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14 13
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( x 2 2 x 2)( x 2 2 x 2)
19
: b
() :I
:
1 : 2 x 2 3 xy
2 : 4 x 8 y 12 z
3 : 9 x 3t 15 x 2t 3 3 x 2t 2
4 : 4a n 1 8a 2 n
5 : x4 y 4
6 : 3 x 2 12
7 : x 2 y 2 36 y 4
8 : x 2 8 x 16
9 : 2 x 3 y 3 16 x 2 y 4 32 xy 5
10 : x 2 16 xy 64 y 2
11 : x 2 2 x 8
12 : 3 x 3 3x 2 18 x
13 : x 3 8
14 : a 6 b 6
15 : a 9 b 9
16 :
17 : 64 y 3
18 : 1 x 5 y 5
19 : a 5 32
20 : 1 x 9
( x y)3 z 3
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1 x
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3x 5
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lb B .
@b 3 -5
@ 3 -5 @f
.@@@@b@@
@@@@@@l@@ c @@b
@@ 5 1 @@f@@
.b
@ D . 51
2 -3 f
E .
() D 2 -3
35
4 . 4 0 f
. E E
6 2 2 @ F
-8 f
G , 6 F
@ H @@ -8
:
H = {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8}
G FEDCBA
: b f
x ba . a<b ba f
Open interval
@m b a .
@l (ab )
@l . m
:
(a, b)
^ x IR / a x b `
36
@@mb @m b a l
>a, b@ @ (Closed interval)
.l
>a, b@ a, b ^a, b` ^x IR / a d x d b`
>a, b a, b ^a` ^x IR / a d x b`
a, b@ a, b ^b` ^x IR / a x d b`
m f
:
( 5, f)
( f, 2)
^x IR / x ! 5`
^x IR / x d 2`
@f
. m
IR
(f, f)
37
:
:
(- 1 3)
(- 6 8]
(- 10 @
>100 1000@
(1,3) {x IR / 1 x 3}
(6,8 @ {x IR / 6 x d 8}
(f,10] {x IR / f x d 10}
[100,1000] {x IR / 100 d x d 1000}
:a
:b
:c
:d
:a :
:b
:c
:d
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.
:
3 5
: : a
[2 6]
: :b
40@ : : c
5 f
: :d
38
f 2@ : :e
f,3 3, f : :f
(Function) :
@f . @ ABC (2-11)
1
BC. AD
2
@@
:fb x
AD BC
@@f @@
: .
AD
2cm BC
5cm
cm2 cm )
(
m (1-2)
f
( )
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@ @@
.
: h ( ) f
1
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2
1
S
.5.2
2
h=2
39
1
53
2
1
54
2
1
55
2
1
15
2
7, 5
h=3
1
20 10
2
h=4
1
25 12,5
2
h=5
.
@ S h f
.
@ @f . ABCD
AB BC x : x
y = x.x = x2: y
: x=4 f
42
16
x f
: y
x=5
52
25
x=6
y
62
36
x=7
m (2-2)
40
. y
72
49
.lm
@f @@@b h s @
. s h f
x @@
@b x yl
x hf f y
.l y s
y x f m s h
B @ @f@ @m .
:
@@m B A
:f m
@@@@m B A
(2-3).
m (3-2)
41
A G,F,g,f @@@m
B domain
. Co domain
A m A f B
(3-2) .
:l a1 b1
f (a1 ) b1
: a3 b3 a2 b2
f (a2 ) b2
f (a3 ) b3
B @@f A
. Range f
f (3-2) f
:
F: A
B
a1
o b1
a2
o b2
a3
o b3
f(x) A x @f
: x
f : A
o B
x
o f x
f ( x)
42
x f
f (a1 )
b1 : x
a1
f (a2 )
b2 : x
a2
f (a3 )
b3
: x
a3
domain
Function
o F :
codomain (range)
A
o B
x
o F (x)
range
f
@f
@ (@l) Co domain (@) domain
.
Co domain Range f
.
range Co domain
f
@@
@ @f
@l
.
43
-3 3,2,1,0 . F ( x )
4
x :
3
: m
:
f 1
4
1
3
4
3
4
8
.2
f 3
3
3
4
f 3
3 4
3
4
.3
3
f 0
4
.0
3
f 2
.
m (4-2)
44
a (5-2) g(x)=(x-1) (x-2) +3 : @b
: b
m (5-2)
: 2 1 3 0 f
g (0)
g (3)
g (1)
g (2)
(0 1) (0 2) 3 5
(3 1) (3 2) 3 5
(1 1) (1 2) 3 3
(2 1) (2 2) 3 3
f f
. (domain)
(6-2) m y2=x+1 : c
:
m (6-2)
45
domain f :
.
y2
x 1
r x 1
r 3 1
r2
. x=3 :
. 3 2,2
F ( x)
4
@
x :
3
@m f
.
m (7-2)
46
g(x)=(x-1)(x-2)+3 @ (8-2)
.
m (8-2)
. y 2
x 1
.
(9-2)
x
y
1
21
1
2
2
2
3
3
r2
r 5
r 6
r 7
# 8
m (9-2)
47
8
r3
@f !
l y f
f .
m
. ()
m (10-2)
y f
@ @m
.
m :
y2=x
:b
y=x2-1
:a
48
y x @f m :a :
y 2 y1 x0 @@f @ . @@m
: y1 z y2 f
x02 1 z x02 1
x02 z x02
:
. ()
:f m y2=x :b
y2
y=
: x=4
y1
y2 2
. (-2)(2) 4
@ f ( x) bx 2 cx :
f(2)=2 :@ @@f . c b @@@@f @ @@
: c b f(3)=9
F(2)=2 F ( 2) b 2 2 c 2 :f :
:f l
b 2 2 c.2
4b + 2c =2
f(3) =9
9b+3c=9
49
I
II
II I
:l
4b+2c=2
9b+3c=9
c=-3 b=2
:b
.
> 4 0 : 3
> 3 1 : 2
>0 2 : 1
9 0@ : 6
9 0 : 5
1 1 : 4
> 9 5@ : 8
>9 10@ : 7
f f : 9
:
:
(-1+4)=? -16
^x IN / 1 x 4` :b
^x IR / 1 d x d 4` :d
50
^x IR / x d 4` :a
^x IR / 1 x 4` :c
[0,1]=? -17
^x IN / 0 d x d 1` :b
^x IR / 0 x d 1` :d
^x IR / 0 d x d 1`
^x IR / 0 x 1`
:a
:c
^x IR / 2 x d 3` ? -18
[-23) :d
[-23] : c (-23] :b (-23) :a
^x IR / 99 d x d 100` -19
[-99100]:d (-99100] :c [-99100) :b (-99100) :a
51
y2=x+1 -34
y=x3+x -37
y=x3+1 -33
x2
1 2
y
4
-36
f (2), f (1), f (1), f (0), f ( x )
y=x2 -32
x2+y2=1 -35
x 3 5 x 2 6 :f -38
f (2)
4 f (2)
0 f ( x)
f (2)
x 2 bx 2c :@ @f -39
c b
c b x2+bx-2c=0 -40
!
52
:
f
: .
1
x 1
2
f ( x) x 2
f ( x)
f ( x)
2x4 6x2 8
2x 3
f ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x)
x2 x 1
4 x3 6 x 2 8x 2
: f
8
5
f ( x)
8
f ( x)
f ( x) 5
f ( x)
. c IR f
f ( x)
f
:
f ( x)
x 4 5x3 6 x 4
x3 4 x 6
f ( x)
3x 2
x 7 x 11
2
:
f
(rational functions)
:
53
f 3 ( x)
x4 x2
x2 1
3x 6 7 x 2 1
f2 ( x)
f1 ( x)
: f 2 f
1
f1 ( x)
f 2 ( x)
c
1
3x6 7 x 2 1
3x 7 x 1
1
6
cosecx Secx Cotanx tanx Cosx sinx
.
. f
.
x3
2 x 3x 2
f ( x)
:f :
1
f (2) f ( )
2
f (1)
f ( 0)
f (1)
:
1 3
4
2 1 3 1 2 5 2
03
3
f ( 0)
2 0 3 0 2
2
4
3
f (1)
f (1)
1
f ( )
2
1 3
2 (1) 2 3(1) 2
1
3
2
1
1
2 3 2
2
4
2
23 2
1
2
1 3
2
2 2
3
54
1
2
0
2
3
f (2)
23
2 4 3(2) 2
1
862
1
0
x @ @f
@l
()
.
@ f
. f
f m
@
f (x ) .
@
9 f (domain)
:
dom f
IR
2
2
:
f ( x)
x x [0 f)
2
x x (f 0)
:b
55
g ( x)
x 3 sin x
:a
:
g (x) :a
@@@@@@@@@l
m (11-2)
.
@@
(0, f)
@@f f(x):b
@ @ (f,0) @
(11-2) f(x) . @
.
@ @ :
: f
C= [-5100] >B ( 0 8@ A=(-35)
g:B
o IR
f : A
o IR
x 1x t 4
x
o 2
x x, x 4
i : IR
o IR
3
x
o x 2 1
h:c
o IR
x x 6 x 1, x t 0
x
o
x 0
cos x
56
x
o sin x
@ @
g f :
() h ()
>0 f i f
@@
i f
f cosx
.
:
@ @
()
@@ @@ @@@f
f
@@
@@
. ()
: f+g g f f
(f+g)(x)=f(x) +g(x)
@m x @ f
. @
57
@ @m
. f
g f f Dom (f+g)
g f @ @ @
@ dom (f+g) f+g
.
dom (f g ) dom f dom g
@ |R g f f :
:
f ( x)
3x 2 5 x 6
g ( x)
4 x 3 x 2 5 x 10
: dom (f+g) f+g
(f g )(x )
f (x) g(x)
3x 2 5 x 6 4 x 3 x 2 5 x 10
4 x3 2 x 2 4
( f g )( x )
4 x3 2 x 2 4
dom (f g ) domf domg
IR IR IR
g f
@ @
.
58
( f g )( x)
dom(f g )
domf domg
( f g )( x)
f
( x)
g
f ( x) g ( x)
f ( x) g( x)
domf domg
domfg
f ( x)
g ( x)
m g(x) dom
dom
f
g
(domf domg ) ^x / g ( x )
f
g
0`
: gf :
f ( x)
g ( x)
x 2 1 domf
x domg
(f f)
>0 f
@ @
f
f g f g f g
g
( f g )( x)
f ( x) g ( x)
x2 1 x
dom( f g )
( f g )( x)
>0 f
f ( x) g ( x)
x2 1 x
dom( f g )
( f .g )( x)
(f f) >0 f
x2 x 1
x2 x 1
(f f) >0 f
>0 f
f ( x ) g ( x)
59
( x 2 1) x
x .x 2 x
domfg domf domg (f f) >0 f
>0 f
f
f ( x) x 2 1
( x)
g ( x)
x
g
f
dom
domf domg \ ^x / g ( x)
g
0`
{ f f >0 f } ^0`
[0 f) \ {0} ( 0 f)
( g(0)=0)
: h f :
h : > 2 f
o IR
f : f 1@
o IR
x
o 1 x
x
o x 2
f
h
f .h , f h , f h
:
( f h)( x)
f ( x ) h( x)
1 x x 2
( f h)( x)
( f h)( x)
1 x x 2
f ( x) h( x )
60
1 x x 2
(1 x)( x 2)
f
( x)
h
f ( x)
h( x)
1 x
x2
1 x
x2
x z 2
dom( f h)
f 1@ > 2 f > 2 1 @
dom( f h)
domfh
dom
f
h
x2 x 2
> 2 1@
> 2 1@
(f 1) > 2 f \ ^x / h( x )
0`
> 2 1@ \ ^ 2` 2 1@
j @c @ @f
x x f ( x)
x 2 5
. (jc)
@@ @@f
.
61
b 50kmlbb fl
100km @@@l (@@@)@@@
@@@l@@@@@@@@@b 50 2
:l tbl bb 50km 3
@@b@@ @@@@ @f@@l<@@@@
bl S t
50t
50 tkm
150km
50 tkm
m s(t)
@@@@@@b@@@b ( 1 lit ) @@@ 1 @@@l@@@l@@@
8
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@b@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@b@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
P( s)
:m
1
S (t )
8
P( s (t ))
1
: P(s)
s m
8
S (t ) < t sf
1
50 t
8
:fl< t S S Pf P( S (t ))
f ( x)
P( S (t ))
(Composite Function) l S P f l
mb
fog
l g f
:<
62
( fog )( x )
f ( g ( x ))
.l (f g)
@@@@@@ g (fog(domain))@@ @ @@
@@@ g(x)@@@@@@f@@@ x@@@@@@
.l f(domain)
^x dom g / g ( x) domf `
dom fog
@@@b g ffl : b
:
f : >0, f
o IR
g : IR
o IR
o 4 x 2
x
o x
x
!lb gof fog
( fog )( x)
f ( g ( x ))
f (4 x 2 )
4 x 2 fl<
4 x2
x fog
f (m) l b
:
dom fog
x 2 d 4 4 x 2 t 0 x 2 d 4
> 2 2@
2d x d 2
:m
63
fog f
fog : > 2 2@ o IR
x
o 4 x 2
gof x g f x g x 4 x 2 4 x
x f gof
l b g x f
. [0 f) gofm .
dom gof
fog z gof
>0 f
:fb
b g f fl :c
f : IR \ ^ 1`
o IR
fog x
dom. fog
gog x
o
x
1
x
1
1
x
1
1
f
x
f g x
x 1
x
x 1
1
IR \ ^0 1`
1
g
x
1
1
x
.
g : IR \ ^0`
o IR
1 x
x
o
1 x
1
x
.l gog fog
:
x 1
x 1
x, dom gog
dom g
.l m xc x<gogfl
64
@@@@m@ @@ @@ hg :@@@@
:lblmb goh .
65
66
:b
:1
x2 5 6x
x3 8
4
x 6x2 x 6
:3
:5
x 4 x 16
g ( x) sin x cos x
:7
g ( x)
f ( x)
:2
:4
f ( x) 16 x16 8 x 8 1
h( x )
x 2 sin x cos x
2x 4 x3 2x 2 x 6
f ( x)
3x x 2
tan 2 x
:6
:8
g x sin x f x x 2 1 fl :II
g ( x)
f g
: 12
g f
: 11 g f
>lb f
g
: 10 f g
:9
: 14 g. f
: 13
lb gf
g x
x2
f x x2 2
:17 gof
: 16 fog
:15
>lb fof
f g
. g x
>lb
: 18 f g
: 19 f .g
: 20
3
2
cos x f x x x 1 fl
gog
: 23 fog
: 22 gof
: 21
g : >0 5@ o IR f : > 2 2@ o > 4 4@ fl
dom gof
: 25 dom fog
: 24
. b ml :26
f m ml :27
.
67
lc@@@@@@@@@
()
:
@
:
0 2 :d
(1
2
2)
:c
1 2@
:b
[12] :a
:a :
. :b
. :d
:c
@ :
:d :c, :a f :
@ (12] l
:
1 (1 2]
1 ( 1
2
2)
1 (0 2)
1 >1 2@
f (ab) x f
. x x
68
:
1
(
2
1
(
2
.
1
1
1 ) (0 2) ( 2)
2
2
.
2) (2 2) (1 1)
(ab) x x (ab) @@@f
x (ab) @@ @@m @
(1) (02) @@@
.
. c (c-rc+r) (r>0)r
c c f
1
1
( 1 ) (1) (03) .
2
2
. (03) f (1)
-3 @@@ :
( 4 2) ( 2 10) > 3 2@ ( 5 2) ( 4 4) ( 4 0) > 4 1@
f -3 (-4 -1) f :
. [-4-1]
69
@l@@ -3 [-4-1]
-3 @@@ [-32] @@@f
.
() -3 (-210)
. -3 (-4 -2)
:l b
: I
:l
(ab) [ab) [ab] :II
.
:b
100 -5-110 @ @@
[12] :3
1
[ 1)
2
:6
(-22) :2
(-11) :1
1
( 2)
2
:5
[-6 1] :4
(-6 200) :8
(99102] :7
70
:() limit
f
: m
@@f ABC @@ (3-3)
f . h= 5cm a= 6cm
f
f
1
a.h
2
1
6.5 15
2
h
f ( h)
1
6.h
2
. h
f(h) h
:
h
0.5
0.2
0.1
F(h)
15
1.5
0.6
0.3
71
0.02
0.06
0.001
0.003
h @@f @@ @@b
h @@f @@l f(h)
@l f(h) l
. f(h) f
:l
lim f (h)
o 0
h
:
f(h) h @@f"
.
. @ F ( x) x 2
f(x)l 2 x f
: l
4 f(x)
@l x @f l
@@@@@@l
72
m(4-3)
lim f ( x) lim x 2
x o2
xo 2
(4-3)
.l
@ f :
|R
(-1) .
g ( x)
x2 1
x 1
: @
x=-1
. @@l
.l (-1) x f
:
73
(-1) x f
: l -2 g(x)
lim g ( x)
x o1
x2 1
2
x o1 x 1
lim
:
:
x z 1
x2 1
, x z 1
x 1
( x 1) ( x 1)
x 1
g ( x)
x 1
lim g ( x) lim( x 1)
x o 1 x o 1
1 1 2
m(5-3)
: (5-3)
f ( x)
x 2 1 x
o 0 @f
f ( x)
x 1
f
x 1
74
m a
m
@@@@@@@@ @ @@
b @ f
:
lim f ( x) b
xoa
a @f
b @
.
@f
...... N
( 6 7)D
( 100 200)B
1 2
( )A
2 3
( 1 2)
f @ a b
f N @f
@@m b D @@m a @
N f(x) @ D x @f
.
75
. f m a b
lim f ( x ) b
xoa
f a @f f
.
m(6-3)
@@m @@f @@
.
D @f ()
:f G
! 0
(a Ga G ) D
m(7-3)
76
a
:f :
lim 4 x 3 17
xo5
N
(17 H 17 H )
. (H
17 :
! 0) Epsilon H
(5 D)5 (17 H 17 H )
x D @f @ D
. N
f ( x)
(a1 a 2 )
4 x 3
17 H 4 x 3 17 H
20 H 4 x 20 H
H
H
x 5
4
4
H
H
5 x 5
4
4
5
x
: 17 H 4 x 3 17 H
D
H
H
(5 5 )
4
4
@ N f(x) x D f
.
: H
1
2
f
1
1
D (5 5 ) ( 4,875 5,125)
8
8
1
1
N (17 17 ) (16, 5 17, 5)
2
2
77
( 8-3)
@@@@@@@@
.
17
@@@@
m x=5
( 8-3)
f ( x)
4x 3
.
lim x 2
:f : b
xo3
@f f ( x)
x 2
@f @b :
. (9-3)
c 3f
(b1 , b2 ) c 9
. D
( 9-3)
78
( a1 , a2 )
(a 2 b2 ) (a1b 1 ) @@@f
l@ @ @ @ @@@m
a2 a1
. m
b2
a2
a22 b1
a1
:f
b2 a1
b1
: x f
x z 3 a1 x a2 :f
b1 x 2 b2
lim x 2
xo 3
-
b2
:f
10
b1
f
g N=(8 10)
. D
(a1 a 2 )
( 8 10 ) | (2,8 3,16)
:
lim x 2
a2
x oa
lim
x o4
@ (10-3)
:f : c
xdomf ( x)
f ( x)
(b1b 2 )
4 D= (a1
79
>0 f :
a 2 ) 2
@ @@f
:
b2
a2
b1
a1
f @@@@@
(10 -3)
.l
a2
b22
a1
b12
: f x f
. x z 4
a1 x a2
b1 x b2
lim x
xo4
:
:
lim x
(a ! 0)
xoa
80
a
D1
N2
(1 3) N1
1
1
(1 2 )
2
2
!
D2
: f f :
x x IR \ ^2`
f ( x)
3 x
lim
x o2
x 3
(11-3) @@f :
. b f
3 @ @@@@@@@@@@@@f
2 N (2
1
1
3 )
2
2
. N f
(11-3)
81
2 H
! 0
N
@@@@f @ @@
D
(2 H 2 H )
@ x 2,5 D
:f
x
min{ 2
1
H
2 }
10
2
f ( x)
x 2,5
D .
N
: .
lim f ( x)
xo2
lim x
xo2
lim x z 3
xo2
: ()
.
:f
x
x
1
10
H
2
2
2
82
H
1
2 } :1
10
2
1
H
2 2 : f
10
2
H
1
:f
2 2
2
10
min{ 2
m
.
.
m
.
. f
.
:
lim ( 4 x 3) 4 5 3 20 3 17
x o5
:
f ( x)
:
mx b
.
lim( mx b) m a b
xoa
:
.f f (x) = mx +b m=o
83
: . f (x) =b
lim b b
xoa
: b=o :
lim mx
ma
xoa
: m=1
lim x
xoa
m a g f
:
lim f (x) =b
xoa
:
lim (f+g) (x) = lim f (x) + lim g (x)
xoa
:
lim g (x) =c
xoa
xoa
xoa
:
= b +c
lim (f-g) (x) = lim f (x) - lim g (x)
xoa
xoa
xoa
= b c
lim (f.g) (x) = lim f (x) . lim g (x)
xoa
xoa
xoa
=b.c
:
f
lim ( )( x)
x oa g
lim f ( x)
x oa
lim g ( x)
x oa
b
c
lim g(x) = c
xoa
84
o : l
k lim f (x) = b : :
xoa
.
lim (kf ( x )) k lim f ( x)
x oa
xoa
kb
lim f (x) = b :
xoa
lim n f ( x)
xoa
lim f ( x)
xoa
b
lim n f ( x )
: n=2
lim x n
an
:f :
: :
x oa
x oa
lim x
xo a
lim x 2
xoa
lim x 3
x oa
lim x. lim x
xoa
xoa
lim x 2 . lim x
x oa
xoa
a.a
: b
a2
a 2 .a
a3
! n
lim x n
x oa
lim x
x o2
lim x n 1. lim x
xoa
a n 1a
an
x oa
: n=5 a=2
n f f :
.
f (x)
c n x n c n 1 x n 1 .... c1 x c 0
85
:f
lim f ( x)
f (a )
lim f ( x )
lim (Cn x n Cn 1 x n 1 ..... C1 x C0 )
lim f ( x)
f (a )
x oa
xoa
x oa
xo a
:
lim cn x n lim cn 1 x n 1 ...... lim c1 x lim c0
xoa
x oa
x oa
x oa
:
Cn lim x n Cn 1 lim x n 1 ... C1 lim x c0
x oa
x oa
xoa
lim f x C n a n C n 1a n 1 ... C1a C 0
x oa
:
:
lim f ( x )
x oa
Cn a n Cn 1a n 1 ... C1a Co
f(x)
. x
f ( a)
C n a n C n1a n1 ... C1a C0
lim f ( x )
x oa
f ( a)
86
:
: :
5x3 6 x2 6 x 2
lim
xo2
2 x 2 3 x 12
5x3 6 x 2 6 x 2
f ( x)
lim f ( x)
f ( 2)
lim g ( x)
g (2)
xo2
xo2
xo2
f ( x)
g ( x)
2 x 2 3x 12
g ( x)
lim
:
lim f x
xo2
lim g x
xo2
: 9
f 2
g 2
5.2 3 6.2 2 6.2 2
2.2 2 3.2 12
40 24 12 2 6
3
8 6 12
2
5x3 6 x 2 6 x 2
lim
xo2
2 x 2 3x 12
:
a
@ g f :
. g (a) z 0
lim
x oa
f
( x)
g
f (a )
g (a )
:
87
2
lim ( x 2 3 x )
x o3
x
!
2
x
3
2
x 3x 2
x
:
: :
x 2 3x
f ( x)
g ( x)
h( x )
x=3 h(x)=x
.
lim g ( x )
lim f ( x )
X o3
g (3)
h(3)
x
o 3
lim h( x)
x
o 3
2
3
x 2 25
:
x o5 x 5
x 2 25
: :
f ( x)
x5
!
3 3 3 .3 2 2
3
lim
11 10
f(5) x=5
f 5
:
f ( x)
x 2 25
x5
( x 5)( x 5)
x5
: x z 5
x5
:
lim f ( x) lim
x o5
x o5
x 2 25
x 5
88
lim ( x 5) 5 5 10
x o5
x3 8
lim
xo2 x 2
x3 23
lim
x o2 x 2
: :
( x 2)( x 2 x 4)
,
xo 2
x2
xz2
lim
lim ( x 2 2 x 4)
xo 2
2 2 2 .2 4
4 4 4 12
f(x) x=a :
. (x-a)
(x-a)
.
lim
x o 3
x 2 2 x 15
x2 2x 3
- 3 x :
.
. - 3
. x 3
2
x 2 x 15
( x 3 )( x 5 )
lim
x z 3
2
x
o
3
x 2x 3
( x 3 )( x 1 )
x 5 3 5 8
lim
2
x o 3 x 1
3 1 4
lim
x o3
89
:b
-I
lim (3 x 4)
x o 1
lim
x o3
lim x 2
x o0
x 1
7
:2
lim (2 x 1)
:1
:4
lim (7 x 3)
:3
:6
lim ( x 2 1)
x o2
xo0
:5
x o2
8
2
xo4 x
3
lim ( 5)
x o 1 x
lim
1
x o 1 x
:8
2
lim
1
lim 4 x
: 10
:7
3
:9
xo5
: - II
lim
( y 2 5 y 3)
: 12
lim( t 3 3t 2 2t 6 )
lim
x2 7
: 14
lim( x5 10x 4 x 2 x)
yo5
xo3
t o1
xo10
: 11
: 13
x2 7
lim
t o4
t 1
t 2
: 16
lim(2x a) 3
: 18
x2 9
lim
xo3
x 3
: 20
xoa
y3 6
yo2 y 2 y
3
lim ( x 2 2 )
x
xo6
2
t at a 2
lim
t oa
t 2 1
lim
90
: 15
: 17
: 19
y4 16
lim
yo 2 y 2
: 22
x3 3x2 10x
lim
xo 2
(x 2)2
lim
xo1
x3 125
lim
: 24
lim
x4 6x3 x 7
: 26
x5 8x 12
lim
t 2 3t 4
t 2 5t 4
to1
xo2
: 21
x 5
xo5
: 23
x3 3x2 4
x3 4x2 4 x
: 25
lim x
xo4
lim
xoa
2x a
xa
1
2
: 28
lim
x4
2x 6
: 30
lim
3
x2
xo0
xo1
3
: 27
: 29
: ()
()
( f ) . @@
x
f ( x)
1
x
.
x .
.
91
x
f(x)
:
lim f ( x)
xo0
lim
xo0
1
x
f(x) x
.
l x
. f(x)
f ( x)
3
1
x
: : b
: lim
x of
f ( x )
:
x .
x
92
1
x
3 f(x)
1
x
:
lim f ( x)
lim ( 3
x of
x of
1
) 3
x
:
k N b
f(x) N x (k , f)
:
lim f ( x ) b
xof
lim f ( x) b
: f
x o f
k N b
N x f ( x ) ( f , k )
lim
x of
1
xp
.
: : c
1
x :
xp
. x ! 0 x
: H ! 0 ( H ,H )
H
.@f @l @ . 0
1
H
xp
1
H :
xp
1
1
1 p
x!( )
x p !
H
H
93
1
1
k ( ) p ( ) p
H
H
x (k f) x > k
.
1
xp
( H H )
@ f(x) x
:
lim f ( x )
x of
: c
lim x p f P>0
x of
1
1
lim (3
)
2
x of x
x of
x
lim
: :
.l x o 0 fl f ( x) 5x6 9x5 4x4 3x3 12x2 8x 12:a
x o f fl g ( x)
4 x 5 6 x 4 8 x 3 20 x 2 18 x 40 :b
l
:
:
94
lim f x lim 5x6 9x5 4 x4 3x3 12x2 8x 12
xo0
xo0
:a
lim 5x6 lim 9x5 lim 4x 4 lim 3x3 lim12x 2 lim 8x lim12
xo0
xo0
xo0
xo0
xo0
xo0
xo0
5 lim x 9 lim x 4 lim x 3 lim x 12 lim x 8 lim x lim12
6
xo0
xo0
xo0
xo0
xo0
xo0
xo0
5.0 9.0 4.0 3.0 12.0 8.0 12 12
lim g x lim 4x5 6x .4 8x3 20x 2 18x 40
xof
xof
:b
6x 4 8x3 20x 2 18x 40
lim x5 4 5 5 5 5 5
xof
x
x
x
x
x
6 8 20 18 40
lim x5 .lim 4 2 3 4 5
xof
xof
x x x x x
6
8
20
18
40
lim x5 lim( 4 ) lim lim 2 lim 3 lim 4 lim 5
xof
xof x
xof x
xof x
xof x
xof x
xof
x xlcbf
.l
lim x 5 . lim( 4 )
x of
x of
lim x ( 4 ) 4 lim x 5
x of
xof
:l
x o f f
: f
lim (18 x 20 x 19 16 x 5 x 4 12 x 3 5 x 2 16)
x of
95
lim 18 x 20
xof
: :
3x 2 x 2
x of
2x 2 1
2 x 3 6 x 2 x 16
lim 4
x of 5 x 12 x 3 x 2 2 x 1
:a
lim
:b
3x 5 8 x 3 2 x 2 x 10
x of
6x3 5x2 8x
:c
lim
lim
x of
3x x 2
2x 2 1
1 2
)
x x2
1
x2( 2 2 )
x
x 2( 3
lim
xof
1 2
x x2
lim
x of
1
2 2
x
1
2
lim 3 lim lim 2
3
xof
xof x
xof x
1
2
lim 2 lim 2
xof
xof x
2
3x x 2
3x 2
lim
lim
x of
x of 2 x 2
2x2 1
3 3
lim
x of 2
2
:a :
3
2 x 3 6 x 2 x 16
x o f 5 x 4 12 x 3 x 2 2 x 1
lim
2 x3
4
x of 5 x
2 2
1
lim
lim
x of 5 x
5 x of x
:
:b
lim
96
3x 5 8 x 3 2 x 2 x 10
lim
x of
6 x 3 5 x 2 8x
3x 5
lim
x of
6 x3
3x 2 3
lim
lim x 2
x of 6
6 xof
:c
f
a c b
b b .
:
( f ) x f
:
f - I
. f
f -II
.
@ @ @f -III
. f
lim
x of
( x 2 9 x)
:
b :
.
x2 9 x
x2 9 x
. x 2 9 x
lim ( x 2 9 x )
x of
lim [ ( x 2 9 x)
x of
97
x2 9 x
x2 9 x
x2 9 x
lim
( x 2 9 x) ( x 2 9 x)
x2 9 x
x2 9 x 2
x of
lim
x2 9 x
9
xof
lim
x2 9 x
9
lim
x of
9
x 2 (1 2 ) x
x
9
lim
o
f
x
9
x 1 2 1
x
xof
lim
xo f
9
lim x . lim 1 2 1
xo f
xo f
x
(lim x).2
x of
.
lim ( x 3 3x 5
x of
lim ( x 3 3 x 5
xo f
x 2 3x )
lim ( x 3 x 5 x 3x )
xof
lim
xof
lim
x of
x 3 3 x 5 ( x 2 3x )
x 3 3x 5
x 2 3x
x3 x2 5
x3 3x 5
x 2 3x
98
x 2 3x )
:
x 3 3x 5 x 2 3 x
x 3 3 x 5 x 2 3x
: x3
1 5
x x3
1
3 5
1
3
5 6 4 5
3
x
x
x
x
x
1
lim
x of
1
0
.l x f
.
lim ( x 2 16)
x o4
lim
x o4
x 2 16
x4
lim
x o4
( x 2 16)
1
x4
1
x4
( x 4)( x 4)
x o4
x4
lim
lim ( x 4) 8
x o4
:
3x 2 x 2
lim
x of
2x 2 1
1
lim ( x 2 16)
xo 4
x4
:b
:d
x3 8
lim
x o2 x 2
lim ( x 2 9 x )
x of
:a
:c
x f .
f 0 x @@l
f
@@@@l@@c
0.f f f
. ()
99
.
lim
x o2
.
x x2
:
4x 1 3
0
x=2 :
0
.
lim
x o2
x x2
4x 1 3
( x x 2 )( x x 2 )( 4 x 1 3)
xo 2 ( 4 x 1 3)( 4 x 1 3)( x
x 2)
lim
( x 2 ( x 2))( 4 x 1 3)
lim
x o2
(4 x 1 9)( x x 2 )
lim
xo 2
lim
x o2
( x 2)( x 1)( 4 x 1 3)
4( x 2)( x x 2 )
( x 1)( 4 x 1 3)
4( x x 2 )
(2 1)( 4.2 1 3) 3.6 9
4. 4 8
4( 2 2 2 )
n
n
x a
x z a , lim
na n1 ........
xoa
xa
II
:
a n @f @ b
.
:@ @@@@f@@@@@@ :
x n an
( x a)(xn1 axn2 a 2 xn3 .... a n2 x a n1 )
100
xn a n
:
lim
yoa
xa
( x n 1 ax n 2 a 2 x n3 ..... a n 2 .x a n1 ) x z a
lim ( x a )
xo a
xa
n 1
n 2
n2
2 n 3
lim ( x ax a x ..... a x a n1 )
x oa
lim x n1 a lim x n 2 a 2 lim x n3 ..... a n 2 lim x a n1
xo a
n 1
x oa
aa
n 2
x oa
a a
n 3
xo a
..... a
n2
aa
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
1
1
a n
a
a n
.....
a
a
na n 1
. :
lim
xoa
x2 a 2
xa
. :
2.a 21
! lim
xo 2
x 2
x2
x 5 25
lim
xo2 x 2
:b
:a
: :a :
x 5 25
lim
xo2 x 2
5.2 51
5.2 4
80
:b
: ()
n
lim
xo 2
x n 2
x2
x n 2
lim
xo 2
x2
1 n 1
.2
n
101
1
2
n
1 n
n
lim
x oa
lim
x 3 a
x a
y ob
23
3
23
2
b
b
lim
y ob
( n 1)
n
1
n
2n1
x 3 a
:
x oa
x a
a b 23 x y 23 :
!
:
1
2
n
3
lim
y 23 3 b 23
y 23 b 23
23
3
23
2
y b2
y ob y 3 b 3
( y b)( y b)
lim
y ob ( y b )( y 2 yb b 2 )
y b
lim 2
y ob y by b 2
bb
2b
2
2
2
2
2
b b b
3b
3b
b
3 6 a
lim
:b
:
5
x o f x 5
lim (6 x 2 9 x 81)
lim
x o0
5x 4 6 x 2 1
4
x of 3 x x 6
lim
:2
:4
1
)
x of
x2
lim (8 x 4 6 x 3 2 x 2 x 6)
lim (5
x of
:6
lim
x of
102
6 x3 11x 2 x
x 5 x 2 11
:1
:3
:5
lim ( x 12 x )
x o f
lim ( x 2 4)
xo2
lim
xo2
1
x2
x 3 2
x 2
:8
11x8 2 x 6 6 x 5
lim
x of
2 x3 8 x2 6
:7
:10
lim ( x 2 5 x 5 x 3 5 )
:9
:12
x of
lim
x o3
x3 2 x 3
2 x 1
:11
:
y=cos y=sinx @ @ @ @
sinxl x f
: l
lim sin x
xo0
y=sinx
.
(14-3)
103
1 cosx @l x f
:l
lim cos x 1
x o0
. cosx (15-3)
b f
(15-3)
l
:
sin x
lim
1
x o0
x
0
0
sin x
x
x=0 :
@@f @
@
. x f
104
sin x
1
xo0
x
lim
: f l
:
(0) f
@m A m (16-3)
OA OD 1 OD
. c
OD
m D
@ @m B
OA
:f
105
AC
OA
OC
OA
DB
OD
sin x
cos x
tan x
AC
1
AC
OC
DB
b x f
AD
:m l
m (16-3)
'
'
OBD ! AOD ! AOC
1
1
1
cos x. sin x OD 2 .x OD. tan x
2
2
2
cos x. sin x x tan x .
()
.
OD 1
sin x
sin x
cos x
1
x
cos x
:
sin x cos x
1
sin x
:
!
! cos x
x
cos x
1
sin x
! lim
! lim cos x
lim
x o 0 cos x
x o0
x
x o0
1
sin x
! lim
!1
1 xo0 x
sin x
1 ! lim
!1
x o0
x
cos x. sin x x
106
lim
xo0
sin x
1
x
:f
!
sin x
cos x
x
tan x
lim
xo0
x
tan x
x
lim
x o0
tan x
x
: b
sin x
f :
x. cos x
sin x
lim
:
x o 0 x cos x
sin x
1
lim
lim
x o0
x xo0 cos x
sin x
1
1
lim
.
1. 1
x o0
x lim cos x
1
x o0
!
lim
xo0
lim
xo0
1 cos x
x
1 cos x
: c
x
(1 cos x )(1 cos x )
:
lim
x o0
x (1 cos x)
.
1 cos 2 x
sin 2 x
lim
x o0 x(1 cos x )
x o0 x 1 cos x
sin x sin x
lim (
)
x o0
x 1 cos x
sin x
sin x
lim
. lim
x o0
x
x o 0 1 cos x
lim sin x
1 x o0
lim (1 cos x )
lim
x o0
107
(1 cos x) (1 cos x )
lim sin x
0
11
xo0
1 lim cos x
x o0
!
lim x cot x
xo0
:
:
lim x cot x
xo0
lim x
x o0
cos x
sin x
cos x
sin x
x
lim
x o0
1
x o0
x o 0 sin x
x
1
1
1
1 1
sin x
1
lim
x o0
x
lim cos x. lim
3. sin 5 x
:
xo0
x
sin y
f
:
y
.
lim
5
. 5x
y
3. sin 5 x
5.3. sin 5 x
lim
o
0
x
x
5. x
sin y
15 lim
15.1 15
y o0
y
lim
xo0
:
x
o 2
lim
x o 2
sin ( x 2)
x2
f
108
:
x2
f :
sin( x 2)
x o 2
x2
sin y
1
yo0
y
lim
lim
x
2
lim
x o 0 tan x
sin
sin 2 v 2 sin v cos v
x
2
:fb :
:
sin 2
y
o 0
x
2
f
x
x
2 sin . cos
2
2
:
x
2
lim
x o 0 tan x
x
2
lim
x o 0 sin x
cos x
x
sin
2
lim
x o0
x
x
2. sin . cos
2
2
cos x
1
cos x
lim
lim
x o0
x X o0
x
2 cos
2 cos
2
2
cos x
lim cos x
1 1
x o0
x 2. 1 2
2 lim cos
x o0
2
sin
sin
109
:b
@f :1
!
:
lim f ( x )
xo x0
. f xo :a
. f xo f :b
. f x0 :c
. :d
@ @@m a :2
.
m a :b a :a
. a :d
a :c
@@@
:
lim g ( x )
x oc
g ( x) b
b @ @f -3
xc
o 0
. b :d :c ,g(c) :b g(b) :a
h h(b)
lim h ( x) l
x ob
@ f -4
. :b
:a
. : d . :c
110
: f : 5
lim f ( x) z f (b)
xob
:b
lim f ( x)
f (b)
x ob
. :d
:a
ba :c
-6
. :b
. :a
. :d
. :c
f ( x)
g ( x)
x2 9
.
.II
x 2 x d 0
x 2 x ! 0
lim f ( x) 9
:8
lim f ( x) 9
:7
lim f ( x) 0
:10
lim f ( x) 0
:9
lim g ( x) 2
:12
lim g ( x)
: 11
lim g ( x )
: 14
lim f ( x) 3
: 13
x o0
x o3
x o0
xo 1
xo0
x o3
xo0
xo1
III
x2 3x 2
lim 2
xo2 2x 5x 2
lim
: 16
x o2
111
x 4 16
x2
: 15
lim
x oa
x2 a 2
xa
lim
xo0
: 18
lim
x o 2
x 1 1 x
x
: 20
lim
xo0
x3 8
: 17
x2
x
: 19
1 1 x
lim
x2
xof x 2 5 x 1
: 22
lim
x 2 5x 3
2x 2 x 1
: 21
lim ( x x ( x 1) )
: 24
lim
x2 9x 6
x3
: 23
xof
x of
xof
lim x 2 3 x 5 x 2 3x : 25
x of
x 2 3bx 2b 2
lim 2
x o b x 2bx 3b 2
lim
xo1
lim
x oa p
lim
xo0
3x 3 2 x 2 x 1
2
x 1 3x x 2
x n a
p
x a
xh x
h
sin 2 x
xo0 1 cos x
lim
b x 2 a 2 2abx
x oa c x 2 a 2 2 acx
: 27 lim
: 29 lim
x x2
5x 1 3
xo2
: 31 lim
xoa
a 2 ax a 2 x 2
a 2 x 2 a3 a 2 x
1 ( x h) 2 1 x 2
h
: 33 lim
xo0
: 35 lim
xo0
tan x
sin x
112
: 26
: 28
: 30
: 32
: 34
lim
cos T cos 2T
sin 2 T
: 37
lim
1 cos T
T2
: 39
sin 2T
sin T
: 41
4 4 cos 2 y
y o0
y2
: 43
T o0
T o0
lim
T o0
lim
lim
yo
S
2
cot y cos y
cos 3 y
sin 5x
lim
x o0
x
limS
xo
sin x cos x
tan x 1
lim
sin 3T
T
lim
tan(x 1)
x 1
T o0
xo1
1 cos x
tan 2 2 x
lim
x o0
tan T sin T
T3
: 38
sinh cosh
tanh coth
: 40
2 2 sec 2 y
yo0
sin 2 y
: 42
lim
T o0
lim
ho
: 45
: 36
S
4
lim
1 cos y
y o0 y. sin y
lim
4 sin 2
: 47
lim
: 49
tan 2 v
v
vo0
: 44
x
2
x2
x o0
lim
: 51
lim
T o0
:53
lim
ao1
113
sin 2T
T
sin(a 2 1)
a 2 1
: 46
: 48
: 50
: 52
()lc@@@@@@@@
Continuity
. (1-4)
f :a
:b
m
(1-4)
114
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ b
.c
(1-4)
1, x =
f(x)
x , x 5 \ =
:
:c,:b,:a @f :a
@@f @ @ :g
@l f
.
@ :h :f:e:d @@f @ :b
:e :f :d b
@@b @@l @@@@ ( x =) f 1
.
@@@f @@@
.
@l f :1
. ()
115
f :2
. () b
:
@@ continuous @ l @@m a f
. f l
. l f a :1
.
.
lim
xo a
lim f ( x )
x oa
f ( x)
:2
f (a )
:3
l
. l m f
f ( x)
x 3 6 x 2 5
l m2 -10 :a
. l (-510) :b
@ :
.
l m 2 -10 f :1 :a
. l
:f :2
116
lim
f ( x)
5
lim
f ( x)
(1) 3 6(1) 2 5
xo0
x o 1
1 6 5
lim
xo2
2 6.2 5
f ( x)
8 24 5
27
. l m
f (0)
5
f ( 1)
f ( 2)
27
f :3
lim f ( x )
x o0
lim f ( x )
x o 1
lim f ( x)
x o2
@l m l
. l m f
@l@@m @@ (-510) @@f :b
. l
l 2 f ( x)
x3 8
x2
:
:f l m 2 :
x3 8
lim
xo2 x 2
( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4)
lim
xo2
x2
2
lim ( x 2 x 4) , x z 2
xo2
12
lim f ( x) z f (2)
xo2
: f (2)
117
. l
lim f ( x )
x o1
f ( x)
2
3 x, x z 1
4 x 1
l
f (1) 4
lim f ( x ) z f (1)
x o1
l l m
(2-4)
x 1
l
.
(2-4)
118
x 1
:
l m
5 x, x t 1
x , x 1
f ( x)
(3-4)
@@f
. IR
:
@ @ l
[1 f)
. (3-4) . l (f
1)
. @l f (-1)
.
f ( x)
5 x
(-1) x f
5
:l l (-5)
lim f ( x )
x o 1
. f
lim f ( x)
x o 1
. (-1)l x f
:l l (-1) f(x)=x
119
lim f ( x)
x o1
1
. l f
Lim f ( x )
x o 1
f
:
Lim f ( x) z lim f ( x )
x o 1
x o 1
. l (-1) f l
f
.f
@l l b b
()
: f
fl m a b
Nfl
a G, a G
G ! o b
.
lf
N x f x G a, a G f
:ll
lim f ( x )
xoa
l fl m a c
Nl
120
f G
f(x)( a G
!o
( a G
a G ) c
a G )f
:ll N x
lim f ( x)
x oa
a @f f @l a
@@@l @@@l @@@m
.
Lim f ( x)
lim f ( x )
x oa
x oa
lim f ( x )
xoa
:b
l
l m x=3
l m x=10
x2 7 x 5
:1
x 5 10 x 4 x 2 x
:2
f ( x)
f ( x)
x2 7
x2 7
y3 6
l m 1 ( -2) h( y) 2
y y
x 3 125
5)@@@l @@@@m - 55 k ( x)
x5
l m (-7) (-3) g ( x)
( - 6
l
121
:3
:4
:5
( 1 0 ) @@@@@m 1 1
f (t )
t 2 3t 4
t 2 5t 4
:6
l
x 2 x z 0
f ( x)
6 x
:7
! l m 0 2
g ( x)
x 2x d 0
2 x 1x ! 0
: 8
@ l @@m x=1 x = 0
!
3x, x o
f ( x) 2
x x ! o
:9
@l @@m x = 1 x = 0
!
:
l m
h( x )
1
x
: 10
x = 2 : d x = - 1 :c x = 0 : b x = 1 :a
:
l m
x = - 2 :b
x = - 4 :d
f ( x)
x2 4
x2
x = 2 :a
x = 4 :c
122
: 11
() lc@@@@@
()
1 5
l : l
(Tangent)
x f
x@@@l @@@
@ @ @@@@@@@@@
" l
(1-5)
@@l
@@@ E
:
: tan tangent m f
m"
tan E
123
@m B(58) A(-73) @l @f
.
:( ( 1 5)
m"
tan E
BC
AC
83
5 (7)
5
12
l x
mk
38
7 (5)
5
12
(2-5)
( - 2 8 ) ( 1 4) @@f @@l
. m
@m B( x2y
A( x1y 1 ) @f
:
m
tan v
y 2 y1
x2 x1
b
l l b B Af
b
(3-5)
124
PQR ABC (4 5)
.l
BC
AC
(4-5)
BC
AC
QR
PR
QR
PR
m
@@l @@@m @@@l@@@
@m
@f
@m .
. x l
@@@m :
B( x2y 2 ) A( x1y 1 ) @@f @@l @@
m
y 2 y1
x2 x1
: m
@l @
@
@f
. l m
m f m
@
@l
@m
@ l
125
b .
. l m
@ l @@m
f .
.l
G PoP @f :
f (5 5) . ()
G @@m P
.l l PoT PoP Pof
l PoP b Po P fl
.b l PoT
(5-5)
. G l m Po l PoT
126
PoT @l m Po G l m Po
.
@m P(11)
f ( x)
x 2
!l
P @l @m P f :
l m
@@f . ( 6 5)
@m@l f
@m P(11) l
(
@) PQ (
)
Y
x 2
Q@@f
. P
Pl
l
()
PQ f
( 6 5)
:l
127
PQ
l Qb y l m Qb x
3
2.5
2.1
2.01
2.001
4
2.25
1.21
1.0201
1.002001
2
1.5
1.1
1.01
1.001
P Q @ f@@f @@b
@l 2 PQ
:l m Q(x,y)
y (1 h) 2 ,
h:
x 1 h
(1 h) 1
(1 h) 1
PQ
P
PQ
2h h 2
h
Qo p
2h
ho0
@f
.ll m
@l @@m P
x 2 @f
lim ( PQ)
qo p
lim (2 h)
ho0
.l m
P( x, x 2 )
[( x h), ( x h) 2 ] m Q
: m PQ
( x h) 2 x 2 2 xh h 2
xhx
h
( 2 x h)
h
2x h
h
m
128
: (mt)l m P
lim (2 x h)
mt
h o0
2x
x2
@f
y=2x@ l @@m
.
: P(x,f(x) ) y = f(x)
: m Q( x h, f ( x h))
PQ
f ( x h) f ( x )
( x h) x
f ( x h) f ( x )
h
: m
lim
ho 0
f ( x h) f ( x)
h
@@ ( @f )
. l
129
f (x )
( x h f ( x h) )
f ( x h) f ( x)
( x f ( x))
f ( x)
2x 2 x2
P(3- 3 )
f ( x)
2 x x 2 :
:l m
: 3l m P x :
m
f (3 h) f (3)
x o0
h
2(3 h) (3 h) 2 (2 3 32 )
lim
ho0
h
6 2h (9 6h h 2 ) 6 9
lim
ho0
h
2h 9 6 h h 2 9
lim
ho0
h
h( 2 6 h)
lim
ho0
h
lim (4 h ) 4
lim
ho0
4
130
:m
:b
! l . I
m x 0 3 x y 5 x 2
m x 1
1
x 8x
2
yx
:1
:2
m l .II
.l m
.l m
3 f ( x)
x
3
3x 2 6
:3
x3 1
:4
@b@l @m @@b@@@ .III
>l
f ( x)
y
x 3 3x 2 x 6
g ( x)
131
( x 1) 2
2 x2
:5
:6
:7
(Derivatives) 2-5
fa f f
a m
lim
ho0
f (a h) f ( a )
h
l m
h=x-a a+h=x
: m l
lim
x oa
f ( x) f ( a )
xa
f
a
:
:
f f
:
f (a )
lim
xoa
f ( x ) f ( a)
xa
132
(set) m f
.
m a f (a)
.
. df ( x)
dx
f , ( x)
:
lim
x oa
df ( x )
dx
! f ( x)
f (a )
f c(x )
x 2
:
f L
f :
f ( x ) f (a )
xa
x2 a2
lim
xoa x a
( x a)( x a)
lim
xoa
xa
lim ( x a ) 2a
xoa
.
. x=-1 x=1 x
133
g c(2)
g c(a ) g ( x)
x 3 3x
f :
g ( x) g ( a)
xa
g c(a ) lim
x oa
lim
x oa
lim
x oa
x 3 3 x (a 3 3a)
xa
x 3 a 3 (3 x 3a )
xa
( x a)( x 2 ax a 2 ) 3( x a )
x oa
xa
lim
lim
x oa
( x a )( x 2 ax a 2 3)
xa
lim ( x 2 ax a 2 3)
x oa
a 2 a.a a 2 3 3a 2 3
g c(2) 3.2 2 3 12 3 9
.
g ( x)
134
x 3 3 f ( x )
x 2 1
f c(a)
f c(a) lim
xo a
f ( x)
1
x
: b
f ( x ) f (a )
xa
1 1
x
a
lim
x oa x a
ax
lim x a
x oa x a
lim
x oa
( x a)
x.a( x a )
1
x oa x.a
1
2
a
lim
f c(a )
f ( x ) f (a )
xoa
xa
x a
lim
xoa
xa
( x a )( x a )
lim
xoa
( x a)( x a )
1
lim
xoa
x a
1
1
a a 2 a
f ( x)
x :
lim
135
( ) f
()
fc
[0
. a=0
1
2 a
(0
f)
f)
.
. f
: f(x)=k :
f c( x)
f c( x)
O
f ( x h) f ( x)
h
k k
lim
h o0
h
lim 0 0
lim
h o0
ho0
!l g ( x)
. g c( x)
6 f ( x )
5
x :
1 g ( x )
:
g c( x)
g ( x h) g ( x)
h
h
lim
lim 1 1
ho0 h
ho0
lim (
h o0
lim
h o0
xhx
h
136
... f(x)=xn
n IN
.
f c( x)
nx n 1
:
:
( x a )( x n1 x n 2 a x n 3 a 2 ... xa n 2 a n 1 )
f ( x h) f ( x )
f c( x) lim
ho0
h
n
n
( x h) x
lim
h o0
h
( x h x)[(x h) n1 ( x h) n2 x ( x h) n3 x 2 ... x n1 ]
lim
h o0
h
n1
n 2
h[( x h) ( x h) x ( x h) n3 x 2 ... x n1 ]
lim
h o0
h
n1
n 2
lim [( x h) ( x h) x ( x h) n3 x 2 ...... x n1 ]
xn an
h o0
x n 1 x n 2 .x x n 3.x 2 ...... x.x n 2 x n 1
1
n 1
n 1
1
n 1
x n
x
x
....
x n
x
nxn 1
x+h-x h
.
2 n=1
. n=2
137
! :
f ( x)
x3
:a
g ( x)
x10
:b
h( x)
x105
:c
: 3 :
f c( x ) 3x 31
3x 2
:a
9c( x ) 10 x 9
:b
hc( x) 105 x104
:c
!
g ( x)
x 66 f ( x)
x 6
k f:
:
(kf ( x ))c k . f c( x)
(kf ( x ))1
lim
h o0
kf ( x h) kf ( x)
h
k ( f ( x h) f ( x ))
h o0
h
lim
lim[k .
ho0
f ( x h) f ( x)
]
h
:
lim k . lim
ho0
h o0
f ( x h) f ( x )
h
k . f c x
k . f c( x)
138
! g ( x) 12ox 9 f ( x) 7 x 6 :
f c ( x ) 7 ( x 6 )c 7 (6 x 5 )
42 x 5
g c( x ) (120)( x 9 )c (120)(9 x 8 )
(120)9 x 8
1080 x 8
: g f : b
( f ( x ) g ( x))c
f c( x ) g c( x)
:
[ f ( x h) g ( x h)] [ f ( x) g ( x )]
ho0
h
[ f ( x ) g ( x)]c lim
lim[
h o0
f ( x h) f ( x ) g ( x h) g ( x )
]
h
h
:
lim
ho0
f ( x h) f ( x )
g ( x h) g ( x )
lim
o
h
0
h
h
f c( x ) g c( x )
139
! :
h( x)
x 5 xa
:a
h( x)
4 x 8x 3
:b
h( x )
x 6 x 4 3x 3 x 7
:c
b :
:
hc( x )
( x 5 x 3 )c
( x 5 )c ( x 3 )c
:a
5x 4 3x 2
hc( x ) [4 x 2 8 x 3]c
:b
(4 x 2 8 x)c (3)c
(4 x 2 )c (8 x )c (3)c
4( x 2 )c (8)( x )c (3)c
4.2 x (8)(1) o 8 x 8
: b :c
hc( x) ( x 6 )c ( x 4 )c ( 3x 3 )c ( x)c (7)c
6 x 5 4 x 3 3 3x 2 1 o
6 x 5 4 x 3 3 3x 2 1
.
.
140
k n ....k 2k 1 f n ......f 2f 1
: c
:
[k1 f1 ( x) k 2 f 2 ( x) ..... k n f n ( x )]c
k1 f1c( x) k 2 f 2c( x ) ..... k n f nc( x )
: g f
( f ( x ) g ( x))c
:
f ( x).g c( x ) g ( x ). f c( x)
.
g c(x) f c(x)
: b :
[ f ( x ).g ( x )]c lim
h o0
f ( x h) g ( x h) f ( x ) g ( x )
h
:
f ( x h) g ( x) f ( x h) g ( x )
:
f ( x h) g ( x h) f ( x h) g ( x) f ( x h) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
h
f ( x h)( g ( x h) g ( x)) g ( x )( f ( x h) f ( x))
lim[
]
ho0
h
h
g ( x h) g ( x )
f ( x h) f ( x )
lim f ( x h) lim
lim g ( x) lim
ho0
h o0
h o0
h o0
h
h
f ( x).g c( x) g ( x). f c( x)
[ f ( x) g ( x)]c lim
ho0
f ( x)
x5 5x 2
g ( x)
h( x )
x 3 3x
f ( x ).g ( x)
h( x)
( x 5 5 x 2 )( x 3 3x )
:
:
:
141
:
hc( x )
( f ( x ) g ( x ))c
f ( x ).g c( x ) g ( x ). f c( x )
:
5 x 4 10 x
f c( x)
:
g c( x )
3x2 3
hc( x )
( x 5 5 x 2 )(3x 2 3) ( x 3 3 x)(5 x 4 10 x)
:
8 x 7 18 x 5 25 x 4 45 x 2
hc( x )
!
g ( x)
f c( x )
( x 2 3)
x ( x 2 3) :
f ( x)
:
:
2 x
g c( x) 2 x
>
x ( x 2 3)
> f ( x).g ( x)@c
:
f ( x ) g c ( x) g ( x) f c( x )
x 2 x ( x 2 3)
:
1
2 x
5x 3
2 x
f ( x)
g ( x)
: g f fl :
f c( x) g ( x) f ( x) g c( x )
>g ( x)@2
.lb l :
142
f ( x)
g ( x)
f ( x h) f ( x)
g ( x h) g ( x)
lim
h
ho0
:
g ( x) z 0
f ( x h) g ( x ) f ( x) g ( x h)
h o0
g ( x h) g ( x) h
1
f ( x h) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x h)
lim
ho 0
h
g ( x h) g ( x )
lim
.l
f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
lb
f (x h)g(x) f (x)g(x) f (x)g(x) f (x)g(x h)
1
h
ho0 g( x h) g( x)
lim
f ( x h) f ( x )
g ( x h) g ( x)
1
lim f ( x)
[lim g ( x)
]
h o0
g ( x) g ( x ) h o 0
h
h
f ( x h) f ( x)
g ( x h) g ( x )
1
g ( x ) lim
f ( x ) lim
2
h o0
h
h
>g ( x ) @ h o 0
1
>g ( x). f c( x) f ( x).g c( x)@
>g ( x)@2
143
f c( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g c( x)
>g ( x)@2
: :
1
g c( x)
2
g x
g ( x)
( )
:
n( x)
n( x h) n( x)
h o0
h
1
1
g ( x h) g ( x )
lim
ho0
h
g ( x ) g ( x h)
lim
h o 0 g ( x h ) g ( x).h
g ( x h) g ( x)
lim
h o0
g c( x)
h
lim g ( x h) g ( x)
>g ( x)@ 2
ho0
1
f ( x)
f ( x)
g ( x)
g ( x)
( n( x ) ) c
1
g ( x)
:f
lim
:
:7 m (*)
f ( x)
1
]c [ f ( x)
]c
g ( x)
g ( x)
1
1
f ( x)(
f c( x )
)c
g ( x)
g ( x)
g c( x)
1
f ( x)(
)
f c( x )
2
( g ( x ))
g ( x)
f ( x ) g c( x) f c( x )
[ g ( x)]2
g ( x)
f c( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g c( x)
[ g ( x )]2
144
h( x)
x2
:
x2 4
f ( x)
x2 4
g ( x)
x 2 fl
g c( x) 2 x
hc( x ) 2 x
:
c
g ( x)
g c( x)h( x ) g ( x )hc( x)
f c( x)
[h( x)]2
h( x )
2 x( x 2 4) x 2 .2 x
[ x 2 4]2
8x
[ x 2 4]2
y 13 :
x
8
g ( x)
x 3 f ( x ) 1
:
:
yc (
f ( x)
)c
g ( x)
0.x 3 3x 2 1
(x3 )2
(1)c
( x 3 )c
3x 2
x6
3
x4
:m
yc ( x 3 )c 3x 4
:llbbm
145
f ( x )
x n
.
n :
f c( x )
nx n 1
3 n>o :
x0
1
n=o
:
( f ( x))c ( x 0 )c 0 x 1
n<o
. x z 0
m
f c( x)
( x n )c
( x m )c (
( x m )c
m 2
(x )
n<o
1
)c
xm
: m (*)8
:
mx m 1
2m
x
m x m1 x 2 m
n
m x m 1
nx n1
146
! :b
f ( x)
1
x7
:a
2
3
2
3
x
x
1
f c( x) ( 7 )c ( x 7 )c
x
7 x 8
g ( x)
g c( x) (
:b
7 x 7 1
: a(a :
2
3
2
3
2 )c ( 3 )c ( 2 )c
3
x
x
x
x
( 2. x 3 )c (3 x 2 )c
:(bb :
2( x 3 )c 3( x 2 )c
2( 3x 4 ) 3( 2 x 3 )
1
1
6( 4 3 )
x
x
6 x 4 6 x 3
:b
!
1
x20
f (x) x5 8x2
f (x)
3 8
g(t) t (t t)
1
h(x) x3 4
x
4 7
g(x) 4 4 7
x x
:2
:4
f ( x) x5
:1
f ( x) 5x2
:3
1 9
x 3x4 7 : 5
9
x2
:7
h ( x)
x2
3 1
f ( y) (2 )( 3) : 9
y y
g( x)
:6
:8
:10
147
ml :
@l @@ @l@ @l f
fog @ g f f f
( fog ) ( x)
f ( g ( x) )
:bl
@H fog g f
.
(chain Rule) : :
( fog c( x)
f c( g ( x )) g c( x )
x f g fog
. g
h
xc
x+h :
. xc
o x
h
o 0 x c x
( fog )c( x) f ( g ( x))c
f ( g ( x c)) f ( g ( x))
lim
xcco x
xc x
g ( x c) g ( x) z o ( g ( x c) g ( x ))
.
148
f ( g ( x c)) f ( g ( x)) g ( x c) g ( x )
.
xco x
xc x
g ( x c) g ( x )
f ( g ( x c)) f ( g ( x)) g ( xc) g ( x)
lim
.
xco x
g ( x c) g ( x)
xc x
f ( g ( x c)) f ( g ( x))
g ( x c) g ( x)
lim
. lim
xco x
x co x
g ( xc) g ( x)
xc x
g(x) g x c
lim
x xc
:
( fog )c( x)
lim
g ( xc ) o g ( x )
f ( g ( x c)) f ( g ( x))
g ( x c) g ( x)
. lim
x co x
g ( x c) g ( x)
xc x
f c ( g ( x )). g c( x )
! f ( x ) ( x 5 4) 8 : c
:
f ( x)
f c( x)
h ( x ) x 5 4 g ( x )
g c(h( x)).hc( x)
hc( x ) 5 x 4
g c( x ) 8 x 7
40( x 5 4) 7 . x 4
1
h ( x )
3
( x 4 x 2 1) 2
1
( x 3 4 x 2 1) 2
3
2
2
( x 4 x 1)
f ( x)
g (h( x ))
( g ( h ( x )) c
:
x 8
8( h( x )) 7 5 x 4
:
:b :
: .
149
f ( x)
x 2
g ( x)
x3 4 x 2 1
f c( x)
2 x 3
g c( x)
3x 2 8 x
h( x)
f ( g ( x ))
hc( x )
:lb
( f ( g ( x)))c
f c( g ( x)).g c( x)
3
2( g ( x)) (3 x 2 8 x)
2( x 3 4 x 2 1) 3 (3 x 2 8 x )
6 x 2 16 x
( x 3 4 x 2 1)3
f c f ( x ) (3 2 x x 2 ) 4 :
:
: ()
4(3 2 x x 2 )3 (2 2 x )
f c( x )
(8 8 x )(3 2 x x 2 )3
.
n f :
:
( f n ( x))c
nf n 1 ( x). f c( x)
.bb :
150
n :
f ( x)
n IN \ ^1 `
f ( x)
n n x n1
1 n 1
x
n
:
m
n
r
f :
:
f ( x)
xr
f c( x )
rx r 1
( f r ( x))c
r 1
rf ( x) f c( x )
13 12
. 13
! f ( x)
2
f ( x)
3
2
f ( x)
2 3 1
x
3
2 3
x
3
x 2 :
2
3
x :f :
: 13
2
3
3. x
:
: :
!l
151
20
1 20 1
x
20
yc
19
1 20
x
20
1
20
20. x19
:
x2 1
f ( x)
g ( x)
h( x )
x
3
2x 1
:a
:b
x 2 1 :a :
f ( x)
x2 1
( x 2 1) 2
(h( x)) 2
1
2
:
1
( h ( x )) 2 .hc( x )
f c( x ) (( h ( x )) )c
2
1
1 2
x
( x 1) 2 .( 2 x )
2
2
x 1
x
:
)c
g c( x ) ( 3
2x 1
:b
( x)c.3 2 x 1 x.(3 2 x 1)c
(3 2 x 1 ) 2
1
2 x 1 x 3 ( 2 x 1) 2 2
3
(3 2 x 1) 2
2 3
x (2 x 1) 2
3
( 3 2 x 1) 2
2x 1
x=1 :
m x=o
152
f c(o)
f c(1)
g c(o)
:a
1
2
12 1
2
2
2
1 (o)3 (2(o) 1) 2
3
(3 2.o 1) 2
3
g c(1)
o 1
1
1
:b
2
2(1) 1 .1.3 (2.1 1) 2
3
3
( 2 1 1) 2
3
2
3
3
2
3
:b
!
f ( x)
x3 x
:2
3
4
g ( x)
( 4 x x)
g ( x)
x 1 x2
:6
h( x )
x2 1
x 1
:8
f ( y)
1
(y )2
y
:4
: 10
f ( x)
(1 2 x 3 ) 4
:1
f ( x)
(2 x 2 1) 2
1
:3
h( x)
2 x2 x3
h( z )
f (t )
:5
1 z
1 z
:7
3t 1
:9
:
153
d
(sin x ) cos x
dx
d
(cos x ) sin x
dx
d
(tan x) sec 2 x
dx
d
(cot x) csc 2 x
dx
d
(sec x) sec x. tan x
dx
d
(csc x) csc x. cot x
dx
:a
:b
:c
:d
:e
:f
:
: yx :
sin x sin y
cos x cos y
x y
x y
sin
2
2
x y
x y
sin
2 sin
2
2
2 cos
(1)
(2)
:
d
(sin x)
dx
2 cos
lim
ho0
(sin x )c lim
ho0
sin( x h) sin x
h
xhx
xhx
.sin
2
2
h
154
:a
(1)
h
h
2 cos( x ).sin
2
2
lim
h o0
h
h
lim cos( x ). lim
h o0
2 h o0
sin
sin
h
lim [cos( x ).
ho 0
h
2
2
h
2
h
2
cos x 1 cos x
cos( x h) cos x
h o0
h
xh x
xhx
2 sin
. sin
2
2
lim
xo0
h
d
(cos x)
dx
h
2]
:b
lim
h
h
2 sin( x ).sin
2
2
lim
ho0
h
h
sin
h
2]
lim [sin( x ).
ho0
h
2
2
h
sin
h
2
lim sin ( x ) . lim
ho0
h
2 ho0
2
d
(tan x )
dx
sin x 1 sin x
d sin x
(
)
dx cos x
:c
155
d
d
(sin x) sin x (cos x)
dx
dx
2
cos x
cos x. cos x sin x( sin x )
cos 2 x
cos2 x sin 2 x
cos 2 x
1
sec 2 x
2
cos x
cos x
.b
:
csc x
1
, sec x
sin x
1
cot x
cos x
!
:l
f ( x)
h( x )
cos x
sin x
x 2 sin x :
sin x g ( x )
hc( x )
x 2
cos x
g c( x)
:
2x
:
f c( x)
( g ( x) h( x ))c
g c( x)h( x) g ( x )hc( x )
2 x sin x x 2 cos x
156
!
y g ( x)
y
cos
Sx
180
Sx
f ( x )
180
cos x :
:
f ( g ( x))
:
yc
f c( g ( x )) g c( x )
S
x )c
cosc( g ( x )) (
180
S
S
Sx
sin( g ( x))
sin
180
180
180
! :b
tan 4 x
sin( 3 x 1)
sec(sec( x))
:b
:d
:f
cos 2 2 x
:a
sec x cot anx
:c
sin 2 x cos x
:e
:a
:
(cos 2 2 x)c 2 cos(2 x) cosc(2 x)
2 cos(2 x)( sin (2 x )).2
4 cos 2 x sin 2 x
157
(tan 4 x )c
4 tan 3 x (tan x)c
3
:b
4 tan x sec x
(sec x. cot x)c (sec x )c cot x (cot x)c sec x
:c
(sec x. tan x ) cot x ( csc x ) sec x
sec x csc 2 x sec x
sec x(1 csc 2 x)
[sin( 3 x 1)]c cos(3x 1).(3x 1)c
cos(3 x 1) 3 3 cos(3 x 1)
[sin 2 x cos x ]c (sin 2 x)c (cos x )c
2 sin x(sin x)c ( sin x)
2 sin x cos x sin x
sin x(2 cos x 1)
:d
:e
: %$#"& !: f
(sec(sec x))c (sec(u ( x ))c
sec(u ( x) tan u ( x) u c( x )
sec(u ( x)) tan(u ( x) sec x tan x
sec(sec x ) tan(sec x ) sec x tan x
158
:
@@@@
log b x @@@@l@@@@@@b
@b@@@ @<@@@
:l m
lim (1 x )
1
x
e................3
xo0
@<@@ e fl b
. e
2 718281828459045
...
. b
>@l@b
f (u )
log b u
:c
<@m@ x u(x) fl b
. 1
: :
log b (u h) log b u
ho0
h
1
uh
lim (logb
)
h o0 h
u
h
1
lim logb (1 )
h o0 h
u
f c(u )
lim
159
:l u b
lim
ho0
h
1 u
log b ( 1 )
u h
u
u
h
1
lim log b ( 1 ) h
ho0 u
u
u
h h
1
lim log b ( 1 )
u
u
1
h h
log b lim( 1 )
ho0
u
u
1
h
1
h
log b lim( 1 u)
h
0
o
u
u
.l h < h o 0 fl
u
1
log b e
u
f c( x) f c(u ) u c( x )
(3)
:l f ( x)
f c( x)
log b u ( x) b
1
log b e u c( x)
u ( x)
:lb ! "fl
log e e
f c x
uc x
u x
f x log x ..............fl #
e
f c x
1
x
160
$ fl
:l :
f x log 3 x
:a
g x ln x 2 1
:b
. e l bb 10l ab :
: uc x
uc x
log e
u x
f c x
uc x 2x
3
log e
3x
u( x)
2x
. ln e
x 1
g c x
3 u x 3x :a
log e
x
x2 1
:b
2x
x 1
2
>lb y a x :
y
ln y
yc
y
yc
ax
:
x. ln a
ln a
:
y ln a
a ln a
>l y e x :
: a=e l 28b fl :
y c e x ln e e x
161
>l y ln
x2
x2
ln x 2 ln x 2
^ln x 2 `c 1
x2
y
ln
x2
x2
:
:f :
1
x2
c
c
y c ^ln x 2 ` ^ln x 2 `
^ln x 2 `c
1
1
x2 x2
4
2
x 4
x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2
>l y
:
log sin 3x :
:
u c 3 cos 3 x
u sin 3x
3 cos 3x
log e 3 cot 3 x log e
yc
sin 3 x
162
:b
>lb
g ( x)
1 5
x 4 x 3 7 x :2
5
f (t ) t 4 4t 3 t 2 2
:4
g ( x)
x 7 ( x 7 1)
:6
g (t )
t2
t 1
:8
h( y ) 3 y
2
y3
1
f ( x) ( x ) 2
x
3
g (t ) t 4 (1
)
t 1
f ( y)
y 2 1
y
4 7
g(t) 3 2
t t
s (t )
4t 3
t 2 1
:14
f ( y)
g ( x)
y 1
y 1
1
x2 2
x
3t 2
t 1
2
1
f ( x ) (1 )(2 )
x
x
h(t )
: 16
f ( y)
:18
f (x)
: 20
g ( x)
h(w) (w 1)(3w2 2) : 22
:1
3
:3
g ( x) 5x 6 x 4
4
f (t ) t 2 (3t 2 7t 5) : 6
:10
: 12
x 4 4x 2 2
f ( x)
y
y 1
x
1 x
x 4 16
x 4 16
S (t ) 16t 2 4t 2
163
:7
:9
: 11
: 13
: 15
:17
: 19
: 21
f (x)
sin 4 x
g ( z)
: 24
f (x) 3cos2x
f (x) sin3x. tan x
: 23
f (x) x2 .sin2 3x
: 26
f (x) 2sin3x cos3x
1 sin x
h (x)
cosx
1
f (x)
tan2 x 2
h (x) 4cosx. tan(x 2 1)
z2 2
1 z
: 25
f (x) cos 5x
sin x
g (x)
1 cosx
: 28
: 30
: 27
: 29
: 32
f (x)
1 secx
: 31
:34
f (x) tanx.cotx
: 33
h (x) cot 3x
: 36
f (x) ( x2 x 1) tan2 x : 38
: 35
f (x) (1 x 2 ) sin x
: 37
m -II
. m
m
S
2
f(x)
x 1 g ( x )
sinxcosx
:39
x2 x4 5
:40
x 2 tan 2 x
:41
0 h ( x )
S
h( x)
4
: m h=0 x
1 x2
sin x
:42
l -III
1
1
2
( x 4 x 4 x 3 15)c x 4 x 3 2 x
5
4
3
( x sin x)c x 2 sin x cos ecx
>( x
1)(tan x)
@c
2 x tan x ( x 2 1) sec 2 x
164
:43
:45
:45
( f ( g ( x ))c
:46
f c( x ).g c( f ( x))
x 5 csc 5 x 5 x 4 5 csc 4 x csc x cot x :47
lb : IV
>lb
:48
(sin S )c
1
cos S
:d
1 :c
cos2 S
:b
(
2 sin x cos x
:b
cos2 x
:d
0 :a
sin x
)c
cos ecx
sin 2 x
sin x cos x
:49
:a
:c
((5 x 2 6 x 1) 2 )c
10 x 2 6 x
:b
20 x 12
(5 x 2 6 x 1) 3
:d
:50
10 x 6 :a
t
5x 6 x 1
2
:c
:lb .V
y
ln( x 2 3)
: 52
ln(cos 3 x)
: 54
165
log 5 x
2x 1
y ln
2 x 1
x
log
x 1
: 51
: 53
: 55
() lc@@@@@@@@@@
()
()
.
f
0
f
0
:1 6
.
lim
x o2
x2 4
:
x2
5x 3 6 x 1
lim 2
x of 3 x 2 x 1
@l x
.
f
0
f
0
@
.
166
.
: (L, Hospital ):
(a,b) g f
() @@m c (a,b)
:
lim f ( x) lim g ( x ) 0
x oc
xo c
lim f ( x) lim g ( x )
x oc
lim
x oc
f ( x)
g ( x)
lim
xo c
rf
xo c
rf
:
f c( x )
g c( x )
:
:
lim
x oS
sin x
x S
f x Sin x :
x S
: g x
lim sin x
x oS
lim ( x S )
x oS
167
: L,Hospital
sin x
x S
lim
x oS
lim
x oS
cos x
1
1
:
lim x 3
lim (sin x x)
xo0
xo0
sin x x
xo0
x3
lim
xo0
:
lim
lim (cos x 1) lim 3 x 2
xo 0
x o0
:
: :
cos x 1
xo0
3x 2
lim
Sinx x
x3
:
: L,Hospital
cos x 1
xo0
3x 2
lim
sin x
xo0
6x
lim
L,Hospital .
0
0
:
sin x
xo0
6x
lim
cos x
x o0
6
1
6
lim
:
:
sin x x
x3
sin x x
lim
xo 0
x3
sin x
lim
x o0
6x
lim
xo 0
1
6
cos x 1
x o0
3x 2
cos x
lim
xo 0
6
1
6
lim
168
! :
3x 2 x 2
:a
x of
2x2 6
5x 3 6 x 1
:b
lim 2
x of 3 x 2 x 1
: f :
f
2
3x x 2
6x 1
lim
lim
:a
2
xof
x
o
f
2x 6
4x
6 6 3
lim
xof 4
4 2
3
15 x 2 6
5x 6 x 1
lim
:b
lim 2
xof 3x 2 x 1
x of 6 x 2
30
30
lim
x
lim x
x of 6
6 xof
30
.f f
6
limS sec x :
x o tan x
lim
L c Hospital
. f @ :
f
:
lim
S
xo
2
sec x
tan x
sec x tan x
S
sec 2 x
xo
lim
2
tan x
S sec x
xo
lim
2
169
L c Hospital
f
f
tan x
sec x
lim
S
xo
lim
S
sec 2 x
sec x tan x
lim
S
sec x
tan x
xo
2
xo
2
L c Hospital
.
:
1
1
cos x
sin x sin x
cos x
sec x
1
lim
lim
S tan x
S sin x
xo
xo
sec x
tan x
1
lim
sin x
S
1
1
1
xo
2
:b
!
tan x
xo 0
x
xn a n
lim
xo 0
xa
ax 3 x
lim 4
x of bx 16
lim
:2
:4
:6
x 2 4
x o2 x 2
1 t 1 t
lim
t o0
t
5
x 6
lim 2
x of x 2
lim
170
:1
:3
:5
(Maximum) .2-6
@@@@l (Minimum)
. (1-6)
(1, -1) .@ (-2,2)
. @@m @@m
(-1, 3)
m (-1, 3)
@@@@@@m
@@m @@ @ m (1-1)
.
1
x 1
m
@@m
(1-6)
.
m
.
: m
f f
f
f .
Maximum
171
f f x0 @m x0
.
@m x
.
f ( x0 ) t f ( x)
(2-6) E B, A
. m
(2-6)
f
f f
f (minimum)
f f (xo) m xo
x
.
172
f ( x o ) d f ( x)
. m m D C (2-6)
@ () f
x0
x0 f fl
@ f f x0 f
: f(Critical Point) m
. m (3-6) x0
2 x 0
x @ m
. (4-6)
m
.
:
(4-6)
173
f >a.b@
m
f c x0
: 1-6
a x0 b, x0
: f c x0
.
.
m b a :
f ( x0 ) f(b) f(a)
.
:@@@@b
. 20
y x :
: p
p x. y.........................I
x y 20
y 20 x
:
:(1) y
p
x 20 x 20 x x 2 .................II
. x p
174
. x @
@m
:
Pc
20 2 x
2(10 x )
:fb
10 x 0
x 10
: (2) x
p 10 20 10 10.10 100
. y x
:
x!0
y 20 x ! 0
x 20
175
. >0
20@ p
p 0 0 20 0 0
p 20 20 20 20 0
100 m x
10 p
.
.
y 20 x 20 10 10
x y 10 10 20
x. y 100
f c :
c
. @ 1m
@
f .
. (5-6) f
x
b f :
(1 2 x ) 2
:
: v x
176
(1 2 x ) 2 .x
(1 4 x 4 x 2 ).x
x 4 x 2 4 x3
(5-6)
2x 1
V @f x ! 0
x 1
.
vc
2
1
[0, ]
2
@ @ m V @ f @@b
vc 1 8 x 12 x
.
0
: m
x
1
x
6
1
2
x
1
x
2
1
x
6
@m V
.
177
x 0
x
x
1
6
1
2
v 0
2
27
v 0
. x
A (30) @m
x 2
1
6
! m
x :
. (6-6) m
P ( x, x )
f b
m PA
:
(6-6)
PA
( x 3) 2 ( x 2 0) 2
x 2 6x 9 x 4
PA
g (x )
f
:
g ( x)
x4 x2 6x 9
178
@f g(x) @f @m @ x
[0
f) g ( x) t 0
@f
@ m (Minimum) @
. m g(x)
g c( x)
4 x3 2 x 6
2 x4 x2 6x 9
. 4 x3 2 x 6 0
g c( x)
:f (1) f
4.13 2.1 6 6 6
4 x3 2 x 6
. x 1
4 0 2 6
4 4 6
4 4 6 0
4 x 3 2 x 6 ( x 1)(4 x 2 4 x 6)
'
@@
4 x 2 4 x 6 @ @f
.
:f
g (0)
g (1)
lim
x of
x 1
m
3
1 1 6 9
g ( x)
5 3
179
g c( x ) 0
f@ m A (30) g (1)
.
x 2 x 1
.
y 1
m
(3,0)
P(1,1)
. m
:b
@@f @@ 50 -1
.
@ 12 u 24 c -2
@
@
() () ()
. f
64 -3
. @ f @
!
@@@@@@m A(51) (13) @@@@@@f -4
. m y
180
2x 1
: . 3-6
@@l
ax b @ f @@b
y x f
ax+b
mmb
(7-6)
.
y
3 x 2 (7-6)
.
y
ax 2 bx c @f
.
@
a z 0
c ba
() c b a
f .
@ m @@mb @ m
. (8-6)
181
(8-6)
!
f ( x)
2 x 2 x 1y
5x 6
@ f f
@@@ @@
.
@f
m
@ f
. m
f
@f
.
182
() @
:
(9-6)
.
1 3
( x 3 x 2 9 x 17)
6
1
f c( x )
( 3x 2 6 x 9 )
6
f ( x)
yc
. ()
@ @m x 3 @ @ m x 1
x 1 x @ f .
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m x 1 f . m E1
@m E x 3
2
x 3 @@m @@
183
. @@
.
@ @
1
. f
f (-13)
@@ @@m
1
@@b
@f .@b @ .
@ m
@ @@m
.
.@
( f c( x ))c
1
( 6 x 6)
6
f c( x)
.
:
x 1
@@@@@ @@@@@m @@@@@ @@@@@
f cc(x)
1
( 3 x 2 6 x 9)
6
f cc( x ) 0x
f cc(x)
1
@@@@f@@@@
m.
( f c( x ))c
x 1 x 1 0
.@@
. @ @m
f c
f (x )
x 1
. m . (9-6)
:
184
: f f
@f@ @ f
f
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x2 x1
.
x2 ! x1
f ( x2 ) ! f ( x1 )
.m (10-6)
f ( x)
x 3
f :2
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x 2 ! x1
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )
f 3@ @b@
0,5 x 2 3x 6 m (11-6)
. b l
(11-6)
(10-6)
185
f @f @ f :3
f @f @
@m
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: f c( x0 ) 0 f :4
. x0 f cc( x0 ) 0 f :a
. x0 f cc( x0 ) ! 0 f :b
@ x0 f cc f cc( x) 0 @@f :5
@m Inflection x0 f f
@c @ @m .
@m @ E BD (12-6) .
@b
.
!
(12-6)
@
.
186
2 x x 2
:
:
y x
@@@m @@@mb -1
:
@@m @@mb y
: y
y
200
. b m (0,2)
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y
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1 1 2.4
2
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@m -2
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187
2 x x2
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x
1
2
m
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2
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1
2
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2
ycc
2
1
1
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2 4
1
f
2
1
4
:
x @f m
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:
lim y
x of
lim y
x of
lim (2 x x 2 )
xof
lim
xo f
(2 x x 2 )
f
f
188
rf
ycc 0
-3
l
(13-6) .
.
(12-6)
@@@b@ 1 - f
2
@ @
1
2
1
4
. - f b
1 3 3 2
x x 4x 7
3
2
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x 0 y
7 :mmb
-1
. (07) mmb y
@ @ @ @f
@m@mb x
.
189
: -2
y c x 2 3x 4 ( x 1)( x 4)
y c 0 ( x 1)( x 4) 0
x 1, x 4
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:
y
4 x
1
y cc 8 3 5 ! 0
@
:
1
4
.
1
m
1
3
(1)3 (1) 2 4(1) 7
3
2
1 3
1
47 9
3 2
6
1 3 3 2
y
(4) (4) 4(4) 7
3
2
2
11
3
.l
x
ycc 0
3
2
:
y
f
1 3 3 3 3 2
3
( ) ( ) 4( ) 7
3 2
2 2
2
5
4
190
lim y
xor f
lim
x or f
1
3
lim ( x 3 x 2 4 x 7)
x o rf 3
2
1 3
x
3
-3
rf
mmb x
@m x=-3 x=6 y
.
x 6 y 1
x 3 y 3,5
.
(13-6)
191
. f ( x)
f ( x) 0 , 2 x 5 0
2x 5
x
mb :
x
5
2
:m
. m mb x ( 5 ,0)
2
y f(x) x=0
m
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f ( x)
lim f ( x )
x o0
lim f ( x)
x o0
2x 5
x
5
x o0 x
5
2 lim
xo0 x
2 lim
5
x
:f
f
:
f
2
. m
f(x) y x f
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f l
.
192
x @ @f
x @ f
.
f
y @@@@ .@@@@
x
o 0 . f ( x )
.
f (x)
o f f (x)
o f
.
f (x ) x
o f
2x 5
x
f
f
5
lim (2 ) 2
x of
xof
x
5
lim f ( x) lim (2 ) 2
x of
xo f
x
lim f ( x)
. f(x)
x f 1 ( x)
5
(2 )1
x
5
x2
2
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.
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)
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(15-6)
193
f ( x)
x2 1
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f
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x (x) (-1)
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df ( x)
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x 1
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194
:
x f :
2
lim f ( x )
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1
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lim ( x )
x
xo f
f
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f x
0
. y
f :
@
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f ( x)
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x
x
1
x
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195
(16-6)
- f
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y
0 :1
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0 :2
.
196
f c( x)
0 @@m :3
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f cc(x) f c(x) @ibm :4
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: :5
f + f
lim f ( x )
x oa
lim f ( x)
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lim f ( x )
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f :b
. y=b
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.
@ :6
@
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f ( x)
4 x2
x2 1
:
:
0
y
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197
8x
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0 8 x 0
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24 x 2 8
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: -5
x :a
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4x2
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lim
x or f
4
1
1 2
x
4 :m y
:b
@ f :c
.
: -6
(17-6)
198
.
f ( x)
sin x
:
:
:1
. m y(0,0)
0
sin x 0
:2
x 0
f ( x)
f (0) sin 0 0
x nS
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sinx x @@@m
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.
: :3
f c( x ) cos x 0
cos x 0
S
x (2n 1)
2
n 0 r 1,r 2,.......
:4
f cc( x )
sin x 0
sin x 0
S
sin( 2n 1) 1 ! 0 n 0 r 2 r 4 ........
2
sin( 2n 1)
S
2
1 0 n
r1 r 3 r 5 ......
S
n r1 r 3 ...
1! 0
2
S
f cc(2n 1)
1 0 n 0 r 2 r 4 ......
2
199
f cc(2n 1)
@ m
n 0 r 2 r 4 .....x
. m
(2n 1)
r1 r 3 r 5........x
S
2
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S
2
. -5
: -6
(18-6)
f ( x)
tan x
:
x 0
f (0)
tan 0 0
sin x
tan x
cos x
f ( x) 0
sin x 0
2nS n 0 r 1 r 2 r 3..........
0 r 1,r2,.....(2nS ,0)
200
. (0,0): y
f ( x)
tan x
f c( x ) sec 2 x
f(x) f c( x) ! 0 x sec2 x ! 0 f
.
x
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0 r 1 r 2 .....
cos x
:
x (2n 1)
n 0 r 1 r 2 .....
(19-6) .
(19-6)
201
:b
: -I
( x 1)( x 5)
g ( x ) 6 x 2 12 x x 3
x 1
x
f ( x)
f ( x)
:2
x2 2x 3
:1
x 2 ( x 3)
:3
:6
f ( x) 8 x 3 9 x 2 15 2
:5
x2 4
y
x2
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
x2 4
:7
:4
h( x)
:8
cos x
:10
f ( x)
sec x
:12
x 2 x 5x 6
f ( x)
y
y
:9
cot x
:11
cos ecx
:13
: II
. .14
. .15
. m .16
. m .17
. .18
. m .19
. .20
. a .21
. a .22
202
x 0 a .23
. m
b .24
@@@@@@@@ x 1
.
b .25
@ > 1 f)
(f 1 @
.
b .26
(20-6)
.
@ III
!
: f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) 0 f .27
lim
xo x0
lim
x o x0
f ( x)
g ( x)
f c( x) g ( x ) g c( x) f ( x )
:b
g 2 ( x)
g c( x )
lim
:d
x o x0 f c( x )
203
f c( x)
x o x0 g c( x)
f c( x0 )
g c( x0 )
lim
:a
:c
@@ ()
.28
. L,Hospital
.
.
f
f
f
f
.
0
:a
0
0
0
:b
f
0
:c
0
f
.
f
0
0
f
:d
C f .29
.
[1 3] (b
(0 8) (d
C (20-6)
204
[0 2] (a
[0 6]
(c
.lbm C .30
(-1<3]
( b (2<3) (a
lb(d
(0<8) (b
lmb d .31
.l
l (-5 <0) (a
. b
. m (2<3) (b
. y=x x=0 (c
. (d
L, Hospital @@@@@@@@@ -IV
.lbb
-33
-32
-35
-34
-36
-36
-38
-39
lim
t o0
205
t sin t
1 cos t
-40
.lbllb -V
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
mcfl .46
b fl mfl
. bcl .47
-100flb .48
. m l
100flb .49
. m
8cmf () cf .50
mlm 0,5cm
l b l
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206
bl@
p bh
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l
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