470890.

488902
PresentatIon
by
JhansIranI.F AP/ECE
Forest ecosystem
These ecosystem have dominance oI trees with
herbs, shrubs, climbers, lichens, algae, variety oI
wild animals, birds.
Forest are Iound in undisturbed area
Receives moderate to high rain Iall
Usually occurs as a stable climax community
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%ypes of forest
Depending on the prevailing climatic conditions
Iorest can be oI various types
%ropical rain forests
%ropical deciduous forests
%ropical scrub forests
%emperate rain forests
%emperate deciduous forests
Evergreen coniferous forests (boreal forests)
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%ropical rain forests
Evergreen broadleaI Iorests Iound near the equator.
High humidity, high temperature, high rainIall
Iavours the growth oI trees.
All throughout the year climate remains more or less
uniIorm.
Richest in biodiversity
DiIIerent Iorms oI liIe occupy special areas within
diIIerent layers and spaces oI the ecosystem
depending upon their Iood, sunlight, water, nutrient
etc.,
JhansIranI.F AP/ECE
JhansIranI.F AP/ECE
JhansIranI.F AP/ECE
%ropical rain forests distribution
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%ropical rain forests
DiIIerent types and layers oI plants and animals in
tropical rain Iorest
Emergent layer: topmost layer oI the tallest
broad-leaI trees
Canopy: top branches oI shorter trees Iorm an
umbrella like cover.
Understory: lies below the canopy with still
smaller trees.
Lianas: some woody climbers which grow on the
tree trunks
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JhansIranI.F AP/ECE
apok tree
Emergent layer:
The trees up here
are much more
windblown than the
trees oI shorter
layers.
Canopy trees
lianas
Liana plants are
vines that can grow
up to 3000 It in
length.
%ropical rain forests
Epiphytes: these plants are attached to the trunks
or branches oI big trees and they take up water and
nutrients Ialling Irom above.
Eg: orchids
Orchids have special types oI leaves to capture and
hold water.
Orchids have bright colors and attract insects such as
wasps, bees, moths and butterIlies.
Some large epiphytes can hold 4lts oI water.
That is the reason Ior variety oI birds, insects,
animals like monkeys have their natural homes in
these Iorests. (plate II)
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%ropical rain forests
Understory: they receive very dim sunlight
They develop dark green leaves with high
chlorophyll content so that they can use diIIused
sunlight Ior photosynthesis. JhansIranI.F AP/ECE
%ropical rain forests
Shrub layer: This is the layer that grows between
the smaller trees oI the understory and the Iorest
Iloor. This layer is made up oI Ierns and small
shrubs.
They receive less sunlight.
Ground layer (or) forest floor: it receives almost
no sunlight and almost dark .
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%ropical rain forests
Animals present in various layers
Emergent layer: eagles, toucans etc.,
Canopy: snakes, tree Irogs, bats, birds, insects.
Monkeys, toads, snakes, chameleons keep moving
up and down in sunny and darker layers.
Ground layer: termites, Iungi, mushroom
Warm temperature and high moisture Iacilitates
rapid break down oI dropped leaves, twigs etc.,
releasing nutrients.
These nutrients are immediately taken by
mycorrhizal roots oI trees.
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- Flowers of forest are
very large, colorful,
fragnent E
attractIve whIch
helps In pollInatIon
- E.g. FafflesIa arnoldI
- 7Kg weIght
- Smells lIke rotten
meet
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%ropIcal raIn forest
- SIlent valley In Kerala Is the only raIn forest In
ndIa
- Forest provIdes us tImber, fuel wood, drugs,
resIns, gums etc.,
- Unfortunately cuttIng down of these forests
wIll lead to only scattered segments of such
forests In next J040 yrs
- %hus losIng the rIch bIodIversIty and ecologIcal
uses of forests.
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%ropical deciduous forest
They are Iound little away Irom the equator
It has warm climate the year around
Rain occurs only during monsoon
Large part oI the year remains dry
DiIIerent types oI deciduous trees are Iound.
Trees lose their leaves during dry season.
Deciduous means "Ialling oII at maturity"
E.g.: aple, Daks, Elm, Aspen, and 8Irch,
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%ropical deciduous forest
%#!CAL SC#UB F#ES%
They are Iound in area where the dry season
is even longer
Small deciduous trees and shrubs are Iound
here
Trees are small and drought resistance
Mostly has spines and thorns
Animals like great ndian bustard and
blackbuck are Iound here.
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%#!CAL SC#UB F#ES%
%emperate deciduous forests
They are Iound in areas with moderate temperature
There is marked seasonality with long summer
Winter is cold but not too severe
Abundant rainIall throughout the year
The maior trees includes Broad leaI deciduous
trees
They shed their leaves every year.
E.g.: oak, hickory, magnoIia, popIar etc..,
- white-taiIed deer, raccoons, beaver, red
fox are Iound here
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JhansIranI.F AP/ECE
%emperate rain forest
They are Iound in temperate areas with
adequate rainIall
They are dominant by coniIerous trees
E.g. pines, firs, redwoods etc.,
Also consist oI evergreen broad leaI trees
like OIive, hoIIy, eucaIyptus, etc.,
Cougar, bIack bears, eIk, giant panda
are Iound here.
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%EM!E#A%E #A F#ES%S
Evergreen coniferous forests (Boreal )
They are Iound south oI arctic tundra
Here winters are long, cold and dry. Sunlight is available Ior
Iew hours only
In summer the temperature is mild, sun shine is Ior long hours
but the season is short
Trees includes pines, spruce, Iir, cedar etc.,
They have tiny needle shaped leaves having waxy coating Ior
withstanding cold and drought.
Soil is Irozen during winter and the leaves Iall on the Iorest
Iloor & cover the nutrient poor soil
These soil are acidic and prevent other plants Irom growing.
Species diversity is rather low here.
- oodland caribou. American black bear. grizzly bear. and olverine.
B#EAL F#ES%S
%errestrial biome
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JhansIranI.F AP/ECE