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f,da
foaY.=l wjYH;d
jdc ugka j.d lsu i|yd;a" wiajekafka
.=Kd;auh jelr.; yelsu ksid;a" j.d
lsu i|yd b;du iqiq jkafka wm rf
h<s l<dmhhs' kuq;a j.dj i|yd
c,imdok myiql ;su w;HdjYHh'
lmamdfjka miqj wju jYfhka udi ;=kl
muK h<s ld<.=l ;;ajhla mej;Suo
jeo.;ah' tksid j.dj i|yd jeo.;a
jkafka h m%foaYhlg ,efnk uq
jrIdm;kh fkdj" th jir mqrd flfia
jHdma; ;sfo hkakhs'
jdhqf.da,fha wdr;djh yd WIaK;ajh je
ld,j,os j.df m;%j,g ,Sr frda.
je,ug je yelshdjla ;sf' fuhg
wu;rj wdr;djh yd jrIdm;kh je jQ
g j.df u,a ye,su jef' tfukau f.
je ixLHdjla msmsug o bv we;'
j.dj iq<ska wdrCId lr .ekSu o
jeo.;ah' oreKq iq< ksid" mi h<S hdug
wu;rj j.df je,a iy f. j,go ydks
ish yelsh'
mi
ldk,a
iqiq m%fNAo
Y%S ,xldf kg jdc ugka j.d lrkq
,nk m%fNAo lsysmhls'
BY%dh,a
bKQ f. ;o o mdgg yqre ks,a meye;sh'
fmdl=re j, f. ;ka weys we;s w;r"
;rula rg tljr f. bu isfkdf' tfia
jqjo fmdl+fr ishu f. bKq miqj wiajkq
fk,d .; yel'
f. j, fmd;a; ldk,a m%fNAohg jvd
>Kluh' tfiau fuu m%fNAofha bKq f.
ldk,aj, ;r meri ke;' bKq f.j,
;rul lyg rihlao mj;S' fuu m%fNAofha
f. j, ldk,a m%fNAohg jvd je c
ixLHdjla olakg ,ef' w;a m<;=rla f,i
3
,ela uial
fif,daka
f;dika iS,ia
uial t'whs'
^uial yenr.a&
fm%aka t'whs'
^*afrka fldf,dnd&
me< ksIamdokh
c" noaO l%u" w;= neu yd o~qq len,s hk l%u
uska me< ksmojd .; yelsh' tfy;a
jdc j.djla i|yd wm rf jvd ir, yd
myiq l%uh jkafka o~q len,s uska me< ilia
lr .eksuhs'
f.dakshla
10
isgqf mr;rh
isgqu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= mr;rh
je,a mqyqKq lsug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk l%uh
wkqj fjkiaf'
mkao, l%uh
me< w;r gr 7'2 fma,s w;r gr 3'6
^w 24 w 12&
jeg l%uh
wm rf h<s l,dmfha mj;sk foaY.=l
;;aj wkQj me< isgqu i|yd jvd;a iqiq
jkafka idudkHfhka fmnrjd isg wf.daia;=
olajd ld,hkaysh' ;o jeis ld,hka yS me<
isgqu iqiq fkdf'
11
mre l%uh
me< w;r gr 1'8 fma<s w;r gr 1'8
^w 6 w 6&
gr 1
12
gr 1
me, isgqu
m<uqj" me, wvx.= nkaj, fmd,s;Skh
bj;a lrkak' bkamiq ilia lr.;a j, ueog
jk fia me,h m%fYfuka isgqjkak' me,h
isgqf nka udOHh is fkdhdug j.
n,d.kak'
udi 4 g jvd je ld,hla nfka ;snQ me,
isgqug fmr" nk m;=f,a .eg .eis we;s uq,a
;gqj lmd bj;a lrkak' fmd,s;skh bj;a
lrk wjia:df nk m;=f,a isg fika
grhla muK by<ska lmd fuka fuu uq,a
;gqj bj;a l< yelsh'
tfiau isgqjk wjia:dj jk g me,h nka
lr je ld,hla .; ;sf k" tys ls,a,
wkjYH m la ;sug bv ;sf' tg
me,fha frE Uqre meye;s .eg 2-3 muK
b;sjk fia" isgqug i;s 2 muK fmr
ls,af,a w. fl<jr lmd oud me< isgqjkak'
me,h isgqfuka miq wdOdrhla f,i fldagqjla
me,fhka fikagr 15la ^w,a 6& muK ka
isgqjd thg me,h nkak'
mkao, l%uh
f i|yd wdOdrl lKq jYfhka fldkal%S fyda
l,amj;sk ,S lKq ke;fyd;a .e,ajkhsia hlv
ng Nd;d l< yelsh' je,la jir 30
muK ld,hla wdr:slj mj;ajd.; yels ksid
thg i,k m mkao,u i|yd Nd;d lrk
jH f;dard .eksu jeo.;ah'
13
14
mkao,u blsu
m%d:l
YdLd
m%Odk l|
ksjerj l fhu
ckm%sh l%uhhs'
fydka /ln,d .;a g me,h isgqjd udi
2 1$2 - 3 muK .;jq g th mkao,u olajd
jrOkh f' me,h wi,ska isgjQ fldagqf
wdOdrfhka me,h mkao,u olajd jeug
i,iajkak'
mkao,f isg my<g fikagr 15 ^w,a 6&
muK ugula olajd jefvk f;la jef,ka
mdrYal w;= yg .ekSug bv fkdfokak'
mkao,u olajd jevqkq g tys lrh lmd
oa;Sh YdLd
15
w 6
16
jeg l%uh
iEu hdn| lKq folla w;ru me, tlla
msysgk fia tlsfklg gr 3'6l ^w 12& ka
fma,sh t,af,a lKq isgqjkak' isgqfuka miqj
fuu lKqjla fmd<j ugf isg gr 2la
muK Wiaj ;sh hq;=h' fuu wdOdrl lKq
tlsfkl inkaO jk fia fmd<j ugf isg
grhla by<ska iy wdOdrlh lKqf by<
fl<jr wdikakfhka yria l wkak'
mre l%uh
mre l%uhg
mqyqKq lsu
lmamd lsu
je,la lmamd lsf uQ,sl jYfhka
isjkafka ,m yd ;rula fre oXqq fldgia
yd m;% bj;a lsuhs' os je,la lmamd
lsfuka ,efnk jdis lsysmhls'
lmamd lsu ksid wvq Y%uhlska" frda. yd
m<sfndaO md,kh" wiajekak fk,Su yd fjk;a
jeo.;a j.d md,k lghq;= myiqjk wdldrhg
je, ilid .ekSug bv ,ef'
je, ys we;s m%foaY ;=, tAldldrj M,
yg.kakd wxl=r ksmojd .ekSug o" .=
ld,Skj je,lska ,nd .kakd wiajekak ie,lsh
hq;= ugulska wvq je fkd mj;ajd
.ekSugo" lmamdj uska yelshdj ,ef'
je,lska .=Kd;aufhka je wiajekakla
,nd .ekSugo idr:l lmamdjla ksid bv
ie,fia'
je,lska i;=gqhl wiajekakla ,nd .ekSu
i|yd th ksjer wkaoug lmamd l< hq;=hs'
fndfyda j.djkaf.ka i;=gqhl
wiajekakla ,nd.; fkdyels we;af;a l%uj;a
wkaoug lmamd lsu isfkdlrk ksidh'
je,l u,a yg.kafka fuu lkakfha
yg.;a w;a ls,s j,h' fujeks w;a ls,s
je ixLHdjla yg.kajd .ekSu i|yd lmamd
lsu w;sYhska jeo.;a j.d md,k lghq;a;la
f,i i,lkq ,ef'
jef,ys oa;shsl YdLdjkays ;o Uqre
meye we;s m%foaYfha fydka jevqkq wxl=r
lSmhla b;s lr fiiq fldgia lmd bj;a
lrkak' f wkaoug oXq lene,a,l b;s lrkq
,nk wxl=r ixLHdj" j.d lr we;s os
m%fNaoh" tys u,a yg .ekSf iajNdjh" tk
mqIam yg.kakd wxl=r msys m%foaYh" jef,a
jhi" h jeks lreKq u; wvq jef' f
mqkrjk lmamdj
mkao, l%ufha tla je,la jeug ,nd
we;s bv m%udKh jr. gr 26 la muK f'
jir lSmhla .; j;au fuu imQrK
m%udKhu jeiS hk wkaoug je, je we;s nj
l .; yelsh' os fmdl=re yg .;afka w;a
ls<sj, ksid by; wkaoug ;j rg;a je,
kv;a;= l< fyd;a ,nd .; yels wiajekak l%u
l%ufhka wvq jk nj fmfka'
c, imdokh
jrIdj fkdue;s ld,j, wju jYfhka iEu
k 10 lg jrla ne.ska j.djg c,h
imhkak' kuq;a fuh m%foaYh wkqj fjkiaf'
j.djka i|yd m;% f;fuk wdldrhg
c,h fhfuka ,sr frda. yg .ekSf
wjku jef'
fmr i|yka wkaoug lmamd lsug k
8-10 lg muK fmr j.djg c,h iemhSu
kj;ajkak' kej; jrla je,aj,g c,h ,nd
h hq;af;a lmamd lr k 3-4 la muK .; jQ
miqjh'
u,a yg .kakd ld,fha j.djg wjYH ;r
c,h fkd,eu ksid u,a h<s hdu l=vd f.
ye,s hdu ksid wiajekak wvq h yelsh'
j.df wiajekak fk,Sug k 10 lg muK
fmr isg c, imdokh lsu kj;ajkak'
f.j, me rih jeug fuh Wmldr f'
j.djg ,jk Y%s; c,h fhu
fkdlrkak'
u;=msg c, imdokh
fuu ;;ajh j,ld .ekSu i|yd jef,ys
mer iels,a, bj;a lr l%ufhka kj
iels,a,la we;s lr .ekSug bv i,id h
hq;=h' f i|yd oa;Sh YdLdj, mDIaGsu;a
wxl=r 4-6 la muK m%d:l YdLdjg wdikakj
;nd lemSfuka w;a ls,s .; yelsh' fuh
mqkrjk lmamdj jYfhka yekaf'
mqkrjk lmamdj i|yd jvd;a iqiq jkafka
h, lkakhs' f i|ydo idudkH lmamdjl
fukau fCIa;%h iQk lsu jeo.;ah'
21
22
c, ircl
fmd,st;s,Ska
mrYal k,
c, ircl
fmd,st;s,Ska ng
c, ircl
ishq k,
fmdmfha isg
c, iemfhk fmd,st;s,Ska mdrYal k,
24
c, irclh ^mria&
Ydlh
Ydlh
jeo.;a
je,lg iemhsh hq;= c, m%udKh
km;d fyda fmr ;SrKh lr.;a ld,
mfoj, fyda ,ndh yelsh'
lmamd lsug k 5-7 muK fmr c,
iemhqu kj;ajkak' bkamiqj lmamdlr
k 5-7 lg miqj kej; c,h imhkak'
wiajekak fk,Sug i;s 2 fmr isg Ydlhg
iemhSh hq;= c, m%udKh l%ufhka
wvqlrkak' f wkaoug mfia b;d wvq
f;;uk m%udKhla mj;ajd .kska c,h
iemhqu l%ufhka md,kh lr bkamiq
c,iemhqu kj;d h hq;=f'
CIq c, imdok
iu fmdfydr fhu
(Micro Irrigation with Fertigation)
CIq c,imdok l%u uska ksis m%fhdack ,nd
.ekSug k" c,iemhq moaO;sh uska
fnda.hg wjYH fmdfydr fhuo b;d
jeo.;ah' f i|yd c,iemhq moaO;shg
fmdfydr fhf Wmdx. lg,hla ilr
.; yelsh' tfia ke;fyd;a fjk;a wkaoulg
c,iemhq moaO;shg fmdfydr tl;=lr
fnda.hg ,ndh yelsh' f wkaoug fhh
hq;af;a c,fha fydka hfjk j.djg
.e,fmk ridhksl fmdfydr jr. f' hQhd"
wefudaksh i,af*a" fmdgEish khsf%"
fudfkda wefudaksh fmdiafma" fudfkda
fmdgEish fmdiafma jeks wY% ridhksl
fmdfydr fyda djH fmdfydr Nd;lr
id.;a djH fmdfydr Y%Khla fya f
wkaoug CIq c,imdok moaO;sh yryd
,ndh yelsh'
26
fmdfydr fhu
j.dfjka idr:l m%:sM, ,nd .eksu i|yd
ldnksl fmdfydr yd ridhksl fmdfydr hk
fojr.hu uekka fhh hq;=h' fYaIfhka
j.dj i|yd Yd, jYfhka ldnksl
fmdfydr fhu wksjdrfhkau is l< hq;a;ls'
ldnksl fmdfydr
me, isgq ug fmr fydka rd m;ajQ f.du"
fld< fmdfydr wdh fhd j,j,a mqrjkak'
h fyhlska by;ska i|yka lr we;s m
je, jgd ldKq lemSu l, fkdyels g
ridhksl fmdfydr fhug fmr" je,a jgd
ldnksl fmdfydr iqrejd yer mig uq,a
lrkak' fujeks iEu wjia:djlu tla j,lg
rdm;ajq f.du fyda fjk;a ldnksl fmdfydr
jr.hlska 'fmd,siela' u folla j;a
wksjdrfhkau fhdokak'
lmamd lrkq ,nk ieu wjia:djlgu miqj
jef,ys isg grhla muK rlska fika
gr 30 muK m<, m%foaYhl fika gr
20-25 ^w,a 8-9& muK .eUqrlg mia bj;a
lrkak' fuh ;=,g ldnksl yd ridhksl
fmdfydr fhd mia j,ska jikak' je, jgd
fuf,i fkd.eUqre f,i mia bj;a lsf
u;= msg m%foaYfha we;s uq,a lemS" ls uq,a yg
.ks' tksid fhdok fmdfydr j,ska je
m%udKhla fnda.hg ,nd .ekSug bv ie,fia'
ridhksl fmdfydr
j.djg ksrfoaYs; m fhh hq;=
ridhksl fmdfydr jr. wY% fmdfydr f,i
,ndf.k Y% lr.kak' ksrfoaYs; wdldrhg
j.djg fhh hq;= ridhksl fmdfydr
j,ska lsf,da .%E 50 la ilia lr .eksu
i|yd hqhd lsf,da .%E 13 la idka iqmr
fmdiafma lsf,da .%E 09 la iy hqfha T*a
fmdgEIa lsf,da .%E 28 la wjYHf' fuu
fmdfydr m%udKh tlsfkl iu fydka Y%
lr j.djg fhdokak' me, isgqu i|yd ilia
lr .;a j,lg fuu fmdfydr Y%Kfhka
.%E 450 la fhd mia iu l,j lrkak'
me, isgqjd udi 4 la .; jQ miq by;
Y%Kfhka kej; jrla .%E 450 la je,lg
fhdokak'
wiajekak fk,Su
je,a lmamd lr wiajekak fk,sug .;
jk ld,h m%fNao wkQj fjkia f'
idudkHfhka f i|yd udi 3- 3 1$2 muK
ld,hla .;f' fk,d .; hq;af;a fydka b
we;s fmdl=re muKls' fk,d .ekSfuka
miqj f. j, bula is fkdf' fk,k
wjia:df" j.d lr we;s m%fNAohg wkql+,
jrKh f.j, mej;sh hq;=h' fld< meye;s
f. yg .kakd jr.j, wiajekak fk,Sug
iqiq wjia:df f.j, meyeh ,d lyfld< fyda kso fmfkk iajNdjhla .kS'
fmdl=rl f. bu is jkafka by< isg
my<gh' tksid fmdl=fr my<skau we;s f.
fydka me ri jQ wjia:df wiajekak
fk,d .kak'
wiajekak fk,k wjia:df yd fj<|fmd,g
iqk lsf f. jgd lsh yels w
mg,h bj;a fkdug j. n,d .kak' fuu
w mg,h f.fhka c,h bj;a h<s hdu
j,ld,hs'
27
wiajekak
je,lska ,nd .; yels wiajekak je,a
mqyqKq lrkq ,nk l%uh yd j.d lr we;s
m%fNAoh" md,k l%u wdh wkqj fjkia f'
uekka /l n,d .;a g yd ys;lr
ld<.=l ;;aj mj;sk g O je,a mqyqKq
lsf l%u hgf;a mj;ajd .;a j.djkays tla
je,lska ,nd .; yels wiajekak my; olajd
;sf'
ueis l%uh
isgqjd jirlg muK ^udi 14 lg& miqj
tla je,lska
m<uq wiajekak
- ls' .%E' 05
fojk wiajekak jir 1-1 1$2
- ls' .%E' 10
- ls' .%E' 15
- ls' .%E' 20
- ls' .%E' 25
jeg l%uh
isgqjd jirlg miqj tla je,lska
m<uq wiajekak
- ls' .%E' 02
jir 1 1$2
- ls' .%E' 04
jir 3 l
- ls' .%E' 08
28
frda. md,kh
h mqia frda.h
(Downy Mildew)
os j.djg je,h yels b;du oreKq frda.h
fuhhs' f;;a l,dmfha idr:lj j.d
lsu wmyiqug tla m%Odk fya;=jla jkafkao
fuu frda.hhs'
fuu frda.h we;s jkafka ^ma,diafudfmdard
flda,d& keu;s ,Srh usks' m;%fha h
me;af;a me,a, f,i iq meye;s ,Sr cd,
l .; yelsh'
msmqia frda.h
(Powdery Mildew)
f. l=Kq hdu
(Grape Ripe Rot)
fuh .af,dufr,a,d fYaIhg wh;a
(Glomarella Spp) ,Srhlska we;sf' fuu
frda.h ksid f.j, Wvg u;= jQ Uqremdg
l=vd ;s;a yg .kS' f;;a ld<.=Khla we;s g
frda.h jvd;a W.%f' frda.h je<k f."
yels,S h<S (Mummified Fruits) /,s je
l=Kq hhs' fmdl=rl f. lsysmhla jqjo fuu
frda.hg md;% h yelsh' fndfyda g uq
fmdl=ru h<S l=Kqulg ,laf'
lD yd
fjk;a m,sfndaO
m;% j,g ydks lrk o<Uq j._ fndfyda g
,m m;% wdydrhg .ks' b;d oreKq ydkshla
fkdmj;S k o<Uqjka w;ska wyq,d kdY l<
yelsh'
fldrfmd;= lDka
jef,ys O fldgia j,ska hqI Wdrdfndhs'
fudjqkaf.a wmjHj, wvx.= iSks iys;
ixfhda. fj; l=yqUqjka wdlrYKh f'
tfiau fuu iSks wvx.= ixfhda.h u;
l meye;s ,Srhla jrOkh f' fuu
l meyeh ksid m;%j, wdydr ksmoug we;s
yelshdj wvqf' f.j, .=Kd;auh my<
jef'
lemais ul=Kd
lmamdfjka miq we;sjk w;a ls<sj, my<
m%foaYh isre lr hqI Wrdfndhs' hqI Wrdu
ksid je,g we;=,a jk I iys; ixfhda.
fya;=fjka ydks l< ls,s l=ref' iq<g lvd
jef' oreKq ydkshla mj;sk j.djkays Yd,
jYfhka wiajekak wvqf'
fyda
fhd
j.dj wdrNfha isgu fuh .egjla ug
bv ;sf' ,m je,a jeu i|yd ta wi,ska
isgqjk me, fkdjk ,S fldagq fj; m<uqfjkau
fhka wdlrYkhf' bkamiq l%ufhka
jef,a uq,a" lf|ys msgfmd;a; wdh wdydrhg
.eksu ksid je, ue hhs'
fuu ydksh md,kh lsu i|yd my; l%Shd
ud._ wkq.ukh lrkak'
,m je,a i|yd wdOdrl f,i
fhkaf.ka ydkshg f.dre fkdjk ,S
j._hl ^flfydU jeks& fldagq isgqjkak'
31
me, uelald
ydks jQ m;% by<g yelsf,a' tjeks m;% UQre
meyef' u,a yd f.j,g o ydks we;sh
yelsh' ydks jQ ,m f. iq meyehlg yefr'
ydks l< frE f.j, msg fmd;a; r f'
l=re,af,da
fmdl=rej,g ydks lrk l=re,a,kaf.ka
j.dj wdrCIdlr .eksu i|yd mrK ud ,a
j,ska j.dj wdjrKh lrkak' ke;fyd;a
my; fl<jr jD;j mj;sk fmd,s;ska Wr
j,ska fmdl=re wdjrKh lrkak'
32
fonre
BY%dh,a jeks" bug .= ld,hla .;jk
j._ j, f. j, hqI Wrdfndhs'
f. me,Su
wiajekak fk,sug wdikak wjia:df
je,g c,h iemhSu ksido jI_dj ksid o
f. me,Shd yelsh' tksid wiajekak fk,Sug
k 10 lg muK fmr isg j.djg c,h
iemhsu kj;ajkak' jrIdj ksid mfia
tla/iajk je c,h .eUqre ldkq fh bj;a
lrkak'
mkao,ug fika gr 60 ^w 2& muK
by,ska wdrelal=jl wdldrhg iels,a,la ilia
lr th u; kso fmfkk fmd,s;skhla
we;sfuka je, jrIdfjka wdrlaIdlr
.; yelsh' fuh jvd jeo.;a jkafka
udr;= - wfma%,a udij, h<s l,dmhg
fndafydag ,eh yels jrIdfjka bKq f.
wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|ydh'
Y%u wjYH;dj
j,j,a lemSu
j,j,a msru
me, isgqu
lKq isgqu
l weu
ksia k
-
10
08
02
15
20
33