The Foreign Born Population in the Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Consolidated Statistical Area A Demographic, Geographic, and Socioeconomic Profile

June 29, 2011

Prepared by Mark J. Salling, Ph.D. Research Director and Williamson Family Fellow for Applied Research The Center for Community Solutions www.CommunitySolutions.com

The Foreign Born Population in the Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Consolidated Statistical Area: A Demographic, Geographic, and Socioeconomic Profile

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction....1 Foreign Born and Citizenship Status.....2 Year Entered United States.....4 Place of Birth.5 Characteristics of the Foreign Born...9 Age..9 Ability to Speak English9 Birth Rates...10 Educational Attainment..12 Income..13 Conclusion...14 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Continent of Birth of Foreign Born in CSA, 2007-2009 ACS..7 Table 2: Top 25 Countries Providing Foreign Born Population to CSA, 2007-2009 ACS.....8 Table 3: Estimated Foreign Born in Cleveland-Akron-Elyria CSA, per 100,000 Population in Place of Birth......A-1 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Percent Born Outside the United States, 2009 ACS..3 Figure 2: Citizenship Status, 2009 ACS4 Figure 3: Year Entered, 2009 ACS.5 Figure 4: Birth Continent, 2009 ACS.....7 Figure 5: Median Age, 2009 ACS...9 Figure 6: Ability to Speak English, 2009 ACS....10 Figure 7: Recent Birth Rates, 2009 ACS.11 Figure 8: Recent Birth Rate: Married Women, 2009 ACS....11 Figure 9: Bachelors Degree or Higher, 2009 ACS..13 Figure 10: Graduate or Professional Degree, 2009 ACS.13 Figure 11: Median Income of Persons Age 15 and Older, 2009 ACS....14 LIST OF MAPS Map 1: CSAs Number of Foreign Born Population.....A-5 Map 2: CSAs Number of Foreign Born Population per 1 Million Population in Country of Birth.....A-6 Map 3 Municipalities in Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Consolidated Statistical Area.........A-7 Map 4: Place of Birth, All Foreign Born.....A-8 Map 5: Place of Birth, Africa.......................................A-9 Map 6: Place of Birth, Asia.......A-10

Map 7: Place of Birth, China.....A-11 Map 8: Place of Birth, India......A-12 Map 9: Place of Birth, Europe......A-13 Map 10: Pace of Birth, Germany.....A-14 Map 11: Place of Birth, Italy......A-15 Map 12: Place of Birth, Russia.....A-16 Map 13: Place of Birth, Ukraine.......A-17 Map 14: Place of Birth, Mexico....A-18

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Introduction What do we know about the population that moved to Northeast Ohio from foreign lands? Over the past decade, a number of reports have provided glimpses of the foreign born population in the region. The Brookings Institute, in the most recent of such reports, noted that Cleveland, Akron, and other metropolitan areas in Ohio have attracted a greater percentage of immigrants with college degrees than the nation as a whole though the number of such migrants to Ohios metropolitan areas remains relatively low.1 The study is a comparative analysis of educational attainment of the immigrant population among metropolitan areas in the United States. Brookings research studies on immigration issues are comparative of U.S. metropolitan areas and thus include Northeast Ohio, but other studies specifically focus on immigrants to the Cleveland area. A study by Cheng and Rajaofer of Forest City Enterprises in 2006 promotes the idea that the city and region should take steps to encourage more immigration.2 Kaufman, Olson, and Kaufman have described the factors that lead to attracting such migration and the implications for urban development.3 Salling and Cyran provided a demographic profile of the metropolitan areas foreign migration between 1995 and 2000 using the 2000 Census.4 Though not a statistical analysis, a more recent report to the Jewish Community Federation of Cleveland in 2010 advocated for a number of initiatives to improve the flow of foreign immigrants to the Cleveland region.5 Only recently, the Cleveland Council on World Affairs, in collaboration with the City of Cleveland and other organizations, initiated a program titled Global Cleveland; and a kickoff event included a job fair and discussions by city and regional leaders on how to attract migrants.6
Hall, Matthew, Audrey Singer, Gordon F. De Jong, and Deborah Roempke Graefe, The Geography of Immigrant Skills: Educational Profiles of Metropolitan Areas, Brookings Institute, June 2011. [http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2011/06_immigrants_singer/06_immigrants_si nger.pdf] 2 Cheng, Amy and Joana Rajaofer, Immigrants: The Future of Cleveland, Forest City Enterprises, January 2006. [http://www.immigrantinc.com/Future_Cleveland.pdf] 3 Kaufman, Sanda, William Olson, and Miron Kaufman, Immigration and Urban Development: Implications for Greater Cleveland, Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University, March, 2003. 4 Salling, Mark and Ellen Cyran, Foreign Migration to the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain Metropolitan Area From 1995 to 2000, Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University, 2006. 5 Gaylord, Becky, Cleveland Needs Immigrants: Why and How to Welcome More Foreign Born Residents, Jewish Community Federation of Cleveland, April 2010. [http://www.jewishcleveland.org/local_includes/downloads/42033.pdf] 6 See Smith, Robert L., Global Cleveland Initiative kicks off effort to attract 100,000 new people to the region, [http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2011/05/global_cleveland_initiative_ki.html]
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Interest in increasing international migrants to the region is significant and growing. It is asserted here that with this increasing interest in the issue of attracting immigrants to the region, there is an increased and ongoing need to monitor and analyze the foreign born population in the region. In response to that need this report provides a description of the foreign born population in Northeast Ohio, with particular focus on Cuyahoga County and the Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Consolidated Statistical Area (CSA), which includes Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, and Summit counties. Data for two component metropolitan areas of the CSA, the Akron MA (Portage and Summit counties) and the Cleveland-Elyria MA (Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, and Medina), are also broken out. The CSA and the Akron and Cleveland-Elyria MAs are compared to the state and nation. Data from the Census Bureaus annual American Community Survey (ACS) provide an opportunity to describe the foreign born population today (with the most recent data available from the ACS) and to continue to monitor changes over time. As the city and region attempt to increase immigration it is appropriate now to use these data to describe the regions foreign born population and then update the analysis periodically with the ACS in the future. We primarily use data from the 2009 ACS for describing the number and characteristics of the population. However, for the detailed place of birth tables we use the three-year 2007-2009 ACS, and for mapping the foreign born population in the region by place of birth we use the five-year 2005-2009 ACS. The three-year estimates are more reliable than the one-year estimates, especially when there are relatively few in number and for which, therefore, the sample size is small. Since we also want to show the geographic distribution of the foreign born population within the region (so that communities of concentration are apparent), we map them using the five-year ACS. The five-year, 2005-2009 ACS data are provided by census tract. Though estimated data for tracts are subject to large sampling error and should not be used individually, mapping the data for census tracts across the region can reveal geographic patterns within the region. Foreign Born and Citizenship Status Not all persons born outside the United States are considered foreign born. Those persons born in Puerto Rico or U.S. Island areas and those born to American parents, even when abroad, are (native) citizens and not included in counts of the foreign born population. Nationally, in the 2007-2009 period, about one-in-10 (9.7 percent) of persons born outside the U.S. were native citizens; in the CSA twice that many (19.3 percent) were native citizens, largely because of the relatively high proportion

that were born in Puerto Rico 11.3 percent in the CSA, versus 3.5 percent nationally (see Figure 2). Approximately half (49.1 percent) of persons in the CSA who were born outside the U.S. were naturalized citizens, compared to an estimated 39.5 percent nationally. At the national scale, a significantly greater proportion of persons born outside the U.S. were not citizens compared to Ohio and the metropolitan areas surroundings Cleveland. An estimated 5 percent (143,329) of the 2,891,988 persons in the CSA were foreign born. The Akron MA had an estimated 25,167 foreign born persons (3.6 percent), while the Cleveland-Elyria MA had 116,192 foreign born (5.6 percent). Cuyahoga County, with 86,364 born outside the United States, had the highest percentage of foreign born (6.8 percent). Ohio had a much smaller percentage (3.8 percent) than the region, but due particularly to the Hispanic and Latino migration to Southwestern and Southern states, the national percentage (12.5 percent) was much higher than the regions.7 Figure 1: Percent Born Outside the United States, 2009 ACS
Percent of Population Born Outside of United States
16%
13.9%

14% 12% 10%

8.3%

8% 6%
4.4% 3.9%

6.9% 6.1%

4% 2% 0% United States Ohio Cuyahoga County Akron MA ClevelandClevelandElyria-Mentor Akron-Elyria MA CSA

National estimates, especially, are likely to be low. Some illegal immigrants are likely to avoid being included in the survey and are thus underrepresented in these estimates.

Figure 2: Citizenship Status, 2009 ACS

Percent Persons Born Outside of United States By Citizenship Status
50.8% 52.0% 48.8% 42.5% 42.0% 49.1% 48.7%

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

39.5% 32.7%

39.1% 31.7% 33.1%

Born in Puerto Rico Born in U.S. Island Areas Born abroad of American parent(s) Foreign born, naturalized U.S. citizen Foreign born, not a U.S. citizen 13.3% 9.3% 5.7% 3.5% 0.5% 5.7% 0.5%

13.2% 8.4% 4.8% 5.6% 0.5% 0.0% 0.5%

11.3% 6.4% 0.4%

0.5%

United States

Ohio

Cuyahoga County

Akron MA

ClevelandClevelandElyria-Mentor Akron-Elyria CSA MA

Year Entered United States In recent decades, Ohio and Northeast Ohio have not received the number of foreign born persons that other parts of the country have, and therefore the demographic profile for the region is significantly different than that of the nations foreign born population. An estimated third (33.5 percent) of the CSAs foreign born were in the country before 1980, compared to only a fifth (20.9 percent) nationally. In Figure 3, each decade since 1980 shows a larger percentage of the foreign born entering than the one before in the United States even the incomplete one of the 2000s as measured by the average of the 2007 to 2009 period in the ACS data. The CSA had a comparable percentage in the 1990s, but trailed the U.S afterward (26.3 percent vs. 31.6 percent, respectively).

Figure 3: Year Entered, 2009 ACS

Year Entered of Foreign Born Persons
100%

31.6% 80%

26.3% 37.4%

24.3%

26.3%

2000 or later

60% 27.9% 25.5% 40% 19.7% 20% 12.6%

25.9%

27.9%

27.7%

1990 to 1999

15.4%

12.7%

12.5%

1980 to 1989

32.3% 20.9% 0% 24.5%

35.1%

33.5%

NA
0

before 1980

United States

Ohio

Cuyahoga Akron MA Cleveland- ClevelandCounty ElyriaAkronMentor MA Elyria CSA

Place of Birth Nationally, more than half (53.1 percent) of the foreign born population was from Latin America in the 2007-2009 period, compared to only 13.9 percent in the CSA. More than forty percent (42.6 percent in the 2009 ACS estimate and 45.3% in the 2007-2009 ACS estimate) of the CSAs foreign born were from Europe. Map 1 illustrates the nations of the world from which the regions foreign born came. Map 2 shows the number per million persons in the country of origin. India (7.7 percent), China (5.4 percent), Mexico (5.2 percent), Ukraine (5.0 percent), and Germany (4.7 percent) contributed the greatest number of foreign born persons to the CSA (see Table 2). On a per capita basis, smaller nations in the Caribbean (e.g., Dominica, Jamaica, Barbados, and Haiti) and the Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Yugoslavia/Serbia, Albania, Hungary, and Romania) contribute greater shares (see Table 3 in Appendix). Map 4 shows the geographic distribution of all foreign born within the region and roughly reflects the general population distribution in the region, except that the heavily African American population on Clevelands east side shows few foreign born persons. Neighborhoods in the City of Cleveland with concentrations include the near west and south sides, downtown and Asia Town on the near east side, and around University Circle, which attracts a large student and medical population. Inner ring suburbs of Cleveland, such as Parma, Cleveland Heights, and Lakewood, also show significant concentrations of foreign born

population. Mayfield Heights in Cuyahoga County and Painesville in Lake County also show major concentrations. The distribution of selected foreign born population by place of birth within the CSA is shown in Maps 5 through 14. African born migrants (Map 5) are largely split between Sub-Saharan Africans on the east side of Cleveland and North African populations on the west and south sides of the county. Akron also has significant numbers of African born population. Asian born population (Map 6), aside from those concentrated in the Asian neighborhood near downtown Cleveland, those around University Circle and John Carroll University in University Heights, and in mid-west neighborhoods of Cleveland, is widely dispersed in the suburban communities of the region. China born migrants (Map 7) are frequently concentrated near universities (e.g., Case Western Reserve University in University Circle, Cleveland State University in downtown Cleveland, Kent State University in Portage County, and the University of Akron in Summit County). The Indian Asian foreign born population (Map 8) is mostly found in several suburban areas of high concentration, including parts of Mentor in Lake County, Northern Summit County, and Fairview Park, Strongsville, Middleburg Heights, Parma, Solon, Mayfield Heights, Shaker Heights, and other communities in Cuyahoga County. The European foreign born population (Map 9) is also widely distributed, with a particularly high concentration in Parma and surrounding communities. Those born in Germany (Map 10) and Ukraine (Map 13) are the largest portions of the Europeans. Italians (Map 11) are concentrated in the several east side communities in Cuyahoga County, western communities in Lake County, a couple of neighborhoods on the west side of Cleveland, and, on the west side of Cuyahoga County in Seven Hills, Broadview Heights, and Garfield Heights. Recent Russian migrants (Map 12) are largely found in the heights communities in Cuyahoga County. The third largest foreign born population in the region, Mexican born persons, is highly concentrated in several neighborhoods within the region. Migrant farm worker populations are reflected in the concentrations of Mexican born persons in Willoughby, Painesville, and Madison in Lake County, Ashtabula and other scattered rural areas of Ashtabula County, and in North Ridgeville in Lorain County. Urban neighborhoods include those in Lorain, Akron, and the west side of Cleveland.

Table 1: Continent of Birth of Foreign Born in CSA, 2007-2009 ACS

Continent Europe Asia Americas Africa Oceania

Foreign Born 65,035 48,040 24,099 5,989 383

Percent of Foreign Born 45.3% 33.5% 16.8% 4.2% 0.3%

Figure 4: Birth Continent, 2009 ACS

Birth Continent of Foreign Born Persons
60%

53.1%
50%

Europe 43.5% Asia Latin America

45.6% 42.6%
35.0% 33.0%

40%

36.6%

35.6%

Other areas
30%
27.7%

27.7% 20.5%

20%

15.3% 12.7%
10%

6.5%

12.0% 8.9%
NA

13.2% 8.2%

13.9% 8.4%

0% United States Ohio Cuyahoga County Akron MA Cleveland-Elyria- Cleveland-AkronMentor MA Elyria CSA

Table 2: Top 25 Countries Providing Foreign Born Population to CSA, 2007-2009 ACS8

Foreign Place of Birth Born Total 143,546 11,123 India 7,762 China, excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan 7,410 Mexico 7,110 Ukraine 6,693 Germany 5,504 Canada 5,415 Yugoslavia/Serbia 5,121 Romania 4,998 Italy 4,815 Russia 4,412 Poland 4,362 Philippines 3,399 Vietnam 3,339 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,978 Croatia 2,957 Korea 2,612 Hungary 2,568 England 2,371 Lebanon 1,964 Jamaica 1,690 Greece 1,645 Japan 1,557 United Kingdom, excl. England & Scotland 1,547 Other Eastern Europe 1,497 Albania

Percent of Foreign Born 100% 7.7% 5.4% 5.2% 5.0% 4.7% 3.8% 3.8% 3.6% 3.5% 3.4% 3.1% 3.0% 2.4% 2.3% 2.1% 2.1% 1.8% 1.8% 1.7% 1.4% 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0%

Estimates are based on respondents answers to the ACS.

Characteristics of the Foreign Born Selected characteristics of the foreign born population for this report include age, ability to speak English, fertility, educational attainment, and income. The recent and ongoing migration of large numbers of immigrants from Latin America to the Southwest and South and the relatively smaller migration to Ohio and the region results in much of the difference in the demographic and socioeconomic profiles of the foreign born in the nation versus the state and region. Age With relatively fewer recent foreign migrants in the region, the regions foreign born population is older than the nations. The median age of the foreign born in Cuyahoga County was 48, while the national median age of the foreign born was 41 in the 2007 to 2009 period. Migrants are generally younger than non-migrants (see Figure 5), and foreign migrants are older than either migrants from other states or those who are native Americans born abroad. Persons born in the state of their residence show a young median age (29 nationally and 36 in the region) since they reflect a high proportion of young families with children. Figure 5: Median Age, 2009 ACS
Years 60
53.7 52.8 48.1 49.1 41.9 40.2 39.3 36.1 48.2 40.7 51.9 46.8 40.0 35.9 39.9

Median Age

50

48.2 45.4 41.1 38.9 36.8 29.3 38.5 35.0 40.7 39.0 39.7 34.6

40.5

40.2 35.7

40

30

20

All Persons Born in state of residence Born in other state of the United States

10

Native; born outside the United States Foreign born

0 United States Ohio Cuyahoga County Akron MA Cleveland-Elyria- Cleveland-AkronMentor MA Elyria CSA

Ability to Speak English Among the difficulties faced by most migrants is the inability to speak English. Spanish speakers, representing the largest recent immigrant group, had the largest percentages of foreign born persons who speak English less than very well - regardless of geographic area considered here. Percentages were lower in

the Northeast Ohio metropolitan areas and Cuyahoga County than the state or nation, however (see Figure 6). Northeast Ohios foreign born population is largely older, has been here longer, and is more European than those in other parts of the country. Thus, overall, those speaking languages other than Spanish fair better in their English speaking ability, nationally and within the region. Figure 6: Ability to Speak English, 2009 ACS
Percent of Foreign Born Persons 5 Years and Older Who Speak English Less than Very Well
72.1 % 67.1 % 61 .5% Speak Spanish Speak o ther languages Fo reign bo rn who speak ano ther language 59.0% 49.1 % 48.7% 43.7% 49.4% 49.4% 48.1 50.0% % 49.2% 48.0% 60.0% 49.2% 47.5%

80%

60%

47.2% 48.6%

40%

20%

0% United States Ohio Cuyahoga County Akron MA ClevelandClevelandElyria-Mentor Akron-Elyria MA CSA

Birth Rate Nationally higher birth rates for women of child-bearing age in recent years are largely explained by the age of the population (see Figure 7). The particularly high rate for the foreign born population nationally is also due to the higher percentage of recent Latin American migrants. Ohios high birth rate among the foreign born women is notable, but not readily explained. Married foreign born women (Figure 8) had significantly higher birth rates than the native married women nationally, in Ohio, and in the Akron MA. But in the other parts of the CSA, foreign born birth rates were similar to the rates for the native population.

10

Figure 7: Recent Birth Rates, 2009 ACS

Percent of Women* Age 15 to 50 who had a Birth in Last 12 Months, by Nativity
*including separated and spouse absent 5.8% 6.0% 5.1%

6%

All Native Foreign born

4%

3.8% 3.4%

3.9% 3.3% 3.2% 2.8% 2.4% 2.3% 2.7%

3.7% 2.7% 2.6%

3.9%

2.7% 2.6%

2%

0% United States Ohio Cuyahoga County Akron MA Cleveland-ElyriaMentor MA ClevelandAkron-Elyria CSA

Figure 8: Recent Birth Rate: Married Women, 2009 ACS

Percent of Married Women* Age 15 to 50 who had a Birth in Last 12 Months
8%
*never married, w idow ed and divorced

7.4%

7.3%

6%

5.7% 5.4%

All Native Foreign born

5.1% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7%

5.4% 5.3%

4.6% 4.6% 4.6% 4.6%4.6%4.6%

4%

2%

0%
United States Ohio Cuyahoga County Akron MA Cleveland-Elyria- Cleveland-AkronMentor MA Elyria CSA

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Educational Attainment Nationally, the foreign born population is slightly less educated than the native population; an estimated 26.8 percent versus 28.1 percent, respectively, had at least a Bachelors degree in 2007-2009. However, the foreign born population in the CSA is more educated than both the regions native population and the nations foreign born population. An estimated third (33.4 percent) of the CSAs foreign born had at least a bachelors degree in the 2007-2009 period, compared to a rate of 26.8 percent nationally. Ohio (38.6 percent) and Cuyahoga County (36.9 percent) had even higher estimated percentages of degreed foreign born persons. The state, region, and Cuyahoga County also fair well in regard to graduate and professional educational attainment. In the county, an estimated fifth (20.5 percent) of the foreign born population had an advanced degree -- roughly twice the percentage of the non-foreign born population (10.7 percent), and significantly higher than the percentages for the native or foreign born population nationally (12.2 percent and 11.0 percent, respectively). These higher educational attainments in the state and region reflect demand for a highly skilled workforce. The population born out-of-state also shows a high percentage of persons with an advanced degree, 14 percent nationally and 12.4 percent in the CSA. Thus, the educational attainment of the out-of-state and foreign born populations reflects the mobility of the better educated and the demand for that population within the state and region. Importantly too, it indicates that the state and region have wide advantages in attracting the more educated work force among the foreign born, a goal of Global Cleveland.

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Figure 9: Bachelors Degree or Higher, 2009 ACS

Percent of Persons 25 and Older with a Bachelor's Degree or Higher
50%

Native Foreign born

40% 38.6% 36.9% 34.3% 31.6% 30% 28.1% 26.8% 23.4% 20% 27.0% 27.2% 26.3% 26.0% 33.5%

10%

0% United States Ohio Cuyahoga County Akron MA ClevelandElyria-Mentor MA ClevelandAkron-Elyria CSA

Figure 10: Graduate or Professional Degree, 2009 ACS

Percent of Persons 25 and Older with a Graduate or Professional Degree
25%

Native
20.5% 20% 19.0% 16.9% 15% 11.0% 10.2% 10% 8.3%

Foreign born
18.4% 17.9%

10.7% 9.3% 9.7% 9.4%

5%

0%
United States Ohio Cuyahoga County Akron MA Cleveland-ElyriaMentor MA Cleveland-AkronElyria CSA

Income Estimated incomes of the foreign born, age 15 and older, in the CSA were somewhat lower than the population in that age as a whole in the 2007 to 2009

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period -- $23,284 versus $24,231, respectively. However, the margins of error (at the 90 percent confidence level) for these estimates (plus or minus $296 for the region as a whole and $1,099 for the foreign born of the CSA) are wide enough that the difference in estimated income may only be due to sampling error in the survey. Comparisons of the estimates for population groups in the Cleveland-Elyria and Akron metropolitan areas should also be used very cautiously since their margins of error also suggest that many apparent differences in income may be simply be due to sampling. Generally however, it is apparent that incomes of the foreign born are higher in the CSA than nationally - $23,284 for the CSA and $22,039 for the nation even after taking into account the margins of error for these two estimates $1,099 and $97, respectively. Figure 11: Median Income of Persons Age 15 and Older, 2009 ACS
Median Income of Persons Age 15 and Older
$30,000 $29,150 $29,301

I-bars show 90% margin of error.

$24,986 $25,000

$27,065 $24,689 $24,990 $24,425 $24,321 $24,029 $23,988 $23,284 $23,043

$24,817 $24,856 $24,810 $24,576 $23,816 $23,911 $23,908 $23,601 $23,822 $23,398 $23,302 $23,165 $22,039 $20,738 $22,057

$20,000

All Persons Age 15+ Born in state of residence

$15,000 $15,423 $14,647

Born in other state of the United States Nativeborn outside the United States Foreign born
$12,455

$10,000 United States Ohio Cuyahoga County Akron MA Cleveland-ElyriaMentor MA Cleveland-AkronElyria CSA

Conclusion The foreign born population in the northeast Ohio region is highly diverse. Though it is a smaller proportion of the total population than it is nationally, the foreign born population in the Cleveland-Akron-Elyria CSA is more likely to have lived in the U.S. longer, is older, had time to become citizens, speaks English better, has lower fertility rates, and is better educated. There is also a very diverse set of countries from which the regions foreign born population came. While many of the regions older foreign born arrived from

14

Europe, recently the region has attracted migrants from Balkan nations, India, China, Russia, Philippines, Vietnam, Korea, Lebanon, Jamaica, and other countries from around the world. The cultural variation among such groups is great. Given the characteristics of migrants already living in the region, efforts to attract more immigrants, especially those with more education and work skills, are likely to be successful. The degree of that success will largely depend on the regions economy to attract populations that are looking for good employment opportunities and a social and cultural climate that welcomes strangers and diversity.

15

Appendix

Table 3 and Maps 1-14

Table 3: Estimated Foreign Born in Cleveland-Akron-Elyria CSA, per 100,000 Population in Place of Birth

Foreign Place of Birth Born Total 143,546 65,035 Europe 6,079 Northern Europe 4,817 United Kingdom (inc. Crown Dependencies) 1,557 United Kingdom, excluding England and Scotland 2,568 England 692 Scotland 754 Ireland 170 Denmark 68 Norway 206 Sweden 64 Other Northern Europe 9,950 Western Europe 1,248 Austria 161 Belgium 1,196 France 6,693 Germany 424 Netherlands 83 Switzerland 145 Other Western Europe 7,066 Southern Europe 1,690 Greece 4,998 Italy 130 Portugal 248 Spain 0 Other Southern Europe 41,717 Eastern Europe 1,497 Albania 686 Belarus 587 Bulgaria 2,978 Croatia 1,273 Czechoslovakia (includes Czech Republic and Slovakia) 2,612 Hungary 338 Latvia 696 Lithuania 187 Macedonia 312 Moldova 4,412 Poland 5,121 Romania 4,815 Russia 7,110 Ukraine 3,339 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5,415 Yugoslavia/Serbia 1,547 Other Eastern Europe 223 Europe, n.e.c.

Foreign Born per 100,000 Population Population 6,572,035,321 2.2

60,776,238 4,735,300 51,106,200 5,144,200 4,109,086 5,468,120 4,627,926 9,031,088

7.9 32.9 5.0 13.5 18.3 3.1 1.5 2.3

8,199,783 10,392,226 61,083,916 82,400,996 16,570,613 7,554,661

15.2 1.5 2.0 8.1 2.6 1.1

10,706,290 58,147,733 10,642,836 40,448,191

15.8 8.6 1.2 0.6

3,600,523 9,724,723 7,322,858 4,493,312 15,676,246 9,956,108 2,259,810 3,575,439 2,055,915 4,320,490 38,518,241 22,276,056 141,377,752 46,299,862 4,552,198 10,150,265

41.6 7.1 8.0 66.3 8.1 26.2 15.0 19.5 9.1 7.2 11.5 23.0 3.4 15.4 73.3 53.3

A-1

Place of Birth Asia Eastern Asia China, including Hong Kong and Taiwan China, excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan Hong Kong Taiwan Japan Korea Other Eastern Asia South Central Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh India Iran Kazakhstan Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Uzbekistan Other South Central Asia South Eastern Asia Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Burma Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Other South Eastern Asia Western Asia Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Saudi Arabia Syria Yemen Turkey Armenia Other Western Asia Asia,n.e.c.

Foreign Born 48,040 14,051 9,449 7,762 570 1,117 1,645 2,957 0 13,845 28 319 11,123 636 132 184 620 158 455 190 11,567 525 376 791 247 698 4,362 30 1,139 3,399 0 7,322 452 944 830 416 2,371 177 704 208 624 218 378 1,255

Population

Foreign Born per 100,000 Population

1,321,851,888 6,963,100 22,858,872 127,467,972 49,044,790

0.7 8.2 4.9 1.3 6.0

31,889,923 150,448,339 1,129,866,154 65,397,521 15,284,929 28,901,790 169,270,617 20,926,315 27,780,059

0.1 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.6

14,131,858 234,693,997 6,521,998 24,821,286 47,373,958 91,077,287 4,553,009 65,068,149 85,262,356

3.7 0.2 12.1 1.0 1.5 4.8 0.7 1.8 4.0

27,499,638 6,426,679 6,053,193 2,505,559 3,921,278 27,601,038 19,314,747 22,211,743 71,158,647 2,971,650

1.6 14.7 13.7 16.6 60.5 0.6 3.6 0.9 0.9 7.3

A-2

Place of Birth Africa Eastern Africa Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Other Eastern Africa Middle Africa Cameroon Other Middle Africa Northern Africa Egypt Morocco Sudan Other Northern Africa Southern Africa South Africa Other Southern Africa Western Africa Cape Verde Ghana Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone Other Western Africa Africa, n.e.c. Oceania Australia and New Zealand Subregion Australia Other Australian and New Zealand Subregion Fiji Oceania, n.e.c.

Foreign Born 5,989 1,432 68 49 188 1,127 235 181 54 1,455 1,137 246 0 72 489 476 13 1,880 0 236 409 816 78 341 498 383 383 278 105 0 0

Population

Foreign Born per 100,000 Population

4,906,585 76,511,887 36,913,721

1.4 0.1 0.5

18,060,382

1.0

80,264,543 33,757,175 42,292,929

1.4 0.7 0.0

43,997,828

1.1

423,613 22,931,299 3,193,942 135,031,164 6,144,562

0.0 1.0 12.8 0.6 1.3

24,549,947 20,434,176 918,675

1.6 1.4 0.0

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Place of Birth Americas Latin America Caribbean Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago West Indies Other Caribbean Central America Mexico Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Other Central America South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Peru Uruguay Venezuela Other South America Northern America Canada Other Northern America

Foreign Born 24,099 18,517 4,084 69 153 481 172 797 43 66 1,964 39 170 70 60 10,002 7,410 40 130 737 1,038 427 140 80 0 4,431 604 8 326 258 742 603 663 571 39 582 35 5,582 5,504 78

Population

Foreign Born per 100,000 Population

305,655 280,946 11,416,987 68,925 9,365,818 89,971 8,706,497 2,780,132 1,056,608

22.6 54.5 4.2 249.5 8.5 47.8 0.8 70.6 16.1

108,700,891 294,385 4,133,884 6,939,688 12,728,111 7,483,763 5,675,356 3,242,173

6.8 13.6 3.1 10.6 8.2 5.7 2.5 2.5

40,301,927 9,119,152 190,010,647 16,284,741 44,227,550 13,755,680 769,095 28,674,757 3,447,496 26,084,662

1.5 0.1 0.2 1.6 1.7 4.4 86.2 2.0 1.1 2.2

33,390,141

16.5

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Map 1: CSAs Number of Foreign Born Population

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Map 2: CSAs Number of Foreign Born Population per 1 Million Population in Country of Birth

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Map 3 Municipalities in Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Consolidated Statistical Area

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Map 4: Place of Birth, All Foreign Born

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Map 5: Place of Birth, Africa

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Map 6: Place of Birth, Asia

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Map 7: Place of Birth, China

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Map 8: Place of Birth, India

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Map 9: Place of Birth, Europe

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Map 10: Place of Birth, Germany

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Map 11: Place of Birth, Italy

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Map 12: Place of Birth, Russia

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Map 13: Place of Birth, Ukraine

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Map 14: Place of Birth, Mexico

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