EFFECTS OF MARINE POLLUTION The Effects of marine pollution are very diverse.

This is because the forms of marine pollution are very diverse. Organic matter (organisms that were alive but are not anymore), when in the sea/ocean, causes a drop in dissolved oxygen this can lead to the death of marine animals. These algal blooms can also release toxins that can kill fish and poison people. Human waste from sewage works etcetera because of its fertilizing properties in plants can cause algal blooms. Not only do these blooms cause discoloration of water which looks horrible it also can clog fish gills, or even be toxic. The breakdown of the algae also causes the drop of oxygen talked about in the above paragraph. When human waste gets into water, for whatever reason, it can cause a higher concentration of Pathogenic microorganisms (germs) in that part of the sea. Filter feeding bicuspid marine animals like mussels, clams and oysters concentrate pathogens in their gut so eating these animals from polluted waters has a health risk. Oil causes lots of dammage to marine life. it gets into the water not only from spills but also through land based sources such as cars and industry. With low level contamination it can kill larvae and cause disease in marine life. Spills cause some of the most devastating effects out of all the types of marine pollution. Marine animals get suffocated by the thick oil and therefore die. Also sea birds wings get covered in it and because of this they cannot get food and therefore die. In seabirds and mammals it can cause a breakdown in their thermal insulation and they can die of hyperthermia because of it. The toxic chemicals in the oil can cause physiological damage which can include changes of behavior. It can also damage the reproductive systems which has an effect on the population of a species. It is also an eyesore and tar balls created on beaches and are very difficult to clean up. Sediments from mining, forestry and farming when in the can cause the water to become cloudy this can harm photosynthesis under water. It can also burry marine habitats which can kill fish and other marine species such as coral. Pesticides like DDT and other chemicals run into rivers and, through the food chain, build up in large quantities in marine mammals and birds and cause them to have reproductive failure which causes a decline in the number of these marine mammals and birds. Chemicals which are painted onto the side of boats, to prevent growth of marine organisms, often seep into the sea these pollutants can affect animal life especially in places of high traffic like harbors and marinas. Alien species (animals that are not native to the place they are in) compete with native species for food resources ect. can kill off native species and reduce biological diversity. To add to all this these species can intoduce new marine diseases One of the most dangerous pollutants to marine life is plastics. Items like plastic bottles and bags kill marine animals due to choking and suffocation as they eat them thinking that they are

food. Other animals are also killed by getting tangled in plastic items. Other items littered into the sea also can harm marine life. For instance discarded fishing nets continue to catch fish and so kill fish that are not even going to be consumed. The plastic debris on beaches can last up to 400 years. Radioactive substances also pollute underwater. these substances can enter food chain and cause disease in marine life. Another type of marine pollution is thermal pollution or the changeing of the temperature of seas or oceans this can be caused by cooling water from power plants and industrial sites this can kill temperature sensitive marine species such as coral it can also confuse and displace marine animals. An example from UK An incident of marine pollution in the UK recently happened at the firth of forth in Scotland. Equipment used for pumping sewage at the Seafield Wastewater Treatment Plant in Leith failed. this resulted in three days worth, or millions of litres, of partialy treated sewage pouring into the firth of forth. As of yet no major environmental effects have happened because of this although the water and beaches that are included in the firth of forth have been mildly contaminated as well as the marine life in the area, although it is not meant to have caused any long term damage. An example from Canada Recently, in Nova Scotia, Canada, the Rowan Gorilla VI, a USA-registered self-elevating drilling unit spilled between 5,000 and 6,000 litres of marine diesel fuel in Canadian ocean, which result in marine pollution. This was the violation of Canada Shipping Act this resulted A Nova Scotia provincial court judge to order the Rowan Gorilla VI to pay a $70,000 penalty. A fine of $70,000 would not be enough to bring the ocean into previous condition. The pollution of diesel fuel had resulted in devestation of marine habitats.

Causes of Marine Pollution Marine pollution Various human activities like oil exploration, sea transportation, wide spread waste disposal etc has resulted into pollution of large areas of Earths oceans. The pollution of water bodies adversely affects the marine life as well as human beings. The oil spills, garbage dumping, discharge of toxic materials and industrial wastes into the ocean by different sources and human activities affects the marine life quite seriously. Since oceans are the largest natural sources of water, and are widely responsible for balancing the ecological system on earth, it is very important that it should be preserved well without disturbing its biological stability and balance. It is the moral responsibility of every individual that the marine life thriving in the water bodies should remain intact and out of danger from the harmful effect of these pollutants.

Activities Causing Marine Pollution

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Discharge of crude oil; either accidental or deliberate into the ocean by cargo ships is one of the prime reasons of pollution of the water body now a days. Harmful industrial wastes dumped into ocean are another big reason for marine pollution. These industrial wastes often found to contain toxic materials such as mercury, arsenic, lead, dioxin, PCBs, PAHs and radioactive materials. These toxic materials contaminate the water of ocean. Several mining leads are responsible for deposition of large amount of sediments in the ocean bed which also leads to ocean pollution. After heavy rain or floods most of the trash is washed into the ocean which gives rise to marine debris and results into pollution of the water body. Discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage water and disposal of human wastes, plastic, domestic garbage into the ocean is called 'garbage dumping'. This is one of most serious causes of marine pollution world wide. Emission of large amount of Carbon dioxide

by automobiles, as a result of burning of fossil fuels, leads to air pollution. This polluted and contaminated air which contains excessive carbon dioxide reaches the ocean in the form of acid rain, and thereby causing ocean pollution. This is called Ocean acidification and results into decreasing the pH of the ocean water due to dissolved CO2. Effects of Marine Pollution
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Oil spilling is quite hazardous for the marine life. The life cycle of coral reefs thriving in the ocean is seriously affected by this. The oil spilled in the ocean can result into clogging of the gills of fishes and thereby preventing respiration. The thick film of oil on the water surface blocks the sunlight and thus affects the process of photosynthesis of marine plants quite adversely. Discharge of toxic wastes into sea has direct effect on marine life. These poisonous chemicals are consumed by fishes and in turn when these fishes are ate by human beings, it causes serious stomach disorders and food poisoning. The oxygen dissolved in water gets depleted due to dumping of garbage into ocean. This affects the health of marine life quite seriously. Many sea creatures like whales, seals, herrings, dolphins, penguins, sharks, fish etc. dies every year due to lack of oxygen Industrial effluents containing heavy metals (such as lead and mercury) are poisonous in nature. They tend to accumulate in the tissues of big sea animals like whales and sharks. The poisonous effect of these causes birth defects and damages nervous system of these creatures. Another toxic Dioxins generated from the bleaching process of pulp and paper can cause genetic chromosomal problems in marine animals and may even cause cancer in humans. Discharge of harmful chemical PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) typically cause reproduction problems in most marine organisms.

What is Thermal Pollution Waste Heat - A pollutant as dangerous to waters as more tangible of forms of waste Human activity can change normal temperature: By altering environment of watercourse: Road building , logging, poundments, diverting flows for irrigation Adding or removing heat. On national scale, industrial cooling waters is a first-order source of heat. Electro power generation uses 80% of cooling waters. Best single index of thermal pollution lies in projecting future electric power generation. Past experience has indicated that thermal pollution has not multiplied as fast as power generation because of improvements in thermal plant efficiency and developement of hydropower. Nulear plants - waste even higher proportion of heat than fossil-fuel plants. Heat rejection is expected to increase nine fold by the year 2000. Problem is one of managing tremendous amounts of waste heat in a manner that will maintain or enhance, physical, chemical and biological nature of our water resources.

Effect of Thermal Pollution:

Warm water typically decreases the level of dissolved oxygen in the water. The decrease in levels of dissolved oxygen can harm aquatic animals such as fish, amphibians and copepods. Thermal pollution may also increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals, as enzyme activity, resulting in these organisms consuming more food in a shorter time than if their environment were not changed. An increased metabolic rate may result in food source shortages, causing a sharp decrease in a population. Changes in the environment may also result in a migration of organisms to another, more suitable environment and to in-migration of organisms that normally only live in warmer waters elsewhere. This leads to competition for fewer resources; the more adapted organisms moving in may have an advantage over organisms that are not used to the warmer temperature. As a result one has the problem of compromising food chains of the old and new environments. Biodiversity can be decreased as a result. In the 1970s there was considerable activity from scientists in quantifying effects of thermal pollution. Hydrologists, physicists, meteorologists, and computer scientists combined their skills in one of the first interdisciplinary pursuits of the modern environmental science era. First came the application of gaussian function dispersal modeling that forecasts how a thermal plume is formed from a thermal point source and predicts the distribution of aquatic temperatures. The ultimate model was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency introducing the statistical variations in meteorology to predict the resulting plume from a thermal outfall. Coal-burning power plants are known producers of thermal pollution in nearby bodies of water that they use as cooling ponds. This research focused on the effects that thermal pollution caused by the Marshall Steam Station had on Lake Norman, North Carolina. It was found that dissolved oxygen in the steam station's discharge cove was decreased by approximately four mg/L as compared to a site ten miles upstream, and was decreased by about three mg/L as compared to a cove several hundred yards downstream. Temperatures of the surface water in the discharge

How to control Thermal Pollution

Following are the means to reduce thermal pollution: 1. Theoretically, when efficiency of any heat engine is equal to 1.0 then it will convert 100% of heat energy to mechanical energy. So there will be no loss of heat to the environment. This is practically impossible. Rather, we should aim at maximizing the efficiency of heat engines (steam, IC, nuclear etc) so that heat loss is minimum. 2. Reduce mechanical friction in any rotating parts. 3. Avoid consuming energy more than necessity. Burn less coal, oil or gas. 4. Temperature signal conditioners accept outputs from temperature measurement devices such as resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, and thermistors. They then filter, amplify, and/or convert these outputs to digital signals, or to levels suitable for digitization 5. Industrial fans and industrial blowers and commercial fans and blowers are designed to move air and/or powders in industrial and commercial settings. Typical applications include air circulation for personnel, exhaust or material handling.

Thermal Pollution I INTRODUCTION

Thermal Pollution, harmful increase in water temperature in streams, rivers, lakes, or occasionally, coastal ocean waters. Thermal pollution is caused by either dumping hot water from factories and power plants or removing trees and vegetation that shade streams, permitting sunlight to raise the temperature of these waters. Like other forms of water pollution, thermal pollution is widespread, affecting many lakes and vast numbers of streams and rivers in the United States and other parts of the world. A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 Celsius degrees (about 2 to 4 Fahrenheit degrees) can kill native fish, shellfish, and plants, or drive them out in favor of other species, often with undesirable effects. II MAJOR SOURCES

The major sources of thermal pollution are electric power plants and industrial factories. In most electric power plants, heat is produced when coal, oil, or natural gas is burned or nuclear fuels undergo fission to release huge amounts of energy. This heat turns water to steam, which in turn spins turbines to produce electricity. After doing its work, the spent steam must be cooled and condensed back into water. To condense the steam, cool water is brought into the plant and circulated next to the hot steam. In this process, the water used for cooling warms 5 to 10 Celsius degrees (9 to 18 Fahrenheit degrees), after which it may be dumped back into the lake, river, or ocean from which it came. Similarly, factories contribute to thermal pollution when they dump water used to cool their machinery.

The second type of thermal pollution is much more widespread. Streams and small lakes are naturally kept cool by trees and other tall plants that block sunlight. People often remove this shading vegetation in order to harvest the wood in the trees, to make room for crops, or to construct buildings, roads, and other structures. Left unshaded, the water warms by as much as 10 Celsius degrees (18 Fahrenheit degrees). In a similar manner, grazing sheep and cattle can strip streamsides of low vegetation, including young trees. Even the removal of vegetation far away from a stream or lake can contribute to thermal pollution by speeding up the erosion of soil into the water, making it muddy. Muddy water absorbs more energy from the sun than clear water does, resulting in further heating. Finally, water running off of artificial surfaces, such as streets, parking lots, and roofs, is warmer than water running off vegetated land and, thus, contributes to thermal pollution. III IMPACTS

All plant and animal species that live in water are adapted to temperatures within a certain range. When water in an area warms more than they can tolerate, species that cannot move, such as rooted plants and shellfish, will die. Species that can move, such as fish, will leave the area in search of cooler conditions, and they will die if they can not find them. Typically, other species, often less desirable, will move into the area to fill the vacancy. In general, cold waters are better habitat for plants and animals than warm ones because cold waters contain more dissolved oxygen. Many freshwater fish species that are valued for sport and food, especially trout and salmon, do poorly in warm water. Some organisms do thrive in warm water, often with undesirable effects. Algae and other plants grow more rapidly in warm water than in cold, but they also die more rapidly; the bacteria that decompose their dead tissue use up oxygen, further reducing the amount available for animals. The dead and decaying algae make the water look, taste, and smell unpleasant (see Eutrophication). IV CONTROLS

Thermal pollution from power plants and factories is relatively easy to control. Instead of discharging heated water into lakes and streams, power plants and factories can pass the heated water through cooling towers or cooling ponds, where evaporation cools the water before it is discharged. Alternatively, power plants can be designed or refitted to be more efficient and to produce less waste heat in the first place. In a process called cogeneration, the excess heat energy from generating electricity can be used in another manufacturing process that needs such energy. Where homes or other buildings are located near industrial plants, waste hot water can be used for heatingan arrangement often found in Scandinavian towns and cities, and proposed for use in China. In the United States, the problem of industrial thermal pollution was first addressed in 1970, when Congress gave the Atomic Energy Commission authority to regulate thermal pollution from nuclear power plants. In 1972, the comprehensive Clean Water Act instructed the Environmental Protection Agency to issue regulations to clean up all hot water discharges from all power plants, nuclear or conventional. Since then, thermal pollution from power plants has not been a major issue in the United States. To prevent thermal pollution due to devegetation, the prescription is simple: do not devegetate. Landowners can leave strips of trees and vegetation along streams and shorelines. Grazing

livestock can be kept away from streamsides by fencing. All efforts to control erosion also have the effect of keeping water clearer and, thus, cooler. As a practical matter, however, thermal pollution from devegetation is quite hard to control because it is caused by the cumulative effect of many peoples actions, most of which are individually minor. Regulations focus on a few of the most important threats. Grazing management plans, for instance, are intended to counter thermal pollution and other problems on lands owned by the federal government. In the United States, regulations governing logging on both public and private lands supposedly protect streamsides, though enforcement is often lax. Elsewhere, streamside protection is largely up to private landowners, encouraged and aided by such advisory organizations as the federal Natural Resources Conservation Service and cooperative Resource Conservation Districts.

Noise Pollution When unwanted sound created by human beings hits our ears and disturbs the environment, noise pollution is created. Chiefly, noise pollution comes from barking dogs, loud music, vehicles, aircraft and rail transport, air-conditioners, factories, amplified music and construction work. Sources of noise: All transportation systems create noise pollution. With residences created adjacent to factories, they experience noise pollution and its adverse effects. Besides transportation noise, noise can come from factory appliances, power tools and audio entertainment systems. Measures of noise: Noise pollution is measured in decibels. When noise is at 45 decibels, no human being can sleep, and at 120 decibels the ear is in pain and hearing begins to be damaged at 85 decibels. Effects of noise pollution Human health: Noise pollution disturbs our health and behavior in a number of ways including deafness causing lack of sleep, irritability, indigestion, heartburn, high blood pressure, ulcers, and heart disease. Just one noise explosion from a passing truck drastically alters our endocrinal, neurological, and cardiovascular functions in many individuals. If this is prolonged or frequent, the physiological disturbances become chronic and contribute to mental illness. Annoyance: Sometimes, even low levels of noise are irritating and can be frustrating, and high volumes can be annoying. Natural sounds are less irritating than those we find uncontrollable but intermittent sounds such as a tap dripping water can be more irritating than the sound of falling rain. Speech interference: Noise more than 50dB can be very difficult to hear and interpret and cause problems such as partial deafness. Sleep interference: Very high levels of noise can wake people from their sleep with a jerk and keep them awake or disturb their sleep pattern. This could make them irritable and tired the next day.

Decreased work performance: Increased noise levels gives rise to a lack of concentration and accuracy at work, and reduce ones productivity and performance. Difficult tasks can be impaired, and instructions or warnings difficult to be heard and interpreted, causing accidents. How to avoid sources of noise pollution Traffic: Dont live or work near major intersections or roads, shopping centers and sporting facilities. Valleys and falls are noisier than flat roads. Barking dogs: As a dog owner, you should take care to see that your dog doesnt annoy the neighbors with its barking and yowling. Aircraft: Before buying a home, see how far it is from the local airport. Neighbors: Be a good neighbor by not annoying those who live next door with your music or lawn mowing. Solving noise problems: Many noise problems can be prevented by considering others and talking through problems. Be a good and concerned neighbor by discussing a common problem calmly and in a collaborative spirit to find a common solution. Noise ay not seem as harmful as the contamination of air or water, but it is a pollution problem that affects human health and can contribute to a general deterioration of environmental quality. Noise is undesirable and unwanted sound. Not all sound is noise. What may be considered as music to one person may be noise to another! It is not a substance that can accumulate in the environment like most other pollutants. Sound is measured in a unit called the 'decibel' (dB). There are several sources of noise pollution that contribute to both indoor and outdoor noise pollution. Noise emanating from factories, vehicles, and playing of loudspeakers during various festivals can contribute to outdoor noise pollution, while loudly played radio or music systems, and other electronic gadgets can contribute to indoor noise pollution. A study conducted by researchers from the New Delhi-based National Physical Laboratory show that noise generated by firecrackers (presently available in the market) is much higher than the prescribed levels. The permitted noise level is 125 decibels, as per the Environment (Protection) (second amendment) Rules, 1999. The differences between sound and noise is often subjective and a matter of personal opinion. There are, however, some very harmful effects caused by exposure to high sound levels. These effects can range in severity from being extremely annoying to being extremely painful and hazardous.

Decibel levels of common sounds dB 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 74 90 100 110 120 146 Environmental Condition Threshold of hearing Rustle of leaves Broadcasting studio Bedroom at night Library Quiet office Conversational speech (at 1m) Average radio Light traffic noise Subway train Symphony orchestra Rock band Aircraft takeoff Threshold of pain

Effects of noise pollution on physical health The most direct harmful effect of excessive noise is physical damage to the ear and the temporary or permanent hearing loss often called a 'temporary threshold shift' (TIS). People suffering from this condition are unable to detect weak sounds. However, hearing ability is usually recovered within a month of exposure. In Maharashtra, people living in close vicinity of Ganesh mandals that play blaring music for ten days of the Ganesh festival are usually known to suffer from this phenomenon. Permanent loss, usually called 'noise-induced permanent threshold shift' (NIPTS) represents a loss of hearing ability from which there is no recovery. Below a sound level of 80 dB hearing loss does not occur at all. However, temporary effects are noticed at sound levels between 80 and 130 dB. About 50% of the people exposed to 95 dB sound levels at work will develop NIPTS and most people exposed to more than 105 dB will experience permanent hearing loss to some degree. A sound level of 150 dB or more can physically rupture the human eardrum. The degree of hearing loss depends on the duration as well as the intensity of the noise. For example, 1 hour of exposure to a 100 dB sound level can produce a TIS that may last for about one day. However, in factories with noisy machinery, workers are subjected to high sound l~vels for several hpurs a day. Exposure to 95 dB for 8 hours everyday for over a period of 10 years may cause about 15 dB of NIPTS. In addition to hearing losses, excessive sound levels can cause harmful effects on the circulatory system by raising blood pressure and altering pulse rates. Effects of noise pollution on mental health: Noise can also cause emotional or psychological effects such as irritability, anxiety and stress. Lack of concentration and mental fatigue are significant health effects of noise. It has been observed that the performance of

school children is poor in comprehension tasks when schools are situated in busy areas of a city and suffer from noise pollution. As noise interferes with normal auditory communication, it may mask auditory warning signals and hence increases the rate of accidents especially in industries. It can also lead to lowered worker efficiency and productivity and higher accident rates on the job. Thus, noise is just more than a mere nuisance or annoyance. It definitely affects the quality of life. It is therefore important to ensure the mitigation or control of noise pollution. Permitted noise levels Ambient Noise Levels dB Zone Silent Zone Residential Zone Commercial Zone Industrial Zone Day-time 50 55 65 70 Night-time 40 45 55 70

A standard safe time limit has been set for exposure to various noise levels. Beyond this 'safe' time continuing exposure over a period of a year will lead to hearing loss. Duration 8 hours 4 hours 2 hours 1 hours 30 minutes 15 minutes 7 minutes 4 minutes 2 minutes 1 minutes 30 seconds Instantaneous rupture of membrane dB 90 93 96 99 102 105 108 111 114 117 120 150

Noise-control techniques There are four fundamental ways in which noise can be controlled: reduce noise at the source, block the path of noise, increase the path-length, and protect the recipient. In general, the best control method is to reduce noise levels at the source. There are four fundamental ways in which noise can be controlled: reduce noise at the source, block the path of noise, increase the path-length, and protect the recipient. In general, the best control method is to reduce noise levels at the source. However, one of the best methods of noise source reduction is the regular and thorough maintenance of operating machinery. Noise levels at construction sites can be controlled using proper construction planning and scheduling techniques. Locating noisy aircompressors and other equipment away from the site boundary, along with creating temporary barriers to physically block the noise,

can contribute to reducing noise pollution. Most of the vehicular noise comes from the movement of the vehicle tires on the pavement and wind resistance. However, poorly maintained vehicles can add to the noise levels. Traffic volume and speed also have significant effects on the overall sound. For example, doubling the speed increases

. Definition: The present generation and the coming generations have to solve three grave problems, namely, population poverty and pollution if they have to survive. Pollution being the most dangerous problem likes cancer in which death is sure but slow. Environment pollution is assuming dangerous proportions all through the globe and India is not free from this poisonous disease. This is the gift of modern living, industrialization and urbanization. Unless timely action is taken we have a forbid and bleak future for the world. The word noise is derived from the Latin term nausea. It has been defined as unwanted sound, a potential hazard to health and communication dumped into the environment with regard to the adverse effect it may have on unwilling ears.1 Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Sound, which pleases the listeners, is music and that which causes pain and annoyance is noise. At times, what is music for some can be noise for others2 Section 2 (a) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 includes noise in the definition of air pollutant. Section 2(a) air pollution means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance including noise present in the atmosphere such concentration as may be or tent to injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment. According to Encyclopedia Britannica: In acoustic noise is defined as any undesired sound.3 In chambers 21st Century Dictionary the definition of noise has undergone a change. Noise pollution stands carved out as phrase separately from noise. The two are defined as under: Noise- a sound; a harsh disagreeable sound, or such sound; a din. Pollution- an excessive or annoying degree of noise in a particular area, e.g. from traffic or aero plane engines. Pollution is a noise derived from the verb pollute. Section 2 (c ) of the Environment (Protection ) Act, 1986 defines environmental pollution to mean the presence in the environment of any environmental pollutant. Section 2 (b) of the said Act defines environmental pollutant to means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be ,or tends to be injurious to environment. Noise can be described as sound without agreeable musical quality or as an unwanted or undesired sound. Thus noise can be taken as a group of laud, non harmonious sounds or vibrations that are unpleasant and irritating to ear. 2 Measurement:A decibel is the standard for the measurement of noise. The zero on a decibel scale is at the threshold of hearing, the lowest sound pressure that can be heard, on the scale acc. To smith,

20 db is whisper, 40 db the noise in a quiet office . 60 db is normal conversation, 80 db is the level at which sound becomes physically painful. The Noise quantum of some of the cities in our country indicate their pitch in decibel in the nosiest areas of corresponding cities, e.g. Delhi- 80 db, Kolkata - 87,Bombay-85, Chennai-89 db etc. 3 Sources of Noise Pollution:- Noise pollution like other pollutants is also a by- product of industrialization, urbanizations and modern civilization. Broadly speaking , the noise pollution has two sources, i.e. industrial and non- industrial. The industrial source includes the noise from various industries and big machines working at a very high speed and high noise intensity. Non- industrial source of noise includes the noise created by transport/vehicular traffic and the neighborhood noise generated by various noise pollution can also be divided in the categories , namely, natural and manmade. Most leading noise sources will fall into the following categories: roads traffic, aircraft, railroads, construction, industry, noise in buildings, and consumer products 1. Road Traffic Noise:In the city, the main sources of traffic noise are the motors and exhaust system of autos , smaller trucks, buses, and motorcycles. This type of noise can be augmented by narrow streets and tall buildings, which produce a canyon in which traffic noise reverberates. 2. Air Craft Noise: Now-a-days , the problem of low flying military aircraft has added a new dimension to community annoyance, as the nation seeks to improve its nap-of the- earth aircraft operations over national parks, wilderness areas , and other areas previously unaffected by aircraft noise has claimed national attention over recent years. 3. Noise from railroads: The noise from locomotive engines, horns and whistles, and switching and shunting operation in rail yards can impact neighboring communities and railroad workers. For example, rail car retarders can produce a high frequency, high level screech that can reach peak levels of 120 dB at a distance of 100 feet, which translates to levels as high as 138, or 140 dB at the railroad workers ear. 4. Construction Noise:The noise from the construction of highways , city streets , and buildings is a major contributor to the urban scene . Construction noise sources include pneumatic hammers, air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks (and their back-up signals), and pavement breakers. 5. Noise in Industry: Although industrial noise is one of the less prevalent community noise problems, neighbors of noisy manufacturing plants can be disturbed by sources such as fans, motors, and compressors mounted on the outside of buildings Interior noise can also be transmitted to the community through open windows and doors, and even through building walls. These interior noise sources have significant impacts on industrial workers, among whom noise- induced hearing loss is unfortunately common.

6. Noise in building: Apartment dwellers are often annoyed by noise in their homes, especially when the building is not well designed and constructed. In this case, internal building noise from plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, and fans, can be audible and annoying. Improperly insulated walls and ceilings can reveal the soundof-amplified music, voices, footfalls and noisy activities from neighboring units. External noise from emergency vehicles, traffic, refuse collection, and other city noises can be a problem for urban residents, especially when windows are open or insufficiently glazed. 7. Noise from Consumer products:Certain household equipment, such as vacuum cleaners and some kitchen appliances have been and continue to be noisemakers, although their contribution to the daily noise dose is usually not very large. 4 Harmful Effects: On Human Being, Animal and Property: Noise has always been with the human civilization but it was never so obvious, so intense, so varied & so pervasive as it is seen in the last of this century. Noise pollution makes men more irritable. The effect of noise pollution is multifaceted & inter related. The effects of Noise Pollution on Human Being, Animal and property are as follows: I It decreases the efficiency of a man:- Regarding the impact of noise on human efficiency there are number of experiments which print out the fact that human efficiency increases with noise reduction. A study by Sinha & Sinha in India suggested that reducing industrial booths could improve the quality of their work. Thus human efficiency is related with noise. II Lack of concentration:- For better quality of work there should be concentration , Noise causes lack of concentration. In big cities , mostly all the offices are on main road. The noise of traffic or the loud speakers of different types of horns divert the attention of the people working in offices. III Fatigue:- Because of Noise Pollution, people cannot concentrate on their work. Thus they have to give their more time for completing the work and they feel tiring IV Abortion is caused: - There should be cool and calm atmosphere during the pregnancy. Unpleasant sounds make a lady of irriative nature. Sudden Noise causes abortion in females. V It causes Blood Pressure: - Noise Pollution causes certain diseases in human. It attacks on the persons peace of mind. The noises are recognized as major contributing factors in accelerating the already existing tensions of modern living. These tensions result in certain disease like blood pressure or mental illness etc. VI Temporary of permanent Deafness:- The effect of nose on audition is well recognized. Mechanics , locomotive drivers, telephone operators etc. All have their hearing . Impairment as a result of noise at the place of work. Physictist, physicians & psychologists are of the view that continued exposure to noise level above. 80 to 100 db is unsafe, Loud noise causes temporary or permanent deafness. VII EFFECT ON VEGETATION Poor quality of Crops:- Now is well known to all that plants are similar to human being. They are also as sensitive as man. There should be cool & peaceful

environment for their better growth. Noise pollution causes poor quality of crops in a pleasant atmosphere. VIII EFFECT ON ANIMAL:- Noise pollution damage the nervous system of animal. Animal looses the control of its mind. They become dangerous. IX EFFECT ON PROPERTY:- Loud noise is very dangerous to buildings, bridges and monuments. It creates waves which struck the walls and put the building in danger condition. It weakens the edifice of buildings. 5 Legal Control:(a) Constitution of India Right to Life:- Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees life and personal liberty to all persons. It is well settled by repeated pronouncements of the Supreme Court that right to life enshrined in Article 21 is not of mere survival or existence. It guarantees a right of persons to life with human dignity. Any one who wishes to live in peace, comfort and quiet within his house has a right to prevent the noise as pollutant reaching him. Right to Information:- Every one has the right to information know about the norms and conditions on which Govt. permit the industry which effect the environment. Right to Religion and Noise:- Right to religion does not include right to perform religious activities on loud speaker and electronic goods which produce high velocity of noise. Directive Principal of State Policy:- The state has the object to make the enviorment pollution free. Fundamental Duties:- every citizen of the country has the fundamental duty to clean the environment. (b) Cr.P.C. Section 133 Here Section 133 is of great importance. Under Crpc. Section 133 the magisterial court have been empowered to issue order to remove or abate nuisance caused by noise pollution Sec 133 empower an executive magistrate to interfere and remove a public nuisance in the first instance with a conditional order and then with a permanent one. The provision can be utilized in case of nuisance of environment nature. He can adopt immediate measure to prevent danger or injury of a serious land to the public. For prevention of danger to human life, health or safety the magistrate can direct a person to abstain from certain acts. (c) I.P.C. Public Nuisance 268-295 Chapter IV of Indian Penal code deals with offences relating to public health, safety, ....decency , morals under Sections 268, 269, 270, 279, 280, 287, 288, 290 291 294. Noise pollution can be penalized with the help of above section. Private remedies suits in the area may related to public nuisance under A299. This article punishment in case of Public nuisance law of torts covers. A person is guilty of public nuisance who does any act or is guilty of an illegal omission which causes any common injury, danger, or annoyance to the pubic or to the people in general who dwell or occupy property in the vicinity or which must necessarily cause injury, obstruction danger or annoyance to persons who may have occasion to use any public right. A common nuisance is not excused on the ground that it causes some convenience or advantage. Who

ever commits a public nuisance in any case not otherwise punishable by this code, shall be punished with fine, which may extend to Rs. 200. (d) Law of Torts Noise pollution is considered as civil wrong:Under law of torts , a civil suit can be filed claiming damages for the nuisance. For filing a suit under law of torts a plaintiff is required to comply with some of the requirement of tort of nuisance which are as follows:1. There should be reasonable interference. 2. Interference should be with the use & enjoyment of land. 3. In an action for nuisance actual damage is required to be proved. As a general rule either the presence or absence of malice does not matter. But in some cases deviation from the rule has been made. In Christe Vs Davey The extent of noise & the amount of disturbance caused there by was ignored & it was held that the noise which arose due to the practice of lawful profession, & without any malice, could not be considered to be actionable nuisance. In Hollywood Silver Fox Farm Ltd. Vs Emmett It was held that presence of malice was a factor in determining liability for noise amounting to nuisance. The court said that even on his won land was nuisance, & the defendant was liable in damages. (e) Factories Act Reduction of Noise and Oil of Machinery:- The Factories Act does not contain any specific provision for noise control. However, unde the Third Schedule Sections 89 and 90 of the Act, noise induced hearing loss, is mentioned as notifiable disease. Similarly, under the Modal Rules, limits for noise exposure for work zone area have been prescribed. (f) Motor Vehicle Act. Provision Relation to use of horn and change of Engine:- In Motor veichle Act rules regarding use horns and any modification in engine are made. (g) Noise Pollution Control Rule 2000 under Environment Protection Act 1996 :Further for better regulation for noise pollution There are The Noise Pollution ( Regulation and Control ) Rules, 2000 in order to curb the growing problem of noise pollution the government of India has enacted the noise pollution rules 2000 that includes the following main provisions:# The state government may categories the areas in the industrial or commercial or residential # The ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas have been specified. # State government shall take measure for abatement of noise including noise emanating from vehicular movement and ensure that the existing noise levels do not exceed the ambient air quality standards specified under these rules. # An area not less than 100 m around hospitals educations institutions and court may be declare as silence are for the purpose of these rules. # A loud speaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written permission from the authority and the same shall not be used at night. Between 10 pm to 6 am # A person found violating the provisions as to the maximum noise permissible in any particular area shall be liable to be punished for it as per the provision of these rules and any other law in force. Schedule (see rule 3(l) and 4(l) Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise Area Code Category of Area/Zone Limits in dB(A) Leq * Day Time NightTime

(A) Industrial area 75 70 (B) Commercial area 65 55 (C) Residential area 55 45 (D) Silence Zone 50 40 *dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. A "decibel" is a unit in which noise is measured. "A", in dB(A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear. Leq : It is an energy mean of the noise level, over a specified period. 6 Judiciary And Noise Pollution :In Raghunandan Prasad5 the engine of a factory was causing noise so as to be a serious nuisance to be the people living in the neighborhood the forbade the working of engine from 9 P.M. to 5 A.M. In Mauj Raghu6 A rice mill working at night during season will not disentitle the inhabitants of locality to relief under this section if it is established that such working is a nuisance. In Ram Avtar7 The appellant carried on a trade of auctioning vegetable in private house the noise caused by the auctioning caused discomfort to person living in society. An order was passed restraining auctioning g of vegetable in the their house. It was held by supreme court that the order was not justified merely because the applicant carried on auctioning gin connection with which the carts were brought they could not be taken as cause of problem Section 133 was held not intended to stoop such trades merely because of discomfort caused by the noise. In Himmat Singh8 Where there were fodder tals in a residential colony to which fodder was brought daily during nights by trucks which were unloaded in the morning and fodder was cut during the day by electric operated machines. It was held that the carrying on the trades causing intolerable noises emanating offensive smells and spreading dust containing articles of fodder cut was public nuisance as noise pollution. Some other important cases are also have great relevance in this regard: In Govind singh9 the court examined the emerging parameters of public nuisance. The supreme court on special leave to appeal noted that the evidence disclosed the emission of smoke injurious to health and physical comfort of people living or working in the proximity of appellant bakery and held this as a case of public nuisance. In Maulan Mufti Syed and Other10 V. State Of West Bengal AIR 1999 CAL 15 The court held imposition of restriction on the use of microphone and loud speakers by the state government between 9 pm to 7 am which inter alia include recitation of azan on microphone in early hours before 7 AM is not violative of Article 25 of constitution guaranteeing of freedom of religion. Latest authority of supreme court is a land mark judgment in the field of noise pollution. In Re: Noise Pollution11 Following important observations have been made by Supreme court regarding noise pollution which are discussed as follows:Facts of the case: Anil mittal an engineer filed this case . the immediate reason for this was that a 13 years old girl was a victim of rape he cries for held and went unheard due to blaring sound of loudspeakers noise music over loud speakers in the neighbor hood. the Petitioner complain of noise created by the use of loudspeakers being used in religious performances or singing bhajans and the like in busy commercial hi fi audio systems are used.

- There are rules framed by the government regarding noise pollution and known as Noise Pollution control and Regulation Rules, 1999. On 11-10-2002 govt brought in an amendment in the rules. The amendment empowered the state government to permit use of loudspeakers or public address system during night hours between 10 pm to 12 pm in the mid night on or during the cultural or religious occasions for a limited period not exceeding 15 days. - In this case supreme observed that Right to life enshrined in Article 21 is not of mere survival or existence. It guarantees a right of persons to life with human dignity. There in are included all the aspects of life which go to make a person life meaningful complete and worth living. Every body who wished to live in peace , comfort and quiet with in his house has a right to prevent the noise as pollutant reaching him. No one claim a right to noise to create noise even in his own premises which would travel beyond his precincts and cause nuisance to neighbors or others. 7 Conclusion:We have made the law relating to noise pollution but there is need to creating general awareness towards the hazardous effects of noise pollution. Particularly, in our country the people generally lack consciousness of the ill effects which noise pollution creates ad how the society including they themselves stand to beneficiary preventing generation and emission of noise pollution. The target area should be educational institutions and more particularly school. The young children of impressionable age should be motivated to desist from playing with firecrackers, use of high sound producing equipments and instruments on festivals, religious and social functions, family get-togethers and celebrations etc. which cause noise pollution. Suitable chapters can be added into textbooks, which teach civic sense to the children and teach them how to be good and responsible citizen which would include learning by heart of various fundamental duties and that would obliviously include learning not to create noise pollution and to prevent if generated by others. Holding of special talks and lectures can be organized in the schools to highlight the menance of noise pollution and the role of the children in preventing it . For these purpose the state must pay its role by the support and cooperation of non-government organizations (NGOs) can also be enlisted.

Effects that nuclear explosion has

1. Direct effect of a nuclear blast is damage to life and property. This explosion is most serious in places of higher altitude. The blast range increases with height gain. 2. The blast winds are much more powerful than a hurricane. So one can imagine the destruction that it can likely have. 3. A nuclear explosion releases large amounts of radioactive substance. This can cause damage to the eyes. The retina of the eye can either become blinded due to the intensity of the infra red rays or it can melt because of the high temperature release. 4. The tremendous heat output will result in burn injuries, both to the skin and to the skeletal system. 5. Gamma rays will cause metal wires to act as antennas and produce high voltage. This voltage will result in permanent damage of wires and electronic applications. 6. Earthquakes can occur as an aftermath to nuclear blasts. The pressure wave will travel from the underground to the area of explosion and cause a quake of great intensity. 7. It will result in the death of many living organisms. Those that survive will show symptoms of

radioactive poisoning. 8. In the survivors, gene mutation will occur as a result of the radiation. This mutation will bring serious health hazards for the future generations. 9. The explosion will have negative impact on the environment and the atmosphere. Anonymous

The radiation pollution causes are various human activities, that add to natural radiation background (radiation produced everywhere in the Universe in absence of human activities). Sources of Radiation Pollution The sources of radiation pollution involve any process that emanates radiation in the environment. While there are many causes of radiation pollution (including research and medical procedures and wastes, nuclear power plants, TVs, computers, radio waves, cellphones, etc.), the most common ones that can pose moderate to serious health risks include:
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Nuclear explosions and detonations of nuclear weapons probably the highest amounts of human-induced radiation pollution have been generated in the mid twenty century through various experimental or combat nuclear detonations (that ended the Second World War). Defense weapon production may also release radioactivity from the handled radioactive materials (usually of high health risks). However, unless accident occurs, the current standards will not allow the release of any significant amount of radiation. Nuclear waste handling and disposal may generate low to medium radiation over long period of times. The radioactivity may contaminate and propagate through air, water, and soil as well. Thus, their effects may not be easily distinguishable and are hard to predict. Additional, some nuclear waste location may not be identified. The main issue with the radiation waste is the fact that it cannot be degraded or treated chemically or biologically. Thus, the only options are to contain the waste by storing it in tightly closed containers shielded with radiation-protective materials (such as Pb) or, if containing is not possible, to dilute it. The waste may also be contained by storage in remote areas with little or no life (such as remote caves or abandoned salt mines). However, in time, the shields (natural or artificial) may be damaged. Additionally, the past waste disposal practices may not have used appropriate measures to isolate the radiation. Thus, such areas need to be carefully identified and access restrictions promptly imposed. Mining of radioactive ores (such as uranium ores) involve the crushing and processing of radioactive ores and generate radioactive by-products. Mining of other ores may also generate radioactive wastes (such as mining of phosphate ores). Nuclear accidents an already classic example of such accident is the nuclear explosion at a former Soviet nuclear power plant from Chernobyl that occurred in the mid 1986. Its effects are still seen today. Another example is the 1979 explosion at Three Mile Island nuclear-power generating plant near Harrisburg, PA. The general problems at nuclear weapons reactors are other examples of this type of sources of radiation pollution. Even accidents from handling medical nuclear materials/wastes could have radiation health effects on workers.