HEALTH MEASURMENT

Measurement is collection of quantitative data .A measurement is made by comparing a quantity with standard units. The basic requirement of measurements are validity, reliability, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity

BASIC TOOLS IN MEASUREMENT

RATE RATIO

RATE
It measure the occurrence of events(disease or death) in a given population, during a specific period of time , usually one year(e.g) death rate , birth rate ,growth rate accident rate. Usually expressed per 1000 mid year population.

RATIO
This express a relation between the quantities. The numerator is not the component denominator. It is expressed on x/y or x:y

Measurement of morbidity
Which means determining the quantum of disease in the community(i.e disease load) Morbidity can be measured in following means 1. Incidence rate or longitudinal survey 2. Prevalance rate or horizontal survey

INCIDENCE RATE

no of new cases of the specified disease in a given area during a given period of time

=
population at risk during that period

*1000

ATTACK RATE

No of new cases occurring during given period = Total population at risk during same period SECONDARY ATTACK RATE No of exposed person developing the disease = Total no of exposed persons X100 X 100

PREVALENCE RATE
It refers to the existence of all cases (both old and new) of a specific disease at a given point(point prevalence) or a given period of time (period prevalence) in a given population.

PREVALENCE RATE
jan 01 CASE 1 case2 case3 case4 case5 case6 case7 dec 31

Incidence of disease during the year = cases3,4 and 7 Point prevalence during the year= case 1,2,3,4,6and 7

PREVALENCE RATE
Prevalence rate No of all current cases(old and new) = Total population X100

POINT PREVALENCE RATE No of all current (old and new) of a specific disease existing at given point of time = Total population

X100

MEASUREMENT OF MORTALITY
The commonly used indicators are 1. Crude death rate 2. Specific death rate 3. Case fatality rate 4. Proportional mortality rate 5. Survival rate 6. Standardized death rate

CRUDE DEATH RATE

No deaths from all cases during a given year = Mid-year population X1000

In India ,CDR is now 7.48/1000 MYP

SPECIFIC DEATH RATE

SPECIFIC DEATH RATE No of deaths due to cancer during a year = Mid year population X1000

GROUP SPECIFIC DEATH RATE No of deaths in a particular age group = MYP of that age group

X1000

SPECIFIC DEATH RATE

SEX SPECIFIC DEATH RATE No deaths among women during a year = X1000 Mid year population of female

PERIOD SPECIFIC DEATH RATE No of death in march = Mid year population

X 12 X 1000

CASE FATALITY RATE

NO OF DEATH DUE TO PARTICULAR DISEASE(MEASLES) = TOTEL NO OF CASES OF THAT PARTICULAR DISEASE(MEASLES) X100

PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY RATE

No of death due to particular causes (M1) = Total no of deaths from all cases x100

SURVIVAL RATE

Total no of patient alive at the end of 5 years of observation = Total no of patients treated X100