Professional Documents
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Pavement Design
CEE 320
Steve Muench
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Outline
1. Pavement Purpose
2. Pavement Significance
3. Pavement Condition
4. Pavement Types
a. Flexible
b. Rigid
5. Pavement Design
6. Example
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Pavement Purpose
Load support
Smoothness
Drainage
DC to Richmond Road in 1919 from the Asphalt Institute
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Pavement Significance
Costs
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Pavement Condition
Subgrade
Loads
Environment
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Subgrade
Characterized by strength
and/or stiffness
Load characterization
Tire loads
Load repetition
Traffic distribution
Vehicle speed
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Load Quantification
Load Equivalency
.
|
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Typical LEFs
Notice that cars are insignificant and thus usually
ignored in pavement design.
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LEF Example
The standard axle weights for a standing-room-only loaded Metro
articulated bus (60 ft. Flyer) are:
Axle Empty Full
Steering 13,000 lb. 17,000 lb.
Middle 15,000 lb. 20,000 lb.
Rear 9,000 lb. 14,000 lb.
Using the 4
th
power approximation, determine the total equivalent
damage caused by this bus in terms of ESALs when it is empty. How
about when it is full?
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Environment
Temperature extremes
Frost action
Frost heave
Thaw weakening
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Pavement Types
Flexible Pavement
Hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements
Called "flexible" since the total pavement structure
bends (or flexes) to accommodate traffic loads
About 82.2% of paved U.S. roads use flexible pavement
Rigid Pavement
Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements
Structure
Surface course
Base course
Subbase course
Subgrade
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Types of Flexible Pavement
Dense-graded
Open-graded Gap-graded
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Flexible Pavement Construction
FYI NOT TESTABLE
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Rigid Pavement
Structure
Surface course
Base course
Subbase course
Subgrade
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Types of Rigid Pavement
Design catalog
Empirical
1993 AASHTO method
Mechanistic-empirical
New AASHTO method (as yet unreleased)
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Design Catalog
Example design catalog from the Washington Asphalt
Pavement Association (WAPA) for residential streets
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Empirical
,
`
.
|
+ + +
R o R
M
SN
PSI
SN S Z W
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
,
`
.
|
,
`
.
|
+
+
,
`
.
|
+ + +
25 . 0
75 . 0
75 . 0
10
46 . 8
7
10
10 18 10
42 . 18
63 . 215
132 . 1
log 32 . 0 22 . 4
1
10 624 . 1
1
5 . 1 5 . 4
log
06 . 0 1 log 35 . 7 log
k
E
D J
D C S
p
D
PSI
D S Z W
c
d c
t o R
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Terms Flexible
W
18
(loading)
Predicted number of ESALs over the pavements life.
SN (structural number)
Abstract number expressing structural strength
SN = a
1
D
1
+ a
2
D
2
m
2
+ a
3
D
3
m
3
+
PSI (change in present serviceability index)
Change in serviceability index over the useful pavement life
Typically from 1.5 to 3.0
M
R
(subgrade resilient modulus)
Typically from 3,000 to 30,000 psi (10,000 psi is pretty good)
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Terms Rigid
D (slab depth)
E
c
(PCC elastic modulus)
4,000,000 psi is a good estimate
k (modulus of subgrade reaction)
Estimates the support of the PCC slab by the underlying layers
Usually between 50 and 1000 psi/inch
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Reliability
X = Probability distribution of stress
(e.g., from loading, environment, etc.)
Y = Probability distribution of strength
(variations in construction, material, etc.)
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Stress/Strength
Reliability = P [Y > X] [ ] ( ) ( ) dx dy y f x f X Y P
x
y x ]
]
]
>
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WSDOT Flexible Table
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WSDOT Rigid Table
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Design Utilities
From the WSDOT Pavement Guide Interactive
http://guides.ce.washington.edu/uw/wsdot
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New AASHTO Method
Mechanistic-empirical
Computationally intensive
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Design Example Part 2
Design a flexible pavement for this number of ESALs using (1) the
WSDOT table, and (2) the design equation utility in the WSDOT
Pavement Guide Interactive. Assume the following:
Reliability = 95% (Z
R
= -1.645 , S
0
= 0.50)
PSI = 1.5 (p
0
= 4.5, p
t
= 3.0)
2 layers (HMA surface and crushed stone base)
HMA coefficient = 0.44, minimum depth = 4 inches
Base coefficient = 0.13, minimum depth = 6 inches
Base M
R
= 28,000 psi
Subgrade M
R
= 9,000 psi
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Design Example Part 3
Design a doweled JPCP rigid pavement for this number of ESALs
using (1) the WSDOT table, and (2) the design equation utility in the
WSDOT Pavement Guide Interactive. Assume the following:
Reliability = 95% (Z
R
= -1.645 , S
0
= 0.40)
PSI = 1.5 (p
0
= 4.5, p
t
= 3.0)
E
PCC
= 4,000,000 psi
S
C
= 700 psi
Drainage factor (C
d
) = 1.0
Load transfer coefficient (J) = 2.7
Modulus of subgrade reaction (k) = 400 psi/in
HMA base material
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Primary References
Mannering, F.L.; Kilareski, W.P. and Washburn, S.S. (2005).
Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, Third
Edition. Chapter 4
Muench, S.T.; Mahoney, J.P. and Pierce, L.M. (2003) The
WSDOT Pavement Guide Interactive. WSDOT, Olympia, WA.
http://guides.ce.washington.edu/uw/wsdot
Muench, S.T. (2002) WAPA Asphalt Pavement Guide. WAPA,
Seattle, WA. http://www.asphaltwa.com