RELATIVISTIC REDUCED MASS AND QUASIPOTENTIAL

EQUATION

A.P. Martynenko and R . N . Faustov

A definition of a relativistic reduced m a s s is introduced on the basis of the

L o g u n o v - T a v k h e l i d z e equation. A local quasipotential equation of ShrSdinger
type is obtained for the description of bound s y s t e m s of two p a r t i c l e s of
a r b i t r a r y spins. The bound s y s t e m s p e c t r u m is investigated in the c a s e of
s c a l a r and v e c t o r Coulomb interaction. Various definitions of the relativistic
reduced m a s s a r e d i s c u s s e d .

1. Introduction
The L o g u n o v - T a v k h e l i d z e quasipotential method [1], c o n s t r u c t e d using fundamental principles of
quantum field theory, reduces the study of a relativistic t w o - p a r t i c l e s y s t e m to the investigation of t h r e e -
dimensional equations of Schr(Sdinger type with a g e n e r a l i z e d complex potential - a quasipotential [1-5]. The
main problem in this approach is the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the quasipotential describing the interaction of the
p a r t i c l e s and the finding of solutions to the equations that a r e obtained. Exact solutions of relativistic q u a s i -
potential equations with quasipotentials of a definite form a r e of as g r e a t i n t e r e s t as such solutions of a
Schriidinger equation.
In a n u m b e r of c a s e s , it is convenient to investigate integral equations in the t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l
m o m e n t u m space by the Fock method of t r a n s f o r m i n g the m o m e n t u m v a r i a b l e s to spherical coordinates on a
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l h y p e r s p h e r e embedded in a f o u r - d i m e n s i o n a l h y p e r s p a c e [6, 7]. We use this method in
the p r e s e n t p a p e r to study the s p e c t r u m of a bound s y s t e m of two p a r t i c l e s in the c a s e of the Coulomb
interaction.

2. Definition of Relativistic Reduced Mass

The L o g u n o v - T a v k h e l i d z e quasipotential equation describing a t w o - p a r t i c l e relativistic composite
s y s t e m can be e x p r e s s e d as follows [1-3]:

dq
(M - - V p2 + ,nl~ __ V ~ + m29 ~ (p) = l V (p, q, M) VM (q) (--~s (1)

w h e r e ,I~(p) is the quasipotential wave function of the bound s y s t e m projected onto p o s i t i v e - f r e q u e n c y states,
V(p, q, M) is the quasipotential calculated by means of the off-shell s c a t t e r i n g amplitude [3, 8], m 1 and m 2
a r e the m a s s e s of the interacting p a r t i c l e s , M is the m a s s of the bound state, and p is the relative m o m e n -
tum of the p a r t i c l e s , determined by the relation

E~ E1
p =---~- pl ~ --~--po., EI+E~--~M, (2)

M~ - - m ~ + m12 E 2 ~--- Ma - - mx2 + m~2

Ex = . 2M ' 2M (3)

In the configuration space, the c o r r e s p o n d i n g relativistic e x p r e s s i o n for the c e n t e r - o f - m a s s c o o r -

dinate has the f o r m [9]
E1 E~
X ~ ~ x, + -~ x~. (4)

Equation (1) has been written down in the c e n t e r - o f - m a s s s y s t e m (Pl = -P2 = p) of the interacting
p a r t i c l e s , but its generalization to the case of an a r b i t r a r y f r a m e of r e f e r e n c e p r e s e n t s no difficulties [3].

S c i e n t i f i c - R e s e a r c h Institute of Nuclear P h y s i c s at the Moscow State University. T r a n s l a t e d from

T e o r e t i e h e s k a y a i M a t e m a t i c h e s k a y a Fizika, Vol.64, No.2, pp.179-185, August, 1985. Original article sub-
mitted October 3, 1984.

0040-5779/85/6402-0765,r 9 1986 Plenum Publishing Corporation 765

 T h e s t u d i e s [10, 11] w e r e devoted to the c o n s t r u c t i o n of e x a c t solutions of Eq. (1) f o r s o m e m o d e l
q u a s i p o t e n t i a l s in the c a s e of p a r t i c l e s of equal m a s s e s ( m 1 = m 2 = m ) , In [4, 12], the i n t e r a c t i o n of two
p a r t i c l e s of unequal m a s s e s (m~ r m 2) w a s r e d u c e d to the d e s c r i p t i o n of the m o t i o n of an e f f e c t i v e r e l a t i v i -
stic p a r t i c l e with m a s s m ' = ~/mlm 2 in a q u a s i p o t e n t i a l field, but the r e s u l t i n g q u a s i p o t e n t i a l equation had
a rather complicated structure.
On the o t h e r hand, the i n t e r a c t i o n of p a r t i c l e s of unequal m a s s e s can be i n v e s t i g a t e d by m e a n s of
Eq. (1) by t r a n s f o r m i n g its l e f t - h a n d side to the local f o r m

4M ~ (b2 (M) - - p2) ~M (P) = ( M -[- e~ + e~)(M 2 - - (ez - - e~)2) f V (p, q, M) tFM (q) ( 2 ~ ) ~ , (5)

where el,2 ~ ] / ' ~ + rn~,2,

i
b~ (M) = ~ [(M - - rnl ~ - - rn~) ~ - - 4mz2rn~2] = ~ [M 2 --- (rnz Jr m~)~] [M s - - (rnz - - m2)'z]. (6)

Equation (5) w a s o b t a i n e d by m u l t i p l y i n g both s i d e s of (1) by (M+e,+e~)(M L ( e i - e ~ ) 2 ) . A similar

m e t h o d of " r a t i o n a l i z i n g " t w o - p a r t i c l e e q u a t i o n s w a s used in [13, 14].
With a view to m a k i n g f u r t h e r s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s , we go o v e r in the f a c t o r that m u l t i p l i e s the i n t e g r a l
on the r i g h t - h a n d side of Eq. (5) to the m a s s shell:
s~=E~, e2=E~, M=e~+e2, pZ=bZ(M). (7)
We then obtain a q u a s i p o t e n t i a l equation of S c h r i i d i n g e r f o r m ,

(b'(M) 2~-R )tFM ( p ) = S V (p, q, M ) ~ F M ( q ) ~ , (8)

2Fn
w h e r e we have i n t r o d u c e d the r e l a t i v i s t i c r e d u c e d m a s s
EzE2 E,E~ M 4 - - (mx 2 - - m~2) z
}xa = " - M - - - = E1 + E----------~
= 4MS (9)

T h e definition (9) is c o n s i s t e n t with the r e l a t i v i s t i c e x p r e s s i o n f o r the c e n t e r - o f - m a s s c o o r d i n a t e (4)

of the s y s t e m and in the n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c l i m i t E,.z--)-mt,z Ixn g o e s o v e r into the o r d i n a r y n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c r e d u c e d
m a s s r,=m,mJ (m,+m=).
Q u a s i p o t e n t i a l equations a n a l o g o u s to (8) w e r e c o n s i d e r e d in [1, 5, 13-15]. In the c a s e of a local
q u a s i p o t e n t i a l V(p, q ) = V ( p - q ) Eq.: (8) is equivalent to a local S c h r i i d i n g e r equation and c a n be solved
e x a c t l y f o r the C o u l o m b i n t e r a c t i o n .
Using the definition (9), we r e w r i t e the e x a c t equation (5) in the f o r m
( b 2 (M) p2
2~tR) VM (P)=I (M' p) I V (p'q'M) ~FM (q) j~q~)a '
w h e r e the f a c t o r m u l t i p l y i n g the i n t e g r a l is g i v e n by

I (M, p) = (M + el Jr e=) (M ~ - - (ez - - e~)2) (10)

8E1E=M

3. Energy Spectrum of Quasipotential

Equation with Coulomb Interaction
As f i r s t e x a m p l e of the a p p l i c a t i o n of (8), we c o n s i d e r a bound s t a t e of two s c a l a r p a r t i c l e s m 1 and
m z in the c e n t e r - o f - m a s s s y s t e m , the binding r e s u l t i n g f r o m the e x c h a n g e of a s c a l a r photon:

I
i k=p-~
I
Ez_pT_P I Ez-r

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 To c o n s t r u c t the quasipotential, we use one of the methods p r o p o s e d in [3, 8], in which the o p e r a t o r
of the quasipotential V(p, q, M) is d e t e r m i n e d by the s c a t t e r i n g amplitude T ( p , q, M) at z e r o r e l a t i v e e n e r g y
of the p a r t i c l e s :
0 E~ 0 Ei
p -~---~'-Pi - - - ~ - - P z ~ q~
E2 0 Ei 0 -
~l--~q.,.-~-O.

In the lowest o r d e r of p e r t u r b a t i o n theory, we have the r e l a t i o n

V(2)= [ T(2)]~ r(z) [po:r
which leads to the local quasipotential

gigs (ii)
V (p, q) = 4ExE~ (p - - q)~ "

The coupling constants gl and g2 have the dimensions of m a s s , and we t h e r e f o r e set gig 2 = 16vm~
m2X, w h e r e h is a d i m e n s i o n l e s s constant.
The b o u n d - s t a t e s p e c t r u m of Eq. (8) with the quasipotential (11) can be obtained m o s t readily if,
following Foek, we r e g a r d the m o m e n t u m s p a c e as the s t e r e o g r a p h i c projection of a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l h y p e r -
s p h e r e [6, 7]. The quantization of the e n e r g y l e v e l s is d e t e r m i n e d by the relation [7]

glg~ -]-I 4n~ (12)

8bM(2n)sJ -= n "
w h e r e n = 1, 2 . . . . is the principal quantum n u m b e r .
Using the e x p r e s s i o n (6) in the condition (12), we obtain B a I m e r ' s well-known r e l a t i v i s t i c f o r m u l a
[5, 15-17]:

M ~ = mfl + m~~ + 2m,rn~ (1--.--~V) 9 (13)

Expanding the right-hand side of (13) with r e s p e c t to ) 2 we can take into account the r e l a t i v i s t i c
c o r r e c t i o n s of o r d e r Xa in the binding e n e r g y B, which we d e t e r m i n e by
M=m~+mz§ (14)

2 n~ 8 n4 l@ , a~- mlm2 (15)

rnl -~ m 2 ~

C o r r e c t allowance for the higher o r d e r s of the expansion in the binding e n e r g y B m u s t include the
exchange of two and m o r e quanta in the quasipotential. We note that the e x p r e s s i o n (15) cannot be obtained
f r o m the l a d d e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n in the B e t h e - S a l p e t e r equation, which gives in the binding e n e r g y i n c o r r e c t
c o r r e c t i o n s of the type ~3 In h [8, 18, 19].
We now c o n s i d e r the e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c i n t e r a c t i o n of two c h a r g e d p a r t i c l e s of a r b i t r a r y spin. We take
the photon p r o p a g a t o r in the F e y n m a n gauge (g00~i, g ~ = - i , i = i , 2, 3) :

~,(k) =g,,l(k%iO).
The single-photon exchange quasipotential c o n s t r u c t e d by the method c o n s i d e r e d in Sec. 3 has the
f o r m [3]
. _ ~ j(1)
V(p,q)= (~,l ,, (O) l q) ( - - p l J~) (O) [ - - q) (16)
2 ] / e , (p) el (q) (p - - q)2 2 V ~ (p) e2 ( q ) "
If we ignore the m o m e n t u m t r a n s f e r and set p = q in the c u r r e n t m a t r i x element, the n o r m a l i z a t i o n
condition gives
(Pl -~T(1'2I)P) ~- ,,t,a~ (P I J(a1) (0) [ P) ( - - P [ J(~) (0)] - - p) = 4eie~ (pl. p~) ---~-- i6nZ(z (p!" p:),
where 0~=ez/4g iS the fine s t r u c t u r e constant; e t = - e , e~=Ze; p,=(e,, p), pz=(e2, - p ) a r e the 4 - m o m e n t a of the
p a r t i c l e s in the c e n t e r - o f - m a s s s y s t e m .
Going o v e r in (16) to m a s s shell (7), we obtain the local quasipotential in the f o r m
V (p, q) =--Ze2(b2+E,E~)/E,E2 (p-q)~.
The e n t i r e c o r r e c t i o n f o r the v e c t o r nature of the interaction is c o n c e n t r a t e d in the f a c t o r (b 2 +
E1E 2). The quantization of the e n e r g y l e v e l s of the c o m p o s i t e s y s t e m is given, like (12), by

767
 b2M 2 Z2a~
(b2 + E1E2) 2 n2 ,
(17)

b2+E~E2=I /2 (M2-m$--m22) = (P~'p2) . (is)

T a k i n g into a c c o u n t the r e l a t i o n (6), w e t r a n s f o r m the q u a n t i z a t i o n c o n d i t i o n (17) a s f o l l o w s :

M,~~ = ml s + m 22 +2rnlm2 ( I + Z20~2

n2 }~-% . tlg)

Therefore, e x c h a n g e of v e c t o r p h o t o n s l e a d s to a d i f f e r e n t v a r i a n t of B a l m e r ' s relativistic formula

[17]. In (19), w e e x p a n d the b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f the p a n i c l e s in p o w e r s o f o~2:
~ Z%zS Z4a~( ~2 )
B------- 2 nS + ~8 - n- 4 3 - - mlms . (20)

T h e f i r s t t e r m on the r i g h t - h a n d s i d e c o r r e s p o n d s to the n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c b i n d i n g e n e r g y , w h i l e t h e
s e c o n d g i v e s the c o m m o n s h i f t f o r alI l e v e l s w i t h t h e s a m e p r i n c i p a l q u a n t u m n u m b e r n. W e note t h a t t h i s
s h i f t c o n s i s t s of two p a r t s , and t h a t the s e c o n d p a r t s o f it in the e x p r e s s i o n s (15) and (20) a r e the s a m e and
a g r e e w i t h the c o r r e s p o n d i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s m a d e on t h e b a s i s of t h e B r e i t e q u a t i o n [20, 21]:

Z4r162
4 ~t 3

8n 4 rnirns

T h e r e l a t i v i s t i c B a l m e r e x p r e s s i o n s (13) and (19) i n c l u d e r e c o i l e f f e c t s but do not d e s c r i b e t h e fine

and h y p e r f i n e s t r u c t u r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the s p i n - o r b i t and s p i n - s p i n i n t e r a c t i o n .

4. Discussion of Results
T h e d e f i n i t i o n (9) o f the r e l a t i v i s t i c r e d u c e d m a s s u s e d a b o v e i s not the o n l y one p o s s i b l e . The
f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n f o r the r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y i s w e l l known [9]:
ml Smss [M s - - (mi + ms)a] [M s - - (ml - - ms) 2]
V~el= 1 (21)
(Pv ps) s ( M ~ - - m i ~ - - msZ)s

i _____ p i . p ~ ~_ M a - - m l ~-ms s
M (22)
1/t - V~l mims 2mims
We note t h a t by m e a n s o f (21) t h e s p e c t r a l f o r m u l a (19) c a n be r e w r i t t e n in the f o r m [17]
V~el"~---- - ZS~S/n ~.
T h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n Vre • and the r e l a t i v e m o m e n t u m p c a n t a k e d i f f e r e n t f o r m s . If w e g i v e
t h e r e l a t i v e m o t i o n a r e l a t i v i s t i c f o r m , i . e . , w e s e t p2 = P ar V r2e l / ( 1 - V 2r e l ) , then, t a k i n g into a c c o u n t
E q s . (2), (21), and (22), we o b t a i n T o d o r o v ' s d e f i n i t i o n f o r t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c r e d u c e d m a s s [5, 15] :

mim~ mlms (23)

F o r t h i s , t h e " e n e r g y " of the r e l a t i v e m o t i o n h a s the f o r m

M s _ m12 - - ms~
E~ ---- }fps + B~s ___~~t~'~ = 2M "

But if w e a s s u m e t h a t the r e l a t i v e m o t i o n i s a l m o s t n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c , p2 = ~R-2..2

Vrel' then we obtain
a d i f f e r e n t d e f i n i t i o n of t h e r e d u c e d m a s s :

Pl" ps MS - - rnl~ - - ms2 (24)

~tR"----~ ~ 2M '"

T h e " r a t i o n a l i z e d " e q u a t i o n (5) m a k e s it p o s s i b l e to i n t r o d u c e the r e l a t i v i s t i c r e d u c e d m a s s in one

f u r t h e r m a n n e r . W e r e w r i t e (6) in the f o r m
[M~-(m,+m~)2]/2M=2MbZ/[ M 2 - ( m t - m ~ ) ~]
and c a l l the l e f t - h a n d s i d e o f t h i s e q u a t i o n t h e b i n d i n g e n e r g y [14],
B ~ [M z - (m,+m~) 3]/2M,

and w e r e p r e s e n t the r i g h t - h a n d s i d e in the f o r m

768
 2Mb2/[ M ~ - (rag-m2) 2]_~ b 2(M) /2~R,

with reduced m a s s [14]

~R= [M 2 - (m~-m2) 2]/4M. (25)
In this c a s e , the r e l a t i o n s h i p between p2 and Vre
2 1 is d e t e r m i n e d by

pV2~R= (7--i) m~mJM.

Thus, in the quasipotential equation (5) it is p o s s i b l e to use different e x p r e s s i o n s f o r the r e l a t i v i s t i c
reduced m a s s (9), (23), (24), o r (25), but different f a c t o r s (10) in front of the integral will c o r r e s p o n d to
them.
Depending on the nature of the p r o b l e m , o t h e r f o r m s of functional connection between the r e l a t i v e
m o m e n t u m and the r e l a t i v e velocity a r e p o s s i b l e . If we specify the dependence between the "energy vTof the
r e l a t i v e motion and the r e l a t i v e velocity in the f o r m

k2 ~ ~ = ~ ( 7 _ _ t ) _ _ _ ~ M "2- - (ml + m2) 2 , ~i--- _mzm~

_ ,
2~t ]/" i - - V~e l 2mlm2 ml § m2

then the s q u a r e of the r e l a t i v e m o m e n t u m k 2 on the m a s s shell will be d e t e r m i n e d by analogy with n o u r e l a -

tivistie theory by [12]

k 2= (m2p'--mlP~) ~ = m'm2[M~--(m~g:-m~)2] (26)

ral + rn~ (ml ~- m2)~

E x p r e s s i n g the total e n e r g y M by m e a n s of Eq. (26), we obtain

M = ml + m, + ks = + + +

This l a s t r e l a t i o n then enables us to introduce [12] the concept of an effective p a r t i c l e with m a s s

? ~ I ~ ~ ~/..im. z .

The definition (9) of the r e l a t i v i s t i c reduced m a s s c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the e x p r e s s i o n (4) leads to the

SchrSdinger type equation (8), which has a u n i v e r s a l nature. It can be used to d e s c r i b e bound s t a t e s of
p a r t i c l e s with a r b i t r a r y spins and is valid f o r all types of interaction, leading in the c a s e of the Coulomb
quasipotential to the r e l a t i v i s t i c B a l m e r f o r m u l a s .
We should like to thank A c a d e m i c i a n s A. A. Logunov, A. N. Tavkhelidze, and I. T. Todorov and
P r o f e s s o r V. G. K a d y s h e v s k i i for d i s c u s s i n g the r e s u l t s and for valuable c o m m e n t s .

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STRUCTURAL-GLASS PHASE IN THE LATTICE q~4 M O D E L

V.L. Aksenov, M. Bobeth,

and J . S c h r e i b e r

A s t a t i s t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n of inhomogeneous s t a t e s in the c a s e of s t r u c t u r a l phase

t r a n s i t i o n s in uniaxial s y s t e m s is p r o p o s e d . In the f r a m e w o r k of this description,
n e c e s s a r y conditions a r e obtained f o r the e x i s t e n c e of a s t r u c t u r a l - g l a s s phase in
the model, and its p r o p e r t i e s a r e investigated.

1. Introduction
T h e r e has been much r e c e n t i n t e r e s t in investigating the state of a solid which a r i s e s in s y s t e m s
which undergo s t r u c t u r a l phase t r a n s i t i o n s and, by analogy with the s p i n - g l a s s state in magnetic s y s t e m s ,
is called s t r u c t u r a l g l a s s . The t e r m s t r u c t u r a l g l a s s a r o s e in the study of c r y s t a l s with defects and in the
study of solid solutions, in which t h e r e a r e competing i n t e r a c t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d with s t r u c t u r a l d i s o r d e r [1].
At the s a m e t i m e , a s t r u c t u r a l - g l a s s state can also a r i s e in the region of a p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n in ideal (defect-
free) c r y s t a l s as a r e s u l t of nonlinear effects and competing i n t e r a c t i o n s . In the f i r s t place, this applies to
t r a n s i t i o n s in s y s t e m s with i n c o m m e n s u r a t e s t r u c t u r e s , f o r which the p r e s e n c e of both these m e c h a n i s m s
is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c [2-4]. Investigations of low dimensional s y s t e m s [5] indicate that a s t r u c t u r a l - g l a s s state
m a y also e x i s t in the region of a phase t r a n s i t i o n in c o m m e n s u r a t e s t r u c t u r e s , nonlinearity being the origin
of it.
In this p a p e r , we c o n s i d e r the p o s s i b l e e x i s t e n c e of the s t r u c t u r a l - g l a s s phase in the s c a l a r lattice
r model in which the f o r c e constants of the coupling of the n e a r e s t and n e x t - n e a r e s t neighbors can have
opposite signs. Such a model is the s i m p l e s t model of a s t r u c t u r a l phase transition in not only c o m m e n s u r a t e
but also i n c o m m e n s u r a t e uniaxial s t r u c t u r e s . In S e c . 2 , we d e s c r i b e the model and obtain an a p p r o x i m a t i n g
Hamiltonian by m e a n s of Bogolyubov's v a r i a t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e . In See. 3, we p r o p o s e a s t a t i s t i c a l a p p r o a c h
for d e s c r i b i n g the t r a n s i t i o n to the s t r u c t u r a l - g l a s s p h a s e . This a p p r o a c h is in e s s e n c e analogous to P a r i s i ' s
[6] in s p i n - g l a s s t h e o r y . In S e c . 4 , the p r o p e r t i e s of the s t r u c t u r a l - - g l a s s phase a r e studied. By m e a n s of
model distribution functions, we obtain n e c e s s a r y conditions f o r o c c u r r e n c e of the g l a s s phase, find the
b e h a v i o r of the susceptibility, i n v e s t i g a t e the p h a s e d i a g r a m as r e p r e s e n t e d with r e s p e c t to the t e m p e r a t u r e
and the quanticity p a r a m e t e r of the model, and also study the b e h a v i o r of the model in the p r e s e n c e of an
e x t e r n a l field.

2. The Model
The lattice s c a l a r q~4 model is d e t e r m i n e d by the Hamiltonian

q~.~+ q~.' +
'
C.., (~.-r E
~- E . ~ . ,
n
(1)

w h e r e % and p. a r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , the d i s p l a c e m e n t and m o m e n t u m of p a r t i c l e n with m a s s m in the s i n g l e -

p a r t i c l e potential with b a r r i e r height V0 = A2/4B. The equilibrium positions of the p a r t i c l e s in the high-
t e m p e r a t u r e phase, with r e s p e c t to which the d i s p l a c e m e n t s a r e d e t e r m i n e d , f o r m a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l cubic
lattice containing N s i t e s . The coupling between the p a r t i c l e s is d e s c r i b e d by the f o r c e constants C..,. We
shall a s s u m e that f o r n e a r e s t and n e x t - n e a r e s t neighbors these constants can have opposite signs o r be

Joint Institute for N u c l e a r R e s e a r c h , Dubna. T r a n s l a t e d f r o m T e o r e t i c h e s k a y a i M a t e m a t i c h e s k a y a

~ i z i k a , Vol.64, No.2, pp.186-195, August, 1985. Original a r t i c l e submitted July 23, 1984.

770 0040-5779/85/6402-0770509.50 9 1986 Plenum Publishing C o r p o r a t i o n