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POWER SUPPLY DESIGN Requirements:- 12 VDC/9 VDC; 5 VDC; 3.3 VDC for max. current< 600 mA LM317 (Adjustable voltage regulator) Output voltage of LM317 set using variable resistor R9. Required output, Vout= 5V.
Choose, R9= 1K

R10 calculated as Vout= 1.25V(1+ R9/R10)+ Iadj*R2 R10= 1250/3.745= 333Ohm Available std. value for R10= 330Ohm L1117-3.3 (Low drop out fixed voltage regulator) Output voltage of L1117 is 3.3V for Xbee module Drop out voltage= 1.45V Hence from input 5V we can get Vout= 3.3V Maximum output current is 1A Min. transformer output and filter capacitor design Transformer 230V-50Hz (600 mA) For LM317, required Vin = Vout +5V= 10V Fix a value for filter capacitor C1 A load resistor for full load current, R= E/I
E- Required output (atleast 10V) and I- full load current.

R= 12/0.6= 20ohm C1= T/R; where T- charging time T= 20ms, a one cycle period to prevent increased regulator power dissipation.

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C1= 0.02/20=1000 F. Peak-peak ripple voltage Vpd= 1/2f(C1)= 1/2*50*1000= 1.11V Vpd/2= 0.66V (Considered to overcome ripple minima) Min. transformer output= Vin (E)+ rectifier diode drop+ [Vpd/2]= 12V Require transformer output= exact 12V (Min.)
Require filter capacitor voltage rating>1.4 Erms to avoid surge effects towards

peak

C1= 330 F, 25V C2= 1 F (optional), preferred by IC manufacturers to improve output impedance and rejection of transients Note the following:
In Circuit Diagram, J1 (Con3) is for centre tap transformer of full wave rectifier.

Keep in mind the voltage waveform at every point while studying this design.
A capacitor is preferred for output stability, a 10 F can be chosen.

A 0.1 F needed before C1 and C2 (if filter capacitors at more than 6 inch)

A 400 mAH- 9V rechargeable cell may be an alternative for transformer and rectifier. Note that this can provide continuous operation for only upto 10hours (for 40mAmps circuit) where a recharge much be made.

LED indicator current limiting resistor (R1), choose 470Ohm to keep current

within 10mA (safe current for ordinary LED at 3.3V). Use Ohms Law. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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