Solution of Rectangular Strain Rosettes by Vectorial-layout Method

Solution of rectangular strain rosettes is given in this technical note, by constructing Mohr strain circle vectorially from three strain readings, then converting it to the stress circle by Mahmut C. Mucuoglu

Nomenclature
e~,~,c~ = strain readings from gages in 1, 2, and 3 directions, dimensionless c0 = strain at an angle 0 from the gage axis cr = normal strains in the X and Y directions, respectively ~/~y = shear strain parallel to coordinate axis, dimensionless am~, r = maximum and minimum principal stresses, respectively, psi ~ . ~ = maximum shear stress, psi E = modulus of elasticity, psi = Poisson's ratio, dimensionless

in solving r e c t a n g u l a r s t r a i n rosettes, n a m e l y solution by vectorial layout. I n t h e t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l stress s y s t e m , a t l e a s t t h r e e s t r a i n r e a d i n g s in t h r e e d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n s a r e necess a r y t o e s t a b l i s h t h e c o m p l e t e stress c o n d i t i o n a t a p o i n t . T h i s c a n easily b e seen f r o m t h e general e q u a t i o n for s t r a i n a t a n y p o i n t (with reference t o X a n d Y axis), since t h e r e a r e t h r e e u n k n o w n s as e~, E~ a n d ~ ~ as follows~: ca
Ex -~ ey + ~ -- ey cos 2e + "/2y sin 20 2 ex

(1)

Introduction
V a r i o u s solutions, such as r o s e t t e e q u a t i o n s , g r a p h i cal a n d n o m o g r a p h i c a l solutions, 1,2 h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d for r o s e t t e gages. I n t h i s p a p e r , a different a p p r o a c h will be discussed
Mahmut C. Mucuoglu is associated with Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.

I n t h e case o f r e c t a n g u l a r s t r a i n rosettes, t h e p a t t e r n s b e t w e e n t h e t h r e e gage lines a r e s h o w n in Fig. 1. To obtain vectorial solution of rectangular strain rosettes, M o h r circle for s t r a i n is c o n s t r u c t e d vect o r i a l l y , f r o m t h r e e s t r a i n r e a d i n g s , t h e n i t is conv e r t e d to t h e stress circle w h e r e t h e m a g n i t u d e a n d d i r e c t i o n s of p r i n c i p a l stresses a n d m a x i m u m s h e a r stress a r e f o u n d .

Proced u re
.45 ~

E
Fig. 1--Angular orientation of rectangular strain-rosette gage lines

1. L a y o u t (el + e3)/2 h o r i z o n t a l l y f r o m s t r a i n origin ~,/2 a n d m a r k O, as s h o w n in Fig. 2. 2. C o n s t r u c t v e c t o r i a l s u m o f ( ~ / v ~ ) + ~ + ( ~ / v / 2 ) a n d m a r k C. 3. D r a w a circle h a v i n g OC a s r a d i u s w i t h c e n t e r a t O. T h i s is t h e M o h r s t r a i n circle. 4. M e a s u r e a n g l e COA, t h e a n g l e f r o m r a d i u s line OC to abscissa e in c o u n t e r c l o c k w i s e d i r e c t i o n , a n d d e d u c t 45 d e g t o d e t e r m i n e 20 w h i c h is t w i c e of t h e a n g l e of m a x i m u m p r i n c i p a l s t r e s s w i t h t h e gage line 1. K n o w i n g t~, t h e d i r e c t i o n o f o t h e r stresses, n a m e l y m i n i m u m p r i n c i p a l stress a n d m a x i m u m s h e a r i n g

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stress c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d . 5. D r a w M o h r stress circle b y c o m m o n - o r i g i n m e t h o d , ~w h e r e r a d i u s of stress circle is o b t a i n e d f r o m m u l t i p l y i n g s t r a i n circle r a d i u s b y (1 - g ) / ( 1 A- g). T h i s is a c o n v e n i e n t w a y of showing t w o M o h r circles, n a m e l y M o h r s t r a i n a n d M o h r stress circles, on t h e s a m e g r a p h . B u t t h e scale f a c t o r s a r e different. Since it is s t a r t e d o u t w i t h s t r a i n v a l u e s , t h e stress scale s h o u l d be r e l a t e d t o t h e s t r a i n scale w h i c h is as follows: E Stress scale = - X strain scale 1 -/x Once t h e stress scale is d e t e r m i n e d , a . . . . a~n a n d T~ are read from the graph and multiplied by the stress scale t o find t h e i r m a g n i t u d e s .

stress scale a n d
all=

~E _ ~ ( ~2+~e3) obtained

P r i n c i p a l stresses,

E (El +
E . ~/2(e2 - - r 2 -5 2(E2 - - e~) ~

1+~

w h i c h is s a m e a s e q (3). F o r t h e a n g l e of m a x i m u m p r i n c i p a l stress, tan COD = (CD/OD) substituting CD and OD

tan COD
2 ~ E1 --

el -E3

ea

Proof
K n o w i n g t h e following f o r m u l a s for r e c t a n g u l a r s t r a i n r o s e t t e s ~: E . . . . = =~ 2(1 + ~) ~/2(E2 -- ~)~-5 (ez
E~E1 + e~
-

w h i c h is s a m e as eq (4). 28
COA COA

Then numerically COD

= C O D -5 A O D , w h e r e A O D

= 45deg = 20 -5 45 deg obtained (item 4 in procedure)

~)~

(2)
(3)

1
.A

and tan20 2 e2 - El eI --E3

~3

(4)

above procedure can be proved to be correct in the following manner: Radius of the strain circle, re = ~= x/C--D~ + O D '2 where,
C D = E~
El

T h e s e show t h a t t h e p r o c e d u r e as o u t l i n e d a b o v e is c o r r e c t in s~lving for r e c t a n g u l a r s t r a i n r o s e t t e s . B y m a k i n g use of t h e a b o v e r e s u l t s , a s i m p l e g r a p h i c a l p r o c e d u r e c a n be set u p for d r a w i n g M o h r s t r a i n circle. Once t h e s t r a i n circle is o b t a i n e d , i t is e a s y t o c o n s t r u c t t h e M o h r stress circle t o find t h e m a g n i t u d e a n d d i r e c t i o n s of p r i n c i p a l stresses a n d m a x i m u m s h e a r stress. I t m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e sign c o n v e n t i o n is v e r y i m p o r t a n t ; if E,, ~2 a n d ~3 a r e tensile strains, ~ / x / 2 is t a k e n h o r i z o n t a l l y t o t h e r i g h t f r o m t h e origin O, ~2 d i a g o n a l l y (45 deg) d o w n w a r d to t h e left, a n d e 3 / ~ 2 ver-

E3

2 ~2

E3

and
O~ el E3 __ E1 - E3

2 s u b s t i t u t e a n d simplify,
r~ = J: ~ / 2 ~ / ~ -

\ s

~)~ + 2 ( ~ -

E~)~

2 F r o m i t e m 5 in p r o c e d u r e , m u l t i p l y t h e r a d i u s of t h e s t r a i n circle b y (1 - t~)/(1 ~- ~) t o o b t a i n R a d i u s of the stress circle, r~ =

-]A. ~/2(E2 -El) 2 ~ -

2(e2 -- E~)2

m u l t i p l y r~ b y stress scale t o o b t a i n r . . . .
Trcax

X 1 - ~.~J2(E~ -- ~)2 + 2(E3 -- ~)2 I+~ 2

which is the same as eq (2). Principal stress state can be expressed in terms of hydrostatic stress and shear component:
O-rllax,mln ~ fill ~ Tmax

E3

S h e a r c o m p o n e n t Tmax is a l r e a d y p r o v e d t o be in a g r e e m e n t w i t h e q (2); for h y d r o s t a t i c stress, h y d r o s t a t i c s t r a i n v a l u e (E~ -t- e3)/2 is m u l t i p l i e d b y t h e

Fig. 2--Constructing Mohr strain circle for rectangular strain rosettes by vectorial-layout method

Experimental Mechanics

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tically up. C o m p r e s s i v e s t r a i n s are d r a w n i n t h e opposite direction. A similar s o l u t i o n for d e l t a s t r a i n rosettes is worked o u t b y K . J. Bossart, a n d G. A. Brewer. 5 B y ass u m i n g P o i s s o n ' s r a t i o 1/3, t h e c e n t e r of t h e M o h r stress circle is located as h a l f of t h e t o t a l a p p a r e n t stresses (Eel/2 + EE2/2 + Ees/2) a n d t h e r a d i u s is obt a i n e d as t h e vectorial s u m of t h e same h a l f a p p a r e n t stresses ( E e l 2 + E E ~ 2 + E~/2). I t is i n d i c a t e d t h a t a c t u a l P o i s s o n ' s r a t i o c a n be i n c o r p o r a t e d b y u s i n g a p r o p e r correction factor.

Numerical Example
D e t e r m i n e t h e m a g n i t u d e a n d t h e direction of t h e p r i n c i p a l stresses a n d m a x i m u m shearing stress b y t h e v e c t o r i a l - l a y o u t m e t h o d for el = 200 X 10 -~ i n . / i n , e~ = - 3 0 0 X 10 - 6 i n . / i n . , e~ = 200 X 10 -6 i n . / i n , of a r e c t a n g u l a r s t r a i n rosette. A s s u m e E = 30 X 106 psi a n d ~ = 1/3 for steel. el = 2 X 10 -4 in./in, el = 1.41 X 10 -4 in./in.

e2 = --3 X 10 -4 in./in. E3 = 2 X 10 -4 in./in.

~.~ = 1.41 X 10 -4 in./in.

According to t h e section o n " P r o c e d u r e , " M o h r cirCle for s t r a i n is d r a w n as s h o w n i n Fig. 3. F r o m t h e figure, 20 + 45 deg = 315 deg where 0 = 135 deg counterclockwise f r o m t h e gage line 1. S u b s t i t u t i n g ~ = 1/3, (1 - # ) / ( 1 + ~) = 1/2 is obt a i n e d a n d t h e stress circle, w i t h the h a l f r a d i u s of s t r a i n circle, is d r a w n as s h o w n i n Fig. 3. S u b s t i t u t i n g E, # a n d s t r a i n scale v a l u e s i n t h e stress scale e q u a t i o n ,

E~,i. r
\

Stress scale

30 X 106 1 - 1/3 X 10-~ = 4500 psi obtained

/!

-~STRESS

R e a d i n g v a l u e s from Fig. 3, ~m~.~= 4.5 X 4500 = 20,250 psi 135 deg C.C.W. from gage line 1 ~min = --0.5 X 4500 = --2250 psi 45 deg C.C.W. from gage line 1 rm~ = =e2.5 X 4500 = 11,250 psi i n t h e direction of gage line 1 M a g n i t u d e s a n d directions of t h e p r i n c i p a l stresses a n d m a x i m u m s h e a r i n g stress are s h o w n in Fig. 4.
References 1. Perry, C. C., and Lissner, H. R., " T h e Strain Gage Primer," McGraw-HillBook Co., Inc., pp. 96-151 (1955). 2. Grossman, Norman, " A Nomographic Rosette Computer," Proc. of S E S A , I V , No. 1, pp. 27-35(1946). 3. Meir, J. H., "'Strain Rosettes," Handbook of Experimental Stress Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 3rd ed., pp. 391-431 (1957). 4. Durelli, A. J., and Phillips, E. A., Tsao, C. H. "Introduction to the Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Stress and Strain," McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.,pp. 142-178 (1958). 5. Bossart, K . J., and Brewer, G. A., " A Graphical Method of Rosette Analysis," Proc. S E S A , I V , No. 1,pp. 1-8 (1946).

STRAIN SCALE F.,I,

I

,IO-*
4500

d,'~ I.

psi

Fig. 3--Mohr circles for strain and stress

I r.L. I

i I

Fig. 4--Magnitudes and directions of principal stresses and maximum shearing stress

<,
=1 Iv
"-=

---

(b)
304 ]

December 1963