-Xns‚
hm°p-Iƒ IS-sa-Sp-Øm¬ ""GsXmcp [¿Ω-ao-amw-ks - b-∏‰ - n-bp-ap≈ N¿® kam-cw-`n-°p-
∂Xv \m\mXzw Ds≠∂pw AXv kXy-am-sW-∂p-ap≈ k¶¬∏sØ Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bm-
Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ [¿Ω-ao-amw-km-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ \m\m-Xz-Øns‚ kXym-k-Xy-hn-
Nn-¥-\-Øn\v {]mapJyw \¬Im-dn-√'' F∂v AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. (C-f-bXv.
sI.-F≥.-F≥, 1982; 19) AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AssZz-XZ- ¿i-\Ø - nse [m¿Ωn-Ia - m-\ß
- sf
Is≠-Øp-∂ hmb\ IqSp-X¬ - k¶o¿Æ-am-Ip-∂p. ⁄m\-tbm-Kw, I¿Ω-tbm-Kw, `‡n-
tbmKw F∂o aq∂v Pohn-X- hy-h-lm-c-amXrII-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ {]Xn-]m-Z\w AssZz-X-
Øns‚ [m¿Ωn-Ia - m-\ß
- sf Ipdn-°p-∂X - mbn s]mXpsh IW-°m-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. F¶nepw
XmØzn-I-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Fßs\ [¿ΩsØ hymJym-\n°mw F∂Xv
IqSp-X¬ {i≤-b¿ln-°p∂ {]iv\-am-Wv. kØ-bpsS hnhn-[-X-e-ß-fn¬ F{X-tØmfw
Hcpa, F{X-tØmfw t`Zw F∂Xv aq¿Ø-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßf - n-te-s°-Øp-tºmƒ A{XXs∂
kp\n-›n-X-a-√. ]e-t∏mgpw kaq-l-Ønse apJy-[mcmcoXn-Isf tI{µo-I-cn-®p≈ Hcp-a-
bm-bn-Øo-c-emWv kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw kw`-hn-°pI. AtX-k-abw ssZzX-th-Zm¥w Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ t`ZsØ AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂Xpw {]mtbm-Kn-Ia - √- . t`Zw ssZzX-th-
Zm-¥-Øn¬ \nXyhpw kXy-hp-am-Wv. Cu Z¿i-\-Øn¬, Htc-sbmcp kzX-{¥-X-Øz-amb
hnjvWp-hns\ tI{µ-ÿm-\-Øpw, hnjvWp-hns‚ A[o-\-X-bn¬ Poh-∑m-scbpw a‰v
]Zm¿∞ßsfbpw \n›n-X-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw ÿm]n-bv°p-∂p. Cu XØz-Øn\v t`Z-
]©Iw F∂mWv ]dbpI.12 A©v Xcw t`Z-߃ kXy-am-Wv. Cuiz-c\pw Poh\pw
XΩn¬, Poh\pw {]]-©hpw XΩn¬, Cuiz-c\pw {]]-©hpw XΩn¬, Poh-∑m¿ XΩn¬,
{]]-©Ø - nse hnhn[ hkvXp-°ƒ XΩn¬. F¶nepw B t`Z-߃°n-Sb - n¬ Hcn-°epw

13
\nI-Øm-\m-Im-Ø-hn-[-ap≈ t{iWo-_≤X \ne-\n¬°p∂p. kaXzw F∂ Bibw
Hcp ]mT-t`-Z-am-bn-t∏mepw, hymJym-\-t`-Z-am-bn-t∏mepw hcm-\m-hmØ hn[w.
AssZzXkn≤m¥-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v c≠v {][m-\-hm-b-\-Iƒ km≤y-am-Wv.
H∂v GIXzw F∂ Bi-b-Øn-eq-∂n, AXns\ kmaq-ln-I-ambn ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-®v,
kmaq-ln-Ia - mb GI-XzsØ \mw kzoI-cn-btv °≠ [m¿Ωn-Ia-- q-ey-ambn IW-°m-°n-s°m-
≠p≈ hmb-\. A¥¿hy-‡n-I-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-sf, k¶p-Nn-X-am-°m-\n-S-bp≈ ]e
LS-I-ß-fp-ap-≠v. ]e-Xcw am\-kn-I-hr-Øn-Iƒ. Ahsb kao-I-cn-bv°m-\p≈ D]m-b-
am-bn, \n¿hy-‡n-I-amb Xew {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh∂ hymJym-\-am-bn, Ch-cpsS kao-]-
\sØ IW-°m-°mw. Cu kao-]-\-Øn¬ kØm-]-c-º-c-bnse Hmtcm t{iWn-sbbpw
aqey-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-bv°m-\mWv {ian-°p-∂X - v. CØcw hmb-\b - mWv "Neo-Vedantins'
F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ Nn¥-I¿ sImtfm-Wn-b¬/\thm-∞m\ Ime-L´- ß - f- n¬ \S-Øn-bX
- v.
CXn\v hn]-co-X-ambn km≤y-amb hmb-\, GIXzw F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ A]-c-\n-tj-
[-Øn¬ Du∂p-∂p. A]-c-Øn\v BXy-¥n-I-amb AkvXnXzw C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v,
Aßs\ A]cw Xs∂ C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v, AssZz-X-Øn¬ [m¿Ωn-I-Xbv°v {]k-
‡ntb C√, AssZz-Xhpw [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw XΩn¬ bmsXmcp _‘hpw C√ F∂-
XmWv Cu hmb-\.
hmkvXh- Ø
- n¬, ]mc-am¿∞n-Itam hymh-lm-cn-Itam A√, Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘-
amWv {][m-\w. Fhn-sS-\n∂v t\m°p-∂p, t\m´w F¥ns\ tI{µo-I-cn-®v, GX-\p-]m-X-
Øn¬ hnhn[ Xe-߃ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-\\ - p-kc
- n®v t\m´-Øns‚ kz`mhw
amdp-∂p.
tIc-fØ - n¬ B[p-\n-II - m-eØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ aq∂v hyXy-kX v N
- n-¥I
- c
- mb \mcmbW-
Kp-cp, hmKv`S- m--\µ
- ≥, {_“m-\µ inh-tbm-Kn F∂n-h¿ AssZz-XZ- ¿i-\sØ t\m°n-°-
≠-hc - m-Wv. AssZz-Xk - n-≤m-¥ß - sf \∂mbn kzmwio-Ic - n-®n-cp∂ \mcm-bW -- K
- p-cp, hyh-
lm-cØ - n-eq-∂n-bp≈ A\p-jvTm-\ß - s
- fbpw Ah-bpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw hy‡n-]c - h
- p-amb
{]`m-hs - Øbpw kzXz-ÿm-]\ - Ø- ns‚ {]m[m-\y-sØbpw ]pXn-sbmcp ImgvN∏ - m-Sn-eqsS
AwKo-I-cn-®p. F∂m¬ XnI™ AssZz-Xn-bmb hmKv`-Sm-\-µ≥, hn{K-lm-cm-[-\bpw
A\p-jvTm-\-ßfn¬ Du∂n-bp≈ {]m¿∞-\Ifpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw A{]-k-‡-am-
sW∂ \ne-]m-Sn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂p. AssZzX kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ F√m kmaq-lnI hn`-P-
\߃°pw AXo-X-am-b, XesØ ASn-ÿm-\-ambn [mcmfw kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw tZio-
b-{]-ÿm-\-a-S-°-ap≈ km-aq-lnI apt∂-‰-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. {_“m-
\-µ-in-h-tbm-Kn-bm-I-s´, AssZzXw apt∂m´v sh°p∂ {_“w/ Bflmhv F∂ ip≤-
t_m-[-XØzw XnI-®pw A_-≤-am-sW-∂pw, a\ v F∂ XØz-Øn-\-∏pdw t]mtI≠
Imcy-an-s√∂pw Dd®v hmZn-®p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬, GI-Xzw, \m\mXzw F∂ I¬∏-\-Isf
B[m-ca - m°n hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m-hp∂ hyXykvX hmb-\I - ƒ°pw kmaq-ln-Im-hn-jvIm-
c-߃°pw DX-Ip∂ hni-I-e-\-am-Xr-I-Iƒ apt∂m´v sh°p-∂p, N¿®-Iƒ°v CSw
\¬Ip∂p F∂-XmWv AssZz-XsØ a‰v `mc-XobZ¿i-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v B[p-\n-I-Im-
eØv th¿Xn-cn®v \n¿Øn-b-Xv.

14
 Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

1. ""Bfl-\› {]Xym-JymXpw Ai-Iy-Xzm-Xv, b Gh \ncm-I¿Øm Xsskyhm-flX- zm-Xv.'- '

({_-“k- q-{X-`mjyw, 1.1.4)
""BK-¥pIw ln hkvXp \ncm-{In-btX, \ kzcq]w b Gh ln \n-cm-I¿Øm XtZh
Xky kzcq-]w. \ ln AKvt\cujvWyw AKv\n\m \ncm-{In-btX'' ({_-“-kq-{X-`m-
jyw, 2.3.7)
2. ""XmZr-tK-X-Zm-fl-tPymXn: _pt≤-c]n lrZ-bmXv kq£va-Xzm-Xv, lrZy-¥-ÿ-a]n lrZ-
bm- Z nIw Imcy- I m- c - W - k w- L mXw ssNIo- I rXy Bfl- t Pym- X n- — mbw Itcm- X n.''
(_r-l-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-jXv `mjyw, 4.3.7.)
Cu Bfl-tPym-Xn v, _p≤n-sb-°mƒ, lrZ-bsØ°mƒ kq£va-am-I-sIm-≠v, lrZ-b-
Øns‚ Dƒ`m-KØv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p-sh-¶nepw lrZbw apX-emb Imcy-Im-c-W-k-ap-Zm-
bsØ GIo-I-cn-®v, Bfl-tPym-Xn- ns‚ (ssN-X-\y-Øns‚) \ng¬ AXn¬ hogvØp-
∂p. (A-hsb {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-ß-fm-°p∂p F∂¿∞w)
3. ""\ ln Ime-{X-b-kw-_-‘n\n GI-kvan≥ A\z-bn\n AkXn IqS-tÿ hm k¿∆m¿∞-
Z¿in\n tZi-Im-e-\n-an-Øm-t]£hmk-\m-[m-\-kvarXn{]Xn-kw-[m-\m-Zn-hy-h-lmc: kw`-
h-Xn.'' ({_-“-kq-{X-`m-jyw, 2.2.31)
aq∂p Ime-ß-fnepw XpS¿∂p \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xpw am‰-an-√m-ØXpw hnj-b-ß-sf-√m-a-dn-
bp-∂-Xp-amb Hcp XØz-an-s√-¶n¬, tZi-Øn\pw Ime-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn®v hyXym-k-
s∏-Sp∂ hmk-\-Isf Dƒs°m≈p-I, Hm¿°p-I, ho≠p-a-dn-bpI apX-emb hyh-lm-c-
߃ km≤y-am-hp-Ibn√.
4. ""k‘yw XrXobw kz]v\-ÿm\w'' (_r-l-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-¤m-jyw, 4.3.9.)
Cu temIhpw adp-tem-Ihpw IqSn-t®-cp-∂n-S-ØmWv kz]v\-Øns‚ ÿm\w. Cu ÿm\-
Øn-cn-°p∂ hy‡n Ccp-tem-I-ß-sfbpw ImWp-∂p.
5. ""b Gj kp]vtXjp PmK¿Øn, Imaw Imaw ]pcptjm \n¿Ωn-amW: XtZh iq{Iw
XZv {_“ XtZ-hm-ar-ap-Ny-tX. Xkvan≥ temIm: {inXm: k¿t∆ XZp \mtXyXn I›-
\.'' (I-tTm-]-\n-j-Xv, 5.8.) a\p-jy¿ Dd-ßp-tºmƒ D≈n¬ Dd-ßm-Xn-cp∂v Hmtcmtcm
ImasØ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ ]pcp-j-\p-≠v. B ]pcp-j-\mWv Aar-Xhpw awK-f-hp-amb {_“-
XØzw. B XØz-Øn¬ F√m temI-ßfpw A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B XØzsØ
Bcpw Xs∂ AXn-h¿Øn-°p-∂n-√.
6. ""kqN-I› {iptX-cm-N-£tX N XZznZ: ˛
ambm-am-{X-XzmXv X¿ln \ I›nXv kz]vt\
]c-am¿∞-Kt‘m AkvXo-Xn. t\Xyp-Ny-tX.
kqN-I› kz]vt\m `hXn `hn-jytXm: km[z˛
km[pt\m:'' ({_-“-kq-{X-`m-jyw, 3.2.4.)
˛ kz]v\w kqN-I-am-Wv.{ipXn Aßs\ ]d-bp-∂p. Adn-hp-≈-hcpw Aßs\ ]d-bp-∂p.
ambn-I-am-I-sIm≠v kz]v\-Øn\v ]c-am¿∞-teiw t]mep-an-s√∂v ]d-bmtam? C√.
`mhn-bn-ep≈ \∑-bp-sSbpw Xn∑-bp-sSbpw kqN-I-amWv kz]v\w.
7. ""bYm AIm-cmZn kXym-£-c-{]-Xn-]-Øn¿ZrjvSm
tcJm-\r-Xm-£-c-{]-Xn-]tØ:'' ({_-“-kq-{X-`m-jyw, 2.1.14.) Ab-Ym¿∞-ß-fmb A¿∞-
kw-th-Z\ £a-ß-f-√mØ tcJ-I-fn¬\n∂v bYm¿∞-ß-fmb (A¿∞-kw-th-Z-\-£-a-
ß-fmb) A£-c-߃ D≠mIp-∂-Xmbn AwKo-I-cn-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

15
8. ""bZy]n kz]v\-Z¿i-\m-h-ÿky k¿∏-Zw-i-t\m˛
ZI-kv\m-\mZnImcyw A\rXw XYm]n
XZ-h-KXn: kXy-tah ^ew. {]Xn-_p-≤-kym]n
A_m-≤y-am-\-Xzm-Xv.'' ({_-“-kq-{X-`m-jyw, 2.1.14)
kz]v\-Øn¬ ]mºp-I-Sn-°p-I, Ipfn-°pI XpSßn Ab-Ym¿∞m-\p-`-h-ß-ƒ Ds≠-¶n-
epw, Ahsb Adn™p F∂Xv kXyw Xs∂-bm-Wv. DW¿∂m¬t]mepw Adn™p
F∂ Adn-hn\v am‰-ap-≠m-Ip-∂n-√.
9. ""aqe-Im-c-W-tah A¥ymXv ImcymXv tX\
tX\ Imcym-Im-tcW \S-hXv k¿#v-h-h-hy-h-lm-cm˛
kv]ZXzw {]Xn-]-Zy-tX'' ({_-“-kq-{X-`m-jyw, 2.1.18)
ASn-ÿm-\-Im-cWw Xs∂, HSp-hn-esØ Imcy-Øn-se-Øpw-h-sc, AXmXp Imcy-ß-
fpsS hSnhv ssIs°m≠v Hcp \S-s\-t∏mse hyh-lm-c-߃s°ms° Bkv]Zw BI-
bm-Wv.
10. ""tZz hntZy thZn-Xthy, CXn lkva {_“-hntZm
hZ-¥n, ]cm ssNhm-]cm N. X{X A]cm
EtKzZ: bPq¿thZ: kma-thZ: AY¿∆˛
thZ: in£m-I¬t∏m hymI-cWw \ncp‡w
Oµ: tPymXn-j-an-Xn. AY ]cm bbm
XZ-£-c-a-[n-K-aytX.'' ˛ ""D]-\n-jZvthZym
£c-hn-jbw ln hn⁄m-\-anl
]cm-hn-tZyXn {]m[m-t\y\ hnh-£n-Xw,
\D-]-\n-j-—-_vZ-cmin:, thZ-i-_vtZ\
ln k¿∆{X i_vZ-cmin: hnh-£nX:
i_vZ-cm-iy-\n-K-ta]n bXv\m-\-¥-c-a-¥-tcW
Kp¿h-`n-K-a-\m-Zn-e-£Ww sshcmKyw N
\A-£-cm-[n-Ka: kw`-hXn CXn-]r-Y-°-cWw
{_“-hn-Zymbm: ]cm hntZyXn.'' (apfitIm]\n-jXv`mjyw, 5)
""c≠v hnZy-Isf Adn-tb-≠X - m-bD
- ≠
- v. ]cm- hn-Zybpw A]-cm h
- n-Zy-bpw. EtKz-Zw, bPq¿th-
Zw, kma-th-Zw, AY¿∆-th-Zw, in£, I¬#v-]-]w, hymI-c-Ww, \ncp-‡w, Oµ- v,
tPymXnjw F∂n-h-sbms° A]cm hnZy-bm-Wv. A£-c-amb Adnhv t#Xn-eq-sS-bp-
≠m-Ip-∂pthm AXmWv ]cm hnZy ˛ ChnsS ]cm hnZy F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-t±-in®ncn-°p-
∂Xv D]-\n-jØv ]mT-ß-fnse i_vZ-k-aq-l-sØ-b-√, D]-\n-j-Øn¬ \n∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp∂ A£-c-amb ⁄m\-sØ-bm-Wv. i_vZ-k-aq-lsØ Adn-™m-epw, a‰v {]bXv\w
IqSmsX A£-c-⁄m\w D≠m-Ip-∂n√ F∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv ]cm hnZysb A]cm
hnZy-bn¬\n∂v th¿Xn-cn®v ]d-™-Xv.
11. ""A≤ym-k-Xm-c-X-aymXv kvt\l-Xm-c-X-ayw.''
(kn-≤m-¥-_n-µp, H∂mw t«mI hymJym-\w)
˛ ASn-ÿm\-ssN-X-\y-Øn¬ \n∂v F{X-tØmfw G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p-thm,
AtX tXmX-\p-k-cn-®m-bn-cn°pw kvt\l-Øns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n-epw.
12. ""{]IrjvS: ]©-hn[: t`Z: {]]©:''-˛
(hn-jvWp-X-Øz-hn-\n¿Æ-bw, 27) A©p-Xcw t`Z-߃ {]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv
{]]©w F∂ t]cp-≠m-b-Xv.

16
 {KŸ-kqNn

1. Ztim-]-\n-jXv (im-¶-c-`m-jyw), 1992, tamØn-em¬ _\m¿kn-Zm- v, \yqsU¬ln

2. {_“-kq{Xw (im-¶-c-`m-jyw), 1990, tamØn-em¬ _\m¿kn-Zm v, \yqsU¬ln
3. kp{ip-X-kw-ln-X, 2009, NuJmw_m IrjvW-Zm-kv A°m-Z-an,-hm-cm-Wkn
4. Cf-bX - v, sI.-F≥.-F≥, 1992, AssZz-X[
- ¿Ωw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h\
- ¥
- ]
- pcw
5. \oe-I-WvT≥, kn.-Fw, (F-Un), 2006, thZ-ßfpw A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\nI ]T-\-ß-fpw,
tI-c-fmkmlnXy A°mZan, Xriq¿
6. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿, F.Pn (hn-h), 2009, {_“-kq-{X˛-im-¶-c-`mjyw (c≠v thmfyw), tIcfm
k¿∆-I-em-im-e, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
7. cmlp¬ kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥, 1988, `mc-Xob XØz-Nn-¥, (hnh: ]n.-Fw.-sI. \mb¿) tkmjy-
enÃv ]ªn-jnwKv sk‚¿, tImgn-t°mSv.
8. hmkp-tZ-h≥ t]m‰n, B¿, 2006, {ioa-[zm-Nm-cy¿ ˛ Pohn-Xhpw Z¿i-\-hpw, kpIr-Xo{µ
Hmdn-b‚¬ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, sIm®n.
9. hmKv`-Sm-\-µs‚ kºq¿Æ-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, 1988, amXr-`qan ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, tImgn-t°mSv
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