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tygt0if(10)Xme&Sdonf/jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme\tBuD;tuJrSm twGif;0efcsKyfjzpf
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tavhtusirhf sm; ysKd ;axmifjcif;/
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tm;tkyfcsKyfrItmPmtyfESif; usifhoHk;cJhygonf/tpdk;&\tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m ta&;,l
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jynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJa&;? wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nDGwfrI rNydKuGJa&;? tcsKyftjcmtmPm
wnfwhHcdkifNrJa&; qkdonfhtrsdK;om;a&; 0g'csrSwfvsuf ,if;trsdK;om;a&;0g'udk
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17/

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23/

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24/

K.I.A

Kachin Independence Army

25/

K.N.D.O

Karen National Defence Organization

26/

K.N.U

Karen National Union

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1
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153-165/

3
ta&SUajrmufykdif;ppfXmecsKyf 1920jynfhESpfrS 1923ckESpftxdaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1929
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cspfMunfav;pmrI ukd cHcJh&onf/ okdYya'o&mZfbk&if apmfbGm;&mxl; tkduft&mukd
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1

(u)
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Mr. A. G. Bottomley.

AkdvfrSL; baomif;(armifokw)? ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;/

&efukef? tkPfOD;pmay? 1967/ pm 337/

4
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1

armifaZ,sm? jrefrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJ/ (&efukef? EG,feDpmay?

2002) pm 175-177/

5
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1

jrefrmEkdifiH?jyefMum;a&;ESifhtoHvTifhXme jrefrmEkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;
atmifyGJ/ (&efukef? &efukefa*ZufvDrdwuf? 19 -) pm-4/

6
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rsm;
rsm;/ (&efukef? vSrsdK;pmay? 1968) pm 294/
2/
,if; pm/

7
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vsuf&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifhaemufqHk; u&ifolykefwkdY\ aomif;usef;rI ay:aygufvm
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jrefrmjynftoHvTifhXmerSae aMunmcJhonf/3 orwBuD; p0fa&Tokduf vufxufwGif
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1

odef;azjrifh? awmfvSefa&;umv tawGUtBuHKrsm;

rsm;/ 'k- Budrf?
(&efukef? ,rkem pmay/ 1967)? pm 403/
2
a'gufwmarmifarmif? jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/
(&efukef? yk*H pmtkyfwkduf? 1969)? pm 308/
3
OD;jrifha0 (wyfrawmfjrifhoEm)? ArmhawmfvSefa&;tbd"mef/
(&efukef?py,fOD;? pmay? 1972)? pm 129/

8
onf tpkd;&ukdtikdufzrf; NrdKU&Gmrsm;ukdodrf;NyD; qufum qufum atmifyGJcHEkdifcJh
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1

OD;oefY? jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif;))/ (&efukef? jrefrmEkdifiHbm

omjyefpmaytoif;? 1961) pm246-247/

9
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153-165/
2
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10
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11

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12

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pGefBudK;em;ywfvnfwGif 0kdif;vsuf OD;ckdufaeoa,mif awGY&onf[k
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1/

U Ba U. My Burma : The Autobiography of a President. (USA:

Taplinger Publishing Co,Inc.,1958). p. 1-5.

2

U Ba U. My Burma : The Autobiography of a President.p. 12.

13
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1

U Ba U. My Burma : The Autobiography of a President. p. 13.

Mrs. Henry Wood

Guy Boothby

Arthur Conan Dayle

Captain Marryat

University of Cambridge

14
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Dr. Voelker

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jALwDr*Zif;? Beauty Magazine? twGJ 6? trSwf 73 (rwf 2006) pm 116/

L. Robinson

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Gatwick

Mr. Shirres

White Notley

jALwDr*Zif; ; Beauty Magazine? twGJ 6? trSwf 77 (Zlvkdifv 2006) pm

164/
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Hugh Tinker. Burma : The Struggle for Independence, 19441948. p.339-340.

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f iG f OD;Ek OD;aqmifaom yxptpk;d &wufvmaomtcg {Nyv
D 29 &ufaeYwiG f
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &tBuaH y;tzJUG OuXtjzpf aqmif&u
G cf &hJ onf/3 a'gufwmbOD; OD;aqmifaom
tBuaH y;tzGUJ rsm;? &ckid jf ynfe,f? rGejf ynfe,ftzGUJ tpnf;rsm;rS uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;? Ekid if aH &;tzGUJ
tpnf;rsm;yg0ifaom aqG;aEG;yGJ wpf&yfukd 1961 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 3 &ufaeYwGif
usi;f ycJo
h nf/ a'gufwmbOD;onf aqG;aEG;yGJ rGev
f x
l ?k &ckid v
f x
l \
k qErnfo&Ydk o
dS nfudk
od&SdEkdif&ef qEcH,lyGJ(Plebiscite)jyKvkyfonfh enf;onf ygvDref'Drkdua&pDenf;tusqHk;?
1

jrefrmhorkid ;f jzpf&yfreS rf sm;jyKpak &;tzGUJ ? jrefrmEkid if aH &; 1958-1962 (yxrwG)J /

(&efuek ?f wuov
dk rf sm; yHEk ydS w
f u
dk ?f 1991)pm 129/
2
jrefrmEkid if ?H ppfordik ;f jywdu
k Ef iS hf wyfrawmfarmfueG ;f wdu
k ?f wyfrawmfordkif;
(pwkw wJG)1948-62 (&efuek ?f owif;ESihf pme,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1996)
pm 31
3
jrefrmEkid if ?H ppfordik ;f jywdu
k Ef iS hf wyfrawmfarmfueG ;f wdu
k ?f wyfrawmfordkif;
(yOrwJ)G 1962-74 (&efuek ?f owif;ESihf pme,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1999)
pm 3/

20
taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;jzpfaMumif;? vlxq
k Ec,
H yl JG jyKvyk o
f nfph epfudk urmvnf; toH;k jyK
vsu&f adS Mumif;? vlxq
k Ec,
H yl jJG yKvyk &f m tajctaeESiu
hf u
dk n
f o
D nf ruku
d n
f o
D nfqadk om
tcsufrSm tpdk;&ESifhom oufqkdifaMumif; &Sif;vif;ajymMum;cJhygonf/1 qufvufNyD;
a'gufwmbOD; OD;aqmifaomtBuaH y;tzGUJ onf 1960jynfEh pS ?f arv 6 &ufaeYrpS wifNy;D
&ckid jf ynfe,fEiS yhf wfouf &ckid t
f rsKd ;om; acgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;? vlraI &;toif;tzGUJ rsm;tm;
zdwMf um; aqG;aEG;cJyh gonf/2
1955 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 6 &ufaeYwGif orwa[mif; a'gufwmbOD;onf
vlr0I efxrf;vkyif ef;rsm;jzpfaom MuufajceDtoif;? jynfoo
Yl el mjyKtzJUG ? wuov
kd &f efyaHk iGtzGUJ ?
yef;O,smOftoif; ponfwdkYwGif OuXtjzpf aqmif&GufcJh&aom yk*dKvfxl;jzpfonf/
1957ckEpS w
f iG f ]uREykf \
f jrefrmEdik if }H ac: ud,
k af &;twKyw
d pmtkyu
f kd t*Fvyd b
f momjzifh
a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo
h nf/
*kPjf yKcs;D usL;cH&jcif;
5/
1955 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif 6 ,l*kdpvm;AD;,m;EkdifiHorw rm&S,fwDwkd;\
,l*pdk vyfwcH eG af wmfbYJG (yxrqif)h Yugoslav Banner(First Class) cs;D jri jhfcif;cH&onf/ Ekid if aH wmf
tpd;k &u a'gufwmqmbOD;tm; t*r[moa&pnfob
l UGJ ESihf t*r[m od&o
d "k rbUGJ rsm;udk
csD;jrifhjcif;cH&jyefonf/ ,if;tjyif &efukefwuodkvfu Oya'yg&*l (a'gufwm) bJGUudk
cs;D jri jhf cif;cH&jyefonf/ a'gufwmqmbOD;onf orwtjzpf wifajrm ufjcif;cH&onfah eYrpS
NAdwdoQtpdk;&u ay;aom qmbJGUudk pGefYvTwfcJhonf/
jynfyc&D;rsm;
6/
ausmif;om;b0wGif vef'efoyYdk nmoifom oGm;a&mufcyhJ gonf/ orwjzpfvm
tcg jynfyc&D;xGucf mG jcif;ukd rawGU&S&d yg/
rdom;pk
7/
1913 ckEpS w
f iG f a'gufwmbOD;onf c&kid w
f &m;olBu;D a[mif; OD;atmifZ\
H orD;
a':Nidrf;Nidrf;ESifh vufxyfcJh&m om;ESpfa,mufxGef;um;cJhonf/ a':Nidrf;Nidrf;onf 1922
ckEpS w
f iG f uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJo
h nf/ a':a':Nird ;f uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;Ny;D aemuf a'gufwmbOD;onf 1923
ckEpS f &dum awmf& ta&;ykid f OD;qk;d az\orD; a':at;ESihf vufxyfc&hJ m orD; 3 a,mufEiS hf

&efukefowif;pm (4 az 1961 ) pm -19/

2
jrefrmhorkid ;f jzpf&yftrSerf sm;a&;om;jyKpak &;tzGUJ ? 1958-1962 jrefrmEkdifiHa&;
(wwd,wGJ)/ (&efuek ?f wuov
dk rf sm;yHEk ydS w
f u
dk ?f 1991)pm 218/

21
om; 2 a,muf &&SdcJhonf/ a':at;onfvnf; 1941 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/1
a'gufwmbOD;onf awmfveS af &;aumifpt
D pd;k & tkycf sKyaf &; vTaJ jymif;,lNy;D 1963
ckEpS ?f Ek0d ifbmv 9 &ufaeYwiG f uG,v
f eG cf o
hJ nf/ trSw(f 54)? a&TawmifMum;vrf;? &efuek Nf rKd U
wGiaf exkid o
f nf/

a&TOMo? wpfcsdefuxif&Sm;cJhaomyk*dKvfBuD;rsm; (&efuek ?f a&Tord o

f m;
yef;csED iS hf pmay?1986) pm 164-167/

11-u

yHk (3)
a'gufwm bOD; (orw)
[ 1953 ckESpf ]

22

yHk (4)
ref;0if;armif (orw)
[ 1957 ckESpf ]

23

OD;0if;armif(c)ref;0if;armif
(orw)
( arG; 17-4-1916 uG,fvGef 4-7-1989)
1/

i,fpOfb0

OD;0if;armifukd ykodrfc&kdif usHKaysmfNrdKUe,f vSnf;qdyf&Gm c&pfESpf 1916 ckESpf?

atNyDv 17 &ufaeYwGif tzynmtkyf OD;a&T&if? trd a':om,mwkdYuarG;zGm;onf/
OD;0if;armif onf EkdifiHa&;avmuwGif ref;0if;armif[l vlodrsm; xif&Sm;cJhonf/
2/

ynmoifb0

i,fpOfu vSnf;qdyf&GmynmoifNyD; ykodrf rGef u&iftxufwef;ausmif;rS

1933 ckESpfwGif q,fwef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf 1937 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuokdvf
*syfqifaumfvdyf rS bDatbGJU &cJhonf/
3/

0efxrf;b0

oefvsifNrdKUbDtkdpDukrPDpm&if;XmewGifvnf;aumif;? twGif;0efrsm;&Hk;wGif
vnf;aumif; tpk;d &0efxrf;tjzpf vkyu
f idk cf
hJ 1940 jynfEh pS w
f iG f ppfbufoaYdk jymif;a&TUum
t&mcHAv
dk t
f qifjh zifh trIxrf;cJNh y;D 1941 ckEpS w
f iG f arNrKd U Akv
d o
f ifwef;ausmif; wufco
hJ nf/
'kwd,urmppftwGif; t*Fvdyfrsm;tdEd,okdY qkwfcGm&m rsufESmjzLAkdvfoifwef;
ausmif;tkyBf u;D u tdE,
d okv
Yd u
dk yf gvQif axmufvrS ;f a&;buf Akv
d t
f qif&h mxl; ay;rnf[k
ajymcJhaomfvnf; rvkdufbJ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ae&pfcJhonf/1
4/

EkdifiHa&;b0

ref;0if;armifonf 1943-44 ckESpfrSp AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom

attufzt
f dk (zwyv)ESiq
hf ufo,
G u
f m jrpf0uRe;f ay: u&ifwidk ;f &if;om;rsm;ukpd nf;&H;k
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifyg0ifcJhonf/ 1944 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif
awmfvSefa&;twGuf uom? jrpfBuD;em;rSwpfqifh tdEd,okdY cufcJyifyef;pGmoGm;a&mufcJh
d jynf umvuwm;ppfwuov
dk Ef iS hf ukv
d b
H pdk pfpcef;rsm;wGif ppfa&;avhusirhf I
onf/2 tdE,
1

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1990 (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1990) pm 303/

2

&Jabmfjr? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;jynfolY&Jacgifajymufusm;
sm;/ (&efuek ?f
jr&myifpmaytkyfwkduf? 1971) pm- 153? 486 pm/

24
jyKvkyfcJhonf/11945 ckESpf? rwfv 31 &ufaeYwGif xef;wyifNrdKUe,f? BudKYyifteD;wGif
avxD;jzifhqif;cJh&m wGif yg0ifNyD; zufqpfawmfvSefa&; u&ifArm &Jacgifajymufusm;
rsm;ukd OD;aqmifcJhonf/ avxD;jzifhqif;csdefwGif ajcusdK;oGm;cJhaomfvnf; *syefrsm;ukd 2
vrQwkdufckdufNyD;rS aq;0g;uko&ef umvuwm;aq;&HkokdYoGm;a&mufukocJhonf/2
ppftNy;D wGif vGwv
f yfa&; wku
d yf JG zqyvtzGUJ ESit
hf wl yl;wGyJ g0ifco
hJ nf/ ref;0if;armif
onf Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqkd&mwGifa&SUajy;tzGJU yg0if vkdufygoGm;cJhonf/
1945 ckESpfwGif u&ifvli,frsm; tpnf;t&Hk; ref;bckdifonfOuX?
ref;0if;armif onf 'kw,
d OuXtjzpf ta&G;cHc&hJ onf/ wpfcsed w
f nf;rSmyif wkid ;f &if;om;
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; ukd a&S;&Ivsuf wkdif;&if;om;*sme,fukd xkwfa0um t,f'Dwmtjzpf
vkyu
f idk cf o
hJ nf/ atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyu
f dk autif,u
l uefu
Y u
G af eonft
h csed w
f iG f
wkdifjyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJukd u&ifvli,frsm;tpnf;t&Hk;acgif;aqmif
ref;bckid Ef iS hf ref;0if;armifwYdk yg0ifcMhJ uonf/ 1947 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f ykord af jrmufyidk ;f
rJqEe,f rS ta&G;cH& "gwfowKXme0efBuD;? 1948 ckESpf? {NyDv 4 &ufaeYwGif
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;? taqmuftOD;ESifhtvkyform;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD;tjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhNyD; xkdESpfZlvkdifv 15 &ufaerSmyifEIwfxGufcJhygonf/1949 ckESpfwGif
ykdYaqmifa&;ESifhvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; 0efBuD;Xme0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?1949-50
ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek w
f uov
dk t
f "dywdtjzpf vnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf/ 1951
ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 22 &ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsdK;om; tzGJU OuX? 1952 ckESpf?
rwf 16 &ufaeYwiG f rtlyif awmifyidk ;f rJqEe,f trwftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrm ufjcif;
cH&NyD;aemuf o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;ESifhvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;0efBuD;? 1956 ckESpf? ZGefv 13
&ufaeYwiG f rtlyifawmif;ykid ;f rSwpfzef jyefvnf ta&G;cH&Ny;D jynfwiG ;f qdyu
f rf; a&aMumif;?
avaMumif;ESifh yifv,fqdyfurf;oGm;vma&; Xme0efBuD; ponfjzifh EkdifiHwm0efrsm;ukd
tBudrfBudrfxrf;aqmifcJhonf/3
1957 ckEpS ?f rwfv 11 &ufaeYeeH uf 10 em&Dtcsed w
f iG f Ekid if aH wmf orwopf
1

jrefrmEkdifiH? ppforkdif;jywkdufESifhwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkduf? wyfrawmforkdif;

('kwd,wGJ) 1945 zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv
&;umv/ (&efuek ?f owif;ESihf
pme,fZif;vkyfief;? 1999) pm 69/
2

a'gufwmarmifarmif/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/
&efukef?yk*Hpmtkyfwkduf? 1969/ pm- 270/
3

jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm (24 ZGefv 1956) pm 4/

25
a&G;aumuf wifajrmufa&;twGuf vlrsdK;pkvTwfawmfESifh jynfolYvTwfawmfygvDref 2 &yf
wGJbufnDvmcHusif;ycJh&m vlrsdK;pkvTwfawmfem,uBuD; p0fa&Tokdufu obmywdtjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ nDvmcHponfESifhwNydKifeuf em,uBuD; p0fa&TokdufrS orwavmif;
trnfpm&if; wifoGif;vTm 3 apmif&&SdcJh&m 3 apmifpvHk; OD;0if;armifwpfOD;wnf;ukdom
trnfpm&if;wifoGif;xm;aMumif;? orwavmif;trnfpm&if;wifoGif;vTmrsm;rSm
Oya'ESifhjynfhpHknDnTwf orwwifajrmufa&;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJ jyKvkyf&ef
rvkdawmhojzifh ygvDrefvTwfawmf 2 &yfu OD;0if;armiftm; orwtjzpf ,SOfjyKdifolr&Sd
a&T;aumufwifajrm ufaMumif; aMunmvku
d &f m MobmoHrsm;vGr;f oGm;aMumif;? qufvufNy;D
0efBuD;csKyf OD;EkrS
]] ref;0if;armifESifh uRefawmfwkdY[m vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ0ifuwnf;u
vuf w G J a qmif & G u f c J h y gw,f / vG w f v yf a &;&NyD ; aemuf rMumcif b J
jzLeDaMumifusm;olykefxNyD; autif'Dtkdaomif;usef;rIay:aygufcJhygw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm ref;0if;armifu vufeufeJU tmPmodrf;wmukd rvkdvm;bJ
'Dru
dk a&pDeYJ tmPmodr;f wmuko
d m axmufccH yhJ gw,f/ 'gaMumifh awmf&w
kH ef&kH
&J&ifhwJholvkdYyk*dKvfrsdK; &Sm;ygw,f/ ref;0if;armifukd autif'Dtkduvnf;
op m azmuf v k d Y a MunmcJ h y gw,f / wu,f v k d Y r sm; autif ' D t k d v uf x J
wkdif;jynfusa&mufoGm;&if a&S;OD;pGm opmazmuftjzpfeJU owfypf&if
ref;0if;armifyxrqHk;cH&rSmyJ...}} 1
[kajymMum;cJhygonf/
1957 ckEpS ?f rwfv 13 &ufaeYwiG jf ynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf\ orwtjzpf ta&G;cHc&hJ
onf/ OD;0if;armifwm0efxrf;aqmifaomumvonf ygwDwiG ;f NyKd urJG rI sm;? tmPm&&Sad &;
twGuf tNyKd it
f qkid Bf uKd ;pm;rIrsm;jyKvyk af eMuojzifh Ekid if aH &;wnfNird rf &I adS y/ 1958 ckEpS ?f
ZGev
f 30 &ufaeYwiG f OD;0if;armifrS owif;q&mrsm;ukd tdraf wmfozYdk w
d af c: vSnv
hf nf
jyo{nfch cH o
hJ nf/ orwBu;D onf zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'ukad vhvmaeaMumif;? ,if;Oya'
t& orwonf &kyfjyrQomjzpfaMumif;? rnfonfhtmPmrQr&SdaMumif;? orwjzpfNyD;rS
ynmoHk;&yfomwwfajrmufaMumif;? if;wkdYrSm ykqkd;awmif&Snfukd 2 rdepftwGif; 0wfqif
wwfonf/ jrif;pD;wwfonf/ a*gufoD;&kdufwwfonf [k orwBuD;rS&ifzGifhcJhygonf/2
1

jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm (rwf 12 1957) pm 1?12/

2

a'gufwmarmifarmif/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/
&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwkduf? 1969/ pm 366/

26
1958 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;aqmifaom
tdraf pmift
h pd;k &zGUJ pnf;cJNh y;D aemuf 1958ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mv 29 &ufaeYwiG f tdraf pmifh
tpkd;&tzGJU\ 0efBuD;csKyfESifh0efBuD;rsm; orwa&SUarSmufusrf;opmqkdyGJ tcrf;tem;
EkdifiHawmforwBuD;OD;0if;armifrS rdefYcGef;ajymMum;&mwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;tpdk;&tzGJU
aqmif&u
G &f rnft
h "duwm0ef0w&m;rsm;rSm ]]1/ jynfwiG ;f Nird ;f csr;f rI&&Sad &; 2/ w&m;rQw
aoma&G;aumufyjJG zpfajrmufa&;ESihf 3/ 'Dru
dk a&pDtcGit
hf a&;rsm;wif;jynfu
h syjf ynf&h &Sad &;}}
jzpfaMumif;rdefYMum;cJhonf/1 orwBuD; OD;0if;armifonf 1959 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 11
&ufaeYwGif oefY&Sif;zqyvAkdvfrSL;atmifESifh OD;atmify? wnfNrJzqyv OD;AaqG?
OD;ausmfNidrf;? &wnacgif;aqmifOD;vSxGef;jzLwkdYESifhawGUqHkcJhNyD;2 AkdvfcsKyfae0if;tpkd;&tm;
aemufxyf 6 v tmPmqufvufvTo
J ifah Mumif;qEudk ajymMum;cJyh gonf/3 orwBu;D
OD;0if;armifonf 14 Budrfajrmufjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;tcrf;tem;wGif
]] vGwv
f yfcahJ omESpt
f wGi;f pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIu@toD;oD;wGif
txl;tjcm;qHk;aom aqmif&GufcsufrSm jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;
rSDwif;aexkdifMuaom vltrsm;pkrSmAk'bmom0ifwkdYvkdvm;awmifhwMuonfh
Ak'b
momukd Ekid if aH wmfbmomtjzpf jyXmef;Ekid jf cif;yifjzpfonf}} [kred MYf um;cJh
onf/4
1961 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v
f 5 &ufaeYwiG f &Sr;f jynfe,frS uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ 0ifrsm;onf
Ekid if aH wmforwBu;D OD;0if;armifEiS ahf wGq
Y
kH zuf'&,frt
l aMumif; &Si;f vif;wifjyMucJMh u
onf/ xkdokdYawGYqHk&m orwBuD; OD;0if;armifrS zuf'&,frlukd dEIdif;aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif
pdwf&Snf&Snfxm;um rdom;pktoGifrsdK;jzifh ajz&Sif;MuapvkdaMumif; ajymMum;cJhygonf/5
1961 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 25 &ufaeYwGif oHCmawmfrsm; onf Ak'bmomukd
Ekid if aH wmfbmom tjzpfjyXmef;&mwGif yxptpk;d &\ tajccHOya' pwkwj yifqifcsuu
f kd
1

a'gufwma':jrifhMunf?jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)/
wGJbufa&;ol a'gufwmaemftif*svif;/ 'k-Budrf? (&efukef? wuokdvfrsm;
yHkESdyfwkduf? 1991)pm 158/
2
(u) taaxmufawmfowif;pm (13 azazmf0g&Dv 1959) pm 2 /
( c ) &efukefowif;pm (13 azazmf0g&Dv 1959) pm 2 /
3
taaxmufawmfowif;pm (13 azazmf0g&Dv 1959) pm 1 /
4
OD;ausm0f if;? jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)/ wGb
J ufa&;
ol OD;jr[efEiS hf OD;ode;f vIid /f (&efuek ?f wuov
dk rf sm;yHEk ydS w
f u
dk ?f 1991)pm 144/
5
aMu;rHkowif;pm (6 Zlvkdifv 1961) pm 15/

27
rauseyfojzifh orwtdrfawmfokdYcsDwuf qEjycJhMu&m orwBuD; onf jyifOD;vGifNrdKUokdY
a&muf&Sdaeckduf tcsdefjzpfonf/1 awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf 1962 ckESpf?rwfv (2)
&ufaeYwGif EdkifiHawmftmPmudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJhonf/ awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&
vufxyfwiG f 1962 ckEpS rf S 1967 ckEpS t
f xd ig;ESpt
f Mum xde;f odr;f cHc&hJ Ny;D aemuf 1968
ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&u zdwfMum;aom jynfwGif;tBuHay;tzGJU0if
33 OD; ref;0if;armif yg0ifcJhonf/ ref;0if;armifonf 1988 ckESpfrS 1989 ckESpf
ruG,v
f eG rf t
D csed x
f d 'Dru
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7/

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28

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30
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31
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Keji Suzuki
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Minami Kikan

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1

Kouryumaru

Mr. Iwasaki

Kawashima

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t*Fvyd -f tar&duefwEYdk iS hf oHwrefqufqaH &;&Sad eaomtcsed jf zpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ppfrufjyifqifrrI sm;

Takasugi
2

tdZkrd,wwfpka&m/ uRef a wmf y g0if c J h a omrd e mrD u d u ef ;/ bmomjyefol

a':cif&D (&efuek ?f bmomjyefEiS phf mtkyx
f w
k af 0a&;Xme? 1981) pm 66/

34
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f ef;rsm;udk wm0efay;tyfcahJ Mumif;od&jyefonf/
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1

a'gufwmarmifarmif/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/ (&efuek ?f

yk*Hpmtkyf wkduf? 1969) pm- 162 /
2

ausmfNidrf;/ &JabmfoHk;usdyf/ (&efukef? tif;0pmaywkduf? 1998) pm 10/

Hawaii

Pearl Harbour

35
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1

ausmfNidrf;/ &JabmfoHk;usdyf/ (&efukef? tif;0pmaywkduf? 1998) pm 13/

36
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37
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1

Captain Kitajima

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h nf/ Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;onf xkv
d QKd U0Sut
f pnf;ta0;wGif ]] zufqpf
wku
d zf suaf &;jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ (z.w.y.v) Anti Fascist Organization (A.F.O) ukzd UJG pnf;cJh
onf/ xkt
d csed w
f iG f urmph pfrsuEf mS wGif zufqpfemZDwt
Ydk a&;edr
Yf r[mrdww
f Ydk ta&;omaeonf
jzpf&m rlvuxGufajy;oGm;aom NAdwdoQ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf jrefrmjynfwGif;okdY jyefvnf
0ifa&mufpjyKaeavNyD xkt
d csed w
f iG f Armhwyfrawmf(Burma Army)ukd rsKd ;cspw
f yfrawmf(Patriotic
Burmese Forces-P.B. F)[k trnfajymif;vJ ac:a0:cJo
h nf/
*syefawmfveS af &;wGif Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D ae0if;onf ppfaMumif;(2)jzifh jrpf0uRe;f ay:(zsmyHb
k uf)
ukd wm0ef,lcJh&onf/ *syefawmfvSefa&;aeYukd 1945 ckESpf? atNyDv 4 &ufaeY owfrSwfxm;
aomfvnf; tajctaet& 1945 ckESpf? rwfv 27 &ufaeYokdYajymif;vJowfrSwfvkdufcJh&onf/
txufArmjynfwiG f rl wyfwiG ;f vIy&f mS ;rIaMumifh rwfv * &ufaeYuwnf;u *syefukd pwifwu
dk cf u
dk f
cJhonf/ *syefwkdY r&dyfrdap&ef AkdvfrSL; Axl; acgif;aqmifaomtxufArmjynfawmfvSefa&;onf
AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef; ukdaomfvnf;aumif;? *syeftvkdawmf&d a'gufwm Aarmftpkd;&ukdaom
vnf;aumif;? wNydKifwnf; aMunm wkdufckduf&avonf/ okdYr[kwfygu usefwyfrsm;rS
rvIyo
f mr,Suo
f m *syefw\
Ydk zrf;qD; jcif;cH&rnfjzpfonf/ ]] 1945 ckEpS ?f atNyv
D 2 &ufaeY aeY 1
em&DrpS zufqpf*syefudk Armwkid ;f ol jynfom;tm;vH;k ESiw
hf uG Armhwyfrawmfu ppfaMunmvku
d Nf yD
}} [l *syefppfaMunmcsufxkwf wkdufckdufwGef;vSefcJhonf/ AkdvfrSL;BuD;ae0if;onf zufqpf
awmfveS af &;wGif wkid ;f 2 jzpfaomjrpf0uRe;f ay: \ ta&SUykid ;f wkid ;f rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u
G cf &hJ onf/
4-3/

vGwfvyfa&;wGifBudK;yrf;rI(1945-1948)

zufqpfawmfveS af &;tNy;D 1945 ckEpS ?f arv 3 &ufaeYwiG f t*Fvyd w

f yfrsm; &efuek Nf rKd Uukd
jyefvnf0ifa&mufco
hJ nf/ jrefrmEkid if o
H nfvnf; NAw
d o
d Qw\
Ydk ppftyk cf sKyaf &;vufatmuf usa&mufchJ
onf/1945 ckESpf? arv 17 &ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQtpkd;&onf jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;rl0g'
oabmxm;aMunmcsujf zpfonfh puLjzLpmwrf;udx
k w
k jf yefaMunmNy;D jrefrmEkid if \
H tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf

39
pD;yGm;a&;qufvufcsKyu
f idk x
f m;&efppD Ofco
hJ nf/ Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;OD;aqmifonfh zwyvtzGUJ csKyf
onf 1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeYwGif uefawmfBuD;apmif;&Sd aeol&def&HkBuD;wGif
jynfot
Yl pnf;ta0;wpf&yfusi;f ycJo
h nf/ Armhwyfrawmfopfudk rs;kd cspAf rmhwyfrawmfom;rsm;jzifh
zGUJ pnf;&eftqk?d zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;twGuf wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmfac:,l&eftqkEd iS hf
jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvHk; nDnTwfa&;tqkdrsm;wifoGif; qHk;jzwfcJhonf/aeol&defvlxktpnf;ta0;wGif
]]zufqpfqefu
Y siaf &;tzGUJ csKy}f }[laomtrnfudk ]]zufqpfqefu
Y siahf &; jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKyf
(z-q-y-v)(The Anti Fascist People's Freedom League or the A F P F L)1 [kajymif;vJac:a0:&ef
qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;ukd a&G;aumufwifajrmufcJh&m &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if
AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef; onf OuXtjzpfvnf;aumif;? Akdvfae0if;ESifh AkdvfvusfmwkdYonf
A[kOd ;D pD;tzGUJ 0ifrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif; a&T;aumufwifajrm ufc&H onf/ aeol&ed v
f x
l t
k pnf;ta0;
wGif wifoiG ;f cJo
h nfh ArmhwyfrawmfzUJG pnf;a&;udpE iS yhf wfouf aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf ta&SUawmif
tm&SppfaoemywdcsKyf avmhv0l aD rmifb
h ufwefonf jrefrmuk,
d pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ ukd uEND rKd UokzYd w
d af c:cJh
onf/xkzd w
d af c:csut
f & Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;? Akv
d v
f ufsm? Akv
d af e0if; Akv
d af Z,s? Akv
d af usmaf ZmwkEYd iS hf
AkdvfaZmfrif;wkdYygoGm;cJh onf/ 1945 ckESpf? pufwifbm 7 &ufaeYwGif uEDoabmwlnDcsufukd
vufrw
S af &;xk;d Ekid cf o
hJ nf/
1945 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbm 15 &ufaeY uEoabmwlncD sut
f & topfzUJG pnf;wnfaxmif
aomwyfrawmfwGif AkdvfrSL;BuD;ae0if;onf AkdvfrSL; tqifhjzifh Armhaoewfukdifwyf&if;(4)\
'kwyf&if;rSL;tjzpf pmwifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&onf/ 1946 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif
'kw,
d Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D wyf&if;rSL;tqifo
h Ydk wk;d jri w
hf m0efxrf;aqmifapjcif; cH&onf/ 1947 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v
f
19 &ufaeYwiG f Mum;jzwftpk;d &tzGUJ 0if 0efBu;D rsm;onf tpk;d tzGUJ \ 'kw,
d OuX Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;
\&Hk;cef;wGif pnf;a0;aeMupOf OD;apm\ vufyg;apvlowform;rsm;u aoewfjzifh 0ifa&muf
ypfcwf Ekid if aH cgif;aqmifrsm;ukd vkyBf uo
H wfjzwfcMhJ uavonf/ vlowform;wk\
Yd vufcsujf zifh
Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef;tygt0if Ekid if ahH cgifaqmifBu;D 9 OD;usq;kH cJ&h onf/
Ekid if w
H pfcv
k ;kH uaomif;ueif;jzpfaecsed w
f iG f Akv
d cf sKyo
f nf wyfrawmfudk wnfNird rf &I adS p&ef
xde;f xm;Ekid cf o
hJ nft
h jyif Ekid if aH wmftay:opm&S&d dS wm0efuadk usyeG pf mG xrf;aqmifco
hJ nf/ Akv
d cf sKyf
atmifqef;r&SdvQif &Jabmfrsm;u AkdvfcsKyf ae0if; ukdacgif;aqmifwifcJhMuonf/ bD-tkdif-at ^
bD-'D-at &Jabmfrsm;onff AkdvfcsKyftm; av;pm;Muonf/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if;\trSmpum; ukd
aumif;pGmem,lcMhJ uonf/
1

Akv
d rf LS ; baomif;? ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;/ (&efuek ?f t&kPOf ;D pmay? 1967)
pm 307/

40
1947 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mv 8 &ufaeYwiG f Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D tqifw
h ;dk jri jhf cif;cH&Ny;D ? 1947
ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv 12 &ufaeYwiG f Akv
d rf LS ;csKyt
f qifjh zifh ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f rSL; wm0efxrf;aqmifco
hJ nf/
Mum;jzwftpk;d &tzGUJ onfh 1947 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mv 17 &ufaeYwiG f ]]jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;pmcsKy}f }
ukd csKyq
f Edk idk cf o
hJ nf/ OD;EkEiS hf NAw
d o
d Qeef;&if;0ef tufwvDwrYdk ]S ] Ek-tufwvD pmcsKyf }} ukd vufrw
S f
a&;xkd;cJhMuonf/ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;pmcsKyf csKyfqkdNyD;aemuf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ukd 1948 ckESpf?
Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeY eHeuf 4 em&D 20 rdepf 37 puefYtcsdefwGif vGwfvyfaom ]] jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkid if aH wmf }} tjzpfaMunmcJah vonf/
4-4/

vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D acwfwiG Bf uKd ;yrf;rI(1948-1962)

vGwv
f yfa&;Ny;D wqufwnf;rSmyif ykeu
f efjcm;em;rIrsm;ukzd ,f&mS ;jcif;jzifh pnf;urf;jynf0h
aom acwfrDaomwyfrawmfBuD;ukd xlaxmifEkdifcJhonfhacgif;aqmifrSm AkdvfcsKyfae0if; jzpfonf/
xkdtaMumif;ukd AkdvfcsKyf\vuf&Hk;ozG,fjzpfaom AkdvfrSL;BuD; atmifBuD;u a'gufwmarmifarmif
(orw tNidrf;pm;) tm; aemufaMumif;jyefajymjybl;aMumif;od&Sdygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh
Akv
d af tmifBu;D wkYd onf jynfvrf;&Spd pf&w
J yf&if;xJrS tkww
f u
dk w
f wku
d u
f dk ppfXmecsKyv
f yk Nf y;D aemuf
vufeufrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;cJhMuonf/ wkdufyGJxGufonfhwpfBudrfwGif &ufav;q,fvHk;vHk;?aeYpOf
(24)em&De;D yg; wku
d cf u
dk cf MhJ u &onf/ xk&d ufav;q,fonf jrefrmhorkid ;f aMumif;ukd ajymif;aponfh
tcsed u
f mv jzpf Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;ukd rwdr;f &atmifxed ;f cJ&h onfh tcsed u
f mv jzpfonf/
1948 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv
f 1 &ufaeYwiG f 'kw,
d ppfaoemywdcsKy(f wyfaygif;pk)jzpfvmcJNh y;D
1948 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 13 &ufaeYwGif AkdvfcsKyftqifhokdY wkd;jrifcefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1949 ckESpf?
azazmf0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwiG f Armhwyfrawmf 'kw,
d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyjf zpfvmcJo
h nf/
1949 ckESpfonf wkdif;jynf\tajctaeqkd;&Gm;qHk;aomESpfjzpfcJh&m autif'Dtkdrsm;
qlyal omif;use;f cJo
h jzifh a&mifpo
kH yl ek af omif;use;f olrsm;\tE&m,fonf tjrifrh m;qH;k okYd a&mufchJ
onf/ jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd jrdKUrsm;teuf &5 %onfa&mifpHkolykefrsm;\vufwGif;okdY usa&mufaeonfh
tajctae &efuek Nf rKd Uonfyif autif't
D rdk sm;vufou
Ydk sa&mufawmhrnffh tajctaersm;jzpfco
hJ nf/
tpkd;&tMuyftwnf;awGUaecsdefwGif jynfaxmifpkwnfNrJa&;twGuf t"dutiftm;jzpfonf
wyfrawmfukdpnf;&Hk;um EkdifiHawmftmPmukd odrf;&efBudK;yrf;rIwpf&yfay:aygufvmonf/
zqyvtpk;d &onfa&mifpakH omif;use;f olrsm;\ ab;tE&m,fomru trIxrf;rsm;\oydwu
f v
dk nf;
&ifqkdifcJh&m EkdifiHawmf\tajctaerSm txl;pkd;&drfzG,f&mjzpfonf/ 1949 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 8
&ufaeY nwGif ppfO;D pD;csKyf Akv
d cf sKyaf e0if;rS toHviT Xf merSwidk ;f jynfoYdk arwm&yfccH suaf jymMum;cJo
h nf/
1949 ckEpS ?f rwfv 3 &ufaeYwiG f 'kw,
d Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D tqifo
h Ydk wk;d jri chf eft
Y yfjcif;cH&onf/
1949 ckESpf? atNyDv 4 &ufaeYwGif AkdvfcsKyfae0if;tm; 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyftjzpf

41
jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D XmeESiu
hf muG,af &;0efBu;D Xmewku
Yd dk tkycf sKy&f efwm0efay;aomtcg wm0eftaeESihf
trIxrf;cJhonf/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if;onf 1948 ckESpfwGifwpfBudrf? 1949 ckESpfwGifwpfBudrf
vuf0Jtiftm;pkESifh vuf,mtiftm;pkwkdY\tmPmodrf;&efpnf;&Hk;rIrsm;ukd vufrcHjcif;jzifh
wyfrawmftwGi;f pnf;vH;k nDnw
G rf u
I dk xde;f xm;Ekid cf o
hJ nf/ 'kw,
d 0efBu;D csKyw
f m0efxrf;aqmifpOfwiG f
xkd;ESufwkdufckdufvsuf&Sdaoma&mifpHkaomif;usef;olrsm;tjyif autrfwDwyfrsm;\usL;ausmf
0ifa&mufru
I dk [efw
Y m;wku
d x
f w
k cf NhJ y;D wkid ;f jynftay:opm&S&d w
dS m0efxrf;aqmifco
hJ nf/ 1949 ckEpS ?f
ZlvkdifvwGif vef'efokdYoGm;a&muf AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ]]qm0DvsHpvif;}}ESifhawGYqHkcJhonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH
tESHUtjym; &Sdaomif;usef;aeaom a&mifpHkolykefrsm;ukd &SdorQtiftm;ESifh wkdufckdufESdrfESif;cJhonfh
twGuf jrefrmEkid if t
H wGi;f Nird ;f csr;f a&;&&Sv
d mcJo
h nf/ wkid ;f jynfNird ;f csr;f a&;&vmNy;D aemuf 1950
jynfhESpf? pufwifbmv 9 &ufaeYwGifwyfrawmf\wm0efukd jyefvnfxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1956
ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwiG f Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D &mxl;wk;d jri jf cif;cH&onf/
1958 ckEpS ?f ar 6 &ufaeYwiG f zqyvtzGUJ csKyo
f nf oef&Y iS ;f zqyv? wnfNrzJ qyv[l
ESpjf crf;uGcJ o
hJ nf/ 1958 ckEpS ?f ZGev
f 9 &ufaeYwiG f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if yH gvDref jynfov
Yl w
T af wmf
txl;tpnf;ta0;wGif wnfNrzJ qyvrS OD;AaqGrS OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaomtpd;k &tay: t,Ht
k Munf
r&Sd tqkdwifoGif;cJh&m &IH;ESdrfhcJhonf/ OD;EkOD;aqmifaom tmPmqufvufwnfNrJcJhaomfvnf;
ESpzf uftyk pf u
k jJG ym;rI*,ufaMumifh Ekid if aH &;tajctaewpfaeYwpfjcm;qk;d &Gm;vmcJo
h nf/ xkaYd Mumifh
1958 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv 28 &ufaeYwGif 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek\tmPmvTJajymif;ay;csuf
t&Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf tdraf pmift
h pk;d &tzGUJ \ 0efBu;D csKyEf iS u
hf muG,af &;0efBu;D wm0efrsm;ukd
xrf;aqmifchJ onf/ ]] uReaf wmf0efBu;D csKy&f UJ wm0ef0w&m;ukd tckvv
dk ufc&H jcif;[m uReaf wmfeUJ wuG
trwfrif;rsm;tm;vH;k tjrwfwEk;d OD;xdy&f u
G yf efxm;wJh Ekid if aH wmfzUJG pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'eJU'Dru
dk a&pD
tpOftvmukd tE&m,ftrsKd ;rsKd ;u Ncrd ;f ajcmufaESmif,
h u
S v
f maewmawGU&wJt
h wGuf 'DtE&m,fudk
umuG,zf w
Ydk m0ef,l vufcv
H u
dk jf cif;jzpfygw,f/ uReaf wmf'v
D w
dk m0ef,jl cif;[m jynfaxmifpo
k m;
yk*dKvfwpfOD;taeESifhvnf;aumif;? ppfom;wpfa,muftaeESifhvnf;aumif; wm0ef&SdwJhtwkdif;
wm0ef,v
l u
dk jf cif;yJjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ygvDrefuay;tyfw'hJ w
D m0efBu;D ukd uReaf wmf&&J 0J 0hH hH vufcH
vku
d jf cif;jzpfygw,f }} [kajymMum;cJyh gonf/1
tdraf pmihf tpd;k &tzGUJ wGif 0efBu;D (13) OD;yg&So
d nf/ 2 wdik ;f jynftwGi;f Nird 0f yfyjd ym;rI?
1

OD;pHNird ;f ? jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)/ wGb

J ufa&;ol a'gufwm
a':jrifMh unf/ 'k-Burd /f (&efuek ?f aMu;rHo
k wif;pmwku
d ?f 1991) pm-159/
2

jrefrmEkid if ?H ppforkid ;f jywku

d Ef iS w
hf ufrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
d /f wyfrawmfordkif; pwkwwGJ
(1948-1962)/ (&efuek ?f owif;ESiphf me,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1996) pm - 246/
(1948-1962)

42
vH k N cH K rI & S d N yD ; tk y f c sKyf a &; ,E & m; yH k r S e f v nf y wf Ed k i f a &;twG u f td r f a pmif h t pd k ; &onf
txl;*kjyKaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpf {NyDvrukefrD vGwfvyf w&m;rQwaom taxGaxG
a&G;aumufyGJBuD; usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf pDpOfaqmif&Guf ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;
uwdjyKco
hJ nf/ tdraf pmiht
f pd;k & vufxufwiG f tkycf sKyaf &; ,E&m; odompGmwd;k wuf aumif;rGef
vmaMumif; 1959 ckEpS f vGwv
f yfa&;aeUtxl;xkwf Armhacwf owif;pmu a&;om;azmfjycJo
h nf/
0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek\ zdwfac:csuft& AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; tdrfapmihftpdk;& odkUr[kwf
wyfrawmftpd;k &\wm0ef,rl rI mS tcsed t
f cgtajctaeESihf vku
d af vsmnDaxGr&I NdS y;D jynfow
l Ukd \
axmufcHrIudkvnf; aumif;pGm&&SdcJhaMumif; tdEd,EdkifiH a'vDwuodkvfrS a&;om;xm;aom
pmtkyw
f iG af zmfjyxm;onf/1 AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;onf a&G;aumufyGJudk 1959 ckESpf {NyDvrukef rD
usif;yay;rnf[k uwdjyKajymMum;xm;aomfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJudk owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdef
umvtwGi;f usi;f yjyKvyk af y;&efrmS rjzpfEikd cf ahJ cs/ wdik ;f jynfNird 0f yfyjd ym;a&;twGuf a&mifpo
kH yl ek f
rsm;udkESdrfeif;aeqJ wyfrsm;tm;a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf jyefvnfkyfodrf;ygu olykefrsm;toufSL
ayguf&oGm;NyD; wdkif;jynfjyefvnf'kua&mufoGm;rnfjzpf&m EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tcsif;csif;
rajyvnfrIrsm;? EdkifiHtESHUtjym;wGif &Sdaeaomvufeufrsm;udk ukefpifatmifrodrf;Edkifao;
a&G;aumufyJGusif;yay;&efrjzpfEdkifcJhacs/ xdkpOfutajccHOya'yk'fr tcef; (7) yk'fr (116) t&
0efBuD;csKyftopfonf ygvDreftrwfr[kwfvQif if;\oufwrf;umvrSm (6) vom&Sd ojzifh
Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;u 0efBu;D csKy&f mxl;rSEw
k x
f u
G cf iG u
hf kd 1959 ckEpS f azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufaeUwGif
wifjycJo
h nf/ 0efBu;D csKyt
f jzpfjyefvnfaqmif&u
G af pvdyk gu yk'rf (116) udk jyefvnfjyifqifay;yg&ef
wpfqufwnf;tBuHjyKwifjycJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;jyefvnfwifjy csufrsm;ESifhywfouf
jynfoUl vTwaf wmftrwfrsm;? Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;u Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;tm; 0efBu;D csKyt
f jzpf
jyefvnfwifajrm ufEikd &f ef tajccHOya'yk'rf (116) wGiyf g0ifonhf jy|mef;csurf sm;udk aemufwpfBurd f
a&G;aumufyGJusif;yNyD; jynfolUudk,fpm;vS,ftpdk;&zGJUpnf;onhf tcsdefxd acwkyfodrf;xm;&ef
tajccHtyk cf sKyyf kH Oya'twnfjyKcsuu
f kd twnfjyKco
hJ nf/ Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;tm; 0efBu;D csKyt
f jzpf
qufvufwm0ef,al pvko
d nht
f wGuf tajccHOya'yk'rf (116) udk ,m,Djyifqifjcif;jzpfonf/
1956 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufaeUwGif AdkvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if; OD;aqmifonhf
tdrfapmihftpdk;&udk 'kwd,tBudrfzGJUpnf;cJhonf/ 'kwd,tBudrfzGJUpnf;cJh aom tdrfapmifhtpdk;&
0efBu;D tzGUJ wGif umuG,af &;0ef;Bu;D XmerS yk*Kd vf (2) OD;yg0ifvmonf/ wdik ;f jynfNird 0f yfyjd ym;a&;
ESihf vkyif ef;wGiu
f s,x
f ad &mufa&;twGuf ppfbuft&m&SBd u;D rsm;udk 0efBu;D Xmevufatmuf 1958
1

Government and Politics of Asian Countries: Myanmar/ edited by Verlinder

Grover.--New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications PVT.LTD, 2000.

43
ckESpfrSp wm0efrsm;ay;tyfcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpf rwfv (10) &ufaeUwGif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf
xkwfjyefaom trdefUjyefwrf;wGif if;udk,fwdkif tpdk;&tzGJU 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&Guf
aeonhftcsdeftcgwGif ppfrIxrf;tm;vHk; tjcm;tzGJU tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufqH&mwGifvnf;aumif;?
jynforl sm;ESiq
hf ufq&H mwGiv
f nf;aumif; ydrk kd pnf;urf;ao0yfMu &efEiS hf pnf;urf;azmufzsuyf gu
jyif;xefpmG ta&;,lrnfjzpfaMumif;yg&So
d nf/
1957 ckESpf rwfvESifh Mo*kwfvrsm;wGif tdrfapmifhtpdk;&oufwrf; (3)vausmfrQ
tcsdeftwGif;wGif wdkif;jynfNidrf0yfydjym;a&;? ukefaps;EIef; usqif;a&; tajctaet&yf&yfwdkU
wnfNird o
f mG ;ap&ef tm;oGecf eG pf u
kd af qmif&u
G cf ahJ Mumif;? pufrv
I ufrv
I yk if ef;rsm; wd;k wuf atmifjrifrI
&Sad Mumif; NrKd U&GmoefU&Si;f a&;ESiw
hf uG pnf;urf; ao0yfa&;twGuf tm;oGecf eG pf u
kd f jyKvyk af qmif&u
G f
Edik af Mumif;a&;om;azmfjycJo
h nf/1
a&G;aumufyGJusif;yEdkifa&;twGuf wdkif;jynfNidrf0yfydjym;a&;tygt0if tjcm;vkyf
ief;t&yf&yfudk tm;oGefcGefpdkufaqmif&GufaeonhfMum;rS tdrfapmifhtpdk;&onf &Srf;jynfe,f
twGufvnf; ordkif;0ifajymif;vJrIvkyfudkifaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/ a&S;acwftqufqufu
tjrpfwG,fcJhaom &Srf;ya'o&mZfapmfbGm;rsm;\ tkyfcsKyfrItmPmudk tNyD;wdkifpGefYvTwfapcJh
jcif;jzpfonf/ &Sr;f jynfe,fonf jrefrmEdik if \
H jynfe,fwpfcjk zpfygvsuyf a'o&mZfpepfqufvuf
&Sio
f efaejcif;udk vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D (10)ESpt
f wGi;f zqyvtpd;k &u jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; rjyKEikd cf o
hJ jzifh
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&wufvmNyD; (6)vwm tcsdefumvtwGif; apmfbGm;rsm;tm; tmPmpGefUvTwf
apEdik cf jhJ cif;rSm xl;jcm;aomaqmif&u
G cf sujf zpfonf/2
1960 jynfEh pS f azazmf0g&Dv (6) &ufaeUwGif a&G;aumufyu
JG si;f yay;rnf jzpfaMumif;
tdraf pmift
h pd;k &u twdtvif;aMunmvdu
k Nf y;D zqyv ygwDBu;D ESpcf o
k nf a&G;aumufyt
JG Edik &f &Sad &;
twGuf NyKd iq
f ikd rf t
I &Sed t
f [keyf rkd w
kd ;kd jri v
hf yI &f mS ;cJh Muonf/ a&G;aumufyEJG iS phf yfvsO;f wyfrawmfom;
rsm; vdu
k ef m&eftrdeUf pmwpfapmifukd 1959 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv (11) &ufaeU aeUpGjJ zifh xkwjf yefco
hJ nf/
(u)tjzpfEdkifqHk; w&m;rQwaom taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJjzpfap&ef/(c)wyfrawmfu&&Sdaeaom
jynfov
l x
l \
k ,HMk unfav;pm;rI udk qufvuf&dS ap&efjzpfonf[ak zmfjyxm;&So
d nf/ 1960 jynfEh pS f
Zefe0g&Dv (16) &ufaeUrSpwif EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; (13) OD;udk jyefvnfvTwfay;cJhonf/
a&G;aumufyu
JG mv twGi;f bufvu
kd jf cif;? rw&m;jyKvyk jf cif;? Ncrd ;f ajcmufjcif;p onfrsm;&Scd o
hJ nf/
tdraf pmiht
f pd;k & onf ay;xm;onhu
f wdtwdik ;f a&G;aumufyw
JG iG t
f Edik &f &Sd oGm;onhf Edik if aH &;ygwD
1

a'gufwmarmifarmif/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/ (&efuek ?f

yk*pH mtkyf wku
d ?f 1969) pm- 373-377 /
2

,if;/ pm 387/

44
vufodkU tmPmvTJajymif;ay;&ef tpDtpOftwdkif;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1960 jynfhESpf {NyDv (4)
&ufaeY jynfoUl vTwaf wmfnv
D mcHwiG f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if \
H 0efBu;D csKyt
f jzpf OD;Ekukd NyKd ib
f ufr&Sd
a&G;aumufwifajrm ufvu
kd af Mumif; aMunmcJo
h nf/ Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; OD;pD;aom tdraf pmiht
f pd;k &
onf uwdtwdik ;f a&G;aumufyu
JG si;f y ay;cJo
h nfomru jynfov
l x
l t
k vdu
k s rJay;a&G;aumufaom
tpd;k &tzGUJ opfvufxo
J Ukd tmPmvTaJ jymif; ay;cJo
h nf/ tdraf pmift
h pd;k & tzGUJ onf 4if;\oufwrf;
(14)vwm umvtwGi;f jynfoUl qEEiS t
hf nD a&G;aumufyJG usi;f yay;Ny;D tpd;k &tzGUJ opfoUkd tmPm
vTaJ jymif;ay;Edik cf o
hJ nfomru tcsed w
f u
kd mvtwGi;f Edik if aH wmfNird 0f yfyjd ym;rI&&Sad &;? Edik if aH wmfw;kd wuf
pnfyifa&;wdkUudk aqmif&GufcJhonf/ if;tcsdefu tbufbufucsdeJYaeonhf EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
tkycf sKyaf &;? vlraI &;ponhf u@toD;oD;wGif wd;k wufr&I adS p&ef pepfwusppD Ofaqmif&u
G Ef ikd o
f uJo
h Ukd
tdraf pmiht
f pd;k &vufxufwiG f wyfrawmf\ ppfa&; qdik &f m pGr;f aqmifEikd rf aI Mumihf aomif;use;f ol
rsm;pGm txdemtajc,dik cf &hJ onf/ epfjzL? epfe?D autrf't
D ?kd trftif't
D ?kd &Sr;f aomif;use;f ol? rl*sm[pf?
wkwfjzLponhf aomif;usef;ol tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk ppfqifa&;rsm;jyKvkyfqifETJjcif;? wyfpcef;rsm;
xdef;odrf;&jcif;wdkUaMumihf wdkufyGJBuD; (386) BudrfESifhwdkufyGJi,f (2743) BudrfqifEJTcJh&onf/1
&eforl sm;bufrS txdemcJo
h vdk wyfrawmfbufrS vnf; tqH;k tI;H rsm;&Scd yhJ gonf/ aomif;use;f ol
rsm;tcsif;csif; oabmxm; uGJcJhMuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? wyfrawmf\ xkd;ppfqifrI'Pfudk
rcHEikd
f vnf;aumif; vufeufuikd v
f rf;pOfukd pGev
Yf w
T &f ef tjrifreS &f &Scd MhJ u ojzifh vufeufcstyfErHS I
rsm;&Scd o
hJ nf/ xl;jcm;aomatmifjrifrI wpf&yftaeESihf vufeufyek ;f tajrmuftrsm;udk azmfxw
k Ef ikd cf hJ
onf/
Edik if aH wmfw;kd wufwnfNird af &;twGuf xl;jcm;aomatmifjrifrw
I pf&yftaeESihf NrKd Uopf?
aps;opfrsm;wnfaxmifay;jcif;? usL;ausmfaqmufvkyfxm;aom wJtdrfrsm;udkajymif;a&TU
ae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;rsm; vkyaf qmifco
hJ nf/ &efuek Nf rKd Uawmfae&mtESUH tjym;wGif vlO;D a& (3) ode;f cefu
Y kd
ajymif;a&TUae&mcsxm;ay;EdkifcJhonf/ ajymif;aTUae&mcsxm;ay;Edkifa&;twGuf jynfol tdk;tdrf
jyefvnfxal xmifa&;tzGUJ jynfov
Yl yk if ef;0efBu;D Xme?qnfajrmif;XmeESiw
hf yfrawmfwUkd u wdak wmif;
onhf tcsed u
f mvtwGi;f Ouvmy? omauwNrKd Uopfrsm;udw
k nfaqmufay;cJo
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acsmif;udjk zwfu;l aomrD;&xm;wHwm;udk wyfrawmf tif*sief ,
D mtzGUJ rS armfawmf,mOf ESihf vlomG ;
wHwm;tjzpf jyKjyifwnfaqmufay;jcif;jzifh &efukefESifhomauwNrdKUopfudk vG,fulpGmqufoG,f
oGm;vmEdik af &; aqmif&u
G af y;cJo
h nf/

jrefrmEkid if ?H ppforkid ;f jywku

d Ef iS w
hf yfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
d /f wyfrawmfordkif; pwkwwGJ
(1948-1962)/ (&efuek ?f owif;ESiphf me,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1996) pm - 36/
(1948-1962)

45
usL;ausm&f yfuu
G rf sm;udzk suo
f rd ;f Ny;D NrKd Uopfrsm;csxm;ay;cJjh cif;aMumifh &efuek Nf rKd UESihf
wuGjrefrmjynft&yf&yfwiG f rD;avmifreI nf;yg;oGm;ouJo
h Ukd &mZ0wfrrI sm;vnf;usqif;oGm;cJh onf/
tjcm;xl;jcm;onhaf qmif&u
G cf suw
f pf&yfrmS &efuek jf rLeDpy,ftzGUJ udk wyfrawmfom;rsm;? jynfoUl &J
wyfzUJG rsm;? jynfov
l x
l t
k iftm;rsm;jzifh pkaygif;um tywfpOfaqmif&u
G cf rhJ aI Mumifh wd;k wufajymif;vJrI
rsm;&Scd o
hJ nf/
tdraf pmift
h pd;k &vufxufwiG f vl0ifrBI u;D Muyfa&;Xme\ vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf qufE,
T af e
onhf Edik if jH cm;om;rSwyf w
kH ifa&;udpu
kd 1958 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufaeUrS pwifaqmif&u
G Ef ikd f
cJo
h nf/ Edik if jH cm;qufqaH &;u@wGif ,d;k ',m; (xdik ;f )? uarm'D;,m;? tpa&;? tm&yf? ygupwef?
tdE,
d ponhEf ikd if rH sm;ESihf cspMf unf&if;ES;D pGm qufqcH o
hJ nf/1960 jynfEh pS f Zefe0g&Dv (28) &ufaeY
jrefrm-wkwf e,ferd w
d pf mcsKyu
f kd csKyq
f Ekd ikd af tmif aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ 1 ESp&f n
S v
f rsm; rNy;D jywfonhf
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pmcsKycf sKyq
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d jf yemESihf ywfouf ESpEf ikd if t
H pd;k &\ cspMf unfa&;
wpfEikd if EH iS w
hf pfEikd if H usL;ausmf wdu
k cf u
kd jf cif; rjyKvyk &f ef pmcsKycf sKyq
f Ekd ikd cf o
hJ nf/ tdraf pmift
h pd;k &\
EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;wGif tay:vGifqHk; aqmif&GufrIjzpfonf/ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwGif
wyfrawmft&m&SBd u;D rsm; OD;pD; BuchH ikd af &; toif;rsm;udk jrefrmEdik if w
H pfEikd if v
H ;kH wGif wnfaxmif
cJhMuonf/ 3 BuHhcdkifa&;toif;rsm;\ wuf<upGm yg0ifulnDrIaMumifh EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;a&;ESifh
Nidrf;csrf;om,ma&;vkyfief;rsm; wdk;wufcJhonf/ tdrfapmifhtpdk;&onf EdkifiHawmftwGif;
pnf;urf;ao0yfonhf zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrI &&Sad p&ef aqmif&u
G af y;cJNh y;D 1960 jynhEf pS f azazmf0g&Dv (6)
&ufaeUwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumuf yGJudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yay;cJhonf/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif
tEdkif&&Sdaom oefU&Sif;zqyv tzGJUodkU 1960 jynfhESpf {NyDv (4) &ufaeUwGif tmPmvTJajymif;
ay;tyfco
hJ nf/
oefU&Si;f zqyv tzGUJ onf OD;Ektm;0efBu;D csKyt
f jzpfwifajrm ufNy;D tpd;k &tzGUJ zGUJ pnf;cJh
onf/ oefU&Sif;zqyv tzGJUudkvnf; jynfaxmifpkygwD ( yxp ) [k trnfajymif;vJ cJhonf/
OD;Ekonf aiGaMu;ukeu
f sro
I ufomap&ef tpd;k &tzGUJ udk 0efBu;D OD;a& enf;enf;jzihf zGUJ pnf;cJo
h jzifh
1

=acwf
acwf j ref r mwnf [ ef /
bmomjyefol OD;wifarmif&if/ (&efuek ?f jrwfE;dk olpmay? 1978) pm 639/
Dorothy Woodman. The Making of Burma

Burma Boundary Operation

ppforkid ;f jywku
d Ef iS w
hf yfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
d rf LS ;&H;k / wyfrawmfordkif;pwkwwGJ(19481962)/ (&efuek ?f owif;ESiphf me,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1996) pm - 257/
1962)

46
ygwDwiG ;f rauseyfrrI sm;jzpfay:cJo
h nf/ tkycf sKyrf o
I ufwrf; (1) ESprf jynfrh D OD;? Adv
k t
f yk pf Ek iS o
hf ciftyk pf k
tzGUJ uGNJ y;D tkypf pk q
JG Ersm;jyif;jyif;xefxefay:aygufco
hJ nf/1 jynfaxmifpk ygwDonf pnf;vH;k rIysujf ym;
vmum tkyfcsKyfa&;,E&m;rsm;yg ysufjym;vmcJhonf/ jynfaxmifpk ygwDtpdk;&vufxufwGif
Ak'bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpfjy|mef;&efBudK;yrf;rIonf EdkifiHa&; rwnfNidrfrIudkay:ayguf
apcJo
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D (4) &ufaeUwGif Ak'b
momudk Edik if aH wmf bmomtjzpfjy|mef;a&;
qdkif&m tBuHay;tzGJUudkzGJYpnf;cJhonf/ ucsifjynfe,fwGif c&pf,mefbm omudk;uG,folrsm;ESifh
ewfudk;uG,folrsm;aexdkifMuojzifh Ak'bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf todtrSwfjyKa&;udk
jyif;xefpmG qefu
Y siMf uygonf/ Ak'b
momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpf jy|mef;oifo
h nf? roifo
h nf
0g'jiif;cHrk rI sm;? axmufco
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f rl sm; ponfjzifh qlyv
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Mo*kwv
f (11) &ufaeUwGif jynfrESihf jynfe,frsm;rS c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;? tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;
ESifh ewfudk;uG,folwdkif;&if;om;rsm;u wdkif;&if;om;bmoma&;vlenf;pkaygif;pHkr[mrdwftzGJUudk
zG J Y p nf ; wnf a xmif u m qE j ycJ h M uonf / tpd k ; &tzG J Y t wG i f ; Ak ' b mom0if r [k w f o nh f
0efBuD;rsm;twGif;wGif uefUuGufrIrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf/2 1961 ckESpf Bo*kwfv (26) &ufaeUwGif
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k ajccHOya'udk jyifqifum Ak'b
momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomtjzpfjy|mef;cJo
h nf/
Ak ' b momud k Ed k i f i H a wmf b mom tjzpf j y|mef ; ay;jcif ; jzif h Ak ' b mom0if r [k w f a om
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;twGi;f rauseyf qlyrl rI sm;ay:aygufc&hJ onf/ trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nDw
G f
a&;udk xdcdkufcJh&onf/ Ak'bmom0if r[kwfonhf jynfolrsm;\pdk;&drfxdwfvefUrI? rauseyfrIrsm;
yaysmufap&ef ygvDrefwGif jyifqif csufOya'udk xyfrHjy|mef;ay;cJhonf/ Oya't&
tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;\ vGwv
f yfpmG ud;k uG,rf ?I vGwv
f yfpmG oifMum;Edik cf iG w
hf nf;[laom &SNd y;D jzpfonhf
bmoma&;ESihf ywfoufaom tajccHtcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk jznhpf u
G af y;onf/ Ak'b
mombke;f awmfBu;D
rsm;u 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek tdrfESifhvTwfawmf? twGif;0efHk; ponfwdkUudk 0dkif;0ef;ydwfqdkUonhfudp?
ajrmufOuvmy AvDta&;tcif;ay:aygufco
hJ nf/ 3 ucsijf ynfe,fwiG v
f nf; ucsiv
f w
G af jrmufa&;
wyfrawmf ay:ayguf cJhonf/ 1962 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvukefwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;\
acgif;aqmifrsm;? Edik if aH &; tzGt
YJ pnf;aygif;pHrk S acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf tpd;k &acgif;aqmifrsm; toHviT hf kH
(1) jynfe,frsm;\ aemifa&;udk aqG;aEG;Muonf/ 1947 ckEpS f zGpYJ nf;yHk tajccHOya't& (10)
1

a'gufwmarmifarmif/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/ (&efuek ?f

yk*Hpmtkyf wkduf? 1969) pm- 424/
2

OD;ausmf0if;/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;1958-1962 (wwd,wGJ)/ wGJbufa&;ol

OD;jr[efEiS hf OD;ode;f vdiI /f (&efuek ?f wuov
dk rf sm;yHEk ydS w
f u
dk ?f 1991) pm 106/
3

rdk;BudK;owif;pm
pm/ (14 Ekd 1961) pm 1-2/

47
ESpfMumvQif cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufEdkifonf[laom tcef; (10) yg cGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;udk
jyif;xefpmG ajymqdv
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k ajccHOya'udk ypfy,fxm;rnhf
tajctaersm;jzpfay:vmcJo
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f mjcif;?
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ya'o&mZfwdkUu jynfaxmifpkBuD;udk NzdKcGJ&efBudK;yrf;vmjcif;rsm;aMumifh wyfrawmfonf
Edik if aH wmfvw
G v
f yfa&;ESihf tcsKyt
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k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; OD;aqmif
onhf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk zGJYpnf;NyD; 1962 ckESpf?rwfv (2) &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHawmftmPmudk
xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufco
hJ nf/
4-5/

1962 rS 1988 ckESpftwGif;BudK;yrf;rI

Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf awmfveS af &;aumifpD OuXtjzpfvnf;aumif;? awmfveS af &;
tpk;d &OuXESihf umuG,af &;Xmewm0efct
H jzpfvnf;aumif;? ArmhwyfrawmfppfaoemywdcsKyt
f jzpf
vnf;aumif; wm0ef,lxrf;&GufcJhonf/ 1962 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (4) &ufaeUwGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf
vrf;pOfygwDukd tjrKaw ygwDtjzpf pwifzUJG pnf;cJ&h mrS 1971 ckEpS f {Nyv
D (30) &ufaeUxd jynfoUl ygwD
tjzpfu;l ajymif; zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/ jynfoUl awmifov
l ,form;aumifpED iS hf jynfoUl tvkyo
f rm;aumifpu
D kd
pnf;H;k zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/ 1972 ckEpS w
f iG f aMunm csut
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k a&pDtyk cf sKyaf &;
,E&m;\ tajccHjzpfonhf twGi;f 0ef H;k rsm;udk kyo
f rd ;f cJNh y;D 0efBu;D Xmersm;udk jyKjyif zGUJ pnf;cJh onf/
1969ckEpS af zazmf0g&Dv(26)&ufaeUwGif A[djk ynfoUl awmifov
l ,form; aumifpu
D kd
zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ tvkyform;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rsm;udk 1963 ckESpfrS 1967 ckESpfxd &efukefNrdKUESifh
acsmufNrKd Ursm; wGiu
f si;f yay;cJo
h nf/ 1968 ckEpS f {Nyv
D (27)&ufaeUwGif A[dt
k vkyo
f rm;aumifpD
udk zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/
Edik if aH wmfzUJG pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'opf a&;qG&J ef Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf pef;,k Ou|tjzpf yg0ifaom
tzGUJ 0if (97) OD;yg0ifonhf Edik if aH wmfzUJG pnf;tkycf sKyyf akH &;qGaJ &;aumfr&Siu
f kd 1963 ckEpS f pufwifbmv
(25) &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUuarmZ &dyfomwGif Hk;zGifh aumfr&SiftzGJU (15) zGJUcGJNyD;
EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' yxrrlMurf;udk a&;qGJcJhonf/ 1972 ckESpf arvESifh ZGefvwGif
aumfr&SiftzGJUonf jrefrmEdkifiHwpf0ef;odkUoGm; a&muf EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHk tajccH Oya'
xyfqifh&Sif;vif;a&;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ OD;'def&wef acgif;aqmifonhf tzGJU0if (26) OD;jzihf
jynfv;kH uRwq
f Ec,
H yl aJG umfr&Sio
f nf jynfe,f? wdik ;f ESihf NrKd Uaumfr&Sizf UJG pnf;um 1973 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv
(15) &ufaeUrS (31)&ufaeUxd jynfoUl qEc,
H yl JG jyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/ yxrtBurd f jynfoUl vTwaf wmf ESihf
jynfolYaumifpD tqifhqifh a&G;cs,fwifajrmufyGJudk 1974 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufaeUrS
azazmf0g&Dv (10) &ufaeYxd usi;f yay;cJo
h nf/ awmfveS af &;aumifpo
D nf Edik if aH wmf\ tcsKyt
f jcm

48
tmPmudk jynfoUl vTwaf wmfoUkd 1974 ckEpS f rwfv (2) &ufaeUwGif jyefvnfvaJT jymif;ay;tyfchJ
aMumif; awGU&S&d ygonf/ 1 Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;onf 1974 ckEpS f rwfv 2 &ufaeYwiG f jynfaxmifpk
qk&d ,
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f pforwjrefrmEkid if aH wmf\ yxrqH;k orwjzpfvmcJo
h nf/
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;OD;aqmifaom awmfveS af &;aumifpo
D nf 1963 ckEpS f {Nyv
D (30)
&ufaeUwGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf rl0g'oabmxm; aMunmcsufudk xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/
1963 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mv (29) &ufaeUwGif vkyif ef;rsm; jynfoyl ikd jf yKvyk jf cif;Oya'? 1964 ckEpS f
rwfv (13) &ufaeUwGif qd&k ,
S v
f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmufru
I kd qefUusijf cif;rS umuG,o
f nhf
Oya'rsm; udjk y|mef;cJo
h nf/ 1964 ckEpS f rwfv (19) &ufaeUrS 1972 ckEpS Zf efe0g&D v (1) &ufaeUxd
jynfoyl ikd o
f rd ;f qnf;jcif;vkyif ef;rsm;udk qufvuf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
1964 ckESpf arv (17) &ufaeUwGif usyf(100) wef? (50) wef aiGpuLrsm;udk
f rd ;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u
G &f m
w&m;0iftjzpfr&S yfpo
J nhOf ya' xkwjf yefco
hJ nf/2 ajr&Sipf epf zsuo
wGif 1963 ckEpS f rwfv (25) &ufaeUwGif 1963 ckEpS f oD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya'ESihf 1963 ckEpS f awmifol
v,form;rsm; tcGit
hf a&;umuG,af &;Oya'? 1965 ckEpS f {Nyv
D (5) &ufwiG f 1965ckEpS f oD;pm;cs
xm;a&; Oya'rsm;udk jyifqifonhOf ya'rsm;udjk y|mef;Ny;D oD;pm;rsm;udzk suo
f rd ;f cJo
h nf/ ajr&Sirf sm;onf
awmifolv,form;rsm;ydkifqdkifonhf uRJ? EGm;? xGefwHk;? xGefwHrsm;udk 0&rf;uyfcGifhr&Sdonhfjyif
awmifov
l ,form;rsm;xHrS oD;pm;c awmif;cHciG hf r&Syd g/ 1965 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mv (18) &ufaeU
wGiu
f ek o
f ,
G af &; aumif pDuzkd UJG pnf;jcif;? ukeo
f ,
G af &; aumfyakd &;&Si;f (22) ckzUJG pnf;cJo
h nf/ 1973
- 1974 ckEpS w
f iG f or0g,rtoif; (16400) &Scd o
hJ nf/
1967 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mv (2) &ufaeUwGif Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D ae0if; Ou|tjzpfyg 0ifaom
qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;aumfrwDwpf&yfudk zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG&&Sda&;twGuf
ausmufrsu&f wemjyyG?J urmu
h ek pf nfjyyG?J urmvSnchf &D;onfrsm;udk vufcjH cif;rsm;jyK vkycf o
hJ nf/
ausmufrsuf&wemjyyGJ(10) Budrf cif;usif;jyoa&mif;cscJh&m usyfaiG (13.07) uka#&&SdcJhNyD;
urmhukefpnfjyyGJwGifvnf; (361) Budrfyg0ifjyocJhonf/ urmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;tm; jrefrmEdkifiH
twGi;f vSnv
fh nfavhvmEdik &f ef cGijhf yKc&hJ mESppf Of jrefrmusyf wpfuak #cefUESin
hf rD Qaom Edik if jH cm;aiGrsm;
&&Scd o
hJ nf/

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if ?H awmfveS af &;aumifp/D awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmif

csuf orkdif;tusOf;csKyf / (&efukef? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD? ckESpfryg) pm 32/

,if;/ pm 42/

49
Muufarmufawmifqnf? 0ga&Smifqnf? awmifwiG ;f wl;ajrmif;? rkew
f ikd af & avSmifuef?
ajymif;jyma&avSmifwrH? aiGawmifqnf? [J[;kd csKd i0hf rS ;f qnfajrmif;? bk&m;Bu;D uke;f ? catmifyifwm?
cufvefwrH? a'g&xwmwrH? ausmuftdk;a&eDacsmif; qnfajrmif;rsm; wnfaqmufay;cJhonf/
Edik if w
H pf0ef;wGif jynfol ydik t
f vkyv
f yk af eonhpf ufakH ygif; (1458)Hjk zpfNy;D wnfaqmufqpJ ufakH ygif;
(18)H&k cdS o
hJ nf/1 1973 ckEpS w
f iG f a&eHprd ;f wdik u
f D (9.33) ode;f xGu&f cdS o
hJ nf/ obm0"mwfaiGUrsm;
udv
k nf; pavESihf uRe;f acsmif; "mwfajrMoZmpufrkH sm; odUk wpfaeUvQif "mwfaiGUukAay (11.5)oef;
jzefUjzL;ay;Edik cf ahJ Mumif;avhvmawGU&S&d ygonf/
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf 1964 ckESpfwGif wuodkvfynma&;pepfudkjy|mef;
pepfopfynma&; udkvnf;aumif;? 1966 ckESpf tajccHynma&;udkjy|mef; pepfopf tajccH
ynma&;udk 1967 ckESpfwGifvnf;aumif; taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf/ 1962 ckESpfwGif &efukef
wuodkvfOya'ESifh rEav; wuodkvf Oya'wdkUudkkyfodrf;onhf Oya'rsm;jy|mef;cJhonf/21963
ckESpfwGif udk,fydkifausmif; (814) ausmif;ukd jynfolydkifjyKvkyfcJhonf/ 1973 ckESpfwGif wuodkvf
ynma&;Oya'? tajccH ynma&;Oya'? ynma&;okawoeOya'udkjy|mef;cJhonf/ jrefrmpm
ta&;tom; toHk;tEIef;rsm; rSefuefzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf jrefrmpm aumfr&Sif Oya'jy|mef;
cJo
h nf/ 1974 ckEpS w
f iG f pufrpI u
kd yf sKd ;a&;ESit
hf oufarG;ynma&; Oya'udjk y|mef;cJo
h nf/ acwfEiS hf
avsmn
f rD rI &So
d nhf ynma&;Oya'rsm;udv
k nf; jyifqiftopf jy|mef;cJo
h nf/
usef;rma&;tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmap&ef? aus;&GmESifhNrdKUrsm;wGif usef;rma&;
tusdK;cHpm;rI qif;&J? csrf;omra&G; wef;wl&Sdap&ef? a&m*gumuG,fa&;ESifh ukoa&;wGif a&m*g
umuG,fa&;udkOD;wnf aqmif&Gufay;&ef? udk,fvufBuHhcdkifa&;ESifhtm;upm;jrifhwifa&;wdkUudk
aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ 1961 ckEpS w
f iG f jynfoUl ppfrx
I rf;tufOya'udk jyifqifonhOf ya'jy|mef;cJh onf/
q&m0efrsm;onf Edik if t
H usKd ;twGuv
f t
kd yfygu wyfrawmfwiG o
f mru NrKd Ujytkycf sKyaf &; bufwiG f
touft&G,f? tcsdeftcg? ae&ma'ora&G; trIxrf;aqmifMu&rnf/3 1965 ckESpfwGif
qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomvlemrsm;tm; aus;vufrS vlBuD;rsm;\aq;Hkrsm;odkU tpdk;&p&dwfjzifh
ydkUaqmifukoay;jcif;rsm;udkaqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1965 ckESpfrS 1969 ckESpftwGif; omoemjyK
tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ aq;Hk (9) Hu
k kd jynfoyl ikd jf yKvyk cf o
hJ nf/
1

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if ?H awmfveS af &;aumifp/D awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmifcsuf

orkdif;tusOf;csKyf/ (&efuek ?f awmfveS af &;aumifp?D ckEpS rf yg) pm - 66/
2
jrefrmEkid if ?H ppforkid ;f jywku
d Ef iS w
hf yfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
d /f wyfrawmfordkif;pwkwwGJ
(1962-1974)
(1962-1974)/ (&efuek ?f owif;ESiphf me,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1999) pm - 229/
3
awmfveS af &;aumifp\
D 1962ckEpS rf pS xkwjf yefaomOya'rsm;;/ trSw(f 1) rS(15)xd/

50
aeUuav;xde;f Xme (18) ck? rlvwef;BuKd ausmif; (9) ausmif;? uav;jyKpak &;Xme (1)
ck? apwemh0efxrf; aeUuav;xde;f Xme (279) ck zGiv
hf pS jf cif;jyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/ u,fq,fa&; vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf
ywfouf 1962 ckEpS w
f iG f tdE,
d ydik f uyvu
D Re;f rSjrefrmtrsKd ;om; tdraf xmifpk (622) vlO;D a&
(2189) OD;tm; pepfwusae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;? 1972 ckESpfwGif yJcl;wdkif; ausmufwHwm;NrdKUwGif
awmifay: (14)&GmrS tdrfaxmifpkaygif; (426) pktm; aomif;usef;rI uif;a0;&me,fajrwGif
&Gmopfrsm;wnfaqmufay;rsm;jyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/
1962 ckEpS f yHEk ydS f vkyif ef;rsm;ESix
hf w
k af 0olrsm; rSwyf w
kH ifOya'udjk y|mef;jcif;? 1964
ckEpS f pmMunhw
f u
kd ?f jywdu
k Ef iS fh NyyGrJ sm;Bu;D Muyftyk cf sKyaf &; Oya'udjk y|mef;jcif;? ky&f iS f kH (182)Hu
k kd
jynfoyl ikd o
f rd ;f ky&f iS v
f yk if ef; aumfyakd &;&Si;f udzk UJG pnf;aqmif&u
G jf cif;? rl0g'ESihf rqefu
Y sif aom
jrefrmky&f iS u
f m; rsm; du
k u
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G cf o
hJ nf/ 1
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(120) ud k xd e f ; od r f ; apmif h a &S m uf j cif ; ? a&S ; a[mif ; taqmuf t tH k (500) ausmf
xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufokawoejyKEdkif&ef 1962 ckESpf a&S;a[mif;0wKypnf; tufOya'udk
jyifqifonhOf ya'jy|mef;jcif;? ordik ;f 0iftxdr;f trSwt
f aqmufttH?k aMu;ky?f ausmufwikd ?f O,smOf?
yefNcHrsm;udk ordkif;0ifyk*dKvfrsm;\ *kPft*FgESifhtnD aqmif&GufEdkif&ef ordkif;0ifyk*dKvfrsm;
txdr;f trSwaf rmfueG ;f Oya'udk jy|mef;cJo
h nf/ pmaytaxmuftxm; enf;yg;onhf ydEd;k NrKd Ua[mif;?
[ef v if ; Nrd K Ua[mif ; ? oa&acw & mNrd K Ua[mif ; rsm;ud k wl ; azmf ok a woejyKjcif ; ?
ordkif;uGif;qufrsm;azmfxkwfjcif;? ordkif;0iftaqmufttHk? apwDykxdk;? ausmufpmrsm;udk
a&S;rlrysux
f ed ;f odr;f jcif;? trsKd ;om;pmMunhw
f u
kd ?f jywdu
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hf pS
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hf pS
f yef;cs?D yef;yk
tEkynm&yfrsm;jzefUjzL;jcif;? a&S;a[mif;urnf;pmay? yk&ydkuf? eH&Hyef;csD? oDcsif;BuD;rsm;udk
ok a woejyK pmtk y f x k w f a 0jcif ; ? jref r mEd k i f i H o rd k i f ; usrf ; twG u f jynf w G i f ; jynf y rS
taxmuftxm;rsm;pkaqmif;jcif; ponhv
f yk if ef;rsm;udak qmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/2
Ak'b
momomoema&;ESiyhf wfouf y&d,wd? y#dywd? y#da0' omoemawmfo;kH &yf
wd;k wufpnfyif&ef c&pf,mefbmom? tpvmrfbmom? [dEL bmom0ifrsm;ESihf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if ?H awmfveS af &;aumifp/D awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmif

csuf orkdif;tusOf;csKyf / (&efuek ?f awmfveS af &;aumifp?D ckEpS rf yg) pm - 112/
2
jrefrf mEkid if ?H ppforkid ;f jywku
d Ef iS w
hf yfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
d /f wyfrawmfordkif; (yrwGJ)
1962-1974
1962-1974/ 'k-Burd /f (&efuek ?f owif;ESiphf me,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1999) pm237/

51
ewfudk;uG,folrsm; vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fEdkifa&; BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ if;tjyif bmoma&;
toif;tzGUJ rsm;odUk ESppf OfaxmufyahH iGrsm;vSL'gef;cJo
h nf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H oefacgif; pm&if;Oya'udk {Nyv
D (28) &ufaeUwGijf y|mef;
cJhonf/ 1973 ckESpf? {NyDv (1) &ufrS (5) &ufaeUxdtrsdK;om;a&; vkyfief;BuD;wpf&yf
taejzifhaqmif&GufcJhonf/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ &nfrSef;csufrSm jynfolUw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf
taumif txnfazmf&efjzpfonf/ w&m;H;k csKyzf UJG pnf;jcif;? jynfow
Yl &m;pD&ifa&;udak rQmrf eS ;f onhf
tajccH ajymif;vJrIrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;? jynfolUw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfudkpwiftaumiftxnfazmfjcif;?
tjypf'Pf ay;onhfpepfudk jyKjyifusifhoHk;jcif;rsm;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1 1974 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv
(15) &ufaeUwGif EdkifiHjcm; wdkif;jynfrsm; jrefrmEkdifiHrSzGifhvSpfxm;onhf jrefrmoHHk; (27)Hk;?
aumifppf0efcsKyfHk; (3) Hk;? ukvor*qdkif&m jrefrmtNrJwrf; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUHk; (1)Hk;?
wdu
k sKd NrKd UjrefrmtzGUJ H;k (1) H;k pkpak ygif; (32) H;k &Sad Mumif; avhvmawGU&S&d ygonf/ 2
1967 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif Auyrsm;onf jrpf0uRef;ay:a'otm; jrpf0uRef;ay:
wdik ;f tjzpf aqmif&u
G af epOf wyfrawmfrS ]] jynfom,mppfqifa&; }} trnfjzifh 1968 ckEpS f {Nyv
D
(16) &ufaeUwGif AuyXmecsKyftm; awGU&Sdodrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf/ 1968 ckESpf pufwifbmv (19)
&ufaeUwGif 'kw,
d tBurd f Auy A[dXk mecsKyt
f m; tvpftidu
k 0f ifa&muf wdu
k cf u
kd cf hJ onf/ Auy
A[dkXmecsKyfonf a&Smifwdrf;&if; pufwifbmv (24) &ufwGif jr&myifaMum\ ta&SU
aZmif;ausmufacsmif; urf;yg;wGif acwpcef;cspOf ocifoef;xGef;onf &JabmfjrBuD;\
vkyBf urH aI Mumifah oqH;k cJ&h onf/ 1975 ckEpS f rwfv (15) &ufwiG f wyfrawmfrS atmifp;kd rd;k ppfqifa&;
jzifh ocifwifESifh ocifcspfwdkUtm; yJcl;dk;r? &JEG,f? zGwfusm;acsmif;wGif tao&rdcJhNyD; yJcl;dk;r&Sd
Auyrsm;onf wyfrawmfEiS hf jynforl sm;\ vufcsujf zihf usq;kH csKyNf ird ;f cJ&h onf/ 1967-68ckEpS rf pS Ny;D
&Srf;jynfta&SUajrmufa'owGif Auyrsm; tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmNyD; 1972 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;wGif
uGrf;vHk&uf (40)wdkufyGJBuD; jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ wyfrawmfrS&Gyf&GyfcRHcRH wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufcJhonf/
awmfveS af &;aumifpt
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aqmif&GufcJhaomfvnf; e,fpGef e,fzsm;a'orsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrsdK;a&;t&if;cHonhf
aomif;use;f olrsm; use&f cdS hJ aMumif; avhvmawGU&S&d ygonf/

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if ?H awmfveS af &;aumifp/D awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vkyfaqmif

csuf orkdif;tusOf;csKyf / (&efuek ?f awmfveS af &;aumifp?D ckEpS rf yg) pm - 187/
2
,if;? pm - 228/

52
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azmfxkwftm;ay;onf/ ynm&SdBuD;rsm;\a[majymcsuf? wD;rIwfoDqkdoHwkdYukd tem*wftwGuf
toHoiG ;f xm;aponf/ rEav;rS&yk af o;q&mBu;D rsm;ukd &efuek o
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d cf sKyaf e0if;u uefawmfah Mumif;od&&dS onf/ 1981 ckEpS ?f Ek0d ifbmv 8 &ufaeYwiG f ygwDnv
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yO"gwk[ewdbufapwDawmf? "gwfawmfMuKwrf sm;ukd ylaZmfXmyem 1980 jynfEh pS f jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkdifiHawmf*kdPf;aygif;pHkoHCmnDnGwfrI&Sdjcif;txdrf;trSwftjzpf r[m0dZ,apwDawmfukd
wnfxm;&mwGif ukd;uG,fylaZmf xm;&Sdygonf/ blrdzrkj'm Ak'&kyfyGm;awmf ylaZmfzG,f&mrsm;ukd
1987 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv 5 &ufaeYwiG f usa&mufaomxkid ;f bk&ifrh if;jrwfoufawmf 60 jynfah rG;aeY
vufaqmiftjzpf AefaumufNrKd UokYd uk,
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if;ESio
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53
jzpfay:aeaom EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? tkyfcsKyfa&; tajctaersm;ukd yHkBuD;csJU xkwfvTifhay;jcif;?
trsKd ;rsKd ;aomenf;rsm;ukd toH;k jyKum aoG;xk;d vIaH qmfrrI sm;ukd jyKvyk v
f mcJMh uyg onf/ 1988 ckepS ?f
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Y iG f BuKd Uuke;f blwmteD; pEm0if;vufzuf&nfqidk f
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uufqufocD si;f acGziG chf idk ;f &mrStp cku
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aqmif&Gufay;apumrl EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vuf0Jvuf,mya,m*rsm;? qlylvkdolrsm;rS
wpfjynfvHk;twkdif;twmjzifh qlyltHk<ua&;ukdom tm;pkdufvkyfaqmifcJhMuygonf/ 9-8-88
&ufaeYrSpwifNyD; vltkyfBuD;rsm;jzifh vHkNcHKa&;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;tm; tMurf;zufowfjzwfrIrsm;?
wkdufckduf&efjyKrIrsm; jyKvkyfvmcJhMuygonf/ xkdtawmftwGif; ausmif;0if;rsm;twGif;wGif
Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;omru Ekid if jH cm;oHwreftcsKd UwkyYd g 0ifxu
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ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;oufoufuo
dk m awmif;qkcd MhJ u&mrS ]] ppfreS af om'Dru
dk a&pD&&Sad &; aqmif&u
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d dk pwifawmif;qkv
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ausmif;yk&0d P
k rf sm;twGi;f wGif Ekid if aH &;ykrd &dk yI af xG;vmcJyh gonf/
&efukefNrdKUwGif qlyltMurf;zufrIrsm;jzpfyGm;aepOftwGif; Zlvkdifv 7 &ufaeYwGif
awmifBuD;NrdKUvnf;qlylrIrsm;jzpfyGm;cJhygonf/ Zlvkdifv 23 &ufaeYwGif vrf;pOfygwD? ta&;ay:
ygwDnv
D mcHusi;f yjyKvyk cf yhJ gonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif Ekid if aH wmfp;D yGm;a&;qkid &f mrl0g' vrf;nTerf I
rsm;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ESihf ygwDzUJG pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'pnf;rsO;f rsm; jyifqifa&;wkt
Yd wGuf aqG;aEG;
aqmif&u
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Yd jyif ,if;tpnf;ta0; vrf;pOfygwDOuXBu;D OD;ae0if; uk,
d w
f idk rf S
wpfygwDpepf okdYr[kwf ygwDpHkpepf ESpfckwkdYteuf rnfonfukdESpfoufaMumif; wpfjynfvHk;
qEcH,lyGJusif;ya&;? ygwDOuXBuD;tygt0if EkwfxGufvkdolrsm;\qEukd vkdufavsma&;? 1962
ckESpf ausmif;om;or* taqmufttHkukd zsufqD;cJhjcif;ESihfpyfvsOf; tjrif&Sif;ap&efwkdYtwGuf
tus,w
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D mcHrS qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;
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54
5/

*kPjf yKcs;D usL;cH&jcif;

1949 ckEpS w
f iG f ]]r[moD&o
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ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;Ekid if o
H rw rm&S,w
f w
D ;dk \ ,l*pdk vyfwcH eG af wmfb(YJG yxrqif)h
Yugoslav Banner(First Class) cs;D jri
jhfcif;cH&onf/ 1955 ckEpS ?f rwfv 3 &ufaeYwiG f ]]owk;d oD&o
d "k rbUJG }}
(Thado Thiri Thudhama) ukd orwBu;D a'gufwmbOD; uk,
d w
f idk cf s;D jri chf yhJ gonf/1956 ckEpS ?f ZGev
f wGif
tar&dueftpk;d &\ ]]ppfo&l aJ umif;bGUJ }} (Legion of Merit) cs;D jri chf &H onf/ 1959 ckEpS ?f rwfv 27
&ufaeYwGif vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if (yxrtqifh)ukd vnf;aumif;? 1960 jynfhESpf rwfv 5
&ufaeYwiG f xkid ;f bk&ifrif;jrwf blrad bmt'l,m'uf\ ]]qifjzL&Si}f } The Most Exalted order of the
White Elephant *kPx
f ;l aqmifbUJG cs;D jri chf o
hJ nf/ 1960 jynfEh pS ?f Mo*kwv
f 16 &ufaeYwiG f zdvpfyidk Ef idk if rH S
csD;jrifhrnfh ]]a&rGefruf aq;aq; }} (Ramon Magsaysay) qkukd jiif;y,fcJhonf/ 1960jynfhESpf?
'DZifbmvwGif ]]t*r[moD&o
d "k rbUJG }} Agga Maha Thiri Thudhama vnf;cs;D jri chf &H onf/ 1981
ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwiG f Ekid if *H P
k &f nfbUJG (yxrtqif)h wku
Yd dk cs;D jri jhf cif; cHc&hJ onf/
6/

jynfyc&D;rsm;

1952 ckEpS w
f iG f tar&duef? 1953 ckEpS w
f iG f tif'edk &D mS ;? w&kwjf ynfoo
Yl rwEkid if o
H Ydk
1955 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmvwGiv
f nf;aumif;? 1960 jynfEh pS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 24 &ufaeYwiG v
f nf;aumif;?
1965 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v
f 24 &ufaeYwiG v
f nf;aumif;? 1971 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v
f 9&ufaeYwiG v
f nf;aumif;?
1971 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 6 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif
tpa&;Ekid if ?H 1959 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mvwGif tm&yfjynfaxmifpEk idk if ?H 1965 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv
2 &ufaeYwiG f tdE,
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ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufaeYwiG f oD[Edk idk if ?H 1966ckEpS ?f rwfv 4 &ufaeYwiG f tdE,
d Ekid if ?H 1966
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f 20 &ufaeYwiG f csuu
f pdk vkAd ufu;D ,m;Ekid if ?H
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*syef? 1966ckEpS f Zlvidk v
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1971 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mv 5 &ufaeYwiG f NAw
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f *Fvm;a'h&?fS
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1984 ckEpS ?f Ek0d ifbmv 20 &ufaeYwiG f tdE,
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f &kw?f 1987 ckEpS ?f
atNyDv 3 &ufaeYwGif *smreD? 1987 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif xkdif;? 1987 ckESpf?

55
atmufwkdbmv 20 &ufaeYwGif ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;? atmufwkdbm 23 &ufaeYwGif &lar;eD;,m;?
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cspMf unf tpDtpOftoD;oD;jzifh oGm;a&mufcyhJ gonf/
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vufxyfcJhonf/ a':cifaroef;ESifhorD; 3 OD;xGef;um;cJhonf/ orD;rsm;rSm a':pEm0if;+
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5 &ufaeYwiG f uG,v
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56

yHk (6)
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OD;pef;,k
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58
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o&ufNrKd UwGif (5)&ufcefw
Y yfpcef;cscNhJ y;D jrpf ta&SUbufjcrf;jyvdpYk cef;odYk a&muf&cdS MhJ uonf/
1945ckEpS ?f ZGev
f 1 &ufaeYwiG f tmvHNrKd U? iysi;f &Gm wyf&if;(2)udk jyefvnfzUGJ pnf;cJo
h nf/
wyf&if;rSL; AdkvfBuD; pef;,kESifh trSwf(1)wyfcJGrSL; Adkvfjr? trSwf(2)wyfcJGrSL; Adkvfodef;a&T ?
trSw(f 3)wyfcrGJ LS ; Adv
k af ersK;d ESihf wyfc(GJ 3)cJzG UGJ Ny;D wyfom;(204)a,muf yg0ifygonf/ZGev
f
17 &ufaeYwGif AdkvfBuD;pef;,k OD;pD;aom trSwf(2)wyf&if;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\
trdefYt& a&TawmifodkY qufvufcsDwufcJh&m n(7)em&DwGifa&muf&SdcJhonf/ ZGefv 18
&ufaeYwiG f r[mrdww
f yfrsm; xHrS ulnaD omppfum;(8)pD;jzifh ewfwvif;odcYk sw
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hJ nf/
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pef;Bu;D &GmodcYk sw
D ufc&hJ m u&ifa&aemuf(awmifay:pcef;)wGif *syefrsm;pcef;cs aeaMumif;
owif;&&Scd o
hJ nf/Zlvikd v
f 13 &ufaeYwiG f Adv
k Bf u;D pef;,k OD;pD;aom wyf&if;(2)onfzg;,m;Bu;D
uefpkodkY wyfjyefacguf Zlvdkif 14 &ufaeYwGif "ri,fudkjzwf aygufukef;odkY
a&muf&pdS cef;csco
hJ nf/ 1945ckEpS ?f pufwifbm 2 &ufaeYwiG f wdu
k sKyd ifv,fatmftwGi;f &Sd
1

ocifwifjr? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESifh wdkif; (10) wdkif; /

3- Burd /f (&efuek ?f r[meE pmay? 1976) pm 334/

59
tar&duefppfoabFm tufpf? tufpf? rpfql&Drpf r[mrdwfwyfrsm;\ ppfaoemywdcsKyf
Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D rwftmom a&SUarSmuf *syefwv
Ykd ufeufcstnHch aH Mumif;vufrw
S af &;xk;d cJo
h nf/
odkYjzifh ydpdzdwfppfrsufESmppfyJGBuD; NyD;qHk;cJhonf/ zufqpf awmfvSefa&;wGif acsrIef;
wdkufcdkufa&;ESifh taemufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf\ vkHNcKHa&; wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmif&onf/
yJc;l &d;k rbuf wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf ppfqifa&;wGif a&S;OD;csw
D yf&if;udk OD;aqmifyg0if wdu
k cf u
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f nf/
zufqpfawmfveS af &; Ny;D qk;H rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmf zsuo
f rd ;f onftxd wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJo
h nf/
1946ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 10 &ufaeYwGif OD;pef;,konf uEDpmcsKyfoabmwlnD
csut
f & topfjyefvnfzUGJ pnf;aom ArmhwyfrawmfwiG f trSwf 3 Armhaoewfuikd w
f yf&if;
'kw,
d Adv
k t
f qifjh zifh wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/1 Junior Officer Course (J.O.C) ESihf UDOS
Course No.4 oifwef; wufNy;D aemuf zsmykc
H &dik w
f iG f rNird rf oufjzpf EdrS ef if;a&;wm0ef,l
&onf/ &cdkifjynfe,fppfqifa&;wGifyg0ifonf/ zsmykH? usKdufvuf? bdkuav;? rtlyif?
anmifwek ;f a'owdu
k yf ?GJ pufaumfwu
kd yf ?GJ tif;pdew
f u
kd yf ?GJ yJc;l ? 'du
k Of ;D ppfrsuEf mS rsm;rSwpfqifh
awmifBu;D ppfrsuEf mS txd yg0ifwu
kd cf u
kd cf o
hJ nf/OD;pef;,konf 1947ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 23
&ufaeYwiG f Adv
k Bf u;D tqifjh zif'h w
k ,
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d rf;aqmifco
hJ nf/
3-2/

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1949ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 24 &ufaeYwGif AkdvfrSL;tqihfjzifh 'kwd,wyf&if;rSL;

wm0efudk trSwf(3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;yif qufvuf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/
1949ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv 25 &ufaeYwiG f 'kw,
d Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D tqifo
h Ykd wd;k jri chf eft
Y yfjcif;cH&Ny;D
trSwf(1) ta&;ay:u,m;aoewfudkifwyf&if; wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;
cH&onf/ uavmNrKd UwGif tajcpdu
k Nf y;D uavm? rdwv
D mESihf vdKG iaf umf a'orsm;udk wm0ef,&l
onf/ rauG;odw
Yk yf&if;ajymif;Ny;D awmifwiG ;f Bu;D ukd &efov
Yl ufrS jyefvnford ;f ydu
k &f mwGif
yg0ifonf/ 1950jynfEh pS w
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kd f oifwef; trSwpf Of 3 wufaepOf
ppf&;Hk rS jyefvnfac:,lNy;D trSwf 2 ta&;ay:csi;f aoewfuikd f wyf&if; wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf
wm0efay;tyfonf/ wyf&if;rSL;wm0eftjyif ppfawGNrdKUe,fwyfrSL; wm0efudkvnf;
xrf;aqmifonf/
OD;pef;,konf 1951ckESpfarv 29 &ufaeYwGif ajrmufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf
1

jrefrmEkid if ?H ppfordik ;f jywdu

k Ef iS hf wyfrawmfarmfueG ;f wdu
k /f wyfrawmfordkif;
(wwd,wJ)G 1945- 1948/ (&efuek ?f owif;ESiph f me,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1995)
pm 60/

60
,m,Dvufaxmuf ppfa&;ESihf ppfaxmufcsKyt
f jzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1952ckEpS ?f
ZGev
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f yf&if; wyf&if;rSL;wm0efuykd ;l wJx
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ZlvdkifvwGif ajrmufydkif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyf vufaxmufppfa&;ESifh ppfaxmufcsKyftjzpf
wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1952ckESpf?'DZifbmvwGif ppf&mxl;cefYcsKyf&kH; ppf&mxl;cefY
twGi;f 0eftjzpf ajymif;a&TUwm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1956ckEpS w
f iG f Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D tqifo
h w
Ykd ;kd jri hf
cefYtyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1959ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 25 &ufaeYwGif AdkvfrSL;BuD;tqifhjzifh
ajrmufydkif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1959ckESpf?{NyDv 9 &ufaeYwGif
Adv
k rf LS ;csKyt
f qifo
h Ykd wd;k jri chf eft
Y yfjcif; cH&onf/ 1961ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv
f 16 &ufaeYwiG f wdik ;f rSL;
wm0eftjyif wyfr[m 1 wyfr[mrSL; tjzpf vnf;aumif;wm0efxrf;aqmifco
hJ nf/ 1960
jynfEh pS f ? atmufwb
dk mv 1 &ufaeYwiG f ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f rSL;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf
yDuif;NrdKUokdY w&kwf-jrefrme,fedrdwfpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xkd;yGJtcrf;tem;tm; OD;ae0if;?
OD;EkwEYdk iS t
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hJ nf/ 1atmufwb
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ta&SUydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? Edk0ifbmv 29 &ufaeYwGif
taemufajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf wdik ;f rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ wdik ;f rSL;
wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf Auyrsm;? wefY,ef;e,fajrqlylaomif;usef;rIrsm;? ucsifjynfe,f
vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;ESifh w&kwjf zLvIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udk wdu
k cf u
kd af csreI ;f onf/
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d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf
(Munf;)tjzpf wd;k jri hf ceft
Y yf jcif;cH&onf/ 1972ckEpS f atNyD 20 &ufaeY wGif Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D
tqifhodkY wdk;jrifhcefYtyfjcif;cH&NyD; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/
1978ckEpS f rwfv 3 &ufaeYwiG f Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D tqifjh zifh umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyw
f m0efrS tNird ;f pm;
,lonf/
4/

Ekid if aH &;b0

4-1/

1962-1988 ckEpS Ef idk if aH &;BuKd ;yrf;rI

OD;pef;,konf 1962ckEpS ?f rwfv 2 &ufaeYwiG f awmfveS af &;aumifpt

D zJUG 0iftjzpf
wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1963ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv 3 &ufaeYwiG f awmfveS af &;tpd;k &tzJUG
b@ma&; ESit
hf cGeXf mewm0efc(H 0efBu;D )tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1969ckEpS ?f ZGev
f 18&ufaeYwiG f
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d Ef iS w
hf yfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
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pwkwwGJ (1948-1962)
(1948-1962)/ (&efuek ?f owif;ESiphf me,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1996)
pm 158/

61
1971ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 9&ufaeYwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk topfjyefvnfzJGUpnf;&m
awmfveS af &; aumifpt
D zJUG 0iftjzpf qufvufwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1971ckEpS ?f Zlvik d v
f
15&ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH tpdk;&tzJGU zJGUpnf;&m b@ma&;ESifhtcGef0efBuD;
tjzpfxrf;aqmifonf/ 1971ckESpf? pufwifbmv 20&ufaeYwGif rlvwm0efrsm;tjyif
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&tzJGU 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyftjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/
1972ckESpf? {NyDv 20&ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;tzJGUudk jyifqifzJGUpnf;&m
'kw,
d 0efBu;D csKyEf iS hf umuG,af &;0efBu;D tjzpfwm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/
OD;pef;,konf 1962ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v
f wGif jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v
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xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwD tzJGU0iftjzpfaqmif&Gufonf/ 1963ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif
ygwDpnf;&kH;a&;A[dkaumfrwD tzJGU0iftjzpfwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1964ckESpf?
Mo*kwv
f wGif ygwDpnf;&k;H a&;A[dak umfrwDtaxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u
G o
f nf/
1965ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif ygwDpnf;&k;H a&;aumfrwDuw
kd ;kd csUJ zJUG pnf;&m taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
tjzpf qufvufwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1967ckEpS ?f atmufwb
kd mvwGif qd&k ,
S v
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pD;yGm;a&;pDru
H ed ;f aumfrwD tzJUG 0iftjzpf aqmif&u
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cH&onf/ 1971ckESpf?pufwifbmvwGif zJGUpnf;aom tzJGU0if 97 OD;yg0ifonhf EkdifiHawmf
zJUG pnf;ykt
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qEoabmxm;ESifh tBuHay;csufrsm; &,la&; tzJGUcJG 5 (ucsifjynfe,f)? tzJGUcJG 12
(rEav;wdkif;)? tzJGUcJG 15 (&efukefwdkif;)wdkYwGif tzJGUcJGacgif;aqmiftjzpf vnf;aumif;
aqmif&Gufonf/ 1974ckESpf? ZlvdkifvwGif wyfrawmfygwD aumfrwDOuXtjzpf wm0ef
ay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/
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ygwDnv
D mcH? 1977ckEpS f wwd,tBurd f ygwDnv
D mcHEiS hf 1977ckEpS f ta&;ay: ygwDnv
D mcH
wdw
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f m0efay;tyfjcif;
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k vkyt
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T af wmfu,
dk pf m;vS,t
f jzpf

62
ta&G;cH&NyD; oufqkdif&m jynfolYvTwfawmf yxrtpnf;ta0;rsm;u EkdifiHawmfaumifpD
twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,w
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tBurd f jynfov
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vTwaf wmfyxrtpnf;ta0;u Ekid if aH wmfaumifpOD uXESihf Ekid if aH wmforwtjzpf a&G;cs,f
wifajrm ufonf/ 1985 ckEpS ?f pwkwt
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jrefrmEkdifiHawmfbPfrS av;q,fhig;usyfwef? usyfukd;q,fwef aiGpuL trsdK;tpm;opf
rsm;ukd pwifxw
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jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1988
1988/ pmayAdrmef/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1988/
pm 253/

,if;/

63
toD;oD;wk;d jri zhf UJG pnf; ay;Ekid cf o
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wHwm;opf udkvnf;aumif;? 1983ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(4)&ufaeYwGif rGefjynfe,f?
bD;vif;wHwm;opfBuD;udkvnf;aumif;? 1983ckESpf rwfv(2)&ufaeYwGif rJZmBudK;wHwm;
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dk nfh Ak'a 'oemawmfudk aemifvm
aemifom;wkdY odrSwfapvkdaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? wdyd#"& "rb@m*g&du tbd"Z
r[m&X*kk b'E 0dpdw om&mbd0Ho q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u xkdukef;awmfukd "r&udw
ukef;awmf[ltrnfay;awmfrlcJhonf/ r[m0dZ,[laoma0g[m&ukd (r[m+0d+Z,)
[ko;Hk yk'cf jJG cm; t"dym ,fziG v
hf Qif (r[m=Bu;D us,af om? 0d=xl;jcm;aom? Z,=atmify)JG [k
wpfyk'fpD teuft"dym,f&onf/ xl;jcm;aom atmifyGJBuD;[kqkdvkdygonf/ jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf omoemhorkdif;wGif rBuKHpzl;BuD;us,f xl;jcm;vSaom *kdPf;aygif;pkH
oHCmawmfrsm;pnf;vkH;nDGwfrIatmifyGJ&&Sdjcif; txdrf;trSwftjzpf wnfaqmufaom
apwDawmfjzpfaomaMumifh wdyd#u"& "rb@m*g&du tbd"Zr[m&X*kkb'E0dpdw
om&mbd0Ho q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u apwDawmf\ bGJUawmfukd r[m0dZ,apwDawmf[k
owfrw
S af wmfrjl cif;jzpfaMumif;od&&dS ygonf/1

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1987
1987/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1987) pm 27/

64
5/

*k P f j yKcsD ; usL;cH & jcif ;

OD;pef;,konf jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif yg0ifcJhjcif;? EkdifiHawmfu

ay;tyfonfh wm0efrsm;ukd BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhjcif;wkdYaMumifh EkdifiHawmfu csD;jrihfaom
ta&;awmfyHk wHqdyf? vGwfvyfa&;pnf;&Hk;rIwHqdyf? vGwfajrmufa&;wHqdyf? vGwfvyfa&;
wHqdyf? pwm;wHqdyf? bm;rm;pwm;wHqdyf? urmppfwHqdyf? ppfrIxrf;aumif;wHqdyf?
EkdifiHawmfppfrI xrf;wHqdyf? jynfy&efESdrfwHqdyf? jynfolYppfwkdufyGJ0ifwHqdyf? oD&dysHcsDbGJU?
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k &f nfbUJG (yxrqif)h wku
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hJ nf/
6/

jynfyc&D;rsm;

OD;pef;,konf 1952 ckeSpf? atmufwkdbmvwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; OD;pD;onfh

ppfrpf&iS t
f zGUJ \ twGi;f a&;rSLK;tjzpfaqmif&u
G
f tar&duefEidk if o
H Ydk oGm;a&mufonf/ 1954f ifwef;
55 ckEpS w
f iG f tar&duefEidk if H Command and General Staff College Course wpfEpS o
wufa&mufonf/ 1960 jynfEh pS ?f atmufwb
dk mv 1 &ufaeYwiG f w&kwjf ynfoo
Yl rwEkid if o
H Ydk
ESpBf urd o
f mG ;a&muf w&kw-f jrefrm e,fjcm;udpa qmif&u
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f nf/ 1983ckEpS f pufwifbmv
4 &ufaeYwGif [efa*&D jynfolYorwEdkifiH odkYvnf;aumif;? cspfMunfa&;c&D;tjzpf 1984
ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v
f 1 &ufaeYwiG f *syefEidk if EH iS hf atmufwb
dk mv 28 &ufaeYwiG f w&kwjf ynfoo
Yl r
wEkdifiHokdY vnf;aumif;? 1986 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmvwGif b*Fvm;a'h&SfjynfolYorwEkdifiH
okdYvnf;aumif;? ukd;&D;,m;orwEkdifiH orwcsef'l;0Srf\ zdwfMum;csuft& EkdifiHawmf
orwBuD; OD;pef;,konf ZeD;a':oef;&SdefESifh twl tzGJU0ifrsm; vkdufygvsuf udk;&D;,m;
orwEkid if o
H Ydk 1987 ckEpS ?f ZGev
f * &ufrS 12 &uftxd cspMf unfa&;c&D; oGm;a&mufco
hJ nf/
1987ckESpfZGefv 29 &ufaeY tif'dkeD;Sm;EdkifiH odkYvnf;aumif;? Zlvdkifv 4 &ufaeYwGif
rav;&Sm;Edik if o
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Ykd nf;aumif;? atmufwb
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jynfaxmifpkorwEkdifiH OD;aoQmiftzGJUOuX rpwmvmZmrGdKifaqmh\ zdwfMum;csuft&
vnf;aumif;? kad reD;,m; qk&d ,
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dk u
dk af csmuf&u
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zdwfMum;csuft& atmufwkdbmv 23 &ufrS 27 &uftxdvnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpk
orw*smreDEkdifiH orwBuD;zdwfMum;csuft& atmufwkdbmv 28 &ufrS Ekd0ifbmv 2
&uftxdvnf;aumif; tqkyd gEkid if t
H oD;oD;okYd Ekid if aH wmforwBu;D ESihf Ekid if aH wmfaumifpD
OuX OD;pef;,konf ZeD;a':oef;&Sed Ef iS t
hf wl tzGUJ 0ifrsm;vku
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cspMf unfa&; c&D;rsm; oGm;a&mufco
hJ nf/

65
7/

rdom;pk

OD;pef,o
k nf 1947 ckEpS ?f atNyv
D 24 &ufaeYwiG f &efuek Nf rKd Uae ynmrif;Bu;D \
tyg;awmfNrJ OD;&Sdef0SufESifha':oef;a&TwkdY\orD;? tif;pdeftpkd;&ausmif;? ausmif;q&mr
a':oef;&SdefESifhvufxyf cJhonf/ orD;av;OD;xGef;um; orD;rsm;rSm a':vJhvJh,k+
OD;armifarmif0if;? a':cifaqG,k+ OD;atmifausmf? a':at;oef;,kESifh a':apm,krGef+
OD;jrihMf unfwjYdk zpfMuonf/ trSwf (16)? uarmZ&dyo
f m? A[ef;NrKd Ue,fwiG f aexkid o
f nf/
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf oufpGefYBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhNyD; EkdifiHhwm0efrsm;ukd
uk,
d u
f sKd ;rzuf? pGr;f pGr;f wrHBuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G cf ahJ om Ekid if aH wmfaumifpOD uX(tNird ;f pm;)?
Ekid if aH wmforw (tNird ;f pm;)ESihf umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKy(f tNird ;f pm;) OD;pef;,konf 1996 ckEpS ?f
Zefe0g&Dv 28 &ufaeYwiG f &efuek Nf rKd U uG,v
f eG o
f nf/ uG,v
f eG cf sed w
f iG f ZeD; a':oef;&Sed Ef iS hf
orD;av;OD;? ajr;ajcmufO;D use&f pfonf/

66

yHk (7)
OD;pdev
f iG f (orw)
[ 1988 ckESpf ]

OD;pdefvGif
(orw)
( arG; 27-1-1924 uG,v
f eG f 9-4-2004 )
1/

i,fpOfb0
OD;pdev
f iG o
f nf 1924 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufaeYwiG f aygifNrKd UarG;zGm;cJo
h nf/

2/

ynmoifb0

3/

0efxrf;b0

tv,fwef;jyq&mtjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif

Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmfwiG f 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJyh gonf/ 1943 ckEpS w
f iG f ArmhumuG,f
a&;wyfrawmf wyf&if;(1)wGif t&m&St
d jzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf/ 1944 ckEpS ?f arv
27 &ufaeYwiG f *syefacwfwwd,ywf ppfwuov
dk f Akv
d o
f ifwef;wufa&mufNy;D Ek0d ifbmv
30 &ufaeYwGif ausmif;qif;cJhonf/1 1945 ckESpfwGif wkdif;(2) jrpf0uRef;ay:a'o
zufqpf*syefawmfveS &f mwGif wyf&if;(83) wyfcrJG LS ;tjzpf wm0ef,x
l rf;aqmifcyhJ gonf/
1946 ckEpS w
f iG f aoewfuidk w
f yf&if;(4)wyfom;tqifw
h m0efxrf;aqmifcNhJy;D 1948 ckEpS w
f iG f
jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sjd zpfcyhJ gonf/ weoFm&Dwidk ;f rif;Bu;D \ tyg;awmfNrw
J m0efxrf;aqmif&ef
jynfxJa&;XmeokdY wGJzufxm;jcif;cHcJh&onf/ 1949 ckESpfwGifjynfxJa&;okdYwGJzuf&mrS
xm;0,fppf0efxrf;wyf&if;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1950 jynfEh pS w
f iG f trSw(f 3)ajcvsiw
f yf&if;
f wyfcGJrSL;? 1951-52 ckESpfwGif trSwf(1)avhusifha&;wyf wyfcGJrSL;? 1952-53 ckESpfwGif
wyfxed ;f trSw(f 2)wyfcw
JG yfrLS ;? 1953-54 ckEpS f csi;f aoewfuidk f wyf&if;wGif 'kwyf&if;rSL;ESihf
trSw(f 1)avhusiahf &;wyf 'kw,
d wyf&if;rSL;? 1957 ckEpS w
f iG f trSw(f 4) aoewfuidk f wyf&if;
wyf&if;rSL; ponfjzifh toD;oD;wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ 1965-69 ckESpftxd
taemufawmifwkdif; ppfXmecsKyf 'kwd,wkdif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhNyD; 1969-70
jynfEh pS t
f xd ta&SUykid ;f wkid ;f AsL[mrSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1970-72 ckEpS x
f d wkid ;f Bu;D Muyfa&;
Ou|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1972-74 ckESpfxd taemufajrmufwkdif;ppfXmecsKyf wkdif;rSL;
tjzpfvnf;aumif; tqifq
h ifw
h m0efxrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf/

Akv
d rf if;k?d *syefacwfppfwuokdvf/ (&efuek ?f yk*pH mtkyw
f u
dk ?f 1969)

pm223/

68
4/

Ekid if aH &;b0

1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeYwGif wyfrawmfu EkdifiHawmfukdxdef;odrf;&m

uGyfuJrI acgif;aqmifwpfa,muftaejzifhyg0if aqmif&GufcJh&ygonf/ 1965 ckESpftxd
jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D Xme 'Dru
dk a&pDa'oE&tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf a'oE& tzGUJ tpnf;rsm; 0efBu;D Xme?
vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;ESifh trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwifa&;0efBuD;Xme? w&m;a&; 0efBuD;XmewkdY wGif
twGi;f 0ef? ygwDvyk if ef;pdppfa&;aumfrwD0iftjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1978 ckEpS ?f
atmufwkdbm v 7 &ufaeYwGif jynfxJa&;0efBuD; AkdvfrSL;BuD; pdefvGifonf &ckdifjynfe,f?
armifawmfNrdKUe,f? awmifNydKvuf0JvufcHa&;pcef;wGif [oFmpDrHcsuft& b*Fvm;a'h&Sf
bufoYdk wdr;f a&Smif oGm;olrsm; vufcaH &;tm; wm0ef,al qmif&u
G cf &hJ ygonf/1 ta&;ay:
ygwDnDvmcHwGif ygwDA[kdtvkyftrI aqmifaumfrwD0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;?
or0g,r0efBu;D Xme 0efBu;D ? ykaYd qmifqufo,
G af &; 0efBu;D Xme0efBu;D 1980 jynfEh pS w
f iG f
jynfxaJ &;ESio
hf moema&; 0efBu;D Xme0efBu;D ? 1981-82 ckEpS t
f wGuf tm&SzUHG NzKd ;a&;bPf
*gAemrsm;bkwt
f zGUJ \ obmywdtjzpf ceft
Y yfjcif; cH&onf/ 1981 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mv
4 &ufaeYrS 18 &ufaeYtxdusi;f ycJah om jynfoYl vTwaf wmfEiS jhf ynfoaYl umifpt
D qihq
f ifh
a&G;cs,fyGJwGif EkdifiHawmfaumifpD0iftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif; cH&NyD; EkdifiHawmfumuG,fa&;ESifh
vHNk cKH a&;&maumfrwDwiG v
f nf; tzGUJ 0iftjzp w
f m0efay;tyf jcif;cHc&hJ ygonf/2 1985 ckEpS ?f
atmufwb
dk mv 6 &ufaeYr2S 0 &ufaeYtxdusi;f ycJah om pwkwt
Burd jf ynfov
Yl w
T af wmfEiS hf
jynfoYl aumifpD tqifq
h ifh a&G;cs,yf w
JG iG Ef idk if aH wmfaumifpD twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpfa&G;cs,f
wifajrm ufjcif;cHc&hJ jyefygonf/3 wGzJ uftaxGaxG ygwDtwGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;wm0ef
xrf;aqmifco
hJ nf/ 1981 ckEpS f ZGev
f 17 &ufaeYwiG f jynfxaJ &;ESio
hf moema&;0efBu;D tjzpf
a&G;cs,jf cif;cHchJ &onf/ 1988 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v
f 27 &ufaeYwiG u
f si;f ycJah om pwkwt
Burd jf ynfoYl
vTwfawmfta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;ukd jynfolUvTwfawmfcef;r usif;y&m OD;pdefvGiftm;
EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOu|ESifh EkdifiHawmforw tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cHcJh&ygonf/
jynfaxmifpk qk&d ,
S v
f pforw jrefrmEkid if aH wmf zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'yk'rf 76 t& tyfEiS ;f
xm;aom vkyyf idk cf iG u
hf o
dk ;kH pGv
J suf &efuek w
f idk ;f &efuek Nf rKd Uawmfpnfyifom,ma&; e,ferd w
d f
twGif;&Sd NrdKUe,f 27 NrdKUe,fwGif ta&;ay:tajctaeaMujim ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'ukd

a&SUokdY/ trSwf 343? (1 Ekd 1978) pm 25/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1982
1982/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1982) pm 101/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1986
1986/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1986) pm 44/

69
Ekid if aH wmfaumifpOD u| OD;pdev
f iG u
f vufrw
S f a&;xk;d vsuf Ekid if aH wmfaumifpaD Munmcsuf
trSwf 5^88 jzifh 1988 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv
f 3 &ufaeYwiG f xkwjf yefco
hJ nfuadk wG&Y &dS ygonf/1
tqkdygppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'ukd Mo*kwfv 24 &uf aeYwGif&kyfodrf;cJhygonf/ 1988 ckESpf?
Zlvidk v
f 28 &ufaeYcefrY pS wifNy;D &efuek Nf rKd UwGif qEjyrIrsm;jzpfymG ;cJyh gonf/ xkad emufMo*kwv
f
8 &ufcefYrSp &efukef? oefvsif? rEav;? a&eHacsmif;? rif;bl;? yckuL? yJcl;? armfvNrdKif?
awmifBu;D ? xm;0,f? jrpfBu;D em;? ppfuidk ;f ? bku
d av;? a&Tb?dk awmifi?l Nrw
d pf aom NrKd Ursm;wGif
vlpv
k al 0;jzifh qEjyrIrsm;jzpfymG ;cJNh y;D taxGaxGoydwaf rSmuf vlxq
k EjyyGBJ u;D txd us,jf yefY
vmcJhygonf/3
1988 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 9 &ufaeY wGif jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvHk;&Sd pmoifausmif;rsm;
tm;vHk;ukd ydwfvkduf&ygonf/ jynfolY0efxrf;rsm;? puf&Hk? tvkyf&Hk vkyfief;Xmersm;&Sd
vkyo
f m;0efxrf;rsm;? wyfrawmfom;rsm;ESihf tNird ;f pm;0efxrf;rsm;tm; vuf&t
dS ykad xmufyhH
aMu;tjyif wk;d jri chf pH m;cGijhf yKvu
dk &f m vpmEIe;f usy(f 100-2-110 rS 150-10-220) twGi;f &Sd
rlvtykad xmufyahH Mu;tjyif xyfr
H vpOf(45)usyu
f v
dk nf;aumif;? vpmEIe;f (usyf 16010-230 rS 260-15-380)twGif;&SdrlvtykdaxmufyHhaMu;tjyif vpOfusyf (40)ukd
vnf;aumif;? vpmEIe;f usy(f 300-15-420 rS 450-25-700)twGi;f &Sd rlvtykad xmufyahH Mu;
tjyif xyfr
H vpm (35)usyu
f v
dk nf;aumif;? vpmEIe;f usy(f 500-30-800 rS 800-401000)txd rlvtykad xmufyahH Mu;tjyif xyfr
H usy(f 30)ukv
d nf;aumif;? aeYpm;vkycf EIe;f
xm;ukv
d nf; (6)usy?f jym;(50)rS (8)usy?f jym;(50)okw
Yd ;dk jri
hf vnf;aumif; cGijhf yKco
hJ nfudk
awGU&S&d ygonf/3
jrefrmhqidk &f ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwDOu|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? Ekid if aH wmfaumifpOD u|
ESihf Ekid if aH wmforwtjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcahJ om OD;pdev
f iG f onf ygwDOu|
wm0efrSvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOu|? EkdifiHawmforwwm0efrsm;ESifh jynfolY
vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrSvnf;aumif; 1988 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 12 &ufaeYwGif
Ekwx
f u
G cf yhJ gonf/4

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989
1989/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1989) pm 244/

,if;pm/

,if;pm 11/

,if;pm 244/

70
5/

*kPjf yKcs;D usL;cH&jcif;

6/

jynfyc&D;rsm;

1980 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv 18 &ufaeYwGif b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHokdYvnf;aumif;?

1981 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v
f 15 &ufaeYwiG f uk;d &D;,m;Ekid if o
H v
Ydk nf;aumif;oGm;a&mufcyhJ gonf/

71

yHk (8)
a'gufwm armifarmif (orw)
[ 1988 ckESpf ]

72

a'gufwmarmifarmif
(orw)
(arG
arG; 11-1-1925 uG,fvGef 2-7-1994)
1/

i,fpOfb0

a'gufwmarmifarmifonf 1925 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 31 &ufaeY tkPw

f ufcsed w
f iG f
tz txufwef;a&SUae OD;qif?h trd a':at;wifwrYdk S rEav;NrKd U arG;zGm;cJo
h nf/ a'gufwm
armifarmif rarG;zGm;rD rdcifa':at;wifrS om;wpfa,mufarG;zGm;cJah omfvnf; wpfEpS o
f m;
t&G,fwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf/ xkdaMumifha'gufwmarmifarmif arG;zGm;vmaomtcg
rdbrsm;aysm&f iT f cJMh uonf/ om;OD;uav;uJo
h Ydk i,fi,fEiS hf uG,v
f eG rf nfudk pk;d &drcf MhJ uonf/
okjYd zpf ykcuftwGi;f yif ouFe;f qnf;ay;jcif;cH&oljzpfonf/
2/

ynmoifb0

rEav;NrKd U trsKd ;om;txufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoif,cl o

hJ nf/ uif;axmuf
tzGJUwGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 0HykavGrS uif;axmufvli,f? aemufykdif;wGif &kdAmpaumufBuD;
jzpfvmonf/ txufjrefrmjynfpaumufrif;Bu;D onf OD;vSBu;D jzpfonf/ tm;vyfcsed rf sm;wGif
OD;vSBu;D &H;k wGif tvHtcsujf yjcif;? aMu;eef;jzift
h csujf yjcif;wku
Yd dk avhusichf o
hJ nf/ ausmif;ydwf
&ufrsm;wGif awmxGufpcef;csonf/ a&ul;wHqdyf? xrif;csufwHqdyf rsdK;pHk&&SdcJhonf/
rdbrsm;onf om;ukd bDpt
D ufjzpfapcsio
f nf/ zcifjzpfoo
l nf om;jzpfot
l m; ]] ynma&;?
tdrfaxmifbufa&G;cs,fa&;ESifh tvkyftudkifa&G;cs,fa&;wkdYwGif zcif\qHk;jzwfrItwkdif;
vkdufem&rnf jzpfaMumif;? usefudprsm;tm;vHk; rdrdbmomvGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fvkyfukdif
Ekid af Mumif;ajymjycJo
h nf/}}1 [k od&&dS ygonf/
1938 ckEpS w
f iG f ausmif;om;oydww
f iG f rEav;ausmif;wku
d rf S trsm;pkyg0ifchJ
onf/ tdraf wmf&mbk&m;? pMumoD[bk&m;wGif oydwpf cef;csonf/ &efuek w
f iG f twGi;f 0ef&;kH
rsm;ukd oydwfwm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ykvdyfwkdYu &kdufESufMuonf/ ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmif ukdatmifausmf usqHk;cJh tmZmenf Akdvfatmifausmfjzpfvmonf/
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1

a'gufwmarmifarmif? om;armifppfonfokdY / (&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyf

wkduf? 1973) pm 37/

73
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avhvmqnf;yl;onf/ a[mfvefEidk if &H dS Academy of International Law rS tjynfjynfqidk &f m
Oya' 'Dyvkrd m&&So
d nf/ Utrecht wuov
dk rf S ausmMf um;aomOya'ynm&Sif ygarmu AmZD;
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Barrister-At-Law 0wfvHktjzpfcH,lonf/ 1956 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif a[mfvefEkdifiH Utrecht
wuokdvfrS tjynfjynfqkdif&m Oya'bmom&yfjzifh Oya'yg&*l L. L. D (Doctor of Law)
1

Lincoln's Inn

Prof. J. H. W. Verzijl

74
bGJU&&Sdonf/ 1960 jynfhESpfrS 1962 ckESpftxd tar&duefEkdifiH Yale a,;vfwuokdvf
uxdutjzpf pmayykcYd s&if;usr;f jyKum 1961 ckEpS w
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1

Akdvfrif;kd/ *syefacwfppfwuokdvf/ (&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwkduf?

1969) pm 340/
2

a'gufwmarmifarmif? om;armifppfonfokdY/ (&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyf

wkduf? 1973) pm 37/
3

a'gufwmarmifarmif/ ]]Akdvfrkd;BudK;eJUawGUcJhpOf}}}? rS [Hom0wD

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pm/ (27 rwf 1970 )? pm tcsyfydk-u/

75
4/

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jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989
1989/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1995) pm 244/

76
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jyKpkcJhonf/ jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyftcsdKUrSm aoG;eD(1946)?
ouf&&dS mZ0if (1956)? wkjYd ynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if zH UJG pnf;tkycf sKyyf (kH 1959)? Ekid if aH wmfvyk Bf urH I
jynfaxmifpkESifh OD;apm (1965)? jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;(1969)?
om;armifppfonfo(Ydk 1972)? w&m;Oya'taxGaxG A[kow
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d nf/
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f csKd UrSm Note on A Book of English Verse
for Matriculation Students. The Forgotten Amrmy (1946). Burma's Teething Time(1949).
London Diary (1952). Grim War Against KMT (1953). Burma in the Family of Nations (1956).
Burma's Constitution(1959). A Trail in Burma (1960). Aung San of Burma (1961). Law and
Custom in Burma and the Burmese Family (1961). Burma and General Ne Win(1969). ESih f To
A Soldier Son (1972) pmtkyw
f jYdk zpfonf/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1989
1989/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1989) pm 245/

77
5/

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78

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79

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80
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83
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84
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f Ukd vma&mufNy;D oifwef; wufa&muf jcif;? vufeuf
cJ,rf;rsm;&,ljcif; jyKvkyfaeonhftcsdefumvyifjzpfonf/ 4if; em*aomif;usef;olrsm;
jzwfoef;oGm;vmonht
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hf wl ucsijf ynfe,f qGryf &mbHak 'oodUk
ppfqifa&;wm0efjzifh 0ifa&mufco
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umvwGif rHpDNrdKUe,fESifhAef;armfNrdKUe,fajrmufjcrf;a'orsm;vnf; ppfqifa&;ESifh
vHkNcHKa&;wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJh&onf/ em;azmh? tmavmbGef? qrm;a'owdkUwGif
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;uGyfuJaom wyf&if;rSppfaMumif;? wyfcGJ rsm;tajcjyKvIyf&Sm;aecJhMuonf/
xdkpOfu ,if;a'oESifh qufpyfonhf w&kwfjynfolUorwEdkifiHwGif r[m,Ofaus;rI
awmfvSefa&; qifETJaeonhf umvjzpfonf/ xdkpOfu em;azmhonf autdkifat
aomif;use;f olrsm;\ tcdik t
f rmpcef;wpfck jzpfco
hJ nf/ em;azmhpcef;ESihf Aef;armfta&SUajrmuf

85
a'o Sd autdik af tpcef;rsm;udk wdu
k cf u
kd o
f rd ;f ydu
k f cJo
h nf/
OD;apmarmif onf 1970 ckEpS ?f rwfv 17 &ufaeUwGif acw 'kw,
d Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D
tqifo
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f 20 &ufaeUwGif trSwf
(47)ajcvsiw
f yf&if;odUk wyf&if;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;aTUwm0efxrf;aqmifc&hJ onf/ wyf&if;rSL;
wm0eftjyif c&dik v
f NkH cKH a&;ESihf tkycf sKyrf I aumfrwDOuwm0efrsm;udyk g yl;wGx
J rf;aqmifc&hJ onf/
1970 jynfhESpf? pufwifbmv 30 &ufaeUwGif taemufajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfodkU
ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)tjzpf vTJajymif; wm0efxrf; aqmifcJh&NyD;? ppfwdkif;BuD;rsm;\
zGUJ pnf;yHjk yifqifvu
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hf yk cf sKyrf I aumfrwD OuXwm0efuykd g
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OD;apmarmif onf taemufajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyw
f iG f ppfO;D pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)
wm0ef xrf;aqmifcsed w
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ud,
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G jf cif;rsm;
jyKvyk v
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ESifh Aizwal jzpfonf/ jrefrmh wyfrawmftaeESifh tjcm;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh
,if;odUk qufo,
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wyf&if;rSL;b0uyif tdE,
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d
em*aomif ; usef ; ol r sm;ud k vd k u f v H w d k u f c d k u f a csrI e f ; cJ h & onf / qG r f y &mbH k \
ta&SUajrmufbufa'o ESifh ta&SUbuf xdefeefa'oe,fajrrsm;wGifjzpfonf/ xdkpOfu
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vIy&f mS ;aecJMh uonf/ trSw(f 15)ajcvsiw
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d Edik if b
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0ifa&mufvmcJjh cif;jzpfonf/
OD;apmarmif onf taemufajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf ppfO;D pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0ef
rsm;udk xrf;aqmifaepOf 1971 ckEpS f Zefe0g&DvtwGi;f ume,f Zlqu
l ;D (ac:)Adv
k rf ;kd BuKd ;\
ZeD; jrefrmEkid if H odUk vma&mufvnfywfcsed Ef iS hf BuKH BuKd uaf eojzifh wm0ef,{l nh0f wfjyKc&hJ onf/
1972 ckEpS f azazmf0g&DvtwGi;f wGiv
f nf; avmh'af rmifb
h ufwefEiS hf 4if;\orufjzpfow
l Ukd
rEav;odUk vma&muf vnfywf&mwGiOf ;D apmarmif onf ppfO;D pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)taejzifh
wm0ef,{l nh0f wfjyKc&hJ onf/ avmh'af rmifb
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ta&SUawmiftm&SppfrsufESm r[mrdwfwyfrsm;\ aoemywdtjzpfwm0ef,lcJhNyD;aemuf
Adv
k cf sKyf atmifqef;ESihf oD[|kd Ef ikd if H uED NrKd UwGif uEpD mcsKyu
f kd vufrw
S af &;xd;k csKyq
f ckd o
hJ jl zpfNy;D

86
tdE,
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f jzpf wm0ef,cl &hJ oljzpfonf/
OD;apmarmif onf taemufajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf ppfO;D pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)tjzpf
wm0ef,lcsdefwGif xl;jcm;onhfjzpfpOfwpfck ay:aygufcJhonf/ ,if;rSm ucsifjynfe,frS
wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpktcsKdUudk ac:aqmifNyD; acsmfuefawmifMum;rSwpfqifh tdEd,EkdifiHodkU
xGuaf jy;cJMh uonhf tar&duef omoemjyK armhp(f Moss)rdom;pkukd jyefvnfzrf;qD;&rdcjhJ cif;
jzpfonf/ rdrw
d Ukd atmiferd w
d f ppfqifa&; ppfaMumif; wpfaMumif;jzpfonfh trSw(f 16)ajcvsif
wyf&if;rS ppfaMumif;onf jrefrm-tdE,
d Edik if H e,fpyf jrifrh m;vSonhaf wmifwef;a'owGif
tqkyd garmhpt
f zGUJ tm; zrf;qD;rdcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ ,if;tzGUJ tm; wyfrawmfppfaMumif;rsm;rS
cE;D NrKd UodUk jyefvnfac:,lvmNy;D 4if;wdUk udk jrefrmEkid if rH S xGuf cGmoGm;apcJo
h nf/
tvHeu
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e,fajrwGif zrf;qD;&rdcphJ Ofuvnf; OD;apmarmif ppfO;D pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmif
aecsdefjzpfonf/ xdkpOfu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS taemufajrmufwdkif; wm0efcH
oufxGef;rSmvnf; &Srf;wyfBuD;? wdkif;wm;? *efUa*ga'obufwGif vSnhfvnfusufpm;
aecsed jf zpfonf/
ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)wm0efxrf;aqmifpOfwGifyif ,cifu(East Parkistan)
ac:aom EdkifiHonf(General Aurora)qdkol OD;pD;aom(India)wyfzGJUrsm;\ tultnDjzifh
(Bangaladesh)Edik if aH y:aygufap&ef aqmif&u
G v
f monfuv
kd nf; BuKH co
hJ nf/ Adv
k cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D
onf taemufajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyw
f iG f ppfO;D pD;rSL; (yxrwef;)tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
aepOf twGi;f 1972ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 24 &ufaeUwGif ta&SUydik ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyo
f Ukd ,m,D
'kw,
d wdik ;f rSL;tjzpf cefUtyfjcif;cHc&hJ onf/
xd k U tjyif Ad k v f c sKyf r S L ;BuD ; onf f vuf & S d ' k w d , wk d i f ; rS L ;wm0ef r sm;tjyif
&Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ? wdik ;f vHNk cKH a&;ESihf tkycf sKyrf aI umfrwDOuXwm0efuykd g yl;wJw
G m0ef
xrf;aqmifc&hJ onf/ 1972 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 27 &ufaeUwGif ta&SUajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyu
f kd
vm;d;I NrKd U wd;k csUJ zGiv
hf pS cf o
hJ nf/ Adv
k cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D rSm 1972 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v
f 29 &ufaeUrSpwif
,if;wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyo
f Ukd 'kw,
d wkid ;f rSL; tjzpf ajymif;aTUcefUtyf jcif;cHc&hJ onf/
4-3/

1974-1988 ckESpftwGif;wm0efxrf;aqmifrI

OD;apmarmif onf vm;d;I NrKd UwGif ta&SUajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf 'kw,

d wdik ;f rSL;tjzpf
wm0ef ,laepOf 1975 ckEpS f azazmf0g&dv 20 &ufaeUwGif erwal jrmufbuf erf[
h ikd ;f wGif
rHk;wyf autdkifat tMurf;zufaomif;usef;oltzGJUESifh Auyrsm;wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;cJh&m 4if;
autdkifattzGJUudk acgif;aqmif vmcJhaom aZmf'efrSm usqHk;cJhonf/ aZmfwl;onfvnf;

87
autdkifattzGJU\ xdyfoD;acgif;aqmif oHk;OD;jzpfMuonhf aZmfnDtpfudkrsm; teufrS
wpfO;D jzpfonf/ jzpfpOfjzpf&yfaMumifh autdik af t zGUJ twGi;f AuyqefUusiaf &;pdw"f mwfrsm;
jyif;xefpGmay:aygufcJhNyD; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESihf autdkifat tzGJUu aqG;aEG;vdkygaMumif;
awmif;qdkvmcJhonf/ odkUjzifh autkdifatudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfMuonfh vrkefwl;*sdKif?
a,m,H ESifh aZmfrdkif wdkUukd jrpfBuD;em;odkU wGifatmfwmav,mOfjzifh ydkUaqmifNyD;
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &ud,
k pf m;vS,jf zifh aqG;aEG;a&;tpDtpOfay:aygufvmcJo
h nf/ OD;apmarmif
onf ta&SUajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyw
f iG f wm0ef,al qmif&u
G af epOf erwal 'oowKrikd ;f wGif
tBuHay; ynm&Siftjzpfyl;wGJvkyfudkifaeol *smrefuRrf;usifol rpwm 0if;[dkif; udk
autdkifattMurf;zuf aomif;usef;olrsm;rS jyefay;qGJoGm;cJhonhf jzpfpOfwpfckvnf;
ay:ayguf c J h o nf / OD ; apmarmif o nf ,if ; jzpf p Of E S i f h y wf o uf wm0ef , l u m
tqdyk guRr;f usio
f t
l m; &SmazGaomtzGUJ rsm;tm; aygif;pyf SEd iId ;f aqmif&u
G af y;cJ&h onf/
OD;apmarmif onf ,if;odkU ta&SUajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif wm0ef,laepOf
1973 ckESpf? rwfv 13 &ufaeUrSpwif acwAdkvfrSL;BuD; tqifhodkU wdk;jrifhcefUxm;jcif;
cHc&hJ onf/ wpfzef 1975 ckEpS ?f rwfv 18 &ufaeUwGif trSw(f 99)ajcjrefwyfrXmecsKy\
f
wyfrrSL;tjzpf cefUtyf wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf/ wyfrrSL;wm0efjzifh ta&SUajrmufwdkif;
e,fajrwGif Auyrsm;ESihf jzpfymG ;cJo
h nhf Bu;D rm;aom wdu
k yf BJG u;D rsm;udk Bu;D MuyfuyG u
f cJ o
hJ nf/
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;onf 1976 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv 21 &ufaeUwGif vuf&SdwyfrrSL; wm0eftjyif
ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKy\
f wdik ;f rSL;tjzpf cefUtyf wm0efay;jcif;cHc&hJ onf/ 30-9-1977
&ufaeUwGif ucsifjynfe,f a'oygwDaumfrwDOuX wm0efrsm;udkyg yl;wGJxrf;aqmifcJh
&onf/
OD;apmarmif onf ajrmufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif wdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifpOf jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufydkif;rS wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;pHkwdkU\ "avh p&dkufrsm;? cH,lcsuf
oabmxm;rsm;? tusiAhf ZD rsm;? Edik if aH &;arQmrf eS ;f csurf sm;udk jynfjh ynhpf pkH kH av;av;eufeuf
avhvmEdik cf o
hJ nf/OD;apmarmif onf wdik ;f rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,cl phJ OfwiG f csi;f jynfe,frS 0DvQEH iS hf
&cdik jf ynfe,frS cdik rf ;kd vif; wdUk acgif;aqmifaom aomif;use;f ol tkypf Ek pS pf o
k nf u&ifjynfe,frS
wpfqifh &Sr;f jynfe,fEiS hf ucsif jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f rSjzwfoef;Ny;D csi;f jynfe,fEiS hf &cdik jf ynfe,f
twGif;odkU xdk;azmufvIyf&Sm;&ef BudK;pm;cJh&m ,if;tzGJUonf wyfrawmfppfaMumif;rsm;\
0dik ;f ywfyw
d q
f Ukd rIukd &ifqikd cf hJ &Ny;D aemufq;kH wGif taemufajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyef ,fajr
ajrmufbufjcrf; acsreI ;f jcif;cHc&hJ onf/ tdE,
d Edik if b
H ufrS em*tMurf;zuf aomif;use;f olrsm;
onf jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f &Sd em*vlrsKd ;pk rsm;udk taMumufw&m;jzifh pd;k rd;k odr;f oGi;f aeonhf
tcsed v
f nf;jzpfonf/ tdE,
d Edik if b
H ufrS em*tMurf;zufaomif;use;f olrsm;u jrefrmEkid if H

88
twGif; v[,fajrmufjcrf;&Sd 'Hk[D;&Gm wpf&GmvHk;udk &GmvHk;uRwf tpkvdkuf tNyHKvdkuf
owfjzwfcMhJ uonf/
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k rf LS ;csKyf tqifo
h Ukd wd;k jri hf cefUtyfjcif;
cHcJh&onf/ 1979 ckESpf? arv 4 &ufaeUwGif taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;
tjzpfEiS hf {&m0wDwikd ;f a'oygwDaumfrwD OuXtjzpf ajymif;aTwm0efxrf;aqmif cJ&h onf/
OD;apmarmif onf 198a ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv
f 7 &ufaeUwGif ppfa&;csKyt
f jzpf wd;k jri ahf jymif;aTU
cefUtyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ 1982 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 7 &ufaeUwGif AdkvfcsKyftqifhwkd;jrifh
ceft
Y yfjcif;cHc&hJ onf/
OD;apmarmif onf 1983 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v
f 22 &ufaeUwGif 'kw,
d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf
(Munf;) jzpfvmcJhNyD; 1984 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv 23 &ufaeUwGif 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD;tqifhodkU
wdk;jrifhcefUtyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ OD;apmarmif ppfa&;csKyfjzpfvmNyD;aemufydkif;wGif 'kwd,
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpfodkU wdk;jrifhwm0efay;tyfjcif;rSm ,cifutpOftvm
r&Scd zhJ ;l aomjzpfpOfwpf&yfjzpfaMumif; od&&dS ygonf/ OD;apmarmif 'kw,
d umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf
tjzpf wm0ef,pl OfumvtwGi;f 1983 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mv 9 &ufaeU wGif jrefrmEkid if o
H Ukd
tvnftywfa&muf&Sdaeaom awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH (udk&D;,m;orwEdkifiH) orw
cRef'l;0Srftm; &efukefNrdKU&Sd tmZmenfAdrmef AHk;azmufcGJtqHk;pD&if&ef ajrmufudk&D;,m;
tMurf;zuform;rsm;u BupH nftm;xkwrf jI zpfpOfwpf&yf ay:aygufcyhJ gonf/ ,if; udpt
m;
pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ef tqifjh rift
h zGUJ udk zGUJ pnf;&m xdpk Ofu jynfxaJ &;ESihf omoema&;0efBu;D
jzpfonfh Adv
k cf sKyf rif;a*gif onf tzGUJ acgif;aqmifjzpfNy;D OD;apmarmifonf 'kw,
d acgif;aqmif
tjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&onf/ udk&D;,m;tMurf;zuform;rsm;udk azmfxkwfzrf;qD;onhf
ppfqifa&;rsm;udv
k nf; ud,
k w
f ikd u
f ,
kd u
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aumifp\
D trdeUf aMumfjimpm trSw?f 95^84 ESihf 0efBu;D tzGUJ \ trdeUf aMumfjimpmtrSw?f
9^84 wdUk t& umuG,af &;0efBu;D Xme? 'kw,
d 0efBu;D tjzpfcefUtyfwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/
1984 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mv 28 &ufaeUrS Ek0d ifbmv 7 &ufaeYtxd Ekid if aH wmforwBu;D
OD;pef;,k\ w&kwfjynfolUorwEdkifiHcspfMunfa&;c&D;pOf wGifyg0ifcJhygonf/ w&kwf
acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh qufpyfywfoufonhf udp&yftm;
jywfjywfom;om; odMum;aponho
f abmjzifh jrefrmacgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;tm; rlvtpDtpOf
wGif yg0ifjcif;r&SdbJ xdkpOfu w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
[la,mifyef;ESihf awGUqHak pcJyh gonf/ [la,mifyef; rSm ab*si;f NrKd U wGirf &Sb
d J wm0efjzifh c&D;
vGeaf eaomaMumifh 4if;&S&d mae&modUk wul;wuefUoGm;a&mufawGUqHck &hJ onf/ xdo
k Ukd awGUqHk

89
&m w&kwaf cgif;aqmifBu;D [la,mifyef; rS ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD ESiyhf wfouf jrefrmEkid if H
\ jynfwiG ;f a&;jzpfygaMumif; ESihf jrefrmwdUk tcsi;f csi;f om ajz&Si;f &rnhf udp& yfjzpfygaMumif;
w&kwu
f eG jf rLepfygwD\ ud,
k pf m;twnfjyKajymMum;cJyh gonf/ 1
1985 ckESpf rwfvwGif w&kwfjynfolUorwEdkifiH\ orwBuD; vD&Sifeifh onf
jrefrmEkid if o
H Ukd w&m;0ifvma&muf vnfywf&mwGif 4if;ESit
hf wl w&kwjf ynfoUl vGwaf jrmufa&;
wyfrawmf yxr? 'kw,
d OD;pD;csKyf Adv
k cf sKyBf u;D SLSi;f vnf; yg&Scd o
hJ nf/ OD;apmarmif onf
ArmjynfueG jf rLepf ygwD\udp tm; Ny;D jywfomG ;ap&ef w&kwjf ynf? jynfoUl vGwaf jrmufa&;
wyfrawmftBuD;tuJjzpfol AdkvfcsKyfBuD; SLSif; tm; oD;jcm;{nhfcHawGUqHkNyD; AuyESifh
ywfouf tmrcHcsufawmif;cHcJh&m w&kwfppfbuf acgif;aqmifBuD; rS Auyrsm;tm;
ppfvufeufypn;f ? cJ,rf;rsm;axmufyrhH jI yKrnfr[kwyf gaMumif;ESihf 4if;tcsuu
f kd uwdu0wfjyK
EdkifygaMumif; ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdkodkU tmrcHuwdjyKcsuf wpfck&&SdcJhjcif;\ &v'fwpfckrSm
Auyrsm;taejzifh rdrw
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2/

ynmoifb0

armifEkonf 0g;c,frNrdKU? t*Fvdyf?jrefrmESpfbmomoiftpkd;&ausmif;wGif

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1

armifp;dk armif/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek/ (&efuek ?f ormrdw? 1955) pm-113/

OD;oef?Y jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;))/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1961)

pm 18-19/

101
ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfyGm;cJh&m OD;EkrSm yOrwef;wGif wufa&mufoifMum;aeaom
ausmif;om;wpfO;D jzpfcNhJ y;D xko
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r,laom yxrqH;k trsKd ;om;ausmif; ynmqufvufoif,l cJo
h nf/ OD;EkonfqXrwef;
ynmoifMum;aepOf xkdausmif; oifMum;jyoay;rnfh ausmif;q&m tcuftcJaMumifh
if;xuftwef;i,faomausmif;om;uav;rsm;tm; OD;Ektygt0if ausmif;om;Bu;D rsm;u
tm;vyfaomtcsed w
f iG f 0ifa&mufpmoifay;cJah vonf/
txl;ojzifh OD;Ekonf &mZ0ifESifhjrefrmpmayukd pdwf0ifpm;avhvmcJhonf
omru Ak'0 if &mZ0ifuydk gpdw0f ifpm;avhvmcJo
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ESiphf nf;&H;k a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif aqmif&u
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ausmif;om;nDnw
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hf wl
&efukefNrdKU *sD?pD?bD?at nDvmcHukd wufa&mufcJhNyD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufaom
oabmw&m;rsm;ukd avhvmod&SdcJhonf/
1921 ckEpS w
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aomfvnf; xkdpOfu ]]'kdiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;}} ukdvufcH vma&mufpnf;&Hk;rJqG,fol
0g;c,frNrdKUe,fukd,fpm;vS,f OD;bpDtm; ]]'kdiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;}}\r&Sif;vif;onfh
taMumif;tcsurf sm;ukd &J0phH mG ar;jref;cJyh gonf/ onfyifvQif vGwv
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jrefrmEkid if aH wf\ yxrqH;k 0efBu;D csKyjf zpfvmrnfh OD;Ek\ owpd rG ;f &nfudk jyojcif; jzpfygonf/
&ef u k e f N rd K U&S d N rd K Urtxuf w ef ; ausmif ; wG i f y nmoif M um; tajccH y nm
txufwef; atmifjrifNyD;aemuf 1929 ckESpf &efukefwuokdvfokdY wufa&mufcJh&m
jyZmwfpmayrsm;ukd txl;pdw0f if pm;cJNh y;D ynmoifumvwpfavQmuf jyZmwfpmaya&;om;
jcif;jzifh tcsed u
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dk rf S ay;tyfaom 0dZm bGUJ ukd &&Scd o
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2-1/

wuokdvfokdYjyefvnf0ifa&mufjcif;

0dZmbGJY(BA)&NyD;aemuf 1934ckESpfwGif bD?t,fvfac: Oypmwef;wuf&ef

wuov
dk o
f Ydk 0ifa&mufcNhJ y;D xkpd Ofu ausmif;wufazmfrsm;jzpfaom ukad tmifqef;? uko
d [
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ukdausmfNidrf;? ukdodef;az (wufbkef;BuD;) wkdYESifhtwl ausmif;om;or*trIaqmif
a&G;aumufyGJwGif trIaqmiftjzpf0ifa&muf ,SOfjyKdif EkdifiHa&;ywfoufonfhrsm;ukd
OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u
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OD;oef?Y jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;))/ (&efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1961) pm 21/

102
xkdaemufOD;Ekonf wuokdvfor*trIaqmifwpfOD;tjzpfa&G;cs,fcH&NyD;
ausmif;om;rsm;\ txifBu;D av;pm;rIu&dk &Scd o
hJ nf/ 1935 ckEpS w
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2-2/

&efukefwuokdvf'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwfESifhOD;Ek

wuokdvfor*OuXjzpfaeaomtcsdefwGif q&m? rrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;

tnTerYf vlEidk af p&ef ESrd Ef iS ;f pjyKonft
h csed jf zpfonf/ wuov
dk Of ya'ajymif;vJ&ef a[majymcJh
aom OD;Ektm; ausmif;tkyfBuD; ]]'D? a*s? pavmh}} 1rS ausmif;xkwfypfcJhonf/
uJo
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jiif;qef;cJah om t,f'w
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arNrdKUcspfaqG? jynf o l c spf a omAk d v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; / (&efukef?

ajreDuek ;f pmaywku
d ?f 1970) pm 171/

103
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0efxrf;b0

1929 ckEpS w
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104
OD ; Ek o nf a'guf w mbarmf t pk d ; &vuf x uf w G i f ausmif ; om;rsm;tm;
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rsm;okYd ynmawmfoifapvTw
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wifoiG ;f &ef OD;Ektm; wm0efay;tyfjcif;cHc&hJ onf/
4-1/

*syefacwfwm0efxrf;aqmifrI (1942-1945)

1941 ckEpS o
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avhvmjcif;r&SdbJ if;pdwf0ifpm;onf jyZmwfpmayukdomavhvmcJhonf/ OD;Ekonf
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105
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jyemtaxGaxGrsm;tm; ajz&Si;f ay;Ny;D aemufyidk ;f wGif OD;Ekonf Ekid if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D jyKvyk f
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OD;EkxHa&muf&Sd vmcJhonf/ ]] 1945 ckESpf rwfvwGif Akdvfatmifqef;? Akdvfvufsm?
ocifoef;xGe;f ? udak usmNf ird ;f ESihf ocifp;dk wko
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1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (12)&ufaeYwGif ocifEkonf a'gufwmbarmftdrf
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ocifEk?ig;ES p f & moD A rmjynf/(&efukefNrdKU? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm

yHEk ydS w
f u
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D uf? 1946) pm 18/
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,if;/ pm 118/

armifpkd;armif/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek/ (&efukef? ormrdw? 1955) pm-63/

106
ZeD;jzpforl mS 0rf;omcJ&h jcif;jzpfaMumif; ocifEu
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Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeY 12 em&Dtcsdef ]]aeol&deftpnf;ta0;cef;r}} wpfEkdifiHvHk;ESifh
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armifpkd;armif/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek/ (&efukef? ormrdw? 1955) pm-68/

107
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1

armifpkd;armif/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek/ (&efukef? ormrdw? 1955) pm-82/

108
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1

armifpkd;armif/ 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek/ (&efukef? ormrdw? 1955) pm-93/

109
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1

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&mxl;vufcHatmif wkdufwGef;&jcif; jzpfaMumif;? ,if;tcsufukd pufwifbmv 26
1

William C. Johnston, A Chronology of Burma's International

Relations 1945-1958, Rangoon, Rangoon University,1959,, p.75. 159

2

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teHay 140 us,0f ef;onf/ vkP
d *f al wmfBu;D twGi;f bufrMS unfh vQif eH&t
H m;azmufxiG ;f
xm;aom tayguf 3 qifjh zifh bk&m;?w&m;? oHCm &wemoH;k yg;tm; &nfreS ;f jyKvyk x
f m;
onf/ tayguf&Sdaom eH&HwpfxyfwpfxyfvQif y|mef; 24 ypnf;ukd &nfrSef;vsuf 24
qifhpDjyKvkyfxm;onf/ tqifhwpfckvQiftxufatmuf 7 qifhpD&SdtqifhwpfqifhpDwGif
oHCmawmf tyg; 60 oDwif;oH;k awmfrEl idk o
f nf/ oHCmpifaygif; 16 ck&&dS m rsuEf mS MuufEiS hf
txufqHk; avpkwfayguftm;vHk;wGif "rpMumyHko@mefrsm;jzifh 0ef;&Htkyfrkd;xm;onf/
pkpkagyif;oH*g,emwif yGJBuD;NyD;pD;onftxd usyfaiGodef;aygif; 400 cefYukefuscJhonf/
0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf q|oH*g,emwif yGJawmfBuD;ukd ta&SU tm&SwkdufwpfwkdufvHk;&Sd
Ak'bmom0ifolawmfpiftaygif;uyg 0kdif;0efulnDtm; ay;atmifaqmif&GufcJhonf/
xko
d aYdk qmif&u
G cf &hJ mwGif atmifjrifonfo
h m"u rSm oD[Vdk ?f tdE,
d ? ,k;d ',m;? uarm'D;,m;?
w&kwEf idk if pH aomEkid if rH sm;rS oHCmawmfrsm;? bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm;? oHwrefBu;D rsm; wufa&muf
jcif;jzifh xif&mS ;cJo
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OD;Ekonf ukdodef;azESifh ukdvSaz (Akdvfvusfm)wkdYrS zdwfac:ojzihf tdEd,okdY
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oGm;cJhonf/ tdEd,EkdifiHa&;ukdvnf; avhvmMunhf&IcJhonf/ bdvyfrS tjyefwGif ]]e*g;eD
pmtk y f t oif ; }}trnfjzifh bdvyf ]]vuf0Jpmtkyftoif;}}qefqef pmtkyftoif;
wpfcu
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h nf/ okaYd omf
jyZmwfa&;om;NyD;aomtcg pifwifvkdaomqE&Sdvmjyef&m pifwif&ef BudK;pm;jyefonf/
xk d Y a Mumif h vrf ; rawmf r S t Nid r f Y t zG J U wpf c k u k d iS m ;&rf ; NyD ; vQif e*g;eD w k d u f x k w f
acwfrjDS yZmwfrsm;xJrS ]] aemifawmfcRwfcPf; }} jyZmwfudk Zmwfwu
dk af vonf/ OD;Ekonf
e*g;eDpmtkyf toif;wkduf tay:xyfwGif aeYa&m? nOfYyg ZmwfwkdufaeonfhumvwGif

117
a&eHajrtvkyo
f rm;oydwf ay:aygufvmojzifh Zmwfwu
dk o
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f edk m;um Ekid if aH &;wGif
vlay: vlaZmfvyk ef nf;}} pmtkyu
vH;k yrf;&jyefonf/ e*g;eDpmtkyf wku
d w
f iG f &Sad epOf OD;Ekonf ]]vl
f dk
bmomjyefqcdk o
hJ nf/
1939 ck E S p f a&muf a omtcg w&k w f j ynf c sef a u&S d w f t pk d ; &xH o k d Y
cspfMunfa&;rdwfquftzGJU wpfzGJUapvTwfcJhonf/ xkdrdwfquftzGJU \&nf&G,fcsufrSm
zufqpf*syefrsm; ukd tultnDay;&ef jzpfonf/ OD;bvGif(oD[kdVfoHtrwfBuD;a[mif;)rS
acgif ; aqmif 'D ; 'k w f O D ; bcsd K ? ocif E k ? a':jrpd e f w k d Y yg0if M uonf / OD ; Ek o nf
uGejf rLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom armfpw
D ;kH ? csLaw;? csLtifvidk ;f wkEYd iS hf awGU&efBuKd ;pm;&m
*E m v&mZf } }
ratmif j rif c J h a y/ OD ; Ek o nf w&k w f j ynf c &D ; oG m ;tjzpf t ysuf u k d ]]*E
[laomtrnfjzifh pmtkyw
f pftyk f xkwaf 0cJo
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1940 ckESpf? axmifxJwGif yxrqHk;tBudrf jyZmwfwpfyk'fukd ukd,fwkdifa&;?
uk,
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f idk f pifwifjyocJo
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J iG f OD;Ektm; Zmwfq&m[kac:Muonf/ axmifxw
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ykxkZaemOrwaum }} jyZmwfrsm;ukd yHEk ydS x
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axmifwiG ;f tajctaeqk;d &Gm;yHrk sm;ukd o&kyaf zmfonfh 0wKwpfy'k v
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OD;Ekonf armfvNrKd iu
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rufpZif;0g'qkdwmbmvJ}} [laompmtkyfjzpfonf/ OD;Ekonf
a&;cJhaompmtkyfrSm ]]ruf
jrefrmEkid if aH &; ESiphf yfvsO;f ]]jrefrmhtvif;}} owif;pmokYd aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;ay;ykcYd o
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if;aemuf&efuek o
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OD;Ekonf*syefacwfrS awGUBuKH c&hJ aom tjzpftysurf sm;yg0ifaom ]] ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf
}}[laompmtkyu
f dk a&;om;cJo
h nf/
1951 ckEpS w
f iG f From peace to stability 1952 ckEpS w
f iG f The people win through
.1953 ckEp
S w
f iG f Burma Looks ahead . 1954 ckEpS w
f iG f Burma under the Japanese : picutres
and portraits. 1955 ckEp
S w
f iG f Forward with the people. pmtkyrf sm;vnf;a&;cJyh gonf/
5/

*kPjf yKcs;D usL;cH&jcif;

1981 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwiG f &ufaeYwiG f Ekid if *hH P

k &f nfbUJG cs;D jri chf &H onf/
rm&S,w
f ;D wk;d \ ,l*q
dk vyfMu,fbUJG cs;D jri jhf cif;cH&onf/

118
6/

jynfyc&D;rsm;

0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf t*FvefEkdifiHokdY 1947 ckESpf? ZGefv 23 &ufaeYwGif

vnf;aumif;? atmufwkdbmvv 10 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif; oGm;a&mufcJhonf/
w&kwfEkdifiHokdY 1954 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 14 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;? Ekd0ifbmv 29
&ufaeYwiG v
f nf;aumif;? 1955 ckEpS f rwfv 7 &ufaeYwiG f xkid ;f Ekid if ?H rwfv 25 &ufaeYwiG f
tdE,
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tar&duefEkdifiH? Zlvkdifv 19 &ufaeYwGif *syef? atmufwkdbmv 17 &ufaeYwGif &k&Sm;?
tdEd,? atmufwkdbmv 19 &ufaeYwGif tmz*epwef EkdifiH? Ekd0ifbmv 8 &ufaeYwGif
qDG'ifEkdifiH? 'DZifbmv 17 &ufaeYwGif uarm'D;,m;EkdifiH? 'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeYwGif
w&kwfEkdifiHtoD;oD;okdYoGm;a&mufcJhygonf/ 1956 ckESpfwGif w&kwfjynfolYorwEkdifiH?
AD,uferfEidk if rH sm;oko
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&ufaeYwiG f tdE,
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tif'kdeD;&Sm;0efBuD;csKyfrsm; tygt0if usif;ycJhaom ukdvHbkduGefz&if;jzpfajrmuf&ef
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7/

rdom;pk

OD;Ek\ZeD;a':jr&D onf 1993 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv & &ufaeYwiG u

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119
trSw(f 42)? jynfaxmifpv
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ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 14 &ufaeYwiG f uG,v
f eG cf o
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120

yHk (11)
OD;AaqG (0efBuD;csKyf)
[ 1956 ckESpf ]

121

OD;AaqG
(0efBuD;csKyf)
(arG
arG; 17-10-1915 uG,fvGef 6-12-1987 )
1/

i,fpOfb0

EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;AaqGonf weoFm&Dwkdif;? xm;0,fNrdKUESifh

rkdif;ig;q,fuGma0; aom tHk;yifuGif;&GmwGif tzOD;xGef;vIdif? trd a':yJav;wkdYrS 1915
ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mv (7)&ufaeY wGif arG;zGm;cJo
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vmcJah omaMumifh olx
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ulv?D vcpm;tvkyo
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om;awGom olaX;jzpfZdrf&pfaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf/ uJhokdYaomtajctaewGif
armifAaqG onf BuD;jyif;vmcJh&ojzifh rsdK;cspfpdwf? EkdifiHjcm;om; rkef;wD;pdwfrsm;onf
i,fpOfuyifued ;f atmif; jzpfwnfvmcJo
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2/

ynmoifb0

armifAaqGonf jrefrmwk\
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cJo
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xm;0,ftrsdK;orD;txufwef;ausmif;okdYoGm; (2)ESpfynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ pdwf"gwf
jyif;xefNy;D t&G,x
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f
trsKd ;om;tv,fwef;ausmif;okaYd jymif; ynmoifay;cJ&h onf/ 1936 ckEpS w
f iG f xm;0,fNrKd U
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i,fi,fuyif &JpGrf;owd&SdcJhonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;u olYukdaMumufMuonf/
OD;AaqGonf r[kwrf cHaompdw&f o
dS jl zpfaomfvnf; tzGUJ tpnf;rsm; tvkyv
f yk af omtcg
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acgif;aqmif yg0ifcJhonf/ ausmif;om;or*tzGJUukdzGJUpnf;&mwGifvnf; OD;AaqGyif
acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf/ OD;AaqG onf rsdK;cspfpdwfjyif;xefvGef;NyD; vlrsdK;jcm;ukdvnf;

122
tvGerf ek ;f wD;\/ ]] ukvm;xk;d toif;}}1 [l pkNy;D aemuf ukvm;rsm;ukd acsmif;&ku
d cf ahJ om
aMumifh 0kid ;f xk;d Muonf/ xm;0,frS ukvm;rsm; tawmfyif'u
k r sm;cJ&h onf/
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l yk cf ahJ omfvnf; OD;AaqGonfpmzwfjcif;? pma&;jcif;? uAsmzGUJ jcif;?
aqmif;yg; a&;jcif;rsm;ukd tcsdef&vQif &ovkdavhvmcJhonf/ tcsdefweft&G,fa&muf
ynmoifNy;D todw&m;rsm;&&Sv
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S
f qif;&JepfreG ;f jcif;
uif;rS aumif;rnf[k tawG;&um ]]ukvm;xk;d toif; }} ukzd suNf y;D pdwo
f abmxm;jcif;wGif
wlrQaom &Jabmfuav;rsm;ESiw
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f idk zf iG jhf cif;}}
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G v
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OD;AaqGq,fwef;atmifjrifcahJ om 1936 ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek w
f uov
dk rf S aygufzmG ;
vmcJhaomf 'kwd,tBudrfausmif;om;oydwfBuD;onf e,ftoD;oD;okdYjyefYESHUvmcJhMu&m
AaqGwu
Ydk supf m;aeaom xm;0,foYdk ul;pufa&muf&v
dS mcJo
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wuov
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hJ nf/ or*acgif;aqmif
ukdAaqGonf ukdEk? ukdatmifqef;wkdYESifh tquftoG,fjyKum &efukefwuokdvfokdYa&muf
onftxdc&D;jyif;ESicf MhJ uonf/
aumvdyaf usmif;om; ukAd aqGonf tEktMurf;a&m,Suv
f Qu&f o
dS nfukd Oyrmjy
&aomf q,fwef;ausmif; om;b0uyif tEkynmrsm;ukd avhvmvku
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jzpf wuokdvfwGif olY\uavmifukd qufaoG;cJhonf/ ]][kdufpul;oef;oef;}} ]] jrifhaqG
}} paom uavmifemrnfqef;awGjzifh *sme,frsm;wGif aqmif;yg;? 0wK-uAsmrsm;vIid v
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a&;om;ay;ykcYd o
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jrifawGUEkdifygonf/ ]]uufo&if*Gufaxmf ]} taMumif;aqmif;yg;wGif olYuavmif
vuf&majymifajrmufq;kH jzpfco
hJ nf/ tkid pf t
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jzpf &mxl;*kPfodrfrufaomrEl;reyftif;,m;ausmif;aqmif Akdvfqefol ]]ruufo&if
*Gufaxmf }} ukdvnf;vufoHajymifajymifESifh rnSmrwmoa&mfa&;om;xm;yHkrSm
xdrad wmufajymifcahJ om pum;vH;k rsm;jzifh xGi
f a&;om;cJah Mumif;avhvmawGU&Scd yhJ gonf/
1

armifarmif? ouf&Sd&mZ0if / (&efuek ?f ormrdw? 1956) pm- 63/

123
3/

0efxrf;b0

1945 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 1 &ufwGif qkd&S,fvpfygwDOuXtjzpf wm0ef

xrf;aqmifco
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dk zf suaf &;ESijhf ynfov
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tzGUJ wGit
f wGi;f a&;rSL;csKyt
f jzpfaqmif&u
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f iG f zqyv 'kw,
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vnf;aumif;? jrefrmEkdifiHukefonfrsm;uGef*&ufwGif OuXtjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf/ 1952 ckEpS w
f iG f wku
d Bf u;D rJqEe,f wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmf trwf?
1952 ckESpfwGif umuG,fa&;0efBuD;tjzpfa&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cH&NyD; 1953 ckESpfwGif
owKwGif;0efBuD;tjzpfwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&jyefonf/ 1953 ckESpfwGif tm&Sqkd&S,fvpf
uGefz&ifhOuX? 1956 ckESpfwGif vrf;rawmfNrdKUe,fygvDreftrwf? 1956 ckESpf? ZGefv 12
&ufaeYwiG f 0efBu;D csKyt
f jzpf a&G;cs,w
f ifajrm ufjcif;cHc&hJ onf/ 1957 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv
25 &ufaeYwGif0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcJhonf/ 1957ckESpf? rwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif
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f u
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4/

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129
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130
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2
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131
1962 ckESpf? rwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif z,f'&,frlESifhyufouf OD;AaqGrS
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apwD a wmf j zpf o nf / xm;0,f o r* e m,uBuD ; wpf O D ; vnf ; jzpf o nf / 1949-50
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1

OD;jr[ef? jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (pwkwwGJ)/wGb

J ufa&;ol OD;ode;f vIid /f 'kBurd /f (&efuek ?f jrefrmEkid if ?H jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D Xme? 1991) pm 190-201/
2

cspMf unfa&;MunfneT ?Yf OD;Ek-OD;avm&Hktaygif;tygrsm;ESifhe,fcsJU*kdPf;/ (&efuek ?f

cspMf unfa&;pmaywku
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132
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133

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[ 1974 ckESpf ]

134

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135
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rauG;jrifah rmif/ wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;

rsm;/
(&efuek ?f 0if;pmay? 1999) pm 242 /

136
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4-1/

vGwfvyfa&;acwfwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifrI(1945-1948)

Akv
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24 &ufaeYwGif wdkif;(7)ppfXmecsKyf pcef;cs&m tmvH(ajrxJ)NrdKUe,f? jyvdkY&GmwGif
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf twl wdik ;f (7)wdik ;f rSL; Adv
k rf LS ; atmif? wyf&if;(2) wyf&if;rSL; Adv
k Bf u;D
pef ; ,k w d k Y E S i f h t wl zuf q pf awmf v S e f a &;jyif q if r I rsm;ud k aqG ; aEG ; cJ h M uonf /1
Akv
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ppfXmecsKyw
f iG f Adv
k rf LS ;atmif? Adv
k Bf u;D pderf eS ?f wyf&if;(2)wyf&if;rSL; Adv
k f pef;,k wdEYk iS t
hf wl
rwfv 27 &ufaeYn zufqpf*syefwdkYtm; pwifawmfvSefrnfh tpDtpOfESifh wyf&if;^
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tpDtpOfrsm;? &yf&mG umuG,af &;ESihf tkycf sKyaf &;udpr sm;udk aqG;aEG;cJMh uonf/ 1945ckepS ?f
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1

ocifwifjr? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESifh wdkif; (10) wdkif; /

3 -Budrf/ (&efukef? r[meE pmay? 1976) pm 334/

137
rif;wkeef ,foYdk csw
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Akv
d Bf u;D pde0f if;OD;pD;onf wyf&if;(6)onf o&ufpcef;okq
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hf wl Akv
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d cf sKyaf tmifqef;xHoYdk
oGm;cJMh uonf/ {Nyv
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AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtzGJU ? AkdvfBuD; pdef0if;\ wyf&if;(6)ppfXmecsKyfpcef; ykPm;&GmokdY
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1

jrefrmEkid if ?H ppforkid ;f jywku

d Ef iS w
hf yfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
d /f wyfrawmforkdif;
('kwd,wGJ)? 1945zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv
&;umv/ w-Budrf/ (&efukef?
owif;ESihf pme,fZif; vkyif ef; ?1999) pm 77/

jrefrmEkid if ?H ppforkid ;f jywku

d Ef iS w
hf yfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
d /f wyfrawmforkdif;
(wwd,wG)J ? 1945-1948 / (&efuek ?f owif;ESiphf me,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1995)
pm 60/

138
cJh&onf/ OD;pdef0if;onf uEDpmcsKyft& ArmhwyfrawmfjyefvnfzJGUpnf;aomtcg 1946
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kd t
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wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ oefvsiNf rKd UwGif pcef;csaepOftwGi;f wyfc(GJ 3) udOk ;D pD; a';'&J?
zsmykHodkY ajymif;a&GUwm0ef,l&onf/ 1946ckESpfwGif uavmNrdKU t&m&dSi,foifwef;
wufa&muf onf/ qufvuf Adv
k Bf u;D tqifjh zifh Armhaoewfuikd w
f yf&if;(3)wGif 'kwyfcrGJ LS ;
wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1947ckEpS w
f iG f ppfO;D pD;wuov
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f yfa&;ay;&ef
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f
19 &ufaeYwiG f Adv
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tcg &efuek o
f w
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f iG f
ppf&w
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k rf LS ;tqihjf zifh txl;t&m&dt
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hJ nf/
4-2/

vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D acwfwiG Bf uKd ;yrf;rI(1948-1962)

OD;pdef0if;onf 1948ckESpf? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; ajcvsifwyfrsm;zJGUpnf;aomtcg

r*Fvm'k&H Sd ajcvsiw
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u&ifaomif;use;f ol rsm; x<uykeu
f efcsed w
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wdu
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f iG yf if 'kAv
kd rf LS ;Bu;D tqifo
h Ykd wd;k jri jhf cif;cH&Ny;D ajcvsiw
f yf&if;(1)
wyf&if;rSL;wm0ef qufvufxrf;aqmifonf/ 1950jynfEh pS ?f Zefe0g&dv 20 &&ufaeYwiG f
yxrtBudrfwyfrSL;nDvmcH wyf&if;rSL;wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf wufa&mufcJhonf/1
1951ckEpS f wGif awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf ppfO;D pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)tjzpf vnf;aumif;? 1951
ckESpf? rwfv 28 &ufaeYwGif ajcjrefwyfr[m(3)rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; wyfrSL;nDvmcHokdY
wufa&mufco
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H Ykd oGm;a&mufchJ
onf/ 1953ckESpfwGif AdkvfrSL;BuD;tqifhodkY wdk;jrifhcH&NyD; wyfr[m(2)wyfr[mrSL; wm0ef
xrf;aqmifonf/ 1956ckEpS f wGif ydik ;f avmhoifwef;wuf&ef xkid ;f Edik if o
H o
Ykd mG ;a&mufco
hJ nf/
1957ckESpfwGif wyfr[m(4) wyfr[mrSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 1958ckESpfwGif ppf&kH;csKyf
wJzG ufppfaxmufcsKyt
f jzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;aqmifonf/
1

jrefrmEkid if ?H ppforkid ;f jywku

d Ef iS w
hf yfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
d /f wyfrawmforkdif;
(pwkww
)JG ? 1948-1962 / (&efuek ?f owif;ESiphf me,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1996)
pm 133/

139
OD;pde0f if;onf 1958ckEpS ?f tdraf pmift
h pd;k &vufxufwiG f td;k tdrXf me? vrf;XmeESihf
jyefvnfxal xmifa&;Xmersm; 'kw,
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a&;tzJUG Ou|ESihf wJzG ufppfaxmufcsKyw
f m0efrsm;udyk g yl;wJx
G rf;aqmifc&hJ onf/ 1961ckEpS f
wGif AdkvfrSL;BuD; tqifhjzifh awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;wm0efxrf;aqmifae&mrS
Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf tqifo
h Ykd wd;k jri jhf cif;cH&onf/ ppfwikd ;f rsm;jyefvnfzUGJ pnf;aomcg tv,fyikd ;f wdik ;f
ppfXmecsKyf wdik ;f rSL;wm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/
4-3/

1962-1985 twGi;f BuKd ;yrf;rI

OD;;pde0f if;onf 1962ckEpS ?f rwfv 2 &ufaeUwGif awmfveS af &;aumifpu

D Ekid if aH wmf
tajctae t&yf&yfudk xdef;odrf;wm0ef,laomtcg awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtzJGU0if
jzpfvmonf/1 1963 ckEpS ?f rwfv 29 &ufaeYwiG f tv,fyidk ;f wkid ;f wkid ;f rSL;taejzifh wyfrLS ;
nDvmcHwufa&mufcJhonf/21963ckESpfwGifjrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD ygwDpnf;urf;
xde;f odr;f a&;aumfrwD0ifwm0efuykd g yl;wJx
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tpdk;&tzJGU jynfolYvkyfief;ESifhtdrf&maqmufvkyfa&;Xmewm0efcH(0efBuD;)tjzpf wm0ef
ay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1971ckESpf? yxrtBudrf ygwDnDvmcHwGif ygwDvkyfief;pdppfa&;
aumfrwDOu|tjzpf xyfrHa&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cH&onf/ 0efBuD;tzJGU0ifrsm;tm;
wyfrawmfrStNidrf;pm; ,lcGifhjyKa&;rlt& 1972ckESpf?{NyDv 20&ufaeYwGif wyfrawmfrS
tNidrf;pm;,lNyD; aqmufvkyfa&; 0efBuD;Xme?0efBuD;wm0efqufvufxrf;aqmifonf/
1974ckEpS ?f {Nyv
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G af wmftpnf;ta0;u Edik if aH wmf
0efBu;D csKyt
f jzpf a&G;cs,jf cif;cHc&hJ onf/ 1977 ckEpS ?f rwfv 28 &ufaeYwiG f Ekid if aH wmf0efBu;D csKyf
tjzpf tem;,lNy;D 1977ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv
f wGif jynfoUl vTwaf wmf\ Edikd if aH wmfaumifp0D iftjzpf
a&G;cs,o
f wfrw
S jf cif;cHc&hJ onf/ 1985ckEpS ?f Edik 0f ifbmvwGif Edik if aH wmfaumifp0D iftjzpfrS
tNird ;f pm;,lco
hJ nf/
1

jr0if;? wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 rS 1990

jynfhESpftxd)/ 3Burd ?f &efuek ?f owif;ESiphf me,fZif;vkyif ef;? 1992/ pm 31/
2

jrefrmEkid if ?H ppforkid ;f jywku

d Ef iS w
hf yfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
d /f wyfrawmforkdif;
(yOrwGJ) 1962-1974 / 'k-Burd /f (&efuek ?f owif;ESiphf me,fZif;vkyif ef;?
1999) pm 123/

140
5/

*kPjf yKcs;D usL;cH&jcif;

OD;pde0f if;onf Edik if w

hH m0efrsm;udk BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G cf jhJ cif;aMumifh Edik if aH wmfu
cs;D jri t
hf yf ESi;f onfph nfow
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wHqdyf? vGwfajrmufa&; wHqdyf? vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if(yxrqifh)ESifh EdkifiHh*kPf&nfbJGU
(yxrqif)h wdu
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hJ nf/1
6/

jynfyc&D;rsm;

OD;pde0f if;onf Ekid if aH wmfwm0eft&yf&yfukd xrf;aqmifaepOftwGi;f Edik if jH cm;

wdkif;jynfrsm;odkY wm0efjzifhtBudrfBudrfoGm;a&mufcJhonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif t*FvefEkdifiH?
1958ckESpfwGif a[mifaumif? zdvpfydkifESifh xkdif;EdkifiH rsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? 1959ckESpfwGif
tpa&;Edik if EH iS hf *smrPDEikd if o
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f iG f ESpw
f iG f tar&duef? 1964
ckEpS w
f iG t
f Ed ,
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Yk nf;aumif;? 1968ckEpS w
f iG f pifumylEikd if EH iS hf
rav;&Sm;Edik if H rsm;odv
Yk nf;aumif;? 1972ckEpS w
f iG t
f ar&duefEidk if o
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Ydk nf;aumif;? 1975
ckESpfwGif eDaygEdkifiHodkYvnf;aumif;? 1976ckESpfwGif oD&dvuFmEkdifiHodkY vnf;aumif;
oGm;a&mufco
hJ nf/
7/

rdom;pk

OD;pde0f if;onf 1943ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 3 &ufaeYwiG f rEav;NrKd Uae Adv

k Bf u;D baz?
a':rke;f wd\
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k rf LS ;csKy?f
tNird ;f pm;Ekid if aH wmf0efBu;D csKyEf iS hf tNird ;f pm; Ekid if aH wmfaumifp0D ifO;D pde0f if;onf 1993ckEpS ?f
ZGev
f 29 &ufaeY &efuek Nf rKd UwGif uG,v
f eG cf yhJ gonf/
uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD;a':jra&TESifhom; OD;zkef;rif;acgif+a':at;at;oG,f?
OD;wifhrif;acgif+a':jrifhjrifhat;? OD;aX;rif;acgif;? OD;Munfrif;acgif+a':Zifrmatmif?
OD;oefYrif;acgif? a':rDrDzkd;om? OD;atmifrif;acgif? orD;a':cifOD;vGif? a':at;at;vGif
wku
Yd secf o
hJ nf/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1994
1994/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1994) pm 186/

141

yH(k 13)
OD;armifarmifc (0efBuD;csKyf)
[ 1977 ckESpf ]

142

OD;armifarmifc
(0efBuD;csKyf)
(arG; 7-6-1920 uG,v
f eG -f 30-4-1995)
1/

i,fpOfb0

tNird ;f pm;Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D ESihf tNird ;f pm;Ekid if aH wmf0efBu;D csKyf OD;armifarmifcudk tz
OD;cspaf z? trda':cifwifw
h rYdk S 1920 jynfEh pS ?f ZGev
f 7 &ufaeYwiG f &efuek Nf rKd U arG;zGm;cJo
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arG;csi;f nDtpfuEdk pS Of ;D teufti,fjzpfonf/
i,fpOfwpfEpS o
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oGm; ta':tysKd Bu;D rsm;ESit
hf wl t&G,af &mufonftxd aexkid cf &hJ onf/
2/

ynmoifb0

1929 ckESpf touf 9 ESpfa&mufrS rlvwef;ynmukdpwifoif,lonf/

ausmif;wGifynm xl;cRefaomaMumifh q&m? q&mrrsm;rS twef;ausmf wifay;jcif;cH
&onf/ 1936 ckEpS f touf 16 ESpw
f iG f 10 wef;pmar;yGu
J dk jrefrmpm*kPx
f ;l jzifh xl;cRepf mG
atmifjrifonf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuokdvf okdYwufa&mufynmoif,lcJhonf/
&efuek w
f uov
dk af eYausmif;om;toif;ESihf pufro
I yd aH usmif;toif;rsm;wGif toif;0ifjzpf
onf/ 1941 ckESpf bDtufpfpD(tif*sifeD,m) aemufqHk;ESpfwGif bGJUr,lbJwuokdvfrS
EkwfxGufNyD; awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifqifEGJcJhonf/ OD;armifarmifconf 1955 ckESpf?
atmufwkdbmv 29 &ufaeYrS 1956 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 7 &ufaeYtxd refcsufpwm
pufrw
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3/

0efxrf;b0

OD;armifarmifconf 1944 ckEpS w

f iG f jrefrmhwyfrawmfo0Ydk ifa&muftrIxrf;Ny;D
1944 ckESpf? arv 27 &ufaeYwGif *syefacwf wwd,ywf ppfwuokdvf Akdvfoifwef;
wufa&mufco
hJ nf/ 1 Ek0d ifbmv 30 &ufaeYwiG f ausmif;qif;cJNh y;D av,mOfypftajrmufBu;D
wyfwGif wyfpkrSL;tqifhjzifh wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ *syefawmfvSefa&;wGifwkdif;(1)
wyf&if;(106) wyfprk LS ;tjzpf awmfveS af &;Ny;D qH;k onftxd wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/
OD;armifarmifconf awmfveS af &;Ny;D qH;k Ny;D onft
h cg ppfjyefb0jzifh &&mtvkyrf sm;
1

Akv
d rf if;k?d *syefacwfppfwuokdvf/ (&efuek ?f yk*pH mtkyw
f u
dk ?f 1969)

pm223/

143
vkyfukdifumb0ukd &kef;uefonf/ 1947 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 6 &ufaeYwGif wyfrawmfokdY
wpfzefjyefvnf0ifa&mufcJhonf/ 1948 ckESpf? atNyDv 19 &ufaeYrS Mo*kwfv 15
&ufaeYtxd Akdvfoifwef;jyefvnfwufa&muf onf/ Akdvfoifwef;qif;NyD; 1948 ckESpfrS
1962 ckEpS t
f xd wyfrawmfvQypf pfEiS phf ufrw
I yfzUJG ? umuG,af &;ypn;f xkwv
f yk rf w
I yfzUJG rsm;
wGif 'kwd,AkdvftqifhrS 'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;tqihftxdvnf;aumif;? umuG,fa&ypnf;
xkwfvkyfrI nTefMum;a&;rSL;tjzpf AkdvfrSL;BuD;tqifhtxdvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJo
h nf/
4/

Ek d i f i H a &;b0

OD;armifarmifconf 1962 ckEpS rf pS pufr0I efBu;D XmewGif wGzJ uftwGi;f 0ef?

twGi;f 0efEiS hf 'kw,
d 0efBu;D wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifonf/ 1974 ckEpS w
f iG f jrefrmqk&d ,
S v
f pf
vrf;pOfygwD tvkyo
f rm;a&;&m XmeBu;D wGif aumfrwD0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? A[kjd ynfoYl
tvkyform; aumifpDwGif tvkyftrIaqmif aumfrwD0ifESifh OuXtjzpfvnf;aumif;
wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/ yxrtBudrfygwDnDvmcHwGif t&efA[kdtvkyftrIaqmif
aumfrwD0iftjzpf a&G;cs,jf cif;cH&Ny;D pufr0I efBu;D XmeESihf tvkyo
f rm;0efBu;D Xme 0efBu;D tjzpf
wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1973 ckEpS f 'kw,
d tBurd yf gwDnv
D mcHwiG f t&efA[kd tvkyt
f rI
aqmifaumfrwD0iftjzpf xyfrHa&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ 1972 ckESpf? {NyDv 20 &ufaeYwGif
Akv
d rf LS ;Bu;D tqifjh zifh tNird ;f pm;,lco
hJ nf/ 1974 ckEpS f yxrtBurd f jynfoYl vTwaf wmfEiS hf
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jynfolYvTwfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f tjzpfta&G;cH&NyD; pufrI0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf
wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ wwd,tBudrf ygwDnDvmcHwGif A[kdtvkyftrIaqmif
aumfrwD0if tjzpfvnf;aumif;? yxrtBudrftvkyform;tpnf;t&Hk; OuXtjzpf
vnf;aumif;a&G;cs,jf cif;cH& onf/ 1977 ckEpS ?f rwfv 29 &ufaeYwiG f Ekid if aH wmf0efBu;D csKyf
tjzpf pwifxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/1 1978 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYrS 15 &ufaeYtxd
usi;f ycJah om 'kw,
d tBurd f jynfov
Yl w
T af wmfEiS jhf ynfoaYl umifpt
D qifq
h ifah &G;cs,yf w
JG iG v
f nf;
0efBu;D csKyt
f jzpfxyfraH &G;cs,jf cif;cHc&hJ onf/ wpfzef 1985 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mv 4 &ufaeYrS
18 &ufaeYtxdusi;f ycJah om wwd,tBurd f jynfov
Yl w
T af wmfEiS jhf ynfoaYl umifpt
D qifq
h ifh
a&G;cs,yf v
JG nf;aumif;? 1985 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mv 6 &ufaeYrS 20 &ufaeYtxdusi;f ycJh
aom pwkwtBudrf jynfolYvTwfawmfESifh jynfolUaumifpDtqifhqifha&G;cs,fyGJwGif

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 1978
1978/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1978) pm 6 /

144
vnf;aumif; 0efBu;D csKyt
f jzpf 3 Burd q
f ufwu
dk f a&G;cs,jf cif;cHc&hJ olwpfa,mufjzpfonfudk
awG&Y &dS ygonf/
0efBu;D csKyOf ;D armifarmifc wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfumvjzpfaom 1988 ckepS ?f
rwfv 12 &ufaeY n 9 em&D 15 rdepf tcsed cf efw
Y iG f BuKd Uuke;f blwmteD; pEm0if; vufzuf&nf
qkid f pufrw
I uov
dk 'f w
k ,
d ESpaf usmif;om; 2 OD;ESihf t&ufr;l aeonf&h yfuu
G f vli,f 5
OD;wkdYonf uufqufoDcsif;acGzGifhckdif;&mrStp ckduf&efjzpfyGm;cJhMuygonf/ ,if;&efponf
xkrd QEiS yhf if &yfwefrY oGm; cJb
h J aemufwpfaeYjzpfonfh rwfv 13 &ufaeYn 8 em&D 30 rdepf
tcsdefcefYrSp BudKUukef;&yfuGufrS t&yfom;rsm;ESifh pufrIwuokdvfausmif;om;rsm;
wpfzufESifhwpfzuf tkyfpkzGJU tMurf;zufwkdufckdufrIrsm; jzpfyGm;cJhygonf/ trIdufup
jy'frD;avmifqkdouJhokdY ausmif;om;rsm; qlylqEjyrIrsm; wpfNrdKUNyD; wpfNrdKUjzpfay:
vmcJyh gonf/ Edik if aH wmftusKd ;twGuf wm0ef&o
dS t
l zGUJ tpnf;rsm;rS rnfrQyif aqmif&u
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apumrl EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vuf0Jvuf,mya,m*rsm;? qlylvkdolrsm;rS wpfjynfvHk;
twkid ;f twmjzifh qlyt
l <kH ua&;uko
d m tm;pku
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f yk af qmifcMhJ u ygonf/ vltyk Bf u;D rsm;jzifh
vHNk cKH a&;wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;tm; tMurf;zufowfjzwfrrI sm;? wku
d cf u
dk &f efjyKrrI sm; jyKvyk v
f mcJMh u
ygonf/ xkdtawmftwGif; ausmif;0if;rsm;twGif;wGif EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;omru
EkdifiHjcm;oHwreftcsdKUwkdYyg 0ifxGuf ajc&Iyfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmMuygonf/ xkdhYaMumifh
ausmif;om;rsm;onf ,if;wkdY\ ajrmufyifhay;rI rsm;? 0g'jzefYvIHUaqmfay;rI rsm;aMumifh
ausmif;om;rsm;ta&; oufoufuo
dk m awmif;qkcd MhJ u &mrS ]] ppfreS af om 'Dru
dk a&pD&&Sad &;
aqmif & G u f a y;&ef } } [l o nf h Ek d i f i H a &;oabmouf 0 if o nf h awmif ; qk d c suf r sm;uk d
pwifawmif;qkv
d mcJMh uonf/ ausmif;0if;rsm;twGi;f wGiv
f nf; vuf0v
J uf,mya,m* rsKd ;pHk
0ifa&mufvmrIwaYdk Mumifh ausmif;yk&0d P
k rf sm;twGi;f wGif Ekid if aH &;ykrd &dk yI af xG;vmcJyh gonf/
&efuek Nf rKd UwGif qlyt
l Murf;zufrrI sm;jzpfymG ;aepOftwGi;f Zlvidk v
f 7 &ufaeYwiG f awmifBu;D NrKd U
vnf; qlyrl rI sm;jzpfymG ;cJyh gonf/
1988 ckEpS ?f rwfvtwGi;f jzpfymG ;cJah om ta&;tcif;wGif jzpfay:vmaomudp
rsm;twGuf wm0efruif;aMumif;awGU&Sd&ojzifh 0efBuD;csKyfarmifarmifctm; EkdifiHawmf
0efBuD;csKyf tjzpfrS Ekwfy,fvkdufaMumif; EkdifiHawmfaumifpDrS 1988 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv 26
&ufaeYwiG f aMunmcJyh gonf/1

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf 19789
19789/ (&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1989) pm 10/

145
1988 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 25 &ufaeYrrS 27 &ufaeYwiG f rav;&Sm;Ekid if 0H efBu;D csKyf
'gwGw&f &S D a'gufwm r[moD,m rk[
d mrufonfvnf;aumif;? azazmf0g&Dv 29 &ufaeYrS
rwfv 5 &ufaeYtxd xkid ;f Ekid if t
H rd af &SUrif;om; r[mAm*s&D m avmifueG o
f nf vnf;aumif;?
xkdif;bk&ifhvufeufukdifwyfzGJUrsm;\ ppfaoemywdESifh ppfOD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfBuD; csmAvpf
a,mifcsdKif,k'fonf {NyDv 21 &ufaeYwGifvnf;aumif;? b*Fvm;a'h&SfjynfolYorwEkdifiH
orwBu;D [lped rf [
dk mruftm&Swo
f nf {Nyv
D 26 &ufaeYrS 28 &ufaeYtxdvnf;aumif;?
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l idk v
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&ufaeYtxdvnf;aumif; tvnftywfvma&mufco
hJ nfudk awG&Y &dS ygonf/f
5/

*kPjf yKcs;D usL;cH&jcif;

OD;armifarmifconf jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIwGif yg0ifcJhjcif;aMumifh

Ekid if aH wmfu cs;D jri o
hf nfh vGwv
f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if('kw,
d tqif)h ukv
d nf;aumif;? Ekid if aH wmfu
ay;tyfonfh wm0ef rsm;ukdBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhjcif;aMumifh EkdifiHawmfu csD;jrifhonfh
aZ,sausmfxif ppfrIxrf;aumif; wHqdyfESifh EkdifiH*kPf&nf(yxrqifh)ukdvnf;aumif;
&&Scd o
hJ nf/
6/

jynfyc&D;rsm;

Ekid if aH wmf wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGi;f 1957 ckEpS w

f iG f *syef? a[mifaumifEiS hf
xkid ;f Ekid if rH sm;okYd vnf;aumif;? 1959 ckEpS w
f iG f ta&SUOa&myESihf taemufOa&myEkid if rH sm;okYd
vnf;aumif;? 1960 jynfEh pS ?f Zlvidk v
f wGif tar&duefEidk if o
H Ydk vnf;aumif;?1 1961 ckEpS w
f iG f
xkdif;? uarm'D;,m;? rav;&Sm;ESifh w&kwfjynfolYorwEkdifiHrsm;okdY vnf;aumif;? 1962
ckEpS w
f iG f csuu
f pdk vkAd m;uD;,m;? *smrPD? tDwvDEiS jhf yifopfEidk if rH sm;okYd vnf;aumif;? 1964
ckEpS w
f iG f &lar;eD;,m;? MopaMw;vs? *smrPDEiS hf *syefEidk if rH sm;okv
Yd nf;aumif;? 1965 ckEpS w
f iG f
w&kwfjynfolYorwEkdifiHokdYvnf;aumif;? 1966 ckESpfwGif &lareD;,m;? csufukdpvkd
Aufu;D ,m;Ekid if EH iS hf MopMw;D ,m;Ekid if rH sm;okv
Yd nf;aumif;? 1969 ckEpS w
f iG f taemuf*smrPDEiS hf
t*Fvef EkdifiHrsm;okdYvnf;aumif;? 1970 jynfhESpfwGif *syef? jyifopfESifh tdEd,EkdifiHrsm;okdY
vnf;aumif;? 1977 ckEpS w
f iG f taemuf*smrPD? tDwvD? MopaMwvs? t*Fvef? qGpZf mvef?
tif'edk ;D &Sm;ESihf pifumylEidk if H rsm;okv
Yd nf;aumif;? 1979 ckEpS w
f iG f uk&d ;D ,m;? a[mifaumifEiS hf
pifumylEidk if rH sm;okv
Yd nf;aumif;? 1980 jynfEh pS w
f iG f xkid ;f ? jyifopfEiS hf pifumylEidk if rH sm;okYd
1

jrefrmEkid if ?H ppforkid ;f jywku

d Ef iS w
hf yfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
d /f wyfrawmforkdif;
pwkwwGJ (1948-1962)
(1948-1962)? (&efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1995)
pm 158/

146
vnf;aumif;? 1984 ckESpf? {NyDv 4 &ufaeYwGif MopaMw;vsEkdifiH? {NyDv 7 &ufaeYwGif
e,l;ZDvefEidk if ?H Ek0d ifbmv 15 &ufaeYwiG f csuu
f pdk vkAd ufq&dk ,
S v
f pforwEkid if ?H 1 1986
ckESpf?{NyDv 10 &ufaeYwGif w&kwfjynfolYorwEkdifiH? Mo*kwfv 11 &ufaeYwGif
,l*q
dk vm;AD;,m;Ekid if ?H Mo*kwv
f 14 &ufaeYwiG f ,lar;eD;,m;Ekid if ?H pufwifbmv 9 &ufaeY
wGif *syefEidk if ?H pufwifbmv 18 &ufaeYwiG f pifumylEidk if rH sm;okv
Yd nf;aumif;? 1987 ckEpS ?f
{NyDv 9 &ufaeYwGif xkdif;EkdifiH? ZGefv 29 &ufaeYwGif tif'kdeD;&Sm;orwEkdifiH? Zlvkdifv 4
&ufaeYwGif pifumylESifh rav;&Sm;EkdifiHrsm;okdYvnf;aumif;? 1988 ckESpfwGif pifumyl?
t*FvefEiS hf bla*;&D;,m; Ekid if rH sm;okv
Yd nf;aumif; wm0efjzifh oGm;a&mufco
hJ nf/
7/

rdom;pkb0

OD;armifarmifconf OD;a&T? a':jrwifw\

Ydk orD; a':cifcifav;ESihf vufxyfc&hJ m
om;wpfOD;ESifh orD;wpfOD;xGef;um;onf/ om;jzpfolrSm uG,fvGefoGm;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/
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BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhaom tNidrf;pm; AkdvfrSL;BuD;ESifhtNidrf;pm;EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf
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153
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154
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ygonf/ a'gufwmarmifarmifwEYdk iS t
hf wl wm0efxrf;aqmiforl sm;jzpfonf/
pmwrf;onf 1948 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpf tcsefumvtxd jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkid if aH wmfwiG f wm0efxrf;aqmifcahJ om orwBu;D rsm;ESi0hf efBu;D csKyrf sm;\ twKyw
u
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155

usr;f uk;d pm&if;

jrefrmpmtkyrf sm;
1/

ausmNf ird ;f ? &JabmfoHk;usdyf/ &efuek ?f tif;0pmaywku

d ?f 1998/

2/

ausm0f if;? OD;/ jrefrmEkid if aH &; 1958-1962 (wwd,wG)J / wGb

J ufa&;ol OD;jr[efEiS hf
OD;odef;vdIif/ 'k-Budrf? &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1991/

3/

MunfeT ?Yf cspfMunfa&;

&;/ OD;Ek-OD;avm&Hktaygif;tygrsm;ESifhe,fcsJU*kdPf;/ &efuek ?f
cspfMunfa&;pmaywkduf? 1970/

4/

cspaf qG? arNrdKUU-/ jynfolcspfaomAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ &efuek ?f ajreDuek ;f pmaywku

d ?f
1970/

5/

cspaf rmif? ocif? 0d"l&--/ uRefb0Armjynf/ &efuek ?f aAmawmhpmay? 1968/

6/

- - - / vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufjrefrmjynf/ &efuek ?f yk*pH mtkyw

f u
dk ?f 1969/

7/

pHNidrf;? OD ;/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 (yxrwGJ)/ wGJbufa&;ol a'gufwm

a':jrifhMunf/ 'k-Budrf? &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD; Xme? 1991/

8/

pk;d armif? armif? 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek/ &efuek ?f ormrdw? 1955/

9/

pdejf rif?h OD;/(vkyo

f m;rsm;aumfvyd )f -/ ESpf-200 jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;tbd"mef/ &efuek ?f
yifra&pD;pmay? 1969/

10/

refrmvlausmf 100 yxrwGJ/ &efuek ?f EG,ef pD may? 2002/

aZ,sm? armif/ jref

11/

nDnD? a'gufwmm/ jrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;om;armfuGef; (1975)? rsufarSmufumv

jrefrmEkdifiH rSwfwrf;/ &efuek ?f urmvH;k pmay? 1978/

12/

awmfvSefa&;aumifpDvkyfaqmifcsuforkdif;tusOf;csKyf/ &efuek ?f jynfov

Yl w
T af wmf?
[1965]/

13/

wifjr? ocif/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyfESifh wkdif;(10)wkdif;/ w-Burd ?f &efuek ?f

r[meEpmay? 1976/

14/

1974 ckESpfrS 1987 ckESpftxd jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;XmerSxkwfa0aom vpOfxkwf

a&SUokdY*sme,f/

156
15/

vpOfxw
1948 ckEpS f rS 1959 ckEpS t
f xdxw
k af 0aomvpOf
k pmayAd
fpmayAdrmefr*Zif;rsm;/
twGJ(1)? trSwf(12) rS twGJ(7) trSwf(10) txd/

16/

1948 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd aeYpOf xkwf aMu;rHkowif;pm

pm/

17/

1948 ckEpS rf S 1988 ckEpS t

f xd aeYpOf xkwf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm
pm/

18/

wyfrawmfa&T&wk 1995? rwf/ &efuek ?f jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D Xme? 1995/

19/

xGef;aepOfowif;pm
pm/ (20 Zef 1958)/

20/

Ek? oci
ocif/ ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf/ &efuek ?f jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwku
d ?f 1946/

21/

Ekid if aH wmfNird 0f yfyjd ym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGUJ OuX? wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf

Akv
d cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D apmarmif\ wkid ;f jynfow
Ydk ifjycsuaf rwm&yfccH surf sm;? Ekid if jH cm;
owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifhawGUqHkaqG;aEG;csufrsm;rdefYcGef;rsm;
rsm;/ p-Burd ?f &efuek ?f
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1989/

22/

ESi;f auo&m/ jrefrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;pepftrsdK;rsdK;(at'D 1824rS at'D 1987

txd )/ &efukef? jr0wDyHkESdyfwkduf? 1993/

23/

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf t|rESpfywfvnfpmapmif/ &efuek ?f jyefMum;a&;Xme?

1956/

24/

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf e0rESpfywfvnfpmapmif/ &efuek ?f jyefMum;a&;Xme?

1957/

25/

jynf a xmif p k j ref r mEk d i f i H a wmf {u'orES p f y wf v nf p mapmif / &efukef?

jyefMum;a&;Xme? 1959/

26/

jynfjrefrm 1980
1980/ &efukef? jr0wDykHESdyfwkduf? 1981/

27/

jynfjrefrm 1981
1981/ &efukef? jr0wDykHESdyfwkduf? 1982/

28/

jynfjrefrm 1982
1982/ &efukef? jr0wDykHESdyfwkduf? 1983/

29/

jynfjrefrm 1983
1983/ &efukef? jr0wDykHESdyfwkduf? 1984/

30/

jynfjrefrm 1984
1984/ &efukef? jr0wDykHESdyfwkduf? 1985/

31/

jynfjrefrm 1985
1985/ &efukef? jr0wDykHESdyfwkduf? 1986/

32/

jynfjrefrm 1986
1986/ &efukef? jr0wDykHESdyfwkduf? 1987/

157
33/

jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; 0efxrf;wyf ESpfygwfvnfpmapmi

mapmif/ &efuek ?f jyefMum;a&;Xme?
1951/

34/

AaqG? OD ;/ ygwDwGif;tjzpfrSef/ &efuek ?f zqyvyHEk ydS w

f u
dk ?f [1957]/

35/

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;rdefYcGef;rsm;
rsm;/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1971/

36/

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;twKyw/d wnf;jzwfol ocifu,

dk af wmfridI ;f / &efuek ?f trsKd ;om;
yHkESdyfwkduf? 1951/

37/

)-/ ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;/ &efuek ?f t&kPOf ;D pmay?

baomif;? AkdvfrSL; (armifokw)1967/

38/

rkd;BudK;owif;pm
pm/ (14 Ekd 1962)/

39/

armifarmif/ ouf&Sd&mZ0if/ &efukef? ormrdw? 1956/

40/

armifarmif? a'guf w mm/ EkdifiHawmfvkyfBuHrI? jynfaxmifpkESifhOD;apm/ &efukef?

0if;armfOD;pmay? 1974

41/

- - - / jrefrmEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifh AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/ &efuek ?f yk*pH mtkyw

f u
dk ?f 1969/

42/

- - - / om;armifppfonfokdY/ &efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwkduf? 1973/

43/

jr?&J
sm;/( &efukef?
&J a bmf - / zuf q pf a wmf v S e f a &;jynf o l Y & J a cgif a jymuf u sm;
jr&myifpmaytkyfwkduf?1971) pm- 153? 486 pm/

44/

jr0if;/ wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;orkdif;tusOf; (1941 ckESpfrS 1990jynhfESpf

txd)/w-Budrf? &efukef? jyefMuma&;0efBuD;Xme? 1992/

45/

jr[ef/ ukdvkdeDacwfjrefrmhorkdif;tbd"mef/ w-Burd ?f &efuek ?f orkid ;f Xme? 1999/

46/

J ufa&;ol
jrifMh unf? a'gufwmm/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&; 1958-1962 ('kwd,wGJ)/ wGb
a'gufwm aemftif*svif;/ 'k-Budrf? &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1991/

47/

jrifah rmif? rauG;/ wyfrawmfppfonfwpfOD;\rSwfwrf;rsm;

rsm;/ &efuek ?f 0if;pmay?
1999/

48/

jrifv
h iG ?f uarmZZ-/ ArmjynfESpfaygif;200 rSwfwrf;BuD;/ &efuek ?f arh*P
k &f nfpmtkyf
wkduf? 1999/

158
49/

jrifha0? OD ; (wyf r awmf j rif h o E m ))-/ Armh a wmf v S e f a &;tbd " mef / &efukef?
py,fOD;pmay? 1972/

50/

jrefrmEkdifiH? ppforkdif;jywkdufESifhwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkduf/ wyf r awmf o rk d i f ;

(pwkwwGJ) 1948-1962
1948-1962/ &efuek ?f jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D Xme? 1996/

51/

jrefrmEkdifiH? ppforkdif;jywkdufESifhwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkduf/ wyf r awmf o rk d i f ;

(qXrwGJ) 1974-1988/ &efuek ?f jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D Xme? 1998/

52/

jrefrmEkdifiH? ppforkdif;jywkdufESifhwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkduf/ wyf r awmf o rk d i f ;

(wwd,wGJ) 1945-1948
1945-1948/ &efuek ?f jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D Xme? 1995/

53/

jrefrmEkdifiH? ppforkdif;jywkdufESifhwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkduf/ wyf r awmf o rk d i f ;

('k w d , wG J ) 1945 zuf q pf a wmf v S e f a &;umv
&;umv/ w-Bud r f ? &ef u k e f ?
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1999/

54/

jrefrmEkdifiH? ppforkdif;jywkdufESifhwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkduf/ wyf r awmf o rk d i f ;

(yxrwGJ)1824-1945
1824-1945/ p-Burd ?f &efuek ?f jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D Xme? 1999/

55/

jrefrmEkid if ?H ppforkid ;f jywku

d Ef iS w
hf yfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku
d /f wyfrawmforkdif; (yOrwGJ)
1962-1974
1962-1974/ 'k-Budrf? &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1999/

56/

jrefrmEkdifiH? ppforkdif;jywkdufESifhwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkduf/ wyf r awmf o rk d i f ;

(owrwGJ) 1988-1993
1988-1993/ &efuek ?f jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D Xme? 2000/

57/

jrefrmEkdifiH? EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU? wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK?

Ekid if aH wmfNird 0f yfyjd ym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGUJ \aqmif&u
G cf suo
f rkid ;f 0ifrw
S w
f rf;
(1988 ckESpfrS 1991 ckESpf)/ &efuek ?f ,if;tzGUJ ? 1991/

58/

jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(yxrwGJ)/ OD;jr[efEiS t

hf jcm;
pma&;olrsm;/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1993/

59/

jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)('kwd,wGJ)/ OD;jr[efEiS t

hf jcm;
pma&;olrsm;/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1993/

60/

jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJ/ &efuek ?f jyefMum;a&;ESit

hf oHviTG Xhf me? (1948)/

61/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1978
1978/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1978/

62/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1979
1979/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1979/

159
63/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1980
1980/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1980/

64/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1981
1981/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1981/

65/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1982
1982/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1982/

66/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1983
1983/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1983/

67/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1984
1984/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1984/

68/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1985
1985/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1985/

69/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1986
1986/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1986/

70/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1987
1987/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1987/

71/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1988
1988/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1988/

72/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1989
1989/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1989/

73/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1990
1990/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1990/

74/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1991
1991/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1991/

75/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1992
1992/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1992/

76/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1993
1993/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1993/

77/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1994
1994/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1994/

78/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1995
1995/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1995/

79/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1996
1996/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1996/

80/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1997
1997/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1997/

81/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1998
1998/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1998/

82/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 1999
1999/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1999/

83/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 2000
2000/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 2000/

84/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 2001
2001/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 2001/

85/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 2002
2002/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 2002/

86/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 2003
2003/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 2003/

160
87/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 2004
2004/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 2004/

88/

jrefrmhpG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 2005
2005/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 2005/

89/ &efukefowif;pm (13 azazmf0g&Dv 1959)/

90/ a&TOMo/ wpf c sd e f u xif & S m ;cJ h a omacgif ; aqmif B uD ; rsm;
rsm;/ 'k-Budrf? &efukef?
0if;jrifhatmif pmay? 1997/
91/

vSrsdK;? &Jabmf-/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;

rsm;/ &efuek ?f
vSrsdK;pmay? 1968/

92/

vSorde/f urmh'kdif,m&DESifhjrefrmh'kdif,m&D/ &efuek ?f tvif;a&mifpmaywku

d ?f 1967

93/

0krif;? a':&kdoD/ acwfjrefrmwnf[ef/bmomjyefol OD;wifarmif&if/ &efukef?

jrwfEkd;olpmay? 1978/

94/

owif;pmq&mwpfO;D / ArmarmfuGef;rSwfwkdifrsm;
sm;/ &efuek ?f ca&zl;pmpOf? (1955)/

95/

oef?Y OD ;? jynfawmfomc&D;(yxrykdif;))/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1961/

96/

- - - ? jynfawmfomc&D;('kwd,ykdif;))/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1961/

97/

oef;xGef;/ jynfolYvTwfawmfESifhEkdifiHa&;jyemrsm; 1948-1958

1948-1958/ &efukef?
orkdif;Xme? 1978/

98/

ode;f azjrif/h awmfvSefa&;umvtawGUtBuHKrsm;

rsm;/ 'k-Burd ?f &efuek ?f ,rHek mpmay?
1967/

99/

odef;vIdif? OD ;/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&;pepfajymif;umv (1962-1974)(wwd,wGJ)/

wGJbufa&;ol a':cifvS[ef/ &efukef? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 1993/

100/ [Hom0wDowif;pm (26 pufwifbm 1961)/

101/ tdZrk ,
d wwfpak &m/ uRefawmfyg0ifcJhaomrDemrDuDuef;/ bmomjyefol a':cif&/D
&efukef? bmomjyefESifhpmtkyfxkwfa0a&;Xme? 1981/

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pOf
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ocifIarmif
ocifausmfpdef
ocifcifarmifOD;
ocifaiG
ocifapmvGif
ocifpHjr
ocifpHvIdif
ocifpkd;
ukdaqmif;
ocifwifat;
ocifxGef;cif
ukdxGef;&Sdef
ocifxGef;a&T
ocifxGef;vGif
ocifxGef;tkyf
ocifA*srf;
ocifarmifarmif
udka&T
ocifvS
ocifvSaz
ocifvSarmif
ocifvSNrdKif
ocifopf
ocifoef;nTefY
ocifoef;wif(1)
ocifoef;wif(2)
ocifat;armif
ocifatmifoef;
ukdatmifodef;

*syeftrnf
Om'oda Monji
Takasugi Susumu
Takahashi
Monya Masaru
Katsura
Yamaoka Kiyoshi
Nakagawa Ichiro
Omura Tadashi
Kono
Monya Hiroshi
Chinda Seiji
Nakamura Hitoshi
Yamashita Teruo
Utsumi Susumu
Otani Hiroshi
Ichihara Ishiro
Baba Takeshi
Tsuchiya
Taniguchi Shin-ichi
Ito Hitochi
Tani Kiyoshi
Kaga Masashi
Itoda Tei-ichi
Osawa
Okawa
Yamada
Tsubota
Mizuno Saburo
Hirata Masao
Hayashi

AkdvfbGJUtrnf
AkdvfawZ
Akdvfae0if;
Akdvfrkd;kd
Akdvfwm&m
Akdvfapmatmif
Akdvfrif;acgif
Akdvfawmufxdef
Akdvfatmif
Akdvfjrifhatmif
Akdvfxdef0if;
Akdvfbkef;jrifh
AkdvfjrifhaqG
Akdvf&efEkdif
Akdvfvif;,kef
AkdvfAv
------------Akdvfva&mif
AkdvfOmP
AkdvfausmfaZm
Akdvfrif;a&mif
Akdvfvufsm
AkdvfaZ,s
Akdvf&efatmif
Akdvfapmaemif
AkdvfZifa,mf
Akdvfoef;wif
Akdvfjr'if
Akdvfrdk;
AkdvfpMufm
Akdvf&JxG#f

163

1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (1) &ufaeY *syefay;aomvGwfvyfa&;acwf

jreffrmEkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/

a'gufwm barmf
ocifjr
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ocifEk(OD;Ek)
OD;b0if;
a'gufwmodef;armif
OD;at;
OD;odrf;armif
OD;vSaz
OD;vSrif;
OD;jr (aysmfbG,f)
OD;pdef (AEKv)

13/
14/
15/
16/

OD;xGef;atmif
ocifvGef;abmf
ocifoef;xGef;
ocifav;armif

t"dywdt&Sifrif;BuD;? 0efBuD;csKyf? ppfaoemywdcsKyf

'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf
umuG,fa&;0efBuD;
EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;
jynfxJa&;Xme0efBuD;
b@ma&;Xme0efBuD;
tcGefawmfXme 0efBuD;
w&m;a&;Xme0efBuD;
opfawmESifhowKwGif;Xme0efBuD;
ynm? usef;rm? pnfyifom,ma&;Xme0efBuD;
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh pufrIvufrI0efBuD;
0g'jzefYcsDa&;? omoema&;? r[mArmESifh
Armh0efxrf;Xme0efBuD;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;Xme0efBuD;
vrf;yef;ESifhjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;Xme0efBuD;
ajrESifhv,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;Xme0efBuD;
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;ESifh qnfajrmif;Xme0efBuD;

164

1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufaeY

jynfaxmifpkorwjreffrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&tzGJU
p0fa&Tokduf
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/

ocifEk
Akdvfvufsm
OD;wifxG#f
OD;ausmfNidrf;
OD;wif
OD;A*srf;
ocifwif
Akdvfbkd;uGef;

9/ OD;nkdxGef;
10/ OD;jr ([oFmw)
11/ OD;ukdukdBuD;

12/ ref;0if;armif

13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/

OD;xGef;jrifh
apmpHbkd;oif
qrm;'l;0g;qif0gaemif
apm0P
OD;0rf;olarmif
AkdvfpdefrSef

orw
0efBuD;csKyf
'kwd,0efBuD;csKyfESifhumuG,fa&;0efBuD;
EkdifiHjcm;a&;Xme0efBuD;
jynfxJa&;Xme0efBuD;
b@ma&;ESifhtcGefawmfXme0efBuD;
w&m;Xme0efBuD;
v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;ESifh opfawma&;Xme0efBuD;
ynma&;-jynfo0Yl efxrf;ESi-hf jyefvnfxal xmifa&;Xme
0efBuD;
owif;ESifhjyefMum;a&;Xme0efBuD;
trsdK;om;pDrHudef;ESifhpufrIvufrIXme0efBuD;
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;-axmufyahH &;ESio
hf ,f,yl adk qmif
a&;Xme0efBuD;
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;-taqmuftODESifhtvkyform;
Xme0efBuD;
&Srf;jynfe,f0efBuD;
u&ifa&;&m0efBuD;
ucsifjynfe,f0efBuD;
u&ifeDjynf0efBuD;
csif;a&;&m0efBuD;
Xmevufukdifr&Sd0efBuD;

165

1/
2/

3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/

9/
10/
11/

12/

13/

14/

1958 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv (28)&uf

tdrfapmifhtpkd;&tzGJU
OD;0if;armif
- orw
owkd;oD&dok"r AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; - EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf? umuG,fa&;Xme?
trsdK;om;pD;rHudef;Xme
t*r[moa&pnfolowkd;
- 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf? EkdifiHjcm;a&;Xme? om
oD&dok"r OD;odrf;armif
oema&;Xme? usef;rma&;Xme? jynfolY0ef
xrf;Xme
owkd;r[moa&pnfol
- &Srf;jynfe,f0efBuD;
p0f[Hkz
a'gufwm apmvSxGef;
- u&ifjynfe,f0efBuD;
'l0gaZmfvGef;
- ucsifjynfe,f0efBuD;
p0fpP
- u,m;jynfe,f0efBuD;
OD;xefvsef;
- csif;a&;&m0efBuD;
r[moa&pnfol
- jynfxaJ &;Xme? jyefMum;a&;Xme?'Dru
dk a&pD
OD;cifarmifjzL
a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifha'oE&tzGJUrsm;
XmESifh vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;ESifhtrsdK;om;
rSwfyHkwifa&;Xme0efBuD;
owkd;r[moa&pnfol
- w&m;a&;Xme0efBuD;
OD;csefxGef;atmif
OD;ausmfNidrf;
- b@ma&;ESifhtcGefawmfXme0efBuD;
pnfolOD;bMum;
- ukefoG,frIwkd;wufa&;Xme? or0g,rESifh
ukefpnfjzefYjzLa&;XmeESifhypnf;axmuf
yHha&;Xme0efBuD;
oa&pnfolOD;pHGefU
- o,f,yl aYdk qmifa&;ESihf vrf;yef; qufo,
G f
a&;XmeESifhjynfolYvkyfief;ESifh tdrf&m
aqmufvkyfa&;Xme0efBuD;
OD;um
- ynma&;Xme? v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;ESifhopf
awma&;XmeESifhv,f,majrEkdifiHykdif
jyKvkyfa&;Xme0efBuD;
oD&dysHcsDOD;cspfaomif;
- pufrIvufrIXme? owKwGif;XmeESifhtvkyf
orm;Xme0efBuD;

166

1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeY

jynfaxmifpkorwjrefrmEkdifiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuX
1/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;

umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf

'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(Munf;)
'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)
'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av)
ppfaxmufcsKyf
wkdif;rSL;? taemufajrmufwkdif;ppfXmecsKyf
wkdif;rSL;? tv,fykdif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyf
wkdif;rSL;? ta&SUawmifwkdif;ppfXmecsKyf
wkdif;rSL;? taemufawmifwkdif;ppfXmecsKyf
wkdif;rSL;? ta&SUykdif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyf
ppfOD;pD; AkdvfrSL;BuD;
ppf&mxl;cefYtwGif;0ef
e,fjcm;a'otkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;csKyf
wGJzufppfaxmufcsKyf
avhusifha&;nTefMum;a&;rSL;
aq;0efxrf;nTefMum;a&;rSL;
'kwd,&JwyfcsKyf? jynfapmifh&JwyfXmecsKyf

tzGJU0ifrsm;
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/

AkdvfrSL;csKyf
AkdvfrSL;csKyf
AkdvfrSL;csKyf
AkdvfrSL;csKyf
AkdvfrSL;csKyf
AkdvfrSL;csKyf
AkdvfrSL;BuD;
AkdvfrSL;BuD;
AkdvfrSL;BuD;
AkdvfrSL;BuD;
AkdvfrSL;BuD;
AkdvfrSL;BuD;
AkdvfrSL;BuD;
AkdvfrSL;BuD;
AkdvfrSL;BuD;
AkdvfrSL;BuD;

atmifBuD;
oef;az
wDuvpf
wifaz
pef;,k
pdef0if;
aomif;Munf
Munfarmif
armifa&T
oef;pdef
ausmfpdef
apmjrifh
cspfNrdKif
cifnkd
vS[ef
wef,kqkdif

167

1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &ufaeY

jynfaxmifpkorwjreffrmEkdifiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&tzGJU

1/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;
(awmfvSefa&;aumifpDOuX)
2/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf atmifBuD;
3/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf wifaz

4/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf oef;az
5/ OD;oD[ef

6/ AkdvfrSL;BuD; ausmfpkd;
7/ AkdvfrSL;BuD; apmjrifh
8/ 'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD; beD

umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xm? b@ma&;XmESifh tcGefawmf

0efBuD;Xme? w&m;a&;0efBuD;Xme/
ukefoG,frIESifhul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0efBuD;Xme?
pufrIvufrI0efBuD;Xme/
v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;ESifh opfawma&;0efBuD;Xme? or
0g,rESifh ukefpnfjzefYjzLa&; 0efBuD;Xme
ynma&;0efBuD;Xme? usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme
EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme? tvkyform;a&;0efBuD;Xme?
tdrf&maqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xme? owKwGif;0efBuD;
Xme/
jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme? vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;0efBuD;Xme/
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme/
vrf;yefqufoG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme/

168

1962 ckESpf? rwfv 4 &ufaeY

jynfaxmifpkorwjreffrmEkdifiHawmf? awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&tzGJU

1/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;

2/
3/
4/
5/

AkdvfrSL;csKyf atmifBuD;
AkdvfrSL;csKyf wifaz
AkdvfrSL;BuD; ukdukd
OD;oD[ef

6/ AkdvfrSL;BuD; ausmfpkd;

7/ AkdvfrSL;BuD; apmjrifh

(1) 0efBuD;csKyf&Hk;
(2) trsdK;om;pDrHudef;0efBuD;Xme
ypnf;axmufyHha&;0efBuD;Xme
v,f,majrEkdifiHykdifjyKvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xm
0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUtwGif;0ef
jynfolYvkyfief;XmeESifhjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;Xmersm;
ukd tdrf,maqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;XmeESifhyl;aygif;
tkyfcsKyfoGm;&ef
(1) 'Dru
dk a&pD a'oE&tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf a'oE&tzGUJ
rsm;0efBuD;Xme
(2) omoema&;ESifhvlrI0efxrf;0efBuD;XmerS
omoema&;Xmersm;ukdtkyfcsKyfaqmif&Guf
oGm;&ef
(3) trsKd ;om;rSwyf w
kH ifa&;Xmeukv
d 0l ifrBI u;D Muyfa&;
0efBuD;XmeESifhyl;aygif;tkyfcsKyfoGm;&ef
(1) u,fq,fa&;? jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;ESit
hf rsKd ;
om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;0efBuD;Xme
(2) vlrI0xrf;ESifhomoema&;0efBuD;XmerS vlrI0ef
xrf;Xmersm;ukdtkyfcsKyfoGm;&ef

169
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfvSefa&;aumifpD? aMunmcsuftrSwf 72
(1968ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 4 &uf) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH
jynfwGif;nDnTwfa&;tBuHay;tzGJU
1/ OD;ausmfNidrf;

17/ rGefzkd;csdK

2/ OD;ausmfrif;

18/ OD;AaqG

3/ Akdvfcifarmifuav;

19/ Akdvfrif;acgif

4/ Akdvfcifarmif

20/ OD;a&TBudKif

5/ ocifcspfarmif(0d"l&)

21/ ocifvGif

6/ ocifcspfarmif(jrefatmif)

22/ ocifvSauR

7/ p0fpkdif;vHk

23/ ocifav;armif

8/ ocifpHjrifh

24/ OD;vGefykrf

9/ 'l0gaZmf&pf

25/ p0f0P

10/ 'l0gaZmfvGef;

26/ ref;0if;armif

11/ ocifwif

27/ z'kda0aom

12/ OD;wifnTefY

28/ ocifoif

13/ OD;xyfvIdif;

29/ ocifomcif

14/ OD;xGef;jrifh(vif;ac;)

30/ q&momxkd

15/ OD;Ek

31/ OD;omxGef;

16/ p0fjynfh

32/ AkdvfrSL;atmif
33/EkdifatmifxGef;

1/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH awmfvSefa&;aumifpDokdYwifoGif;aom jynfaxmifpkjrefrm

Ekid if jH ynfwiG ;f nDnw
G af &;tBuaH y;tzGUJ \tpD&ifcpH mm/ (ae? xkw?f ESpf ryg)/ 84pm

170
1974 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkqkd&S,fvpforwjrefrmEkdifiHawmf
tpkd;&tzGJU
OD;ae0if;

orw

1/

OD;pdef0if;

0efBuD;csKyf

2/

OD;vGif

3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/

OD;ukdukd
OD;armifarmifc
a'gufwmnDnD
OD;omausmf
OD;xifausmf
AkdvfrSL;BuD; pdefvGif AkdvfrSL;BuD; Munfarmif a'gufwm cifarmif0if;AkdvfrSL;csKyf wifOD; OD;&Jacgif
OD;pef0if;
OD;xGef;wif
OD;cspfcif
OD;Aeful;
OD;at;armif
OD;vSbkef;
-

'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf? 0efBuD;? pDrHudef;ESifhb@ma&;

0efBuD;
0efBuD;? jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? pufrI0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? owKwGif;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? ykdYaqmifqufoG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? aqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? or0g,r0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? ynma&;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? v,f,mESifhopfawm0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? ukefoG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? tvkyform;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? vlrI0efxrf;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD;? EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme

171
EkdifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU zGJUpnf;jcif;
Ekid if aH wmf Nird 0f yfyjd ym;rI wnfaqmufrt
I zGUJ \ 18-9-88 aeYpyJG gpmtrSwf (1^88)t&
EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;tzGJUukd atmufygyk*dKvfrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;onf 1/
AkdvfcsKyfBuD; apmarmif
OuX
2/
'kwd, AkdvfcsKyfBuD; oef;a&T
tzGJU0if
3/
AkdvfcsKyf armifarmifcif
tzGJU0if
4/
AkdvfcsKyf wifxGef;
tzGJU0if
5/
AkdvfrSL;csKyf atmif&Jausmf
tzGJU0if
6/
AkdvfcsKyf bkef;jrifh
tzGJU0if
7/
AdkvfcsKyf pdefatmif
tzGJU0if
8/
AkdvfcsKyf cspfaqG
tzGJU0if
9/
AkdvfrSL;csKyf ausmfb
tzGJU0if
10/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf armifoifh
tzGJU0if
11/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf armifat;
tzGJU0if
12/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf OmPfvif;
tzGJU0if
13/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf jrifharmif
tzGJU0if
14/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf jroif;
tzGJU0if
15/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf xGef;Munf
tzGJU0if
16/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf at;aomif
tzGJU0if
17/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;GefY
tzGJU0if
18/ AkdvfrSL;csKyf cifGefY
twGif;a&;rSL; (1)
19/ AkdvfrSL;BuD; wifOD;
twGif;a&;rSL; (2) wkdYjzpfMuonf/

172

a'gufwmarmifarmifa&;cJhaompmtkyfrsm;
jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;
wkdYjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk/ &efuek ?f 1959/
1/
EkdifiHawmfvkyfBuHrI/ &efuek ?f 1968/
2/
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;c&D;ESifhAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;/ &efuek ?f yk*pH mtkyw
3/
f u
dk ?f 1946/
om;armifppfonfokdY / &efuek ?f yH*k pH mtkyw
4/
f u
dk ?f 1973/
ouf&Sd&mZ0if/ &efuek ?f 1956/
5/
aoG ; eD/ &efukef? 1946/
6/
t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;
1/
Aung San of Burma / &efukef? 1962/
2/
Burma and General Ne Win/ &efukef? 1969/
3/
Burma in the Family of Nations / &efukef? 1956/
4/
Burma's Constitution / &efukef? 1959/
5/
Burma's Teetrhing Time/ &efukef? 1949/
6/
Eggar's Law of Evidence / &efukef? 1959/
7/
The Forgotten Army / &efukef? 1946/
8/
Grim War against the KMT / &efukef? 1943/
10/ London Dirary / &efukef? 1952/
11/ A Trial in Burma / &efukef? 1962/

173

OD;Eka&;cJhaompmtkyfrsm;
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/

umrwPSm/ &efukef? a'ompmaywkduf? 1982/

urmwywf/ &efukef? bmomjyefpmaytoif;? 1957/
urmeJUow0gtp,Ofaus;rItptwGJ(1)
1)/ &efuek ?f atmifavmupmay? 1968/
aus;Zl;&Sif/ &efuek ?f *kPx
f ;l pmay? 1984/
acgif;aqmifrsm;vufpGJ/ &efuek ?f zqyv(oef&Y iS ;f )tzGUJ csKyo
f wif;ESijhf yefMum;a&;
Xme/
*Emv&mZfrSwfwrf;/ &efuek ?f bmomjyefpmaytoif;? 1955/
ig;ESpf&moDArmjynf(1941-1945)
1941-1945)? &efuek ?f a,m*DyEkH ydS w
f u
dk ?f 1946/
qkd&S,fvpf0g'
g'/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef/
wmawpaeom;
wmawpaeom;/ bHkab? - ? 1967/
'Drkdua&pDukdumuG,fMu
u/ &efuek ?f Armhacwfowif;pmwku
d /f
zdESdyfrIUwkdufyGJtqifhqifh/ &efuek ?f zqyv(oef&Y iS ;f )tzGUJ csKy?f 1959/
jynfaxmifpkeDwdp/ &efuek ?f oef&Y iS ;f zqvytzGUJ csKy?f 1960/
jynfaxmifpkyef;wkdif/ &efuek ?f bmomjyefpmaytoif;? 1956/
rdwAv#Dumm/ &efukef? pmayavmupmtkyfwkduf? 1996/
jrefrmhobifavmu
vmu/ &efuek ?f pmayAdrmef? 1967/
&ufpufygayhuG,f/ &efuek ?f O'gef;pmay? 1967/
vlxkatmfoHjyZmwf/ &efuek ?f oDwmat;yHEk ydS w
f u
dk f 1957/
vkdw&? EkdifiHa&;tbd"mef? &efuek ?f jrefrmjynfpmtkyjf zefcY saD &;Xme? 1940/
tmZmenf/ &efukef? bmomjyefpmaytoif;? 1949/

174

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1953/
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175

176
175-u

177
175-c

176

tnTef;
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177
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178
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179
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180
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181
taMumif;t&m

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182
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183
taMumif;t&m

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184
taMumif;t&m
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185
taMumif;t&m
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186
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187
taMumif;t&m

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94

188
taMumif;t&m

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54? 64? 84? 89? 132? 145? 146

189
taMumif;t&m
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awmfveS af &;aumifpOD u|Bu;D
wHwm;OD;
wku
d sKd NrKd U
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wuov
dk yf nma&;pepf
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dk &f efyakH iGtzGUJ
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dk 0f ifpmar;yGJ
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pmrsufESm
44
83
60
129
60
129
81
100
36
13
96
13
35
150
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51
30? 103? 104
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81
31
108
49
49
20
29
102
102
134
113

190
taMumif;t&m
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wif;(rf)jrpf
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awmifBu;D
awmifBu;D aumvdyf
awmifBu;D NrKd U
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wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmf
wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmfa&G;aumufyJG
wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmftrwf
wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmfOu|
wkid ;f rif;Bu;D
wkid ;f &if;om;*sme,f
1972-1974 ckEpS t
f yk cf sKyaf &;pepf
1974-1988 ckEpS t
f xdtyk cf sKyaf &;
1960-1962 tkycf sKyaf &;
1962-1972 ckEpS t
f xdtyk cf sKyaf &;
1958-1960 tkycf sKyaf &;
1954- ckEpS ?f arv 17 &uf
1919- ckEpS f 'kid t
f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;

pmrsufESm
55
140
13
88
69
62
62? 80? 92? 144
17? 69? 82? 83? 84
82
84
59
49
68
17
35
86
67
4? 39? 108? 138
24? 107
123
109
q
24
ps
ps
Z
Z
Z
19
q

191
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

1988 ckEpS t
f xdtyk cf sKyaf &;
1942-1945 *syefacwftyk cf sKyaf &;
1945-1958 tkycf sKyaf &;
1945-1948 tkycf sKyaf &;
1948- ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeY
1935 ckEpS f (91)Xmetkycf sKyaf &;
1300 jynfah &eHajroydwBf u;D
wnfNrzJ qyv
wefpak &Smif
wefvrG af &Smif
wef,
Y ef;e,fajrqlyal omif;use;f rIrsm;
wyfuek ;f NrKd U
wyfMuyf
wyfxed ;f csKyf
wyfrawmf
wyfrawmfavhusiahf &;rSL;
wyfrawmfvQypf pfEiS phf ufrw
I yfzUJG
wyfrawmftpk;d &
wyf&if;rSL;
wyfr[m(2)
wyf&if;(4)
wyf&if;(83)
Bw*d aH 'o
wGzJ ufppfaxmufcsKyf
wGaH w;
wGaH w;awmBu;D wef;

n
q
Z
q
6
q
123
130
31
31
60
83
74
150
126
150
143
42
138? 150
82
67
67
84
138
83
83

(x)
xrif;csuw
f q
H yd f
x&de'd ufwuov
dk f
xm;0,fNrKd U
xm;0,fNrKd Utpk;d &txufwef;ausmif;

72
10
36? 69? 121? 124? 134
134

192
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

xm;0,for*
xm;0,ftrsKd ;orD;txufwef;ausmif;
xD;&k;d abuw
ax&0g'Ak'b
mom
ax&0g'Ak'u
sr;f pm
axmufvrS ;f a&;t&m&Sid ,f
xifp?D ume,f
xifew
D aD [m(vf)(0g)a,&IUaumvdyf
xkid ;f
xkid ;f Ekid if H
xkid ;f Ekid if b
H &k ifrif;jrwf
xkid ;f Ekid if t
H rd af &SUrif;om;
xkid ;f bk&ifrif;jrwf
xkid ;f bk&ifv
h ufeufuidk w
f yfzUJG rsm;
xef;wyif
xef;wyifNrKd Ue,f
xdef0if;? Ak d v f
xGef;wif? AkdvfBuD;? wyfcGJrSL;
xGef;wif? OD;? ol&xGef;&Sdef? ukd (Akdvf&efEkdif)
xGef;a&T? e*g;eDxGef;a&T? OD;? bDtkdifatxGef;vif;? Ak d v f
xGef;vIdif? OD ;
xGe;f OD;? OD;

131
121
82
p
96
2
4
14
77? 145
97? 118? 138? 140? 145? 146? 151
132
145
27? 52? 54
145
82
24? 83
7
148
149
124
124
149
7? 107
121
81

(')
'*kerf *Zif;
'*HNk rKd Uopf
'nif;uke;f &yf
'vNrKd Uopf

122
94
134
94

193
taMumif;t&m
'D*&Daumvdyrf sm;
'D? a*s? pavmh
'Dru
dk a&pD
'Dru
dk a&pDa'oE&tkycf sKyaf &;ESihf
a'oE&tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;0efBu;D Xme
'Dru
dk a&;pDEiS Nhf ird ;f csr;f a&;tzGUJ csKyOf u|
'D;'kw*f sme,f
'kw,
d urmppf
'kw,
d urmppfBu;D
'kw,
d urmppfyBJG u;D
'kw,
d ESpf
'kw,
d 0efBu;D csKyf
'kw,
d 0efBu;D csKyrf sm;
'kw,
d orw
'kw,
d tBurd af usmif;om;oydwBf u;D
'kw,
d tBurd yf gwDnv
D mcH
'kw,
d tBurd jf ynfov
Yl w
T af wmfEiS hf
jynfolUaumifpDtqifhqifha&G;cs,fyGJ
a';'&J
a'g&xwmwrH
'kq
d efyef
'kAYd rmoDcsi;f
'kAYd rmtpnf;t&H;k
'k;d td
'ku
d Of ;D ppfrsuEf mS
a'gif;wHqyd f
a'gif;eif;vrf;
'kid ef [
D ef
'kid t
f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;
]]'kid t
f pfyef}}

pmrsufESm
62
102
ps
68
27
122
17? 23? 90? 91
30? 79? 104
34
57
40? 108? 123
113
81
122
143
143? 150
103? 138
49
33
29
29
135
59
36
110
33
p? q? 101
33

194
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

'H[
k ;D &Gm
a'G;? a':

88
27

(")
"EkjzLNrKd Ue,f
"mwfawmfrsm;
"mwfowKXme0efBu;D
"ri,f
"rapwDvrf;
"rpMumaeY
"r&uw
d uke;f awmf

83
115
24
136
80
115
63

(e)
e*g;eDpmapmif
e*g;eDpmay
e*g;eDpmtkyt
f oif;
e*g;Ekid f
e,l;ZDvefEidk if H
e0wywjrm;
e0&wfo&zlywjrm;
e0if;acsmif;
em*tMurrf;zufaomif;use;f olrsm;
em;azmh
eDejD rif?h a':
eDayg
eDaygEkid if H
Ek? uk d
Ek? ocif
Ek? OD ;
Ek? OD ;? 0efBuD;csKyfEk-wiftyk pf k
EkEak qG? a':

124
29
116
8
146
97
97
57
84
84
55
54? 77
52? 140
103? 122
103? 105? 110? 117
60? 100? 102? 113
19? 42
130
132

195
taMumif;t&m
EkE&k ?D a':
Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyf
aeMunfAaqG? a':
aepnfAaqG? a':
aeTefUAaqG? OD ;
aexGe;f AaqG? OD ;
aeEG,fAaqG? OD ;
aezl;AaqG? OD ;
aerif;AaqG? OD ;
aersdK;? Ak d v f
aersKd ;AaqG? OD ;
ae&nfAaqG? a':
ae&Sief ,fausmif;
ae0if;? Ak d v f
ae0if;? AkdvfcsKyf
ae0if;? AkdvfcsKyfBuD;
ae0if;? AkdvfrSL;BuD;
ae0if;? OD ;
aeol&ed &f BkH u;D
aeol&ed t
f pnf;ta0;cef;r
aeYuav;xde;f Xme
aemifawmfcRwcf Pf;
Ekid if jH cm;aiG
Ekid if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D
Ekid if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D Xme
Ekid if jH cm;oHwref
Ekid if jH cm;oHwreftcsKd U
Ekid if aH wmfaumifpD
Ekid if aH wmfaumifp0D if
Ekid if aH wmfaumifpOD u|

pmrsufESm
146
24? 40? 110
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
58
132
132
79
35? 37? 39
40? 112
26? 76? 77? 82? 113? 115? 131
38
29? 60? 92
39
106
50
116
48
104? 105
90
53
144
ps
134? 139
55? 62? 68? 69? 75

196
taMumif;t&m
Ekid if aH wmfNird 0f yfyjd ym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGUJ
Ekid if aH wmfppfrx
I rf;wHqyd f
Ekid if aH wmfw&m;&H;k csKyf
Ekid if aH wmfzUJG pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'Oya'
Ekid if aH wmfbmom
Ekid if aH wmfvNkH cKH a&;ESit
hf yk cf sKyrf pI rD u
H ed ;f
Ekid if aH wmf0efBu;D csKyf
Ekid if aH wmfoC
H em,utzGUJ
Ekid if aH wmforw
Ekid if aH wmforwBu;D
Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &tBuaH y;tzGUJ Ou|
Ekid if aH wmftmPm
Ekid if aH &;pdw"f gwf
Ekid if aH &;jyem
Ekid if *hH P
k &f nf(yxrqif)h
Ekid if *hH P
k &f nfbUJG
Ekid if *H P
k &f nfbUJG (yxrqif)h
ewfwvif;
ewfwvif;NrKd U
ewvif;NrKd Ue,f
eef;? p0f
eef;NrKd U
eef;,if;,if;? p0f
eef;&if&if? p0f
eef;a[rm? p0f
erwl
erf[
h idk ;f
e,fyidk f
e,fomvefEidk if H
]]EGm;ok;d BuKd ;jywf}}

pmrsufESm
n? 93? 95? 97
64
94
47
115? 131
ps
139
96
62? 68? 69? 75
19
19
115
102
91
54? 64? 76
117
54? 64? 76
58
136
150
2
80
10
10
10
86
86
q
151
117

197
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

ESi;f ykvb
J w
l m

36

(y)
yckuL
ypdzw
d pf pfrsuEf mS ppfyBJG u;D
ypdzw
d o
f rk'& m
yqD*g;
ynma&;okawoeOya'
y|ef; 24 ypn;f
y'g;acsmif;
yxptpk;d &
yxrausmif;om;oydwf
yxrBu;D pmar;yGrJ sm;
yxri,f
yxrqH;k 0efBu;D csKyf
yxrqH;k orw
yxrqH;k 0efBu;D csKyf
yxrvwf
yxr0efBu;D csKyf
yxro*Fg,em
yxrtBurd yf gwDnv
D mcH
yxrtBurd jf ynfoUl vTwaf wmfEiS hf
jynfoUl aumifpt
D qifq
h ifah &G;cs,w
f ifajrm ufyJG
yxrtBurd t
f vkyo
f rm;tpnf;t&H;k Ou|
ya'o&mZftyk cf sKyrf pI epf
y&J,m;? AkdvfrSL;
ytkUd 0fwidk ;f &if;om;rsm;
ygupwefEidk if H
ygwDA[kt
d vkyt
f rIaqmifaumfrwD0if
ygwDvyk if ef;pdppfa&;aumfrwDOu|
ygarmuwZD;

69
59
34
84
49
116
82
19? 26
100? 101
96
96
101
48
110
96
111
116
75? 150
143? 150
143
p
82
80
45? 54? 77? 118? 140
150
139
73

198
taMumif;t&m
ygvDrefvw
T af wmf
ygvDreftyk cf sKyaf &;
yDuif;NrKd U
yD-tm&f-yD (People's Revalutionary Party)
ykBuD;? r
ykZeG af wmifacsmif;
]]ykxZk aemOrwaum}}
ykvq
J yd u
f rf;
ykvyd u
f if;tzGUJ
ykvyd &f ;kH Bu;D
ykord cf &kid f
ykord Nf rKd U
ykord af jrmufyidk ;f rJqEe,f
ykord t
f pk;d &txufwef;ausmif;
yJc;l
yJc;l ppfrsuEf mS
yJc;l wkid ;f
yJc;l NrKd U
yJc;l &k;d r
yJc;l &k;d rtaemufjcrf;
yJc;l a&Tarmfa"m
yJc;l a&Tarmfa"mapwDawmf
yJE,
G u
f ek ;f
yJav;? a':
ay:xGe;f ? qm
ykUd quf
ykUd aqmifqufo,
G af &;0efBu;D Xme
ykaYd qmifa&;ESiv
hf rf;yef;qufo,
G af &;0efBu;D Xme0efBu;D
aygufuek ;f
aygufp

pmrsufESm
25
Z
60
124
83
44
117
34
36
102
23
12? 17
24
13
36? 59? 69
137
50? 81? 94
135
83? 127
136
8
19
74
121
34
13
68
24
58
58? 84

199
taMumif;t&m
yifvn
kH v
D mcH
yif;tkid pf cef;
aygif;wvnfNrKd U
ypfu,f',fvq
D yfuyf
ypwadk oewf
ypwt
dk w
d af qmifaoewf
yO"gwk[ewdbufapwDawmf
]]yOraH jymufusm;ppf}}
ykPm ;&Gm
yk'rf 116
yef*syf
yef;cs?D yef;yk? yefwsmausmif;
yef;waemf
yef;waemftrsKd ;om;txufwef;ausmif;
yef;vIid v
f rf;
yef;O,smOftoif;
yHEk ydS v
f yk if ef;rsm;ESix
hf w
k af 0olrsm;rSwyf w
kH ifOya'
yHyk gusif
ydEk;d NrKd Ua[mif;
ysOyf BkH u;D
ysO;f rem;
ysO;f rem;e,f
ysO;f rem;ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmfppfXmecsKyf
jyZmwfpmay
jyZmwfrsm;
jyvkUd &Gm
jyLapmxD;
jyifopf
jyifopfEidk if H
jyifO;D vGif

pmrsufESm
3
137
29
15
90
36
52
36
58? 137
42
14
50
83
103
132
26
50
83
50
81
36
127
135
101? 104
116
136
82
16? 77? 132? 145
151
79

200
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

jyifO;D vGiNf rKd U

ajymif;jyma&avSmifwrH
jynf
jynfc&kid f
jynfNrKd U
jynfawmfomoabFm
jynfwiG ;f qdyu
f rf;a&aMumif;? avaMumif;ESihf
yifv,fqdyfurf;oGm;vma&;Xme0efBuD;
jynfwiG ;f tBuaH y;tzGUJ 0if
jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D
jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D Xme
jynfxaJ &;ESio
hf moema&;0efBu;D Xme
jynfaxmifpq
k &dk ,
S v
f pforwjrefrmEkid if aH wmf
jynfaxmifpq
k &dk ,
S v
f pforwjrefrmEkid if aH wmf
zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'
jynfaxmifpq
k &dk ,
S v
f pforwjrefrmEkid if aH wmforw
jynfaxmifpak eY
jynfaxmifpyk gwD
jynfaxmifpzk UJG pnf;tkycf sKyyf t
kH ajccHOya'
jynfaxmifpAk rmhtvHawmfBu;D
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if t
H pk;d &tzGUJ
jynfaxmifpo
k rw*smreDEidk if H
jynfaxmifpo
k rwjrefrmEkid if H
]]jynfaxmifpo
k rwjrefrmEkid if aH wmfBu;D }}
jynfaxmifpt
k pk;d &
jynfaxmifpt
k zGUJ opf
jynfy&efErdS w
f q
H yd f
jynfv;kH uRwn
f v
D mcHBu;D

27
49
17
29? 57
29? 57
19
24
27
108? 126
68
68
48
ps
55
3
45? 46
18
5
31? 131
40
61
64? 97
111
128
8
114
64
114

201
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

jynfom,mppfqifa&;
jynfoyl idk o
f rd ;f qnf;jcif;vkyif ef;
jynfoUl aumifpD
jynfoUl ppfwu
dk yf 0JG ifwq
H yd f
jynfoUl ppfrx
I rf;tufOya'
jynfoUl w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf
jynfoUl awmifov
l ,form;aumifpD
jynfoUl &Jabmf
jynfoUl vTwaf wmf
jynfoUl vTwaf wmfu,
dk pf m;vS,f
jynfoUl vTwaf wmftpnf;ta0;cef;r
jynfoUl olemjyKtzGUJ
jynfoUl ta&;awmfyykH gwD
jynfoUl tvkyo
f rm;aumifpD
jynf;jynf;? p0f
jyefMum;a&;ynmrsm;
jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D
jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sd
yGw&f idk ;f ? vm;vf&m*sm

51
48
91
64
49
51
47
7
41? 48? 62
143? 150
151
20
124
47
10
73
104
135
14

(z)
zqyv
zqyvtpk;d &
zqyvtzGUJ
zqyvtzGUJ csKyf
zqyvtzGUJ csKyBf u;D
zqyvtzGUJ 0if
zqyvtvkyt
f rIaqmiftpnf;ta0;
zqyvOD;pD;tzGUJ tpnf;ta0;
zqyvOu|
zvl;

4? 39? 79? 123

6? 7? 40
24? 111
39? 128? 132
108
113
129
130
129
94

202
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

zvH?k p0f
zmyGef
zm;,m;Bu;D uefpk
zdvpfyidk Ef idk if H
zlut
l u
dk m
azbD,H
azmfrq
dk m
zkd;uGef;? Ak d v f
zdk;c? OD; (aygif;wvnf)
zkd;0J? OD ;
zufqpf*syef
zufqpfawmfveS af &;
zufqpfwu
dk zf suaf &;jynfoUl vGwv
f yfa&;tzGUJ (zwyv)
(Anti Fascist Organization)(A.F.O)
zufqpfwu
dk zf suaf &;jynfoUl vGwv
f yfa&;tzGUJ csKyBf u;D
zufqpfemZD
zuf'&,frl
azmifawmfO;D apwD
zke;f rif;acgif? OD ;
zsmyHk
zsmyHck &kid f
jzL;
zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'
zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'opf
zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf t
kH ajccHOya'

9
36
58
54? 140? 151
32
103
8
7? 111
29
30
58? 117? 126
23? 38? 136
38
106
38
26? 115? 130
2
140
59? 103? 138
17? 59
82? 83
25? 39? 46? 47? 68
61? 75
6

(A)
Auy
AuyESiahf utife,
f l
AaqG? uk d
AaqG? armif

83? 84? 86? 89

93
105? 122? 124
121

203
taMumif;t&m
AaqG? OD;
Axl;wyfNrKd U
Axl;? AkdvfrSL;
Arm
ArmEkid if aH wmfMum;jzwftpd;k &tzGUJ
ArmEkid if v
H ;kH qkid &f mausmif;om;or*
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
Armjynfawmifwef;a'o
Armjynf,m,Dtpk;d &
Armvli,facgif;aqmifrsm;
Armtpk;d &
ArmumuG,af &;wyfrawmf(B.D.A)
Armhacwfowif;pm
ArmhawmfveS af &;wyfO;D
Armhwyfrawmf(Burma Army)
Armhxu
G &f uf*P
dk ;f
Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf
Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;pDpOfrt
I zGUJ
Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf(bD-tkid -f at)
Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrsm;
Armhaoewfuw
dk yf&if;
Armhaoewfuidk w
f yf&if;(4)
Aarmf? a'gufwm
A[kt
d zGUJ tpnf;rsm;
A[kt
d vkyo
f rm;aumifpD
A[kt
d vkyt
f rIaqmifaumrwD0if
A[ef;NrKd Ue,f
A[def;? uk d
AD,uferfEidk if H
aA'ifynm

pmrsufESm
26? 113? 125? 128? 129
135
38? 126? 135
106? 121
108]
123
83? 86? 88? 89
108
108
127
108
37? 74? 135
113
124
37? 38? 115
30? 104
125
104
34? 57? 134
134
2? 59
39
38
ps
47
143
61? 62
124
118
8

204
taMumif;t&m
aAm"dyifysKd rsm;
Ak'* g,m
Ak'b
mom
Ak'b
mom0ifoal wmfpif
Ak'b
momtoif;
Ak'b
momuvsmP,k0toif;
Ak'0 if&mZ0if
Ak'o
moemhE*k [
ausmif;
AefaumufNrKd U
AEKv*sme,f
AEKvyef;NcH
Aef;armf
Aef;armfNrKd Ue,f
Akv
d &f mnGeUf vrf;
Akv
d o
f ifwef;
Akv
d o
f ifwef;ausmif;
Akv
d af tmifausmo
f ydwf
Akv
d u
f awmf
A,fv*s,
D efEidk if H
Asaumyk
NAw
d o
d Quufbed uftzGUJ
NAw
d o
d Q"eo[m,e,fy,f
NAw
d o
d QygvDref
NAw
d o
d QygvDrefu,
dk pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ
NAw
d o
d Qbm;rm;
NAw
d o
d Q0efBu;D csKyf
NAw
d o
d Qtpk;d &
NAw
d o
d Qtifyg,m
NAw
d o
d Qtyk cf sKyaf &;
NAw
d ed f

pmrsufESm
115
115
26? 46? 50? 113? 115? 141
116
121
13
101
73
34
122
109
57
84
80
142
23
134
136
151
82
108
109
109
108
102
110
18? 38? 110
100
p
54

205
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

NAw
d ed Ef idk if H
AGt
D adk t

118? 151
52? 91

(b)
bMuL;
bMuL;? armif
bckdif? ref ;
bckdif? OD;? owif;pmq&mbcsdK? OD ;? 'D;'kwfbpD? OD ;
bem*sD? ql&efj'me,f
baz? AkdvfBuD;
bbppfqifa&;
barmf? a'gufwm
b&efqidk ;f
bvGif? OD ;
boef;? a'gufwm
b[ef? OD ;
bOD;? qm
bOD;? a'gufwm
bOD;? OD;? a'gufwm
bOD;BuD;? apm
bmrif[rfppfoabFmBu;D
bmoma&;
bm;rm;-urf;b&pfcsw
f uov
dk f
bm;rm;pwm;wHqyd f
bdvyf
bdvyftpk;d &
bDbpD D
bD'aD t(Burma Defence Army)
bD-tm&f-yD

16
12
24
103
103? 117
101
14
140
45
10? 17? 37? 104? 105
89? 90
117
55
36
18
18
12
19
5
8
15
64
103? 116
107
52? 91
37? 135
36? 124? 126

206
taMumif;t&m
bD-'D-at wyf&if;(6)
bDatbGUJ
bDtpdk u
D rk P
D
bD-tk-d pDXme
bD-tk-d pD "mwfqq
D idk f
bD-tkid -f at
bD;vif;wHwm;opfBu;D
bk&m;oH;k qlpcef;
bk&ifcH
bk&ifc\
H trIaqmiftzGUJ
bk&ifpepf
bk&ifpepftyk cf sKuaf &;
bk&ifraumvdyf
bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm;
bk&ifah emif
bla*;&D;,m;
blrzd rkj'mAk'& yk yf mG ;awmf
blrad A'ynm&Sif
ab*si;f NrKd U
abmv,fuRe;f
abmhwGefvD? tmom
bku
d av;
bkzd mtajrmufrsm;
bk;d pym,f
bkd;vS? OD ;
bufwef? armifh? avmh
b*Fvm;
b*Fvm;a'h&fS
b*Fvm;a'h&jfS ynfoUl orwEkid if H
b*Fvm;a'h&EfS idk if H

pmrsufESm
136
23? 102
23
57
149
135
63
94
107
108
15
p
15
116
8
146
52
34
88
83
3
59? 69
150
136
12
18
14
54? 68? 77
64? 97
70

207
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

b*Fvm;a'h&jfS ynfoUl orwEkid if o

H rwBu;D
abmif'&Dvrf;
bPfvyk if ef;rsm;
b@ma&;ESit
hf cGe0f efBu;D
b@ma&;ESit
hf cGeXf mewm0efc?H 0efBu;D
bwf&efYpf? [l;? qm
befaumufNrKd U
befa'gif;nDvmcHBu;D
bde;f ukeu
f ;l jcif;
bke;f Bu;D ausmif;
bke;f awmfBu;D rsm;

145
80
95
61
60
18? 107
52
118
15
121? 137
105

(r)
rauG;
rauG;awmif
rav;&Sm;Ekid if H
rav;&Sm;Ekid if 0H efBu;D csKyf
r[mArmXme
r[marm*vef? &S i f
r[mjrwfrek b
d &k m;Bu;D
r[m,Ofaus;rIawmfveS ;f a&;
r[mygomP*k[mvIP
d *f al wmfBu;D
r[m0dZ,apwDawmf
r[m0dZm bGUJ
r[mor,aeY
r[mor,okwf
r[moD&o
d "k rbUJG
rtlyifawmifyidk ;f rJqEe,f
rtlyifNrKd U
rm&S,w
f ;D wk;d
rm&S,w
f ;D wk;d ? orw

17? 59
124
45? 64? 55? 77? 140? 146? 151
144
104
115
107
84
116
52? 63? 96
16
115
115
54
24
12? 17? 59? 81
20? 132
54

208
taMumif;t&m
rm;,uf? uywdef
rdav;? a': (aygifacgif;)
rDemrDuef
rk'NkH rKd U
rl*sm[pf
rlvwef;BuKd ausmif;
arcESiahf rvdc
ar*saD wmfveS af &;
arNrKd U (,ck jyifO;D vGi)f
aroZifoef;xku
d ?f a'gufwm
rJZmBuKd ;wHwm;
rJav
rJoa0g
armhp(f Moss)
armfpw
D ;kH
armfz;dk au
armfvNrKd iu
f Re;f
armfvNrKd iZf &yf
armfvNrKd i'f *D &Daumvdyf
armfvNrKd iNf rKd U
rHpND rKd Ue,f
rkd[mruf? r[moD,m? a'gufwm? 'gwGwf&S&D
rk;d aumif;&Gm
rkd;BudK;? Ak d v f
rkd;ndk? Ak d v f
rk;d ygavG
rkd[mruf? [lpdeftm&Swf
rufpu
D adk w;rD;,m;
rufpZi;f 0g'qkw
d mbmvJ
r*Fvm'Hk

pmrsufESm
13
29
31? 34
134
44
50
84
33
23
118
63
94
93
86
117? 118
94
117
102
62
37? 63? 69? 134
84
145
35? 37? 74
36
83
145
2
117
7

209
taMumif;t&m
r*Fvm'Hpk pfwuov
dk f
r*Fvm'Hak vqdyf
r*Fvm'HAk v
dk o
f ifwef;ausmif;
rif;acgif;? AkdvfcsKyf
rif;wJ&mG
rif;wJ&mG bke;f Bu;D ausmif;
rif;wke;f e,f
rif;wke;f NrKd U
rif;'if
rif;bl;
rif;&Jausmpf mG
rif;&efatmifppfqifa&;
rif;vS
armifuav;? OD ;
armifawmf
armifarmif? ukd (AkdvfrSL;BuD;armifarmif)
armifarmif? a'gufwm
armifarmif? Ak d v f
armifarmifBuD;? AkdvfBuD;
armifarmifcif
armifarmifoef;
armifhbufwef? vl0D? avmh
rkid ;f qwfNrKd U
rkid ;f wHk
rkid ;f jzwf
rkid ;f r
rkid ;f ,ef;
rkid ;f ,ef;a'o
rnfrnf? p0f
rZsrd 0g'D

pmrsufESm
74? 148
8
135
88
137
137
58? 137
136
83
69? 137
84
82
127? 136? 137
79
68
124
72
127
150
107
83
39
8? 81
83
81
83
93
93
10
14

210
taMumif;t&m
refusn;f usnaf wmuf&mG
refcsupf wmpufrw
I uov
dk f
rdwv
D m
rEav;
rEav;wkid ;f
rEav;NrKd U
rEav;ta&SUajrmufNrKd Ue,f
rEav;Oypmaumvdyf
rkwr
rkew
f idk af &avSmifuef
rkef;? a':
rH;k wyf
rsKd ;csppf w
d f
rsKd ;cspw
f yfrawmf(Patriotic Barmese Forces; P.B.F)
rsKd ;cspyf gwD
rsKd ;cspAf rmhwyfrawmf
jr? Ak d v f
jr? ocif
jr? OD ;
jrBuD;? &J a bmf
jrpde?f a':
jrwif? a':
jrar? a':
jrjrat;? a':
jr&D? a':
jroef;? uk d
ajreDuek ;f
ajr&Sipf epfzsuo
f rd ;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;
ajratmufvQKd U0Sut
f zGUJ
NrKd Uawmfcef;rBu;D

pmrsufESm
57
142
59? 81
37? 69? 81? 126
75
79? 80? 104? 112
75
73
63? 82
49
140
86
121
38
37
59? 74? 136? 148
58
124? 126? 128
37
51
117
146
27
118
103? 118
30
8
48
30
108

211
taMumif;t&m
NrKd Uykid f
NrKd UjyumuG,af &;wyf
NrKd UjyumuG,af &;tzGUJ
NrKd Ujytkycf sKyaf &;
NrKd Urtxufwef;ausmif;
NrKd Utkyf
ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyf
ajrmufO;D
ajrmufOuvmy
jrifah qG
jrifo
h ed ;f ? ume,f
ajrmif;jrc&kid f
jrpfBu;D em;
jrpfBu;D em;aumvdyf
jrpf0uRe;f ay:
jrw
d f
jrefrmcspMf unfa&;tzGUJ
jrefrmpmaumfr&SiOf ya'
jrefrmpm*kPx
f ;l
jrefrmpmay
jrefrm-w&kwef ,ferd w
d pf mcsKyf
jrefrmwyfrawmf
jrefrmEkid if u
H ek o
f nfrsm;uGe*f &uf
jrefrmEkid if aH wmf*P
dk ;f aygif;pHo
k C
H mnDw
G rf &I jdS cif;txde;f trSwf
jrefrmEkid if yH a'o&mZfacwftyk cf sKyaf &;
jrefrmEkid if b
H momjyefpmaytoif;
jrefrmEkid if cH &D;ESiAhf v
dk cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;
jrefrmEkid if aH &;tzGUJ csKyBf u;D
jrefrmEkid if v
H ;kH qkid &f mvli,frsm;tpnf;t&H;k
jrefrmEkid if v
H w
G v
f yfa&;Oya'Murf;

pmrsufESm
q
126
126
8
101
12
59? 91
63
46
2
4
17
23? 37? 62? 69
62
23
69
9
49
142
101
45
128
16? 123
52
p
110
149
100
103
109

212
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

jrefrmEkid if o
H rkid ;f usr;f
jrefrmEkid if t
H rIaqmifaumifpt
D zGUJ
jrefrmjynf
jrefrmjynfrcS spMf unfa&;uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f zGjU
jrefrmjynftwGi;f 0ef&;kH
jrefrmjynftoHviT Xhf me
jrefrmrdwq
f uftzGUJ
jrefrm0efBu;D csKyf
jrefrmorkid ;f ESiahf b;awmf? bk;d awmf bk&ifrsm;
jrefrmoH&;kH
jrefrmh&;dk &m,Ofaus;rI
jrefrmhq&dk ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwD
jrefrmhq&dk ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfr0l g'
jrefrmhwyfrawmf
jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;pmcsKyf
jrefrmhtvif;acgif;Bu;D ykid ;f
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm
r,fx&D
rGef
rGeu
f &iftxufwef;ausmif;
rGeaf w*l? rpwm
rGejf ynfe,f
rGejf ynfe,ftzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
rGeaf omif;use;f ol
rSwf? a':

50
109
15
108
p
7
108
129
14
51
52
61? 139? 143
48
142
40
117
117
94
19? 121
23
100
62? 63? 81
19
94
79

(,)
,m,Dorw
,m,Dtpk;d &tzGUJ

19
108? 109

213
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

,k0wD
,l*q
dk vm;AD;,m;qk&d ,
S v
f pfjynfaxmifpo
k rwEkid if H
,l*q
dk vm;AD;,m;Ekid if o
H rw
,l*q
dk vyfMu,fbUJG
,l*q
dk vyfwcH eG af wmfbUJG
,l*q
dk vyfEidk if H
,l*q
dk vyfEidk if o
H rwBu;D
,l*sif;okduf? OD ;
Munf h aq;0kdif? p0f
Munfh qkdvef? p0f
,le,
D *H sut
f vH
,leefzef&dS
,ku
d q
l u
dk ma&wyfpcef;
]],krd t
D &l }D }owif;pm
,k;d ',m;
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a,mifcsKd i,
f 'k ?f csmAvpf

122
54? 55? 64? 97? 118? 146
20
117
20? 54
132
132
9

5? 102
129
32
31
106
15
125
145

(&)
&ckid jf ynfe,f
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&ckid t
f rsKd ;om;
&rnf;oif;NrKd Ue,f
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&mausmq
f &mawmfb&k m;Bu;D
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&k&mS ;
&l;ar;eD;,m;qk&d ,
S v
f pforwEkid if H
a&;ul;&yf

8? 19? 62? 63? 68

59
20
83
35
101
148
79
118
54? 55? 64? 97? 145? 146
116

214
taMumif;t&m
a&ul;wHqyd f
a&wm&Snf
a&eHacsmif;
a&eHacsmif;NrKd U
a&rGerf ufaq;aq;qk
a&eHajrtvkyo
f rm;oydwf
&Jausmo
f l
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&JabmfjzL
&Jabmf0g
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&Jtyk o
f ifwef;
a&mfbifqif? t,fvf
]]&ufpufygayhu,
G }f }
a&mifpo
kH yl ek f
a&mifpo
kH yl ek rf sm;
a&mifpakH omif;use;f ol
&efuek af umvdyf
&efuek u
f efawmfBu;D
&efuek cf &kid q
f &dk ,
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f pfygwDtpnf;ta0;
&efuek w
f uov
dk f
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f uov
dk t
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f uov
dk af usmif;om;tzGUJ
&efuek w
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f ifaumvdyf
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dk Of ya'
&efuek w
f idk ;f
&efuek jf ynfoUl aq;&HBk u;D
&efuek Nf rLeDpy,ftzGUJG

pmrsufESm
72
82
69
57
54
117
90
79
7
7
32? 34? 35
39
134
15
117
148
7
112
13
126
130
20? 29? 73? 74? 82? 101?
103? 122? 142
24
128
23
49
68? 96? 83? 94
55
45

215
taMumif;t&m
&efuek Nf rKd U
&efuek Nf rKd Utkycf sKyaf &;tzGUJ
&efuek jf rpfqyd u
f rf;
&efuek t
f pk;d &
&efBu;D atmif
&efrsKd ;atmifapwD
&yfapmufapmfbmG ;
&dyf? a':
&ky&f iS v
f yk if ef;aumfyUdk a&;&Si;f
&kyaf o;q&mBu;D rsm;
&kyaf o;tpd;k &
Iarmif? armif
Iarmif? ocif
I&Sif;? AkdvfcsKyfBuD;
a&Sqef? uavmh'f
a&S;a[mif;urn;f pmay
a&S;a[mif;0wKypn;f tufOya'
a&S;a[mif;okawoejywku
d f
a&S;a[mif;txl;ypn;f rsm;tufOya'
&S&J yfp?f rpwm
&Sdef0Suf? OD ;
&Sirf [mAk'a Cmoausmif;
&Sio
f mraP
&Siaf pmyk
&Sr[
f J
&Sr[
f NJ rKd U
&Sr;f
&Sr;f apmfbmG ;
&Sr;f ya'o&mZfapmfbmG ;rsm;

pmrsufESm
16? 36? 37? 40? 69? 76?
92? 101? 108? 109? 116? 132? 142
17
5
7
8
131
81
12
50
52
10
29
32? 33? 34
89
145
50
50
50
50
16
65
134
121
63
32
32
106? 121
131
43

216
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

&Sr;f ya'o&mZfrsm;
&Sr;f jynfe,f
&Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f
&Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f
&Sr;f aomif;use;f ol
a&G;aumufyBJG u;D Muyfa&;aumfr&Sif
a&T? OD ;
a&Tusif
a&TuiG ;f Bu;D &Gm
a&Tw*d akH pwDawmfjrwf
a&Tw*d t
kH v,fyp,H
a&TawmifMum;vrf;
a&TawmifNrKd U
a&Tqkduf? p0f
a&TaygufuNH rKd Uopf
a&TjynfomNrKUd opf
a&Tbdk
a&T&if? OD ;
]]a&T&nfprd v
f w
G v
f yfa&;}}
a&TvJh? a':
a&Tokduf? p0f

80
26? 43? 62? 93? 94? 106
80
86
4
18
46
84
36
63? 96
102
21
57? 58
2
94
94
69
23
37? 104
57
2? 19

(v)
vcpm;tvkyo
f rm;rsm;
va&mif? Ak d v f
v[,f
vmtkEd idk if H
vm;I;d NrKd U
vDeif
vDrD? AkdvfcsKyf
vD&iS ef ifh

121
111
88
54
86
104
81
89

217
taMumif;t&m
vlxt
k pnf;ta0;Bu;D
vlay:vlaZmfvyk ef nf;
vlrsKd ;pkvw
T af wmf
vlrsKd ;pkvw
T af wmfEiS jhf ynfoUl vTwaf wmfygvDref
vlrsKd ;pka&;t"du&kP;f
vl0ifrBI u;D Muyfa&;Xme
vl0ifrBI u;D Muyfa&;ESit
hf rsKd ;om;rSwyf w
kH ifa&;0efBu;D Xme
avbmtpk;d &
av,mOf
avm
avmu"mwfoyd yH nm
avmuedAm ef
avmvD? AkdvfcsKyf
vufeufc,
J rf;rsm;
]]vufzuf&nfqidk zf iG jhf cif;}}
vufbEGef
vusmf? Ak d v f
vuf0pJ mtkyt
f oif;
vifueG ;f tif;
vif;xif
vif;,kef? Ak d v f
avmifuGef? Am*sD&m? r[m
vIid Nf rKd Ue,ftrSw(f 2)rJqEe,f
vef'ef
vef'efNrKd U
vef'ef[;D o&k;d avqdyf
vrf;yef;qufo,
G af &;
vGiv
f iG jf rif?h a':
vdP
I *f al wmfBu;D
v,form;rsm;tcGit
hf a&;umuG,af &;Oya'

pmrsufESm
108
117
9? 25
25
130
45
68
109
90
77
111
111
82
82? 84
122
77
37? 39? 105? 134
116
73
82
36
145
143
13? 16? 20
90? 108
97
24
146
116
48

218
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

vGKd iaf umf

vGwaf jrmufa&;wHqyd f
vGwv
f yfa&;
vGwv
f yfa&;pnf;&H;k rIwq
H yd f
vGwv
f yfa&;wHqyd f
vGwv
f yfa&;aeYatmifyt
JG crf;tem;
vGwv
f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if
vGwv
f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if(yxrqif)h
vGwv
f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if('kw,
d qif)h
vGwv
f yfa&;atmifyJG
vSBuD;? OD ;
vSxGef;jzL? OD ;
vSaz? ukd (Akdvfvusmf)
vSarmif? OD ;
vSNrdKif? ocif (aemif Akdvf&efaemif)
vIid o
f m,mNrKd Uopf
vSn;f qdy&f mG
vQypf pfynm
vTwaf wmftrwf

59
64? 140
7
64? 140
64
110
54
64? 132? 140
27? 76? 145
4
72
26
116
126
30? 31
94
23
79
129

(0)
0ga&Smifqnf
0g;c(a[mif;)
0g;c,frNrKd U
0dw&dk ,
d til
0DvsHpvif;? qm? AkdvfcsKyfBuD;
a0bm*DNrKd Uopf
a0gav
0ufBu;D &Gm
0ufx;D uefwu
dk yf JG
0if;armif? ref;

49
94
100
36
41
94
94
36
98
23? 24

219
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

0if;armif? OD;
0kdifvD? umZkef? qm
0dZm bGUJ
0wfvpkH mar;yGJ
0wfvykH nm
0wfvb
kH UJG
0k'f? [ife&D? rppf
0efBu;D csKyf
0efBu;D csKypf epfjzift
h yk cf sKyaf &;
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101
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73
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108? 123
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83
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54
81? 82
102
49
150
48
122
50
50
64
84
17
7? 58? 136? 137
44
23
103
104

220
taMumif;t&m
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pmrsufESm
115
49
55
107
64? 140
116
118? 140
116? 118
106? 115
101
48
103
10
124
150
82
94
57
82
116
148
8? 36
81
86
72
63
118
35
131
95

221
taMumif;t&m
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pmrsufESm
116
121
123
115
82
23? 69? 138
103
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77
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65
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58
30
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222
taMumif;t&m

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32
32
34
74
34
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32
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223
taMumif;t&m

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126
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54
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122
taemuf*smrPD
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67? 86
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115
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73
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trsKd ;om;pDru
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60

224
taMumif;t&m
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50
90
n
72
132
31
82
67
82
67
67
83? 84
81-83
86
83? 84
23
64? 140
12
3
116
143
51
86
103
80? 83? 86
83
143
143
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225
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tmPmvGaJT jymif;a&;Oya'Murf;
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138
123
110
108
14
118
45
54
128
129
118
68
18
84
57? 58
136
59
80
150
16? 77
16? 145
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32
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100
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226
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OD;Owrbwfaum
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atbDtrf
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{&m0wDwidk ;f jrpf0uRe;f ay:a'o
attufzt
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at;wif? a':
at;ae0if;
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84
9
145
134
135
44
13
12
34
63? 82? 83? 88
81
23
20
81
126
55
72
55
30
129
55
140
14
52? 91
151
77? 145
150
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102? 122
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227
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tufwvD? rp w m
110
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59
t*r[moa&pnfob
l UJG
9? 27? 20
t*r[moD&o
d "k rbUJG
9? 20? 27? 54
t*FvefEidk if H
9? 54? 77? 118? 132? 138? ?140? 145? 146
t*Fvefjynfb&k ifw
h uov
dk f
10
t*Fvyd f
121
t*Fvyd jf yZmwf
117
t*Fvyd -f jrefrmESpb
f momoiftpk;d &tv,fwefausmif;
100
tif'edk ;D &Sm;orwEkid if H
54? 77? 118? 145? 146? 151
tif;pdef
17? 112? 148
tif;pdecf &kid f
17? 135
tif;pdew
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59? 138? 150
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124
tif;epf?csm;
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103
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7? 26? 58? 110? 136? 137
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118
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72
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72
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124
atmifqef;? uk d
123
atmifqef;? AkdvfcsKyf
3? 18? 23? 36? 38? 39? 58
79? 106? 125? 128? 136? 137
atmifqef;? ocif
30? 31? 33? 34
atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf
24
atmifZ?H OD ;
20
atmiferd w
d pf pfqifa&;
86
atmify? OD ;
26
atmifrif;acgif? OD;
140

228
taMumif;t&m

pmrsufESm

atmif&jJ rif?h OD;

118
atmifom? OD ;
37
tkid u
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83
tkid pf t
D uf&mxl;&Sirf sm;
122
tpa&;Ekid if H
45? 54? 77? 118? 140
tpvmrfbmom
50? 103
twvEmuGepf uDusL&Si;f owif;pm
90
tkww
f iG ;f
82? 84
tdE,
d ausmif;om;
15
tdE,
d Ekid if H
23? 45? 54? 77? 84? 86? 115? 116? 118? 140? 145
tdE,
d Ekid if AH [kt
d pk;d &
10
tdE,
d jynftyk cf sKyaf &;pnf;rsO;f Oya'
100
tdE,
d ESijhf refrmha&;&myg&*lrsm;
108
tdE,
d vlrsKd ;
15
tkef;? uk d
102
tkef;pH? p0f
10
tHk;a*smf? OD ;
90
tH;k yifuiG ;f &Gm
121
tH;k ESJ
81
tdraf pmift
h pk;d &
Z? 74? 82? 114
tdraf pmift
h pk;d &wm0ef
55
tdraf pmift
h pk;d &tzGUJ
41
tdraf wmf&mbk&m;
72

229

t*FvdyfpmtnTef;
taMumif;t&m
Air Raid Precaution-ARP
Burma Looks ahead
Burma under the Japanese : pictures and portraits
East Pakistan
Forward with the people
From peace to Stability
General Awrora
KNDO
Isles of Wright
The People Win Through
Patriotic Barmese Forces; P.B.F
Plebiscite
Prescott
Most Illustrious order of Chula Chom Kloa of Thailand
Yale University
Yugoslav Banner (First Class)

pmrsuEf mS
34
117
117
86
117
117
86
83
97
117
38
14
30
27
74
20